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id="toc-Tarixi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Qadimgi_davrlar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Qadimgi_davrlar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Qadimgi davrlar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Qadimgi_davrlar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oʻrta_davr" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oʻrta_davr"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Oʻrta davr</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oʻrta_davr-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ilmiy_inqilob" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ilmiy_inqilob"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Ilmiy inqilob</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ilmiy_inqilob-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Manbalar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Manbalar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Manbalar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Manbalar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Mundarija" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Astronomiya</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Boshqa tildagi maqolaga oʻting. 242 ta tilda mavjud" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-242" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">242 ta til</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sterrekunde" title="Sterrekunde – afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Sterrekunde" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomie" title="Astronomie – nemis (Shveytsariya)" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Astronomie" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="nemis (Shveytsariya)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%A5%E1%8A%90_%E1%8D%88%E1%88%88%E1%8A%AD" title="ሥነ ፈለክ – amxar" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ሥነ ፈለክ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="amxar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronom%C3%ADa" title="Astronomía – aragon" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Astronomía" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="aragon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tungolcr%C3%A6ft" title="Tungolcræft – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Tungolcræft" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="खगोल शास्त्र – angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="खगोल शास्त्र" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="yaxshi maqola"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D9%84%D9%83" title="علم الفلك – arab" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="علم الفلك" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arab" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%A1%DC%A1%DC%A0%DC%A0%DC%98%DC%AC_%DC%9F%DC%98%DC%9F%DC%92%DC%90" title="ܡܡܠܠܘܬ ܟܘܟܒܐ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܡܡܠܠܘܬ ܟܘܟܒܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%84%D9%83" title="فلك – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="فلك" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9E%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="জ্যোতিৰ্বিজ্ঞান – assam" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="জ্যোতিৰ্বিজ্ঞান" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="assam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronom%C3%ADa" title="Astronomía – asturiy" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Astronomía" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturiy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Астрономия – avar" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Астрономия" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="avar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alaxpacha_y%C3%A4nakata" title="Alaxpacha yänakata – aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Alaxpacha yänakata" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomiya" title="Astronomiya – ozarbayjon" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Astronomiya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="ozarbayjon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D9%88%D9%85%DB%8C" title="آسترونومی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="آسترونومی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Астрономия – boshqird" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Астрономия" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="boshqird" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomie" title="Astronomie – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Astronomie" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astruonuom%C4%97j%C4%97" title="Astruonuomėjė – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Astruonuomėjė" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomiya" title="Astronomiya – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Astronomiya" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Астраномія – belarus" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Астраномія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="belarus" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Астраномія – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Астраномія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%88lmu_palak" title="Èlmu palak – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Èlmu palak" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Betawi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Астрономия – bolgar" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Астрономия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bolgar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80" title="खगोलिकी – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="खगोलिकी" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomi" title="Astronomi – bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Astronomi" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bislama</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaji_tawas_langit" title="Kaji tawas langit – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Kaji tawas langit" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%94%E1%80%80%E1%80%B9%E1%80%81%E1%80%90%E1%80%B9%E1%80%90%E1%80%97%E1%80%B1%E1%80%92" title="နက္ခတ္တဗေဒ – Pa'O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="နက္ခတ္တဗေဒ" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa'O" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bm mw-list-item"><a href="https://bm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolokalan" title="Dolokalan – bambara" lang="bm" hreflang="bm" data-title="Dolokalan" data-language-autonym="Bamanankan" data-language-local-name="bambara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bamanankan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9E%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="জ্যোতির্বিজ্ঞান – bengal" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="জ্যোতির্বিজ্ঞান" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengal" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steredoniezh" title="Steredoniezh – breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Steredoniezh" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomija" title="Astronomija – bosniy" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Astronomija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosniy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomi" title="Astronomi – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Astronomi" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Batak Mandailing</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D1%88%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Одон орон шудалал – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Одон орон шудалал" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomia" title="Astronomia – katalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Astronomia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam mw-list-item"><a href="https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomia" title="Astronomia – Chavacano" lang="cbk" hreflang="cbk" data-title="Astronomia" data-language-autonym="Chavacano de Zamboanga" data-language-local-name="Chavacano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Chavacano de Zamboanga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti%C4%95ng-%C3%B9ng" title="Tiĕng-ùng – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Tiĕng-ùng" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8" title="Астрономи – chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Астрономи" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomiya" title="Astronomiya – sebuan" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Astronomiya" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="sebuan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%95%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%8E%D8%B1%DB%95%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="ئەستێرەناسی – sorani-kurd" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئەستێرەناسی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="sorani-kurd" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronumia" title="Astronumia – korsikan" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Astronumia" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="korsikan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomie" title="Astronomie – chex" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Astronomie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="chex" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomij%C3%B4" title="Astronomijô – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Astronomijô" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kaszëbsczi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8" title="Астрономи – chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Астрономи" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seryddiaeth" title="Seryddiaeth – valliy" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Seryddiaeth" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="valliy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomi" title="Astronomi – dan" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Astronomi" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="dan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomie" title="Astronomie – nemischa" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Astronomie" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="nemischa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-din mw-list-item"><a href="https://din.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%8Ai%C9%9B%CC%88ckanhial" title="Ŋiɛ̈ckanhial – Dinka" lang="din" hreflang="din" data-title="Ŋiɛ̈ckanhial" data-language-autonym="Thuɔŋjäŋ" data-language-local-name="Dinka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Thuɔŋjäŋ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asm%C3%AAn%C5%9F%C4%B1nasiye" title="Asmênşınasiye – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Asmênşınasiye" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomija" title="Astronomija – quyi sorb" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Astronomija" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="quyi sorb" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dtp mw-list-item"><a href="https://dtp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astoronomi" title="Astoronomi – Central Dusun" lang="dtp" hreflang="dtp" data-title="Astoronomi" data-language-autonym="Kadazandusun" data-language-local-name="Central Dusun" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kadazandusun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%8A%DE%A6%DE%8D%DE%A6%DE%86%DE%A9_%DE%87%DE%A8%DE%8D%DE%B0%DE%89%DE%AA" title="ފަލަކީ އިލްމު – divexi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ފަލަކީ އިލްމު" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="divexi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CF%83%CF%84%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%BF%CE%BC%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Αστρονομία – grek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αστρονομία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="grek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronom%C3%AE" title="Astronomî – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Astronomî" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Emiliàn e rumagnòl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="yaxshi maqola"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomy" title="Astronomy – inglizcha" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Astronomy" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="inglizcha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomio" title="Astronomio – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Astronomio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronom%C3%ADa" title="Astronomía – ispancha" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Astronomía" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="ispancha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronoomia" title="Astronoomia – estoncha" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Astronoomia" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estoncha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomia" title="Astronomia – bask" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Astronomia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="bask" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomia" title="Astronomia – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Astronomia" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AE%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%B4%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="اخترشناسی – fors" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اخترشناسی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="fors" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ff mw-list-item"><a href="https://ff.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astoronomy" title="Astoronomy – fula" lang="ff" hreflang="ff" data-title="Astoronomy" data-language-autonym="Fulfulde" data-language-local-name="fula" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fulfulde</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A4htitiede" title="Tähtitiede – fincha" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Tähtitiede" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="fincha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A4hetiid%C3%BCs" title="Tähetiidüs – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Tähetiidüs" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maliwalala" title="Maliwalala – fiji" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Maliwalala" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="fiji" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Na Vosa Vakaviti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stj%C3%B8rnufr%C3%B8%C3%B0i" title="Stjørnufrøði – farercha" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Stjørnufrøði" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="farercha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomie" title="Astronomie – fransuzcha" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Astronomie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="fransuzcha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomia" title="Astronomia – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Astronomia" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%C3%A4%C3%A4rkunde" title="Stäärkunde – shimoliy friz" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Stäärkunde" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="shimoliy friz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomie" title="Astronomie – friul" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Astronomie" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="friul" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomy" title="Astronomy – g‘arbiy friz" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Astronomy" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="g‘arbiy friz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9alteola%C3%ADocht" title="Réalteolaíocht – irland" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Réalteolaíocht" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irland" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E6%96%87%E5%AD%B8" title="天文學 – gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="天文學" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lastronnonmi" title="Lastronnonmi – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Lastronnonmi" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reul-e%C3%B2las" title="Reul-eòlas – shotland-gel" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Reul-eòlas" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="shotland-gel" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronom%C3%ADa" title="Astronomía – galisiy" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Astronomía" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galisiy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mbyjakuaa" title="Mbyjakuaa – guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Mbyjakuaa" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%96%E0%AA%97%E0%AB%8B%E0%AA%B3%E0%AA%B6%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%B8%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%A4%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B0" title="ખગોળશાસ્ત્ર – gujarot" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="ખગોળશાસ્ત્ર" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="gujarot" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rollageydys" title="Rollageydys – men" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Rollageydys" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="men" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thi%C3%AAn-v%C3%B9n-ho%CC%8Dk" title="Thiên-vùn-ho̍k – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Thiên-vùn-ho̍k" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilo_h%C5%8Dk%C5%AB" title="Kilo hōkū – gavaycha" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Kilo hōkū" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="gavaycha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hawaiʻi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%94" title="אסטרונומיה – ivrit" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אסטרונומיה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="ivrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="खगोल शास्त्र – hind" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="खगोल शास्त्र" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hind" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taara_vigyan" title="Taara vigyan – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Taara vigyan" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomija" title="Astronomija – xorvat" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Astronomija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="xorvat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomija" title="Astronomija – yuqori sorb" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Astronomija" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="yuqori sorb" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astwonomi" title="Astwonomi – gaityan" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Astwonomi" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="gaityan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="Tanlangan maqolalar"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Csillag%C3%A1szat" title="Csillagászat – venger" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Csillagászat" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="venger" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%B2%D5%A1%D5%A3%D5%AB%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Աստղագիտություն – arman" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Աստղագիտություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="arman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%B2%D5%A1%D5%A3%D5%AB%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%AB%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Աստղագիտութիւն – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Աստղագիտութիւն" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomia" title="Astronomia – interlingva" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Astronomia" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="interlingva" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomi" title="Astronomi – iban" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Astronomi" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="iban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jaku Iban</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="yaxshi maqola"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomi" title="Astronomi – indonez" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Astronomi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonez" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomie" title="Astronomie – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Astronomie" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="Tanlangan maqolalar"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomia" title="Astronomia – iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Astronomia" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B9%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC%D3%80%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="АйламӀилма – ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="АйламӀилма" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomio" title="Astronomio – ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Astronomio" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stj%C3%B6rnufr%C3%A6%C3%B0i" title="Stjörnufræði – island" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Stjörnufræði" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="island" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomia" title="Astronomia – italyan" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Astronomia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italyan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iu mw-list-item"><a href="https://iu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%93%AF%E1%93%9A%E1%93%AF%E1%90%85%E1%95%90%E1%93%82%E1%96%85" title="ᓯᓚᓯᐅᕐᓂᖅ – inuktitut" lang="iu" hreflang="iu" data-title="ᓯᓚᓯᐅᕐᓂᖅ" data-language-autonym="ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut" data-language-local-name="inuktitut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E6%96%87%E5%AD%A6" title="天文学 – yapon" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="天文学" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="yapon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aschranami" title="Aschranami – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Aschranami" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/kesyske" title="kesyske – lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="kesyske" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomi" title="Astronomi – yavan" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Astronomi" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="yavan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ასტრონომია – gruzincha" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ასტრონომია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="gruzincha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomiya" title="Astronomiya – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Astronomiya" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tasnallunt" title="Tasnallunt – kabil" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Tasnallunt" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="kabil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Астрономия – qozoqcha" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Астрономия" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="qozoqcha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kl mw-list-item"><a href="https://kl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulloriarsiorneq" title="Ulloriarsiorneq – grenland" lang="kl" hreflang="kl" data-title="Ulloriarsiorneq" data-language-autonym="Kalaallisut" data-language-local-name="grenland" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kalaallisut</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%8F%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9C%E1%9E%B7%E1%9E%91%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%99%E1%9E%B6" title="តារាវិទ្យា – xmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="តារាវិទ្យា" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="xmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%96%E0%B2%97%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%B3%E0%B2%B6%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0" title="ಖಗೋಳಶಾಸ್ತ್ರ – kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಖಗೋಳಶಾಸ್ತ್ರ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B2%9C%EB%AC%B8%ED%95%99" title="천문학 – koreyscha" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="천문학" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="koreyscha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Астрономия – qorachoy-bolqor" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Астрономия" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="qorachoy-bolqor" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Къарачай-малкъар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%8E%D9%84%DA%A9%D9%90%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="فَلکِیات – kashmircha" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="فَلکِیات" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="kashmircha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%C3%AArnas%C3%AE" title="Stêrnasî – kurdcha" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Stêrnasî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="kurdcha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steronieth" title="Steronieth – korn" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Steronieth" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="korn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Астрономия – qirgʻizcha" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Астрономия" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="qirgʻizcha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomia" title="Astronomia – lotincha" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Astronomia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="lotincha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomiya" title="Astronomiya – ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Astronomiya" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomie" title="Astronomie – lyuksemburgcha" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Astronomie" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="lyuksemburgcha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lbe mw-list-item"><a href="https://lbe.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D3%80%D1%83%D1%80%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB_%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%BC%D1%83" title="ЦӀурттал элму – Lak" lang="lbe" hreflang="lbe" data-title="ЦӀурттал элму" data-language-autonym="Лакку" data-language-local-name="Lak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лакку</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Астрономия – lezgin" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Астрономия" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="lezgin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomia" title="Astronomia – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Astronomia" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lg mw-list-item"><a href="https://lg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essomabwengula" title="Essomabwengula – ganda" lang="lg" hreflang="lg" data-title="Essomabwengula" data-language-autonym="Luganda" data-language-local-name="ganda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Luganda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starekunde" title="Starekunde – limburg" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Starekunde" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="limburg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomia" title="Astronomia – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Astronomia" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomia" title="Astronomia – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Astronomia" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomia" title="Astronomia – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Astronomia" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamb%C3%AD_ma_nz%C9%94%CC%81t%C9%94" title="Mambí ma nzɔ́tɔ – lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Mambí ma nzɔ́tɔ" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%94%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%A5%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%94" title="ດາລາສາດ – laos" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ດາລາສາດ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="laos" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomija" title="Astronomija – litva" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Astronomija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="litva" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomija" title="Astronomija – latishcha" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Astronomija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="latishcha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mad mw-list-item"><a href="https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomi" title="Astronomi – madur" lang="mad" hreflang="mad" data-title="Astronomi" data-language-autonym="Madhurâ" data-language-local-name="madur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Madhurâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomi" title="Astronomi – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Astronomi" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Banyumasan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haikintana" title="Haikintana – malagasiy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Haikintana" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="malagasiy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Астрономий – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Астрономий" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C4%81tai_arorangi" title="Tātai arorangi – maori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Tātai arorangi" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="maori" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Māori</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomi" title="Astronomi – minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Astronomi" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Астрономија – makedon" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Астрономија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="makedon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="Tanlangan maqolalar"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9C%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%83%E0%B4%B6%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%82" title="ജ്യോതിഃശാസ്ത്രം – malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ജ്യോതിഃശാസ്ത്രം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Одон орон – mongol" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Одон орон" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="mongol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%88%EA%AF%A6%EA%AF%9F%EA%AF%86%EA%AF%A3%EA%AF%A1%EA%AF%82%EA%AF%A3%EA%AF%9F" title="ꯈꯦꯟꯆꯣꯡꯂꯣꯟ – manipur" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯈꯦꯟꯆꯣꯡꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="manipur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="खगोलशास्त्र – maratxi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="खगोलशास्त्र" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="maratxi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomi" title="Astronomi – malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Astronomi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomija" title="Astronomija – maltiy" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Astronomija" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="maltiy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomie" title="Astronomie – miranda" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Astronomie" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="miranda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%94%E1%80%80%E1%80%B9%E1%80%81%E1%80%90%E1%80%B9%E1%80%90%E1%80%97%E1%80%B1%E1%80%92" title="နက္ခတ္တဗေဒ – birman" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="နက္ခတ္တဗေဒ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="birman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C" title="اساره‌دونی – mozandaron" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="اساره‌دونی" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="mozandaron" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilhuicamatiliztli" title="Ilhuicamatiliztli – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="Ilhuicamatiliztli" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nāhuatl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronumia" title="Astronumia – neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Astronumia" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomie" title="Astronomie – quyi nemis" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Astronomie" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="quyi nemis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steernskunde" title="Steernskunde – quyi sakson" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Steernskunde" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="quyi sakson" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="खगोल शास्त्र – nepal" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="खगोल शास्त्र" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="nepal" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="खगोलशास्त्र – nevar" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="खगोलशास्त्र" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="nevar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nia mw-list-item"><a href="https://nia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomi" title="Astronomi – nias" lang="nia" hreflang="nia" data-title="Astronomi" data-language-autonym="Li Niha" data-language-local-name="nias" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Li Niha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomie" title="Astronomie – niderland" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Astronomie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="niderland" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomi" title="Astronomi – norveg-nyunorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Astronomi" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norveg-nyunorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="Tanlangan maqolalar"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomi" title="Astronomi – norveg-bokmal" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Astronomi" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norveg-bokmal" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomia" title="Astronomia – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Astronomia" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Novial</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nqo mw-list-item"><a href="https://nqo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DF%9B%DF%8A%DF%B2%DF%A1%DF%8A%DF%9B%DF%93%DF%8D" title="ߛߊ߲ߡߊߛߓߍ – nko" lang="nqo" hreflang="nqo" data-title="ߛߊ߲ߡߊߛߓߍ" data-language-autonym="ߒߞߏ" data-language-local-name="nko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ߒߞߏ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrononmie" title="Astrononmie – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Astrononmie" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nso mw-list-item"><a href="https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thutanaledi" title="Thutanaledi – shimoliy soto" lang="nso" hreflang="nso" data-title="Thutanaledi" data-language-autonym="Sesotho sa Leboa" data-language-local-name="shimoliy soto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sesotho sa Leboa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomia" title="Astronomia – oksitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Astronomia" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="oksitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti%C3%A4htitiedo" title="Tiähtitiedo – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Tiähtitiedo" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xin-hawaa" title="Xin-hawaa – oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Xin-hawaa" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8" title="Астрономи – osetin" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Астрономи" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="osetin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE_%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%A8" title="ਤਾਰਾ ਵਿਗਿਆਨ – panjobcha" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਤਾਰਾ ਵਿਗਿਆਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="panjobcha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomia" title="Astronomia – pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Astronomia" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrononmie" title="Astrononmie – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Astrononmie" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estronomii" title="Estronomii – Norfuk / Pitkern" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" data-title="Estronomii" data-language-autonym="Norfuk / Pitkern" data-language-local-name="Norfuk / Pitkern" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norfuk / Pitkern</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="yaxshi maqola"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomia" title="Astronomia – polyakcha" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Astronomia" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polyakcha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronom%C3%ACa" title="Astronomìa – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Astronomìa" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7_%D9%BE%DA%91%DA%BE%D8%AA" title="تارا پڑھت – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="تارا پڑھت" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%87%D9%86%D9%87" title="ستورپوهنه – pushtu" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ستورپوهنه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="pushtu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomia" title="Astronomia – portugalcha" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Astronomia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugalcha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quyllur_yachay" title="Quyllur yachay – kechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Quyllur yachay" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="kechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomia" title="Astronomia – romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Astronomia" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Rumantsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rmy mw-list-item"><a href="https://rmy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chexanipen" title="Chexanipen – Vlax Romani" lang="rmy" hreflang="rmy" data-title="Chexanipen" data-language-autonym="Romani čhib" data-language-local-name="Vlax Romani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Romani čhib</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomie" title="Astronomie – rumincha" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Astronomie" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rumincha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomie" title="Astronomie – arumin" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Astronomie" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="arumin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Armãneashti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Астрономия – ruscha" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Астрономия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="ruscha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Астрономія – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Астрономія" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D" title="खगोलशास्त्रम् – sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="खगोलशास्त्रम्" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Астрономия – saxa" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Астрономия" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="saxa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomia" title="Astronomia – sardin" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Astronomia" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="sardin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrunum%C3%ACa" title="Astrunumìa – sitsiliya" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Astrunumìa" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="sitsiliya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomy" title="Astronomy – shotland" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Astronomy" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="shotland" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85%D9%90_%D9%81%D9%84%DA%AA%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="علمِ فلڪيات – sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="علمِ فلڪيات" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sg mw-list-item"><a href="https://sg.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%AAnd%C3%A2tongo" title="Sêndâtongo – sango" lang="sg" hreflang="sg" data-title="Sêndâtongo" data-language-autonym="Sängö" data-language-local-name="sango" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sängö</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomija" title="Astronomija – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Astronomija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tasnaggurt" title="Tasnaggurt – tashelxit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Tasnaggurt" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="tashelxit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taclḥit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8F_%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%80" title="තාරකා විද්‍යාව – singal" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="තාරකා විද්‍යාව" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="singal" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomy" title="Astronomy – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Astronomy" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astron%C3%B3mia" title="Astronómia – slovakcha" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Astronómia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovakcha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%84%DA%A9%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="فلکیات – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="فلکیات" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سرائیکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomija" title="Astronomija – slovencha" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Astronomija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="slovencha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saienisi_o_fet%C5%AB" title="Saienisi o fetū – samoa" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Saienisi o fetū" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="samoa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagana Samoa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zvechadenga" title="Zvechadenga – shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Zvechadenga" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xiddigmaal" title="Xiddigmaal – somalicha" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Xiddigmaal" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="somalicha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomia" title="Astronomia – alban" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Astronomia" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="alban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="Tanlangan maqolalar"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Астрономија – serbcha" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Астрономија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbcha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stiernkunde_af_Astronomie" title="Stiernkunde af Astronomie – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Stiernkunde af Astronomie" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomi" title="Astronomi – sundan" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Astronomi" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="sundan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="Tanlangan maqolalar"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomi" title="Astronomi – shved" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Astronomi" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="shved" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elimuanga" title="Elimuanga – suaxili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Elimuanga" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="suaxili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astr%C5%8Dn%C5%8Dmij%C5%8F" title="Astrōnōmijŏ – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Astrōnōmijŏ" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="வானியல் – tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="வானியல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tcy mw-list-item"><a href="https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%96%E0%B2%97%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%B3_%E0%B2%B6%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0" title="ಖಗೋಳ ಶಾಸ್ತ್ರ – Tulu" lang="tcy" hreflang="tcy" data-title="ಖಗೋಳ ಶಾಸ್ತ್ರ" data-language-autonym="ತುಳು" data-language-local-name="Tulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ತುಳು</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%96%E0%B0%97%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%B3_%E0%B0%B6%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%82" title="ఖగోళ శాస్త్రం – telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ఖగోళ శాస్త్రం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tet mw-list-item"><a href="https://tet.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomia" title="Astronomia – tetum" lang="tet" hreflang="tet" data-title="Astronomia" data-language-autonym="Tetun" data-language-local-name="tetum" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tetun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%85%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D3%A3" title="Ахтаршиносӣ – tojik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Ахтаршиносӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="tojik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="Tanlangan maqolalar"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C" title="ดาราศาสตร์ – tay" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ดาราศาสตร์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="tay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ti mw-list-item"><a href="https://ti.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%B5%E1%8A%90-%E1%8A%AE%E1%8A%BE%E1%89%A5" title="ስነ-ኮኾብ – tigrinya" lang="ti" hreflang="ti" data-title="ስነ-ኮኾብ" data-language-autonym="ትግርኛ" data-language-local-name="tigrinya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ትግርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomi%C3%BDa" title="Astronomiýa – turkman" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Astronomiýa" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="turkman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomiya" title="Astronomiya – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Astronomiya" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomij%C9%99" title="Astronomijə – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Astronomijə" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tolışi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estronomi" title="Estronomi – tok-piksin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Estronomi" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="tok-piksin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tok Pisin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomi" title="Astronomi – turk" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Astronomi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ts mw-list-item"><a href="https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dyondzo-Tinyeleti" title="Dyondzo-Tinyeleti – tsonga" lang="ts" hreflang="ts" data-title="Dyondzo-Tinyeleti" data-language-autonym="Xitsonga" data-language-local-name="tsonga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Xitsonga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Астрономия – tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Астрономия" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D9%88%D9%85%D9%89%D9%8A%DB%95" title="ئاسترونومىيە – uyg‘ur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="ئاسترونومىيە" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="uyg‘ur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Астрономія – ukrain" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Астрономія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrain" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%84%DA%A9%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="فلکیات – urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="فلکیات" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomia" title="Astronomia – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Astronomia" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomii" title="Astronomii – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Astronomii" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thi%C3%AAn_v%C4%83n_h%E1%BB%8Dc" title="Thiên văn học – vyetnam" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Thiên văn học" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vyetnam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomie" title="Astronomie – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Astronomie" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stelav" title="Stelav – volapyuk" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Stelav" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="volapyuk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomeye" title="Astronomeye – vallon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Astronomeye" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="vallon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomiya" title="Astronomiya – varay" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Astronomiya" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="varay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saytubiddiw" title="Saytubiddiw – volof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Saytubiddiw" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="volof" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Wolof</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E6%96%87%E5%AD%B8" title="天文學 – vu xitoy" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="天文學" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="vu xitoy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/IAstronomi" title="IAstronomi – kxosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="IAstronomi" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="kxosa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiXhosa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ასტრონომია – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ასტრონომია" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%90%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%A2" title="אסטראנאמיע – idish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="אסטראנאמיע" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="idish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Ct%C3%B2r%C3%A0w%E1%BB%8D%CC%80" title="Ìtòràwọ̀ – yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Ìtòràwọ̀" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denhvwnz" title="Denhvwnz – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Denhvwnz" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staerrekunde" title="Staerrekunde – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Staerrekunde" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zeêuws</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E6%96%87%E5%AD%B8" title="天文學 – xitoy" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="天文學" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="xitoy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E6%96%87%E5%AD%B8" title="天文學 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="天文學" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thian-b%C3%BBn-ha%CC%8Dk" title="Thian-bûn-ha̍k – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Thian-bûn-ha̍k" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E6%96%87%E5%AD%B8" title="天文學 – kanton" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="天文學" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="kanton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izinkanyezi" title="Izinkanyezi – zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Izinkanyezi" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q333#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Tillararo ishoratlarni tahrirlash" class="wbc-editpage">Ishoratlarni tahrirla</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div 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href="/w/index.php?title=Maxsus:DownloadAsPdf&page=Astronomiya&action=show-download-screen"><span>PDF sifatida yuklash</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="javascript:print();" rel="alternate" title="Ushbu sahifaning bosma uchun versiyasi [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Bosma uchun versiya</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Boshqa loyihalarda </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Astronomy" hreflang="en"><span>Vikiombor</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q333" title="Link to connected data repository item [g]" 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class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">yonqutiga oʻtish</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">yashirish</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Vikipediya, ochiq ensiklopediya</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="uz" dir="ltr"><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Laser_Towards_Milky_Ways_Centre.jpg/330px-Laser_Towards_Milky_Ways_Centre.jpg"><img resource="/wiki/Fayl:Laser_Towards_Milky_Ways_Centre.jpg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Laser_Towards_Milky_Ways_Centre.jpg/220px-Laser_Towards_Milky_Ways_Centre.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Laser_Towards_Milky_Ways_Centre.jpg/330px-Laser_Towards_Milky_Ways_Centre.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Laser_Towards_Milky_Ways_Centre.jpg/440px-Laser_Towards_Milky_Ways_Centre.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3631" /></a><figcaption> <a href="/wiki/Yevropa_janubiy_rasadxonasi" title="Yevropa janubiy rasadxonasi">Yevropa janubiy observatoriyasining</a> Paranal rasadxonasi Galaktika markaziga lazerli yoʻl koʻrsatuvchi yulduzni otmoqda.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Astronomiya</b> – osmon jismlari va hodisalarini oʻrganuvchi <a href="/wiki/Tabiiy_fanlar" title="Tabiiy fanlar">tabiiy fan</a>. Astronomiya kelib chiqishi va <a href="/wiki/Olam_xronologiyasi" title="Olam xronologiyasi">evolyutsiyasini</a> tushuntirish uchun <a href="/wiki/Matematika" title="Matematika">matematika</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fizika" title="Fizika">fizika</a> va <a href="/wiki/Kimyo" title="Kimyo">kimyodan</a> foydalaniladi. Qiziqarli obyektlar qatoriga <a href="/wiki/Sayyora" title="Sayyora">sayyoralar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tabiiy_yo%CA%BBldosh" title="Tabiiy yoʻldosh">oylar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yulduz" title="Yulduz">yulduzlar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tumanliklar" title="Tumanliklar">tumanliklar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Galaktika" title="Galaktika">galaktikalar</a> va <a href="/wiki/Kometa" title="Kometa">kometalar</a> kiradi. Tegishli hodisalarga <a href="/wiki/O%CA%BBta_yangi_yulduzlar" title="Oʻta yangi yulduzlar">oʻta yangi yulduz</a> portlashlari, gamma nurlarining portlashlari, <a href="/wiki/Kvazar" title="Kvazar">kvazarlar</a>, blazarlar, pulsarlar va <a href="/wiki/Reliktiv_nurlanish" title="Reliktiv nurlanish">kosmik mikrotoʻlqinli fon radiatsiyasi</a> kiradi. Umuman olganda, astronomiya <a href="/wiki/Atmosfera" title="Atmosfera">Yer atmosferasidan</a> tashqarida paydo boʻlgan hamma narsani oʻrganadi. <a href="/wiki/Kosmologiya" title="Kosmologiya">Kosmologiya</a> astronomiyaning butun <a href="/wiki/Olam" title="Olam">olamni</a> oʻrganadigan boʻlimidir<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Astronomiya eng qadimgi tabiiy fanlardan biridir. Yozilgan ilk tarixdagi sivilizatsiyalar tungi osmonni uslubiy kuzatishlar bilan shugʻullangan. Bularga bobilliklar, yunonlar, hindlar, misrliklar, xitoylar, <a href="/wiki/Maya_sivilizatsiyasi" title="Maya sivilizatsiyasi">mayyalar</a> va <a href="/wiki/Indeyslar" title="Indeyslar">Amerika qitʼasining koʻplab qadimgi mahalliy xalqlari kiradi</a> . Oʻtmishda astronomiya <a href="/wiki/Astrometriya" title="Astrometriya">astrometriya</a>, samoviy navigatsiya, kuzatuv astronomiyasi va <a href="/wiki/Taqvim" title="Taqvim">kalendarlarni</a> yaratish kabi turli xil fanlarni oʻz ichiga olgan. Hozirgi kunda professional astronomiya koʻpincha <a href="/wiki/Astrofizika" title="Astrofizika">astrofizika</a> bilan bir xil deb aytiladi<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Professional astronomiya kuzatuv va nazariy sohalarga boʻlinadi. Kuzatuv astronomiyasi astronomik obyektlarni kuzatishdan maʼlumotlarni olishga qaratilgan. Keyinchalik bu maʼlumotlar fizikaning asosiy tamoyillari yordamida tahlil qilinadi. Nazariy astronomiya astronomik ob’ektlar va hodisalarni tasvirlash uchun kompyuter yoki analitik modellarni ishlab chiqishga yoʻnaltirilgan. Bu ikki soha bir-birini toʻldiradi. Nazariy astronomiya kuzatish natijalarini tushuntirishga intiladi va kuzatishlar nazariy natijalarni tasdiqlash uchun ishlatiladi. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Astronomiya_rivojining_qisqacha_tarixi.">Astronomiya rivojining qisqacha tarixi.</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Astronomiya&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Boʻlimni tahrirlash: Astronomiya rivojining qisqacha tarixi." class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>tahrir</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Astronomiya&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Astronomiya rivojining qisqacha tarixi."><span>manbasini tahrirlash</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Astronomiya ham boshqa barcha fanlar singari jamiyatning amaliy ehtiyojlari asosida vujudga kelgan. Astronomiyaning kurtaklari <a href="/wiki/Bobil" title="Bobil">Bobil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Misr" title="Misr">Misr</a>, <a href="/wiki/Markaziy_Osiyo" title="Markaziy Osiyo">Markaziy Osiyo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Xitoy" title="Xitoy">Xitoy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hindiston" title="Hindiston">Hindiston</a> kabi mamlakatlarda bundan bir necha ming yil avval paydo boʻlgan. Astronomiya havaskorlar faol rol oʻynaydigan kam sonli fanlardan biridir. Bu, ayniqsa, vaqtinchalik hodisalarni aniqlash va kuzatish uchun toʻgʻri keladi. Havaskor astronomlar koʻplab muhim kashfiyotlar, masalan, yangi kometalarni topishda yordam berishdi. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/SLNSW_479519_16_Observatory_SH_198.jpg/220px-SLNSW_479519_16_Observatory_SH_198.jpg"><img resource="/wiki/Fayl:SLNSW_479519_16_Observatory_SH_198.jpg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/SLNSW_479519_16_Observatory_SH_198.jpg/220px-SLNSW_479519_16_Observatory_SH_198.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/SLNSW_479519_16_Observatory_SH_198.jpg/330px-SLNSW_479519_16_Observatory_SH_198.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/SLNSW_479519_16_Observatory_SH_198.jpg/440px-SLNSW_479519_16_Observatory_SH_198.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="1162" /></a><figcaption> Astronomik rasadxona, Yangi Janubiy Uels, Avstraliya 1873-yil.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fayl:Quito_Observatory.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Quito_Observatory.JPG/220px-Quito_Observatory.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Quito_Observatory.JPG/330px-Quito_Observatory.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Quito_Observatory.JPG/440px-Quito_Observatory.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption> XIX asr. Kito astronomik rasadxonasi <a href="/wiki/Ekvador" title="Ekvador">Ekvadorning</a> <a href="/wiki/Kito" title="Kito">Kito</a> shahrida <a href="/wiki/Ekvator" title="Ekvator">Ekvatordan</a> 12 daqiqa janubda joylashgan<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure><p>. </p><p><i>Astronomiya</i> (<a href="/wiki/Qadimgi_yunon_tili" title="Qadimgi yunon tili">yunoncha</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%BC%80%CF%83%CF%84%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%BF%CE%BC%CE%AF%CE%B1#Ancient_Greek" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ἀστρονομία">ἀsrónmoía</a> dan <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%BC%84%CF%83%CF%84%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%BD#Ancient_Greek" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ἄστρον">ἄstun</a> <i>astron</i>, „yulduz“ va -nomo <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/-nomy" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:-nomy">-nomia</a></i> – <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CE%BD%CF%8C%CE%BC%CE%BF%CF%82#Ancient_Greek" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:νόμος">nomos</a> <i>nomos</i>, „<a href="/wiki/Qonun" title="Qonun">qonun</a>“ yoki „madaniyat“ soʻzlaridan) „tarjimasiga bogʻliq boʻlgan madaniyat“ degan maʼnoni anglatadi. Astronomiyani <a href="/wiki/Astrologiya" title="Astrologiya">astrologiya</a> bilan chalkashtirib yubormaslik kerak, yaʼni inson ishlari samoviy jismlarning pozitsiyalari bilan bogʻliq deb daʼvo qiladigan eʼtiqod tizimi<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Garchi ikkala soha umumiy kelib chiqishiga ega boʻlsa-da, endi ular butunlay ajralib turadi<sup id="cite_ref-new_cosmos_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-new_cosmos-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id=""Astronomiya"_va_„astrofizika“_atamalaridan_foydalanish"><span id=".22Astronomiya.22_va_.E2.80.9Eastrofizika.E2.80.9C_atamalaridan_foydalanish"></span>"Astronomiya" va „astrofizika“ atamalaridan foydalanish</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Astronomiya&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Boʻlimni tahrirlash: "Astronomiya" va „astrofizika“ atamalaridan foydalanish" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>tahrir</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Astronomiya&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: "Astronomiya" va „astrofizika“ atamalaridan foydalanish"><span>manbasini tahrirlash</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>"Astronomiya" va „astrofizika“ sinonimlardir<sup id="cite_ref-scharrinhausen_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scharrinhausen-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-odenwald_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-odenwald-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pennstateerie_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pennstateerie-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Qattiq <a href="/wiki/Lug%CA%BBat" title="Lugʻat">lugʻat</a> taʼriflariga asoslanib, „astronomiya“ „Yer <a href="/wiki/Atmosfera" title="Atmosfera">atmosferasidan</a> tashqaridagi jismlar va <a href="/wiki/Modda" title="Modda">moddalarni</a>, ularning <a href="/wiki/Fizik_kimyoviy_analiz" title="Fizik kimyoviy analiz">fizik-kimyoviy</a> xususiyatlarini oʻrganish“ degan maʼnoni anglatadi<sup id="cite_ref-mw-astronomy_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mw-astronomy-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, „<a href="/wiki/Astrofizika" title="Astrofizika">astrofizika</a>“ esa astronomiyaning „xulq-atvori, xatti-harakati“ bilan shugʻullanadigan boʻlimiga ishora qiladi. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Osmon_jismlari&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Osmon jismlari (sahifa yaratilmagan)">Osmon jismlari</a> va hodisalarining <a href="/wiki/Fizika" title="Fizika">fizik</a> xususiyatlari va <a href="/wiki/Dinamik" title="Dinamik">dinamik</a> jarayonlari<sup id="cite_ref-mw-astrophysics_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mw-astrophysics-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Ayrim hollarda, Frank Shu tomonidan yozilgan <i>"Jismoniy olam"</i> darsligining kirish qismidagi kabi, „astronomiya“ mavzuni sifatli oʻrganishni tavsiflash uchun ishlatilishi mumkin, „astrofizika“ esa fanning <a href="/wiki/Fizika" title="Fizika">fizikaga</a> yoʻnaltirilgan versiyasini tavsiflash uchun ishlatiladi<sup id="cite_ref-shu1982_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shu1982-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Biroq, zamonaviy astronomik tadqiqotlarning aksariyati fizika bilan bogʻliq mavzular bilan shugʻullanganligi sababli, zamonaviy astronomiyani aslida astrofizika deb atash mumkin<sup id="cite_ref-scharrinhausen_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scharrinhausen-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Astrometriya kabi baʼzi sohalar astrofizika emas, balki faqat astronomiyadir. <a href="/wiki/Olim" title="Olim">Olimlar</a> ushbu mavzu boʻyicha tadqiqot olib boradigan turli boʻlimlar qisman fizika boʻlimi bilan tarixan bogʻlanganligiga qarab, „astronomiya“ va „<a href="/wiki/Astrofizika" title="Astrofizika">astrofizika</a>“ dan foydalanishi mumkin<sup id="cite_ref-odenwald_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-odenwald-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> va koʻplab professional <a href="/wiki/Astronom" title="Astronom">astronomlar astronomiya</a> emas, balki fizika darajasiga ega<sup id="cite_ref-pennstateerie_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pennstateerie-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Bu sohadagi yetakchi ilmiy <a href="/wiki/Jurnal" title="Jurnal">jurnallarning</a> ayrim nomlari orasida <i>The Astronomical Journal</i>, <i>The Astrophysical Journal</i> va <i>Astronomy &amp amp Astrophysics</i> kiradi. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tarixi">Tarixi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Astronomiya&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Boʻlimni tahrirlash: Tarixi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>tahrir</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Astronomiya&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Tarixi"><span>manbasini tahrirlash</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Planisph%C3%A6ri_c%C5%93leste.jpg/220px-Planisph%C3%A6ri_c%C5%93leste.jpg"><img resource="/wiki/Fayl:Planisph%C3%A6ri_c%C5%93leste.jpg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Planisph%C3%A6ri_c%C5%93leste.jpg/220px-Planisph%C3%A6ri_c%C5%93leste.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Planisph%C3%A6ri_c%C5%93leste.jpg/330px-Planisph%C3%A6ri_c%C5%93leste.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Planisph%C3%A6ri_c%C5%93leste.jpg/440px-Planisph%C3%A6ri_c%C5%93leste.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5812" data-file-height="3972" /></a><figcaption> Gollandiyalik kartograf Frederik de Vit tomonidan 17-asrdagi osmon xaritasi</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Qadimgi_davrlar">Qadimgi davrlar</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Astronomiya&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Boʻlimni tahrirlash: Qadimgi davrlar" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>tahrir</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Astronomiya&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Qadimgi davrlar"><span>manbasini tahrirlash</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ilk <a href="/wiki/Tarix" title="Tarix">tarixiy</a> davrlarda astronomiya faqat koʻzga koʻrinadigan jismlarning harakatlarini kuzatish va bashorat qilishdan iborat edi. Baʼzi joylarda ilk madaniyatlar astronomik maqsadlarga ega boʻlgan ulkan artefaktlarni yigʻishgan. Bu <a href="/wiki/Rasadxona" title="Rasadxona">rasadxonalardan</a> tantanali foydalanishdan tashqari fasllarni aniqlashda ham foydalanish mumkin, bu esa ekinlarni qachon ekish kerakligini bilish va yil uzunligini tushunishda muhim omil hisoblanadi<sup id="cite_ref-history_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-history-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Teleskop kabi asboblar ixtiro qilinishidan oldin, yulduzlarni erta oʻrganish yalangʻoch koʻz yordamida amalga oshirilgan. Sivilizatsiyalar, xususan, Mesopotamiya, Gretsiya, Fors, Hindiston, Xitoy, Misr va <a href="/wiki/Maya_sivilizatsiyasi" title="Maya sivilizatsiyasi">Markaziy Amerikada</a> rivojlanib borar ekan, astronomik rasadxonalar yigʻilib, olam tabiati haqidagi gʻoyalar rivojlana boshladi. Ilk astronomiyaning aksariyati <a href="/wiki/Yulduzlar" class="mw-redirect" title="Yulduzlar">yulduzlar</a> va <a href="/wiki/Sayyora" title="Sayyora">sayyoralarning</a> joylashuvini xaritalashdan iborat boʻlib, bu fan hozir <a href="/wiki/Astrometriya" title="Astrometriya">astrometriya</a> deb ataladi. Bu kuzatishlar natijasida sayyoralarning harakati haqidagi dastlabki tasavvurlar shakllandi, <a href="/wiki/Quyosh" title="Quyosh">Quyosh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oy" title="Oy">Oy</a> va <a href="/wiki/Yer" title="Yer">Yerning</a> olamdagi tabiati <a href="/wiki/Falsafa" title="Falsafa">falsafiy</a> jihatdan oʻrganildi. Yer Quyosh, Oy va <a href="/wiki/Yulduz" title="Yulduz">yulduzlar</a> atrofida aylanadigan koinotning markazi ekanligiga ishonishgan. Bu koinotning geosentrik modeli yoki Ptolemey nomi bilan atalgan <a href="/wiki/Ptolemey_Klavdiy" title="Ptolemey Klavdiy">Ptolemey</a> tizimi sifatida tanilgan<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Suryaprajnapati_Sutra.jpg/220px-Suryaprajnapati_Sutra.jpg"><img resource="/wiki/Fayl:Suryaprajnapati_Sutra.jpg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Suryaprajnapati_Sutra.jpg/220px-Suryaprajnapati_Sutra.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Suryaprajnapati_Sutra.jpg/330px-Suryaprajnapati_Sutra.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Suryaprajnapati_Sutra.jpg/440px-Suryaprajnapati_Sutra.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="877" /></a><figcaption> Suryaprajnaptisūtra, Londondagi Shoyen kollektsiyasida eramizdan avvalgi 6-asrga oid <a href="/wiki/Jaynizm" title="Jaynizm">Jainlarning</a> astronomiya matni. Yuqorida: uning qoʻlyozmasi <abbr title="taxminan">tax.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1500</span>miloddan avvalgi yil.</figcaption></figure> <p>Ayniqsa, muhim erta rivojlanish bobilliklar orasida boshlangan <a href="/wiki/Matematik" title="Matematik">matematik</a> va ilmiy astronomiyaning boshlanishi boʻlib, koʻplab boshqa <a href="/wiki/Sivilizatsiya" class="mw-redirect" title="Sivilizatsiya">sivilizatsiyalarda</a> rivojlangan keyingi astronomik anʼanalarga asos solgan<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. <a href="/wiki/Bobil" title="Bobil">Bobilliklar</a> <a href="/wiki/Oy_tutilishi" title="Oy tutilishi">oy tutilishining</a> <a href="/wiki/Saros" title="Saros">saros</a> deb nomlanuvchi takroriy tsiklda takrorlanishini aniqladilar<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/AiKhanoumSunDial.jpg/220px-AiKhanoumSunDial.jpg"><img resource="/wiki/Fayl:AiKhanoumSunDial.jpg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/AiKhanoumSunDial.jpg/220px-AiKhanoumSunDial.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/AiKhanoumSunDial.jpg/330px-AiKhanoumSunDial.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/AiKhanoumSunDial.jpg/440px-AiKhanoumSunDial.jpg 2x" data-file-width="916" data-file-height="908" /></a><figcaption> Yunon ekvatorial <a href="/wiki/Quyosh_soati" title="Quyosh soati">quyosh soati</a>.<a href="/wiki/Oyxonim" title="Oyxonim">Oks boʻyidagi Iskandariya</a>, hozirgi Afgʻoniston miloddan avvalgi 3-2-asr.</figcaption></figure> <p>Bobilliklardan keyin <a href="/wiki/Qadimgi_Yunoniston" title="Qadimgi Yunoniston">qadimgi Yunoniston</a> va <a href="/wiki/Ellinizm" title="Ellinizm">ellinistik</a> dunyoda astronomiya sohasida sezilarli yutuqlarga erishildi. Yunon astronomiyasi boshidanoq samoviy hodisalar uchun oqilona, jismoniy tushuntirish izlash bilan tavsiflanadi<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Miloddan avvalgi 3-asrda Samoslik Aristarx Oy va Quyoshning oʻlchami va masofasini hisoblab chiqdi va u Yer va sayyoralar Quyosh atrofida aylanadigan <a href="/wiki/Quyosh_tizimi" title="Quyosh tizimi">Quyosh tizimining</a> modelini taklif qildi, hozir <a href="/wiki/Geliotsentrik_sistema" title="Geliotsentrik sistema">geliotsentrik</a> model deb ataladi<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. <a href="/wiki/Mil._av._3" title="Mil. av. 3">Miloddan avvalgi</a> 2-asrda <a href="/wiki/Gipparx" title="Gipparx">Gipparx</a> pretsessiyani kashf etdi, Oyning hajmi va masofasini hisoblab chiqdi va <a href="/wiki/Astrolyabiya" title="Astrolyabiya">astrolab</a> kabi eng qadimgi astronomik asboblarni ixtiro qildi<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Gipparx, shuningdek, 1020 yulduzdan iborat keng qamrovli katalogni yaratdi va shimoliy yarim shardagi <a href="/wiki/Yulduz_turkumlari" title="Yulduz turkumlari">yulduz turkumlarining</a> aksariyati yunon astronomiyasidan olingan<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Antikiteriya_mexanizmi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Antikiteriya mexanizmi (sahifa yaratilmagan)">Antikitera mexanizmi</a> (<abbr title="taxminan">tax.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 150</span>.Miloddan avvalgi yillar) maʼlum bir sana uchun <a href="/wiki/Quyosh" title="Quyosh">Quyosh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oy" title="Oy">Oy</a> va <a href="/wiki/Sayyora" title="Sayyora">sayyoralarning</a> joylashishini hisoblash uchun moʻljallangan dastlabki <a href="/wiki/Analog_hisoblash_mashinasi" title="Analog hisoblash mashinasi">analog kompyuter</a> edi. Xuddi shunday murakkablikdagi texnologik artefaktlar 14-asrgacha, yaʼni Yevropada mexanik astronomik soatlar paydo boʻlgunga qadar qayta paydo boʻlmadi<sup id="cite_ref-insearchoflosttime_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-insearchoflosttime-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oʻrta_davr"><span id="O.CA.BBrta_davr"></span>Oʻrta davr</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Astronomiya&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Boʻlimni tahrirlash: Oʻrta davr" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>tahrir</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Astronomiya&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Oʻrta davr"><span>manbasini tahrirlash</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Oʻrta asrlarda Yevropada bir qator muhim astronomlar joylashgan. Richard Uollingford (1292—1336) astronomiya va horologiyaga katta hissa qoʻshgan, shu jumladan birinchi astronomik soat, sayyoralar va boshqa astronomik jismlar orasidagi burchaklarni oʻlchash imkonini beruvchi <a href="/wiki/To%CA%BBrtburchak" title="Toʻrtburchak">Toʻrtburchak</a>, shuningdek <i><a href="/wiki/Albion" title="Albion">Albion</a></i> deb nomlangan ekvatorium ixtirosi. <a href="/wiki/Oy" title="Oy">Oy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quyosh" title="Quyosh">quyosh</a> va <a href="/wiki/Sayyora" title="Sayyora">sayyora</a> uzunliklari kabi astronomik hisoblar uchun ishlatilishi va <a href="/wiki/Tutilish" title="Tutilish">tutilishlarni</a> bashorat qilishi mumkin edi. Nikol Oresme (1320—1382) va Jan Buridan (1300—1361) birinchi boʻlib Yerning aylanishi haqidagi dalillarni muhokama qilishdi, bundan tashqari, Buridan sayyoralarni koʻrsatishga qodir boʻlgan <a href="/wiki/Impuls_(fizika)" title="Impuls (fizika)">impuls</a> nazariyasini (zamonaviy <a href="/wiki/Inersiya" title="Inersiya">inertsiya</a> nazariyasining salafi) ishlab chiqdilar. Farishtalarning aralashuvisiz harakatlanishga qodir edi<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Georg fon Peuerbax (1423—1461) va Regiomontanus (1436—1476) oʻn yillar oʻtib Kopernikning geliotsentrik modelini ishlab chiqishda astronomik taraqqiyotga yordam berdi. </p><p>Astronomiya islom olamida va dunyoning boshqa qismlarida rivojlandi. Bu 9-asr boshlariga kelib <a href="/wiki/Islom_dunyosi" title="Islom dunyosi">musulmon dunyosida</a> birinchi astronomik <a href="/wiki/Rasadxona" title="Rasadxona">rasadxonalarning</a> paydo boʻlishiga olib keldi<sup id="cite_ref-Kennedy-1962_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kennedy-1962-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Micheau-992-3_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Micheau-992-3-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. 964-yilda mahalliy guruhdagi eng katta <a href="/wiki/Galaktika" title="Galaktika">galaktika</a> boʻlgan <a href="/wiki/Andromeda_tumanligi" title="Andromeda tumanligi">Andromeda</a> galaktikasi fors musulmon astronomi Abdurrahmon al-Soʻfi tomonidan oʻzining <i>"Sobit yulduzlar kitobi"</i> da tasvirlangan<sup id="cite_ref-NSOG_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NSOG-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. SN 1006 oʻta yangi yulduzi, qayd etilgan tarixdagi eng yorqin <a href="/wiki/Ko%CA%BBrinma_yulduz_kattaligi" title="Koʻrinma yulduz kattaligi">kattalikdagi</a> yulduz hodisasi, 1006-yilda <a href="/wiki/Misrliklar" title="Misrliklar">misrlik</a> arab astronomi Ali ibn Ridvan va <a href="/wiki/Xitoy" title="Xitoy">xitoylik</a> astronomlar tomonidan kuzatilgan. <a href="/wiki/Ilm-fan" class="mw-redirect" title="Ilm-fan">Ilm-fanga</a> salmoqli hissa qoʻshgan islom (asosan fors va arab) astronomlaridan baʼzilari <a href="/wiki/Battoniy_Abu_Abdulloh_Muhammad_ibn_Jobir" title="Battoniy Abu Abdulloh Muhammad ibn Jobir">Al-Battaniy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tabit_ibn_Qurra" title="Tabit ibn Qurra">Thebit</a>, Abdurrahmon as- Sofi, <a href="/wiki/Abu_Rayhon_Beruniy" title="Abu Rayhon Beruniy">Beruniy</a>, Abu Ishoq Ibrohim az-Zarqoliy, <a href="/wiki/Birjoniy" title="Birjoniy">Al-Birjandiy</a> va astronomlarni oʻz ichiga oladi. <a href="/wiki/Marag%CA%BBa_rasadxonasi" title="Maragʻa rasadxonasi">Maraga</a> va <a href="/wiki/Ulug%CA%BBbek_rasadxonasi" title="Ulugʻbek rasadxonasi">Samarqand</a> <a href="/wiki/Rasadxona" title="Rasadxona">rasadxonalari</a>. Oʻsha davrda astronomlar koʻplab <a href="/wiki/Arab_tili" title="Arab tili">arabcha</a> nomlarni kiritdilar, hozirda alohida yulduzlar uchun foydalaniladi<sup id="cite_ref-short_history_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-short_history-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Cambridge_history_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cambridge_history-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Shuningdek, Buyuk Zimbabve va <a href="/wiki/Tombuktu" title="Tombuktu">Timbuktudagi</a><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> xarobalari astronomik rasadxonalar joylashgan boʻlishi mumkin, deb ishoniladi<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Klassikdan keyingi <a href="/wiki/G%CA%BBarbiy_Afrika" title="Gʻarbiy Afrika">Gʻarbiy Afrikada</a> astronomlar yulduzlar harakati va fasllar bilan bogʻliqligini oʻrganib, murakkab <a href="/wiki/Matematik" title="Matematik">matematik</a> hisoblar asosida osmon <a href="/wiki/Jadval" title="Jadval">jadvallarini</a>, shuningdek, boshqa sayyoralar orbitalarining aniq diagrammalarini tuzdilar. Songxay tarixchisi Mahmud Kati 1583-yil avgust oyida meteorit oqimini hujjatlashtirgan<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Ovroʻpoliklar ilgari Afrikaning <a href="/wiki/Sahroi_Kabir" title="Sahroi Kabir">Sahroi Kabirida</a> mustamlakachilikdan oldingi oʻrta asrlarda astronomik kuzatuvlar boʻlmaganiga ishonishgan, ammo zamonaviy <a href="/wiki/Kashfiyot" title="Kashfiyot">kashfiyotlar</a> buning aksini koʻrsatmoqda<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Olti asrdan koʻproq vaqt davomida (oʻrta asrlarning oxirlarida qadimgi taʼlimning qayta tiklanishidan maʼrifat davrigacha) <a href="/wiki/Katolik_cherkovi" title="Katolik cherkovi">Rim-katolik cherkovi</a> astronomiyani oʻrganishga, ehtimol, boshqa barcha <a href="/wiki/Institut" class="mw-disambig" title="Institut">institutlarga</a> qaraganda koʻproq moliyaviy va ijtimoiy yordam berdi. <a href="/wiki/Cherkov" title="Cherkov">Cherkovning</a> sabablari orasida <a href="/wiki/Pasxa" title="Pasxa">Pasxa</a> sanasini topish ham bor edi<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ilmiy_inqilob">Ilmiy inqilob</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Astronomiya&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Boʻlimni tahrirlash: Ilmiy inqilob" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>tahrir</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Astronomiya&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Ilmiy inqilob"><span>manbasini tahrirlash</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Galileo_moon_phases.jpg/220px-Galileo_moon_phases.jpg"><img resource="/wiki/Fayl:Galileo_moon_phases.jpg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Galileo_moon_phases.jpg/220px-Galileo_moon_phases.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="308" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Galileo_moon_phases.jpg/330px-Galileo_moon_phases.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Galileo_moon_phases.jpg/440px-Galileo_moon_phases.jpg 2x" data-file-width="585" data-file-height="818" /></a><figcaption> <a href="/wiki/Galileo_Galilei" title="Galileo Galilei">Galileyning</a> chizmalari va <a href="/wiki/Oy" title="Oy">Oyni</a> kuzatishlari sirtning togʻli ekanligini aniqladi.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Medieval_Astronomy_%28f.4v%29.jpg/220px-Medieval_Astronomy_%28f.4v%29.jpg"><img resource="/wiki/Fayl:Medieval_Astronomy_(f.4v).jpg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Medieval_Astronomy_%28f.4v%29.jpg/220px-Medieval_Astronomy_%28f.4v%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="271" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Medieval_Astronomy_%28f.4v%29.jpg/330px-Medieval_Astronomy_%28f.4v%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Medieval_Astronomy_%28f.4v%29.jpg/440px-Medieval_Astronomy_%28f.4v%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="731" data-file-height="900" /></a><figcaption> Ilk ilmiy qoʻlyozmaning astronomik jadvali, c. 1000Qiziq a?</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Uyg%CA%BBonish_davri" title="Uygʻonish davri">Uygʻonish davrida</a> <a href="/wiki/Nicolaus_Copernicus" title="Nicolaus Copernicus">Nikolay Kopernik</a> <a href="/wiki/Quyosh_tizimi" title="Quyosh tizimi">quyosh tizimining</a> <a href="/wiki/Geliotsentrik_sistema" title="Geliotsentrik sistema">geliosentrik</a> modelini taklif qildi. Uning ishi <a href="/wiki/Galileo_Galilei" title="Galileo Galilei">Galileo Galiley</a> tomonidan himoyalangan va <a href="/wiki/Kepler_Iogann" title="Kepler Iogann">Yoxannes Kepler</a> tomonidan kengaytirilgan. <a href="/wiki/Kepler" title="Kepler">Kepler</a> birinchi boʻlib Quyosh atrofidagi sayyoralarning harakati tafsilotlarini toʻgʻri tasvirlaydigan tizimni yaratdi. Biroq, Kepler oʻzi yozgan qonunlar orqasida nazariyani shakllantirishga muvaffaq boʻlmadi<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Aynan <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton">Isaak Nyuton</a> samoviy dinamika va <a href="/wiki/Gravitatsiya" title="Gravitatsiya">tortishish qonuni</a> ixtirosi bilan nihoyat sayyoralarning harakatini tushuntirib berdi. Nyuton ham aks ettiruvchi teleskopni ishlab chiqdi.<sup id="cite_ref-f58-64_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-f58-64-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Teleskopning hajmi va sifatining yaxshilanishi keyingi kashfiyotlarga olib keldi. Ingliz astronomi Jon Flamsted 3000 dan ortiq yulduzlarni katalogiga kiritgan<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Nicolas Louis de Lacaille tomonidan yanada kengroq yulduz kataloglari ishlab chiqarilgan. Astronom <a href="/wiki/William_Herschel" title="William Herschel">Uilyam Gerschel</a> tumanlik va klasterlarning batafsil katalogini tuzdi va 1781-yilda topilgan birinchi yangi sayyora <a href="/wiki/Uran_(sayyora)" title="Uran (sayyora)">Uran</a> sayyorasini kashf etdi<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>18-19-asrlarda <a href="/wiki/Leonhard_Euler" title="Leonhard Euler">Leonhard Eyler</a>, Aleksis Klod Kler va <a href="/wiki/D%CA%BCalamber_Jan_Leron" title="Dʼalamber Jan Leron">Jan le Rond d’Alember</a> tomonidan uch tana muammosini oʻrganish Oy va sayyoralar harakati haqida aniqroq bashorat qilishga olib keldi. Bu ish <a href="/wiki/Joseph-Louis_Lagrange" title="Joseph-Louis Lagrange">Jozef-Lui Lagranj</a> va <a href="/wiki/Laplas_Pyer_Simon" title="Laplas Pyer Simon">Per Simon Laplas</a> tomonidan yanada takomillashtirildi, bu sayyoralar va oylarning massalarini ularning buzilishlaridan hisoblash imkonini berdi<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Astronomiyadagi muhim yutuqlar yangi <a href="/wiki/Texnologiyalar_tarixi" title="Texnologiyalar tarixi">texnologiyalar</a>, jumladan, <a href="/wiki/Spektroskopiya" title="Spektroskopiya">spektroskop</a> va <a href="/w/index.php?title=Astrofotografiya_haqida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Astrofotografiya haqida (sahifa yaratilmagan)">fotografiyaning</a> joriy etilishi bilan sodir boʻldi. <a href="/wiki/Yozef_Fraungofer" title="Yozef Fraungofer">Jozef fon</a> Fraungofer 1814-15 yillarda Quyosh spektrida 600 ga yaqin chiziqni kashf etdi. 1859-yilda <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Kirchhoff" title="Gustav Kirchhoff">Gustav Kirxgof</a> turli elementlarning mavjudligi bilan izohladi. Yulduzlar Yerning Quyoshiga oʻxshashligi isbotlangan, ammo <a href="/wiki/Harorat" title="Harorat">harorat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Massa" title="Massa">massa</a> va oʻlchamlarning keng diapazoniga ega<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Er galaktikasi, <a href="/wiki/Somon_yo%CA%BBli" title="Somon yoʻli">Somon yoʻlining</a> oʻziga xos yulduzlar guruhi sifatida mavjudligi „tashqi“ galaktikalar mavjudligi bilan birga faqat 20-asrda isbotlangan. Ushbu galaktikalarning kuzatilgan retsessiyasi <a href="/wiki/Olam" title="Olam">koinotning</a> kengayishini kashf qilishga olib keldi<sup id="cite_ref-Belkora2003_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Belkora2003-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Nazariy astronomiya <a href="/wiki/Qora_tuynuk" title="Qora tuynuk">qora tuynuklar</a> va <a href="/wiki/Neytron_yulduzlar" title="Neytron yulduzlar">neytron yulduzlari</a> kabi ob’ektlarning mavjudligi haqidagi spekülasyonlara olib keldi, ular <a href="/wiki/Kvazar" title="Kvazar">kvazarlar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pulsarlar" title="Pulsarlar">pulsarlar</a>, blazarlar va <a href="/wiki/Radiogalaktika" title="Radiogalaktika">radiogalaktikalar</a> kabi kuzatilgan hodisalarni tushuntirish uchun ishlatilgan. 20-asrda jismoniy <a href="/wiki/Kosmologiya" title="Kosmologiya">kosmologiya</a> katta yutuqlarga erishdi. 1900-yillarning boshlarida <a href="/wiki/Katta_portlash" title="Katta portlash">Katta portlash</a> nazariyasi modeli shakllantirildi, bu <a href="/wiki/Reliktiv_nurlanish" title="Reliktiv nurlanish">kosmik mikrotoʻlqinli fon nurlanishi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Xabbl_qonuni" title="Xabbl qonuni">Xabbl</a> qonuni va elementlarning kosmologik koʻpligi bilan isbotlangan. Kosmik teleskoplar odatda atmosfera tomonidan bloklangan yoki loyqalangan <a href="/wiki/Elektromagnit" title="Elektromagnit">elektromagnit</a> spektrning qismlarini oʻlchash imkonini berdi. 2016-yilning loyihasi oʻtgan sentyabr oyida <a href="/wiki/Gravitatsion_to%CA%BBlqinlar" title="Gravitatsion toʻlqinlar">tortishish toʻlqinlarining</a> dalillarini aniqlagani maʼlum boʻldi<sup id="cite_ref-Discovery_2016_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Discovery_2016-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Abbot_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abbot-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <td><b>Jismoniy jarayon</b> </td> <td><b>Eksperimental vosita</b> </td> <td><b>Nazariy model</b> </td> <td><b>Tushuntiradi / bashorat qiladi</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Gravitatsiya" title="Gravitatsiya">Gravitatsiya</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Radioteleskop" title="Radioteleskop">Radio teleskoplar</a> </td> <td>Oʻz-oʻzini tortish tizimi </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Yulduz_tizimi" title="Yulduz tizimi">Yulduz tizimining</a> paydo boʻlishi </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Termoyadroviy_reaksiya" title="Termoyadroviy reaksiya">Yadro sintezi</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Spektroskopiya" title="Spektroskopiya">Spektroskopiya</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Yulduz_evolutsiyasi" title="Yulduz evolutsiyasi">Yulduzlar evolyutsiyasi</a> </td> <td>Yulduzlar qanday porlaydi va metallar qanday paydo boʻladi </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Katta_portlash" title="Katta portlash">Katta portlash</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hubble_kosmik_teleskopi" title="Hubble kosmik teleskopi">Hubble kosmik teleskopi</a>, COBE </td> <td>Koinotning kengayishi </td> <td>Koinot yoshi </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kvant tebranishlari </td> <td> </td> <td>Kosmik inflyatsiya </td> <td>Yassilik muammosi </td></tr> <tr> <td>Gravitatsion qulash </td> <td>Rentgen astronomiyasi </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Umumiy_nisbiylik_nazariyasi" title="Umumiy nisbiylik nazariyasi">Umumiy nisbiylik</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Andromeda_tumanligi" title="Andromeda tumanligi">Andromeda galaktikasi</a> markazidagi <a href="/wiki/Qora_tuynuk" title="Qora tuynuk">qora tuynuklar</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Yulduzlarda CNO aylanishi </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>Massiv yulduzlar uchun asosiy energiya manbai. </td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Grav.lens1.arp.750pix.jpg/220px-Grav.lens1.arp.750pix.jpg"><img resource="/wiki/Fayl:Grav.lens1.arp.750pix.jpg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Grav.lens1.arp.750pix.jpg/220px-Grav.lens1.arp.750pix.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Grav.lens1.arp.750pix.jpg/330px-Grav.lens1.arp.750pix.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Grav.lens1.arp.750pix.jpg/440px-Grav.lens1.arp.750pix.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2022" data-file-height="2022" /></a><figcaption> Ushbu rasmda fotosuratning oʻrtasiga yaqin sariq galaktikalar klasterining tortishish linzalari effekti bilan takrorlangan bir xil galaktikaning bir nechta tasvirlari boʻlgan bir nechta koʻk, halqa shaklidagi ob’ektlar koʻrsatilgan. Ob’ektiv uzoqroq ob’ektning tasvirini kattalashtirish va buzish uchun yorugʻlikni egadigan klasterning tortishish maydoni tomonidan ishlab chiqariladi.</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>Yulduz <a href="/wiki/Massa" title="Massa">massasi</a> spektrining kelib chiqishi nima? Yaʼni, nega astronomlar yulduz massalarining bir xil taqsimlanishini – boshlangʻich massa funksiyasini – aftidan, dastlabki sharoitlardan qatʼiy nazar kuzatadilar?<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Yulduzlar va sayyoralarning shakllanishini chuqurroq tushunish kerak.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/O%CA%BBzga_sayyoraliklar" title="Oʻzga sayyoraliklar">Koinotda boshqa hayot</a> bormi? Ayniqsa, boshqa aqlli hayot bormi? Agar shunday boʻlsa, <a href="/wiki/Fermi_paradoksi" title="Fermi paradoksi">Fermi paradoksini</a> qanday izohlash mumkin? Boshqa joylarda hayot mavjudligi muhim ilmiy va <a href="/wiki/Falsafa" title="Falsafa">falsafiy</a> ahamiyatga ega.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Quyosh_tizimi" title="Quyosh tizimi">Quyosh tizimi</a> normalmi yoki atipikmi?</li> <li>Qorongʻu <a href="/wiki/Materiya" title="Materiya">materiya</a> va qorongʻu energiyaning tabiati qanday? Bular <a href="/wiki/Koinot" title="Koinot">koinotning</a> <a href="/wiki/Evolutsiya" title="Evolutsiya">evolyutsiyasi</a> va taqdirida hukmronlik qiladi, ammo ularning asl tabiati nomaʼlumligicha qolmoqda.<sup id="cite_ref-physics_questions_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-physics_questions-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Koinotning yakuniy taqdiri qanday boʻladi?<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Birinchi galaktikalar qanday paydo boʻlgan?<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Supermassiv qora tuynuklar qanday paydo boʻlgan?<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Ultra yuqori energiyali kosmik nurlarni nima yaratadi?<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Nima uchun kosmosdagi litiyning koʻpligi standart <a href="/wiki/Katta_portlash" title="Katta portlash">Big Bang</a> modeli tomonidan bashorat qilinganidan toʻrt baravar past?<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voqealar_gorizonti" title="Voqealar gorizonti">Voqealar ufqidan</a> tashqarida nima sodir boʻladi?<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Airmass&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Airmass (sahifa yaratilmagan)">Havo massasi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Astronomical_acronyms&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Astronomical acronyms (sahifa yaratilmagan)">Astronomik qisqartmalar</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Astronomical_instrument&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Astronomical instrument (sahifa yaratilmagan)">Astronomik asboblar</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cosmogony&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cosmogony (sahifa yaratilmagan)">Kosmogoniy</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Year_of_Astronomy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="International Year of Astronomy (sahifa yaratilmagan)">Xalqaro astronomiya yili</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_astronomy_acronyms&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of astronomy acronyms (sahifa yaratilmagan)">Astronomiya qisqartmalari roʻyxati</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Russian_astronomers_and_astrophysicists&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of Russian astronomers and astrophysicists (sahifa yaratilmagan)">Rossiya astronomlari va astrofiziklari roʻyxati</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_software_for_astronomy_research_and_education&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of software for astronomy research and education (sahifa yaratilmagan)">Astronomiya tadqiqotlari va taʼlim uchun dasturlar roʻyxati</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Outline_of_space_science&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Outline of space science (sahifa yaratilmagan)">Kosmik fanning qisqacha tavsifi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Science_tourism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Science tourism (sahifa yaratilmagan)">Ilmiy turizm</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Space_exploration&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Space exploration (sahifa yaratilmagan)">Kosmosni tadqiq qilish</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Starlight&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Starlight (sahifa yaratilmagan)">Yulduz nuri</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stellar_collision&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stellar collision (sahifa yaratilmagan)">Yulduzlar toʻqnashuvi</a></li> <li><i>Koinot: cheksiz chegara</i> (televidenie seriyasi)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Portal:Astronomy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Portal:Astronomy (sahifa yaratilmagan)">Portal: Astronomiya</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Manbalar">Manbalar</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Astronomiya&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Boʻlimni tahrirlash: Manbalar" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>tahrir</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Astronomiya&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: Manbalar"><span>manbasini tahrirlash</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" id="CITEREFUnsöld2001">Unsöld, Albrecht<i>. Classical Astronomy and the Solar System – Introduction</i>, 2001 — 1-bet.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Classical+Astronomy+and+the+Solar+System+%E2%80%93+Introduction&rft.aulast=Uns%C3%B6ld&rft.aufirst=Albrecht&rft.date=2001&rft.pages=1"> </span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" id="CITEREFUnsöld2001">Unsöld, Albrecht<i>. Classical Astronomy and the Solar System</i>, 2001 — 6–9-bet.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Classical+Astronomy+and+the+Solar+System&rft.aulast=Uns%C3%B6ld&rft.aufirst=Albrecht&rft.date=2001&rft.pages=6%E2%80%939"> </span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"><span class="citation"><span lang="aniqlanmagan"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oaq.epn.edu.ec/">„Inicio“</a></span> (es).  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Quito_Astronomical_Observatory&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Quito Astronomical Observatory (sahifa yaratilmagan)">Quito Astronomical Observatory</a>. 2018-yil 28-martda asl nusxadan <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180328112459/https://oaq.epn.edu.ec/">arxivlangan</a>.</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r5263675">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#3a3;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite id="CITEREFLosev2012" class="citation magazine cs1">Losev, Alexandre (2012). „<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Astronomy' or 'astrology': A brief history of an apparent confusion“. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Journal_of_Astronomical_History_and_Heritage&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Journal of Astronomical History and Heritage (sahifa yaratilmagan)">Journal of Astronomical History and Heritage</a></i>. 15-jild, № 1. 42-bet. <a href="/w/index.php?title=ArXiv&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ArXiv (sahifa yaratilmagan)">arXiv</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//arxiv.org/abs/1006.5209">1006.5209</a></span>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bibcode&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bibcode (sahifa yaratilmagan)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012JAHH...15...42L">2012JAHH...15...42L</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Astronomical+History+and+Heritage&rft.atitle=%27Astronomy%27+or+%27astrology%27%3A+A+brief+history+of+an+apparent+confusion&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=42&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F1006.5209&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2012JAHH...15...42L&rft.aulast=Losev&rft.aufirst=Alexandre&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fuz.wikipedia.org%3AAstronomiya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-new_cosmos-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-new_cosmos_5-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" id="CITEREFUnsöld2001">Unsöld, Albrecht<i>. The New Cosmos: An Introduction to Astronomy and Astrophysics</i>, Translated by Brewer, W.D., Berlin, New York: Springer, 2001. <a href="/wiki/Maxsus:BookSources/978-3-540-67877-9" title="Maxsus:BookSources/978-3-540-67877-9">ISBN <span style="white-space: nowrap;">978-3-540-67877-9</span></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Cosmos%3A+An+Introduction+to+Astronomy+and+Astrophysics&rft.aulast=Uns%C3%B6ld&rft.aufirst=Albrecht&rft.date=2001&rft.pub=Springer&rft.place=Berlin%2C+New+York &rft.isbn=978-3-540-67877-9"> </span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-scharrinhausen-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-scharrinhausen_6-0">6,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-scharrinhausen_6-1">6,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"><span class="citation"><i>Scharringhausen.</i> <span lang="aniqlanmagan"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://curious.astro.cornell.edu/question.php?number=30">„Curious About Astronomy: What is the difference between astronomy and astrophysics?“</a></span>. 2007-yil 9-iyunda asl nusxadan <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070609102139/http://curious.astro.cornell.edu/question.php?number=30">arxivlangan</a>. Qaraldi: 17-noyabr 2016-yil.</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-odenwald-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-odenwald_7-0">7,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-odenwald_7-1">7,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"><span class="citation"><i>Odenwald.</i> <span lang="aniqlanmagan"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.astronomycafe.net/qadir/q449.html">„Archive of Astronomy Questions and Answers: What is the difference between astronomy and astrophysics?“</a></span>. <i>astronomycafe.net</i>.  The Astronomy Cafe. 2007-yil 8-iyulda asl nusxadan <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070708092148/http://www.astronomycafe.net/qadir/q449.html">arxivlangan</a>. Qaraldi: 20-iyun 2007-yil.</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pennstateerie-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-pennstateerie_8-0">8,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-pennstateerie_8-1">8,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"><span class="citation"><span lang="aniqlanmagan"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.erie.psu.edu/academic/science/degrees/astronomy/astrophysics.htm">„Penn State Erie-School of Science-Astronomy and Astrophysics“</a></span>. 2007-yil 1-noyabrda asl nusxadan <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071101100832/http://www.erie.psu.edu/academic/science/degrees/astronomy/astrophysics.htm">arxivlangan</a>. Qaraldi: 20-iyun 2007-yil.</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mw-astronomy-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-mw-astronomy_9-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"><span class="citation"><span lang="aniqlanmagan"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.m-w.com/dictionary/astronomy">„Merriam-Webster Online“</a></span>. <i>Results for "astronomy"</i>. 2007-yil 17-iyunda asl nusxadan <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070617131203/http://www.m-w.com/dictionary/astronomy">arxivlangan</a>. Qaraldi: 20-iyun 2007-yil.</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mw-astrophysics-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-mw-astrophysics_10-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"><span class="citation"><span lang="aniqlanmagan"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.m-w.com/dictionary/astrophysics">„Merriam-Webster Online“</a></span>. <i>Results for "astrophysics"</i>. 21-sentabr 2012-yilda asl nusxadan <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120921/http://www.m-w.com/dictionary/astrophysics">arxivlangan</a>. Qaraldi: 20-iyun 2007-yil.</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-shu1982-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-shu1982_11-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" id="CITEREFShu1983">Shu, F.H.<i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/physicaluniverse00shuf">The Physical Universe</a></i>. Mill Valley, California: University Science Books, 1983. <a href="/wiki/Maxsus:BookSources/978-0-935702-05-7" title="Maxsus:BookSources/978-0-935702-05-7">ISBN <span style="white-space: nowrap;">978-0-935702-05-7</span></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Physical+Universe&rft.aulast=Shu&rft.aufirst=F.H.&rft.date=1983&rft.pub=University+Science+Books&rft.place=Mill+Valley%2C+California &rft.isbn=978-0-935702-05-7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fphysicaluniverse00shuf"> </span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-history-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-history_12-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Forbes, 1909</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" id="CITEREFDeWitt2010">DeWitt, Richard „The Ptolemaic System“, <i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/worldviewsintrod0000dewi">Worldviews: An Introduction to the History and Philosophy of Science</a></i>. Chichester, England: Wiley, 2010 — <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/worldviewsintrod0000dewi/page/113">113</a>-bet. <a href="/wiki/Maxsus:BookSources/978-1-4051-9563-8" title="Maxsus:BookSources/978-1-4051-9563-8">ISBN <span style="white-space: nowrap;">978-1-4051-9563-8</span></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Worldviews%3A+An+Introduction+to+the+History+and+Philosophy+of+Science&rft.atitle=The+Ptolemaic+System&rft.aulast=DeWitt&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft.date=2010&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.place=Chichester%2C+England&rft.pages=%5Bhttps%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fworldviewsintrod0000dewi%2Fpage%2F113+113%5D &rft.isbn=978-1-4051-9563-8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fworldviewsintrod0000dewi"> </span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-14">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5263675"><cite id="CITEREFAaboe,_A.1974" class="citation magazine cs1">Aaboe, A. (1974). „Scientific Astronomy in Antiquity“. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philosophical_Transactions_of_the_Royal_Society&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society (sahifa yaratilmagan)">Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society</a></i>. 276-jild, № 1257. 21–42-bet. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bibcode&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bibcode (sahifa yaratilmagan)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1974RSPTA.276...21A">1974RSPTA.276...21A</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frsta.1974.0007">10.1098/rsta.1974.0007</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0080-4614">0080-4614</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=JSTOR&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="JSTOR (sahifa yaratilmagan)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.jstor.org/stable/74272">74272</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philosophical+Transactions+of+the+Royal+Society&rft.atitle=Scientific+Astronomy+in+Antiquity&rft.volume=276&rft.issue=1257&rft.pages=21-42&rft.date=1974&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frsta.1974.0007&rft.issn=0080-4614&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F74272%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1974RSPTA.276...21A&rft.au=Aaboe%2C+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fuz.wikipedia.org%3AAstronomiya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-15">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"><span class="citation"><span lang="aniqlanmagan"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sunearth.gsfc.nasa.gov/eclipse/SEsaros/SEsaros.html">„Eclipses and the Saros“</a></span>.  NASA. 2007-yil 30-oktyabrda asl nusxadan <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071030225501/http://sunearth.gsfc.nasa.gov/eclipse/SEsaros/SEsaros.html">arxivlangan</a>. Qaraldi: 28-oktabr 2007-yil.</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-16">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" id="CITEREFKrafft2009">Krafft, Fritz „Astronomy“, <i>. Brill's New Pauly</i> Cancik:<a href="/w/index.php?title=Andoza:Kitob_manbasi/editor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Andoza:Kitob manbasi/editor (sahifa yaratilmagan)"> </a>, 2009.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Brill%27s+New+Pauly&rft.atitle=Astronomy&rft.aulast=Krafft&rft.aufirst=Fritz&rft.date=2009"> </span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-17">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5263675"><cite id="CITEREFBerrgrenSidoli" class="citation magazine cs1">Berrgren, J.L.; Sidoli, Nathan (2007-yil may). „Aristarchus's On the Sizes and Distances of the Sun and the Moon: Greek and Arabic Texts“. <i>Archive for History of Exact Sciences</i>. 61-jild, № 3. 213–54-bet. <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00407-006-0118-4">10.1007/s00407-006-0118-4</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Archive+for+History+of+Exact+Sciences&rft.atitle=Aristarchus%27s+On+the+Sizes+and+Distances+of+the+Sun+and+the+Moon%3A+Greek+and+Arabic+Texts&rft.chron=2007-yil+may&rft.volume=61&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=213-54&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs00407-006-0118-4&rft.aulast=Berrgren&rft.aufirst=J.L.&rft.au=Sidoli%2C+Nathan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fuz.wikipedia.org%3AAstronomiya" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Andoza:Cite_magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="Andoza:Cite magazine">cite magazine</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">sana kiritilishi kerak boʻlgan parametrga berilgan qiymatni tekshirish lozim: <code class="cs1-code">|date=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Yordam:MU1_xatolari#bad_date" title="Yordam:MU1 xatolari">yordam</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-18">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"><span class="citation"><span lang="aniqlanmagan"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Biographies/Hipparchus.html">„Hipparchus of Rhodes“</a></span>.  School of Mathematics and Statistics, <a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_St_Andrews&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="University of St Andrews (sahifa yaratilmagan)">University of St Andrews</a>, Scotland. 2007-yil 23-oktyabrda asl nusxadan <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071023062202/http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Biographies/Hipparchus.html">arxivlangan</a>. Qaraldi: 28-oktabr 2007-yil.</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-19">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" id="CITEREFThurston1996">Thurston, H.<i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rNpHjqxQQ9oC&pg=PA2">Early Astronomy</a></i>. Springer Science & Business Media, 1996 — 2-bet. <a href="/wiki/Maxsus:BookSources/978-0-387-94822-5" title="Maxsus:BookSources/978-0-387-94822-5">ISBN <span style="white-space: nowrap;">978-0-387-94822-5</span></a>. Qaraldi: 20-iyun 2015-yil.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Early+Astronomy&rft.aulast=Thurston&rft.aufirst=H.&rft.pub=Springer+Science+%26+Business+Media&rft.pages=2 &rft.isbn=978-0-387-94822-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrNpHjqxQQ9oC%26pg%3DPA2"> </span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-insearchoflosttime-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-insearchoflosttime_20-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5263675"><cite id="CITEREFMarchant2006" class="citation magazine cs1">Marchant, Jo (2006). „In search of lost time“. <i>Nature</i>. 444-jild, № 7119. 534–38-bet. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bibcode&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bibcode (sahifa yaratilmagan)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006Natur.444..534M">2006Natur.444..534M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F444534a">10.1038/444534a</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=PMID&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PMID (sahifa yaratilmagan)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17136067">17136067</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=In+search+of+lost+time&rft.volume=444&rft.issue=7119&rft.pages=534-38&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17136067&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F444534a&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2006Natur.444..534M&rft.aulast=Marchant&rft.aufirst=Jo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fuz.wikipedia.org%3AAstronomiya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-21">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hannam, James. <i>God’s philosophers: how the medieval world laid the foundations of modern science</i>. Icon Books Ltd, 2009, 180</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kennedy-1962-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Kennedy-1962_22-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5263675"><cite id="CITEREFKennedy1962" class="citation magazine cs1">Kennedy, Edward S. (1962). „Review: <i>The Observatory in Islam and Its Place in the General History of the Observatory</i> by Aydin Sayili“. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Isis_(jurnal)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Isis (jurnal) (sahifa yaratilmagan)">Isis</a></i>. 53-jild, № 2. 237–39-bet. <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F349558">10.1086/349558</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Isis&rft.atitle=Review%3A+The+Observatory+in+Islam+and+Its+Place+in+the+General+History+of+the+Observatory+by+Aydin+Sayili&rft.volume=53&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=237-39&rft.date=1962&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F349558&rft.aulast=Kennedy&rft.aufirst=Edward+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fuz.wikipedia.org%3AAstronomiya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Micheau-992-3-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Micheau-992-3_23-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5263675"><cite id="CITEREFMicheau" class="citation magazine cs1">Micheau, Françoise. Rashed, Roshdi; Morelon, Régis (muh.). „The Scientific Institutions in the Medieval Near East“. <i>Encyclopedia of the History of Arabic Science</i>. 3-jild. 992–93-bet.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+of+the+History+of+Arabic+Science&rft.atitle=The+Scientific+Institutions+in+the+Medieval+Near+East&rft.volume=3&rft.pages=992-93&rft.aulast=Micheau&rft.aufirst=Fran%C3%A7oise&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fuz.wikipedia.org%3AAstronomiya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-24">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" id="CITEREFNas1993">Nas, Peter J<i>. Urban Symbolism</i>. Brill Academic Publishers, 1993 — 350-bet. <a href="/wiki/Maxsus:BookSources/978-90-04-09855-8" title="Maxsus:BookSources/978-90-04-09855-8">ISBN <span style="white-space: nowrap;">978-90-04-09855-8</span></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Urban+Symbolism&rft.aulast=Nas&rft.aufirst=Peter+J&rft.date=1993&rft.pub=Brill+Academic+Publishers&rft.pages=350 &rft.isbn=978-90-04-09855-8"> </span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NSOG-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-NSOG_25-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" id="CITEREFKepple1998">Kepple, George Robert<i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/nightskyobserver0000kepp">The Night Sky Observer's Guide</a></i>. Willmann-Bell, Inc., 1998 — <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/nightskyobserver0000kepp/page/18">18</a>-bet. <a href="/wiki/Maxsus:BookSources/978-0-943396-58-3" title="Maxsus:BookSources/978-0-943396-58-3">ISBN <span style="white-space: nowrap;">978-0-943396-58-3</span></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Night+Sky+Observer%27s+Guide&rft.aulast=Kepple&rft.aufirst=George+Robert&rft.date=1998&rft.pub=Willmann-Bell%2C+Inc.&rft.pages=%5Bhttps%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnightskyobserver0000kepp%2Fpage%2F18+18%5D &rft.isbn=978-0-943396-58-3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnightskyobserver0000kepp"> </span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-short_history-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-short_history_26-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" id="CITEREFBerry1961">Berry, Arthur<i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/shorthistoryofas0000berr">A Short History of Astronomy From Earliest Times Through the 19th Century</a></i>. New York: Dover Publications, Inc., 1961. <a href="/wiki/Maxsus:BookSources/978-0-486-20210-5" title="Maxsus:BookSources/978-0-486-20210-5">ISBN <span style="white-space: nowrap;">978-0-486-20210-5</span></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Short+History+of+Astronomy+From+Earliest+Times+Through+the+19th+Century&rft.aulast=Berry&rft.aufirst=Arthur&rft.date=1961&rft.pub=Dover+Publications%2C+Inc.&rft.place=New+York &rft.isbn=978-0-486-20210-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fshorthistoryofas0000berr"> </span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cambridge_history-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Cambridge_history_27-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"><i>The Cambridge Concise History of Astronomy</i> Hoskin, Michael:<a href="/w/index.php?title=Andoza:Kitob_manbasi/editor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Andoza:Kitob manbasi/editor (sahifa yaratilmagan)"> </a>. Cambridge University Press, 1999. <a href="/wiki/Maxsus:BookSources/978-0-521-57600-0" title="Maxsus:BookSources/978-0-521-57600-0">ISBN <span style="white-space: nowrap;">978-0-521-57600-0</span></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Concise+History+of+Astronomy&rft.date=1999&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press &rft.isbn=978-0-521-57600-0"> </span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-28">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" id="CITEREFMcKissack1995">McKissack, Pat<i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/royalkingdomsofg00patr">The royal kingdoms of Ghana, Mali, and Songhay: life in medieval Africa</a></i>. H. Holt, 1995 — <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/royalkingdomsofg00patr/page/103">103</a>-bet. <a href="/wiki/Maxsus:BookSources/978-0-8050-4259-7" title="Maxsus:BookSources/978-0-8050-4259-7">ISBN <span style="white-space: nowrap;">978-0-8050-4259-7</span></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+royal+kingdoms+of+Ghana%2C+Mali%2C+and+Songhay%3A+life+in+medieval+Africa&rft.aulast=McKissack&rft.aufirst=Pat&rft.date=1995&rft.pub=H.+Holt&rft.pages=%5Bhttps%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Froyalkingdomsofg00patr%2Fpage%2F103+103%5D &rft.isbn=978-0-8050-4259-7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Froyalkingdomsofg00patr"> </span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-29">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5263675"><cite id="CITEREFClarkCarrington,_Damian2002" class="citation magazine cs1">Clark, Stuart; Carrington, Damian (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150430173144/http://www.newscientist.com/article/dn3137-eclipse-brings-claim-of-medieval-african-observatory.html">„Eclipse brings claim of medieval African observatory“</a>. <i>New Scientist</i>. 30-aprel 2015-yilda <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn3137-eclipse-brings-claim-of-medieval-african-observatory.html">asl nusxadan</a> arxivlandi<span class="reference-accessdate">. Qaraldi: 3-fevral 2010-yil</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Scientist&rft.atitle=Eclipse+brings+claim+of+medieval+African+observatory&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Clark&rft.aufirst=Stuart&rft.au=Carrington%2C+Damian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newscientist.com%2Farticle%2Fdn3137-eclipse-brings-claim-of-medieval-african-observatory.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fuz.wikipedia.org%3AAstronomiya" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Andoza:Cite_magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="Andoza:Cite magazine">cite magazine</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: date format ()</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-30">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" id="CITEREFHammer2016">Hammer, Joshua<i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/badasslibrarians0000hamm_h2n4">The Bad-Ass Librarians of Timbuktu And Their Race to Save the World's Most Precious Manuscripts</a></i>. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2016 — <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/badasslibrarians0000hamm_h2n4/page/26">26</a>–27-bet. <a href="/wiki/Maxsus:BookSources/978-1-4767-7743-6" title="Maxsus:BookSources/978-1-4767-7743-6">ISBN <span style="white-space: nowrap;">978-1-4767-7743-6</span></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Bad-Ass+Librarians+of+Timbuktu+And+Their+Race+to+Save+the+World%27s+Most+Precious+Manuscripts&rft.aulast=Hammer&rft.aufirst=Joshua&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=%5Bhttps%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbadasslibrarians0000hamm_h2n4%2Fpage%2F26+26%5D%E2%80%9327 &rft.isbn=978-1-4767-7743-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbadasslibrarians0000hamm_h2n4"> </span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-31">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" id="CITEREFHolbrook2008">Holbrook, Jarita C.<i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4DJpDW6IAukC&pg=PA182">African Cultural Astronomy</a></i>. Springer, 2008. <a href="/wiki/Maxsus:BookSources/978-1-4020-6638-2" title="Maxsus:BookSources/978-1-4020-6638-2">ISBN <span style="white-space: nowrap;">978-1-4020-6638-2</span></a>. Qaraldi: 19-oktabr 2020-yil.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=African+Cultural+Astronomy&rft.aulast=Holbrook&rft.aufirst=Jarita+C.&rft.date=2008&rft.pub=Springer &rft.isbn=978-1-4020-6638-2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4DJpDW6IAukC%26pg%3DPA182"> </span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-32">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"><span class="citation"><span lang="aniqlanmagan"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scienceinafrica.co.za/2003/november/cosmic.htm">„Cosmic Africa explores Africa's astronomy“</a></span>.  Science in Africa. 2003-yil 3-dekabrda asl nusxadan <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20031203055223/http://www.scienceinafrica.co.za/2003/november/cosmic.htm">arxivlangan</a>. Qaraldi: 3-fevral 2002-yil.</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-33">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" id="CITEREFHolbrook2008">Holbrook, Jarita C.<i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4DJpDW6IAukC&pg=PA180">African Cultural Astronomy</a></i>. Springer, 2008. <a href="/wiki/Maxsus:BookSources/978-1-4020-6638-2" title="Maxsus:BookSources/978-1-4020-6638-2">ISBN <span style="white-space: nowrap;">978-1-4020-6638-2</span></a>. Qaraldi: 26-avgust 2020-yil.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=African+Cultural+Astronomy&rft.aulast=Holbrook&rft.aufirst=Jarita+C.&rft.date=2008&rft.pub=Springer &rft.isbn=978-1-4020-6638-2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4DJpDW6IAukC%26pg%3DPA180"> </span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-34">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"><span class="citation"><span lang="aniqlanmagan"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://royalsociety.org/news.asp?year=&id=4117">„Africans studied astronomy in medieval times“</a></span>.  The Royal Society (30-yanvar 2006-yil). 2008-yil 9-iyunda asl nusxadan <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080609112829/http://royalsociety.org/news.asp?year=&id=4117">arxivlangan</a>. Qaraldi: 3-fevral 2010-yil.</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-35">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Stenger, Richard <span class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://articles.cnn.com/2002-12-05/tech/zimbabwe.observatory_1_supernova-forecast-eclipses-star">„Star sheds light on African 'Stonehenge'“</a>. <i>CNN</i> (5-dekabr 2002-yil). 12-may 2011-yilda asl nusxadan <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110512162930/http://articles.cnn.com/2002-12-05/tech/zimbabwe.observatory_1_supernova-forecast-eclipses-star?_s=PM%3ATECH">arxivlangan</a>.</span>. CNN. 5 December 2002. Retrieved on 30 December 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-36">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">J. L. Heilbron, <i>The Sun in the Church: Cathedrals as Solar Observatories</i> (1999) p.3</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-37">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Forbes, 1909, pp. 49–58</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-f58-64-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-f58-64_38-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Forbes, 1909, pp. 58–64</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-39">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Chambers, Robert (1864) <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chambers_Book_of_Days&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chambers Book of Days (sahifa yaratilmagan)">Chambers Book of Days</a></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-40">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Forbes, 1909, pp. 79–81</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-41">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Forbes, 1909, pp. 74–76</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-42">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" id="CITEREFBerry1961">Berry, Arthur<i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/shorthistoryofas0000berr">A Short History of Astronomy From Earliest Times Through the 19th Century</a></i>. New York: Dover Publications, Inc., 1961. <a href="/wiki/Maxsus:BookSources/978-0-486-20210-5" title="Maxsus:BookSources/978-0-486-20210-5">ISBN <span style="white-space: nowrap;">978-0-486-20210-5</span></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Short+History+of+Astronomy+From+Earliest+Times+Through+the+19th+Century&rft.aulast=Berry&rft.aufirst=Arthur&rft.date=1961&rft.pub=Dover+Publications%2C+Inc.&rft.place=New+York &rft.isbn=978-0-486-20210-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fshorthistoryofas0000berr"> </span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Belkora2003-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Belkora2003_43-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" id="CITEREFBelkora,_Leila2003">Belkora, Leila<i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qBM-wez94WwC">Minding the heavens: the story of our discovery of the Milky Way</a></i>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=CRC_Press&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CRC Press (sahifa yaratilmagan)">CRC Press</a>, 2003 — 1–14-bet. <a href="/wiki/Maxsus:BookSources/978-0-7503-0730-7" title="Maxsus:BookSources/978-0-7503-0730-7">ISBN <span style="white-space: nowrap;">978-0-7503-0730-7</span></a>. Qaraldi: 26-avgust 2020-yil.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Minding+the+heavens%3A+the+story+of+our+discovery+of+the+Milky+Way&rft.aulast=Belkora%2C+Leila&rft.date=2003&rft.pub=%5B%5BCRC+Press%5D%5D&rft.pages=1%E2%80%9314 &rft.isbn=978-0-7503-0730-7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqBM-wez94WwC"> </span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Discovery_2016-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Discovery_2016_44-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5263675"><cite id="CITEREFCastelvecchiWitze2016" class="citation magazine cs1">Castelvecchi, Davide; Witze, Witze (11 February 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160212082216/http://www.nature.com/news/einstein-s-gravitational-waves-found-at-last-1.19361">„Einstein's gravitational waves found at last“</a>. <i>Nature News</i>. <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature.2016.19361">10.1038/nature.2016.19361</a>. 12-fevral 2016-yilda <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nature.com/news/einstein-s-gravitational-waves-found-at-last-1.19361">asl nusxadan</a> arxivlandi<span class="reference-accessdate">. Qaraldi: 11-fevral 2016-yil</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+News&rft.atitle=Einstein%27s+gravitational+waves+found+at+last&rft.date=2016-02-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnature.2016.19361&rft.aulast=Castelvecchi&rft.aufirst=Davide&rft.au=Witze%2C+Witze&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Fnews%2Feinstein-s-gravitational-waves-found-at-last-1.19361&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fuz.wikipedia.org%3AAstronomiya" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Andoza:Cite_magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="Andoza:Cite magazine">cite magazine</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: date format ()</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Abbot-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Abbot_45-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5263675"><cite id="CITEREFB.P._Abbott2016" class="citation magazine cs1">B.P. Abbott; et al. (2016). „Observation of Gravitational Waves from a Binary Black Hole Merger“. <i>Physical Review Letters</i>. 116-jild, № 6. 061102-bet. <a href="/w/index.php?title=ArXiv&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ArXiv (sahifa yaratilmagan)">arXiv</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//arxiv.org/abs/1602.03837">1602.03837</a></span>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bibcode&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bibcode (sahifa yaratilmagan)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016PhRvL.116f1102A">2016PhRvL.116f1102A</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRevLett.116.061102">10.1103/PhysRevLett.116.061102</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=PMID&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PMID (sahifa yaratilmagan)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26918975">26918975</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physical+Review+Letters&rft.atitle=Observation+of+Gravitational+Waves+from+a+Binary+Black+Hole+Merger&rft.volume=116&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=061102&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F1602.03837&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26918975&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1103%2FPhysRevLett.116.061102&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2016PhRvL.116f1102A&rft.au=B.P.+Abbott&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fuz.wikipedia.org%3AAstronomiya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-46">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5263675"><cite id="CITEREFKroupa2002" class="citation magazine cs1">Kroupa, Pavel (2002). „The Initial Mass Function of Stars: Evidence for Uniformity in Variable Systems“. <i>Science</i>. 295-jild, № 5552. 82–91-bet. <a href="/w/index.php?title=ArXiv&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ArXiv (sahifa yaratilmagan)">arXiv</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0201098">astro-ph/0201098</a></span>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bibcode&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bibcode (sahifa yaratilmagan)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002Sci...295...82K">2002Sci...295...82K</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1067524">10.1126/science.1067524</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=PMID&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PMID (sahifa yaratilmagan)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11778039">11778039</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=The+Initial+Mass+Function+of+Stars%3A+Evidence+for+Uniformity+in+Variable+Systems&rft.volume=295&rft.issue=5552&rft.pages=82-91&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2Fastro-ph%2F0201098&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11778039&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1067524&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2002Sci...295...82K&rft.aulast=Kroupa&rft.aufirst=Pavel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fuz.wikipedia.org%3AAstronomiya" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-47">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"><span class="citation"><span lang="aniqlanmagan"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.astrobio.net/debate/236/complex-life-elsewhere-in-the-universe">„Rare Earth: Complex Life Elsewhere in the Universe?“</a></span>. <i>Astrobiology Magazine</i> (15-iyul 2002-yil). 2011-yil 28-iyunda asl nusxadan <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110628214416/http://www.astrobio.net/debate/236/complex-life-elsewhere-in-the-universe">arxivlangan</a>. Qaraldi: 12-avgust 2006-yil.</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-48">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"><span class="citation"><i>Sagan.</i> <span lang="aniqlanmagan"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bigear.org/vol1no2/sagan.htm">„The Quest for Extraterrestrial Intelligence“</a></span>. <i>Cosmic Search Magazine</i>. 2006-yil 18-avgustda asl nusxadan <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060818144558/http://www.bigear.org/vol1no2/sagan.htm">arxivlangan</a>. Qaraldi: 12-avgust 2006-yil.</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-physics_questions-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-physics_questions_49-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"><span class="citation"><span lang="aniqlanmagan"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pnl.gov/energyscience/01-02/11-questions/11questions.htm">„11 Physics Questions for the New Century“</a></span>.  Pacific Northwest National Laboratory. 2006-yil 3-fevralda asl nusxadan <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060203152634/http://www.pnl.gov/energyscience/01-02/11-questions/11questions.htm">arxivlangan</a>. Qaraldi: 12-avgust 2006-yil.</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-50">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"><span class="citation"><i>Hinshaw.</i> <span lang="aniqlanmagan"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://map.gsfc.nasa.gov/m_uni/uni_101fate.html">„What is the Ultimate Fate of the Universe?“</a></span>.  NASA WMAP (15-dekabr 2005-yil). 2007-yil 29-mayda asl nusxadan <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070529145436/http://map.gsfc.nasa.gov/m_uni/uni_101fate.html">arxivlangan</a>. Qaraldi: 28-may 2007-yil.</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-51">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"><span class="citation"><span lang="aniqlanmagan"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://origins.stsci.edu/faq/galaxies.html">„FAQ – How did galaxies form?“</a></span>.  NASA. 2015-yil 16-dekabrda asl nusxadan <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20151216101427/http://origins.stsci.edu/faq/galaxies.html">arxivlangan</a>. Qaraldi: 28-iyul 2015-yil.</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-52">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"><span class="citation"><span lang="aniqlanmagan"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://astronomy.swin.edu.au/cosmos/S/Supermassive+Black+Hole">„Supermassive Black Hole“</a></span>.  Swinburne University. 14-avgust 2020-yilda asl nusxadan <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200814110807/https://astronomy.swin.edu.au/cosmos/S/Supermassive+Black+Hole">arxivlangan</a>. Qaraldi: 28-iyul 2015-yil.</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-53">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5263675"><cite id="CITEREFHillas" class="citation magazine cs1">Hillas, A.M. (1984-yil sentabr). „The Origin of Ultra-High-Energy Cosmic Rays“. <i>Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics</i>. 22-jild. 425–44-bet. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bibcode&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bibcode (sahifa yaratilmagan)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1984ARA&A..22..425H">1984ARA&A..22..425H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev.aa.22.090184.002233">10.1146/annurev.aa.22.090184.002233</a>. „This poses a challenge to these models, because [...]“</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annual+Review+of+Astronomy+and+Astrophysics&rft.atitle=The+Origin+of+Ultra-High-Energy+Cosmic+Rays&rft.chron=1984-yil+sentabr&rft.volume=22&rft.pages=425-44&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1146%2Fannurev.aa.22.090184.002233&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1984ARA%26A..22..425H&rft.aulast=Hillas&rft.aufirst=A.M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fuz.wikipedia.org%3AAstronomiya" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Andoza:Cite_magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="Andoza:Cite magazine">cite magazine</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">sana kiritilishi kerak boʻlgan parametrga berilgan qiymatni tekshirish lozim: <code class="cs1-code">|date=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Yordam:MU1_xatolari#bad_date" title="Yordam:MU1 xatolari">yordam</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-54">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5263675"><cite id="CITEREFHowkLehnerFieldsMathews" class="citation magazine cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Howk, J. Christopher; Lehner, Nicolas; Fields, Brian D.; Mathews, Grant J. (6-sentabr 2012-yil). „Observation of interstellar lithium in the low-metallicity Small Magellanic Cloud“. <i>Nature</i> (inglizcha). 489-jild, № 7414. 121–23-bet. <a href="/w/index.php?title=ArXiv&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ArXiv (sahifa yaratilmagan)">arXiv</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//arxiv.org/abs/1207.3081">1207.3081</a></span>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bibcode&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bibcode (sahifa yaratilmagan)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012Natur.489..121H">2012Natur.489..121H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature11407">10.1038/nature11407</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=PMID&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PMID (sahifa yaratilmagan)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22955622">22955622</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Observation+of+interstellar+lithium+in+the+low-metallicity+Small+Magellanic+Cloud&rft.volume=489&rft.issue=7414&rft.pages=121-23&rft.date=2012-09-06&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F1207.3081&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22955622&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnature11407&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2012Natur.489..121H&rft.aulast=Howk&rft.aufirst=J.+Christopher&rft.au=Lehner%2C+Nicolas&rft.au=Fields%2C+Brian+D.&rft.au=Mathews%2C+Grant+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fuz.wikipedia.org%3AAstronomiya" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Andoza:Cite_magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="Andoza:Cite magazine">cite magazine</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: date format ()</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-55">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"><span class="citation"><i>Orwig.</i> <span lang="aniqlanmagan"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.businessinsider.com.au/what-happens-when-you-enter-a-black-hole-2014-12">„What Happens When You Enter A Black Hole?“</a></span>.  Business Insider International (15-dekabr 2014-yil). 13-avgust 2020-yilda asl nusxadan <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200813091246/https://www.businessinsider.com.au/what-happens-when-you-enter-a-black-hole-2014-12">arxivlangan</a>. Qaraldi: 17-noyabr 2016-yil.</span></span></span> </li> </ol>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet=""><pre>"<a dir="ltr" href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Astronomiya&oldid=5254074">https://uz.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Astronomiya&oldid=5254074</a>" dan olindi </pre></div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Maxsus:Categories" title="Maxsus:Categories">Turkum</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkum:Astronomiya" title="Turkum:Astronomiya">Astronomiya</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Turkum:Pages_with_unreviewed_translations" title="Turkum:Pages with unreviewed translations">Pages with unreviewed translations</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks 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