Physics | NIST

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href="/pml/productsservices/physical-reference-data"> <div class="text">Physical Reference Data</div> </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="text-with-summary margin-bottom-5"> <p>Physics research at NIST includes everything from improving the safety of medical radiation procedures to developing future "quantum information" technologies that generate unbreakable codes. NIST provides the measurements, standards, and technical expertise scientists and industries need to push the limits of the fundamental properties of nature.</p><h2 class="nist-block__title">Key Accomplishments</h2><ul><li><span><strong>Atomic clocks:</strong> NIST built the world’s </span><a href="http://ieeemilestones.ethw.org/Milestones:First_Atomic_Clock"><span>first atomic clock</span></a><span>, showing how to achieve the precise synchronization now critical to many modern technology systems, from GPS satellites for navigation to stock exchanges. NIST continues to operate atomic clocks, including the </span><a href="/news-events/news/2014/04/nist-launches-new-us-time-standard-nist-f2-atomic-clock" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="96f9b944-2096-47cd-b87f-e2739001847e" data-entity-substitution="canonical" title="NIST Launches a New U.S. Time Standard: NIST-F2 Atomic Clock"><span>U.S. civilian time standard</span></a><span>.</span></li><li><span><strong>Frequency combs:</strong> NIST scientists developed the </span><a href="/topics/physics/optical-frequency-combs" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="d0f3e23a-9ded-41b4-b75e-df0223888093" data-entity-substitution="canonical" title="Optical Frequency Combs"><span>frequency comb</span></a><span>, a “ruler of light” that made possible the latest atomic clocks, which may serve as future time standards. Frequency comb applications are also helping to find Earth-like planets, identify atmospheric chemicals and locate gas leaks.</span></li><li><span><strong>Laser cooling:</strong> NIST physicists led the development and application of methods of cooling and trapping atoms with laser light, leading to the creation of new states of matter, advances in experimental quantum computing, and the awarding of three related </span><a href="/nist-and-nobel" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="6daf17eb-c260-43ba-9978-0f3800926007" data-entity-substitution="canonical" title="NIST and The Nobel"><span>Nobel Prizes</span></a><span> to NIST physicists.</span></li></ul> </div> <div class="nist-block" > <div class="margin-y-4"> <h2 class="nist-block__title"> <div class="string">Explainers</div> </h2> <div class="grid-row grid-gap-2"> <div class="nist-card tablet:grid-col-4 "> <div class="nist-card__inner"> <div class="nist-card__image"> <a href="/physics/what-are-optical-lattices"> <div class="entity-reference"> <a href="/physics/what-are-optical-lattices" hreflang="en"><img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/400_x_250_focal_point/public/images/pml/lattice.png?itok=H11EIbto" width="400" height="250" alt="lattice hi-res" typeof="foaf:Image" /> </a> </div> </a> </div> <div class="nist-card__title padding-y-5"> <h3><span property="schema:name">Optical Lattices: Webs of Light</span> </h3> </div> <div class="nist-card__links"> <div class="nist-card__button"> <a href="/physics/what-are-optical-lattices" class="usa-button ">Read more</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="nist-card tablet:grid-col-4 "> <div class="nist-card__inner"> <div class="nist-card__image"> <a href="/topics/physics/optical-frequency-combs"> <div class="entity-reference"> <a href="/topics/physics/optical-frequency-combs" hreflang="en"><img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/400_x_250_focal_point/public/images/2024/04/12/Frequency_comb_on_chip.png?itok=iHpQ3atg" width="400" height="250" alt="Illustration shows tiny columns of light in different colors standing vertically along circuits on a chip. " typeof="foaf:Image" /> </a> </div> </a> </div> <div class="nist-card__title padding-y-5"> <h3><span property="schema:name">Optical Frequency Combs</span> </h3> </div> <div class="nist-card__links"> <div class="nist-card__button"> <a href="/topics/physics/optical-frequency-combs" class="usa-button ">Read more</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="nist-card tablet:grid-col-4 "> <div class="nist-card__inner"> <div class="nist-card__image"> <a href="/physics/what-are-imaging-phantoms"> <div class="entity-reference"> <a href="/physics/what-are-imaging-phantoms" hreflang="en"><img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/400_x_250_focal_point/public/images/ctl/rf-technology/10eeel009_phannie_lr.jpg?itok=fLjveIOF" width="400" height="250" alt="phannie" typeof="foaf:Image" /> </a> </div> </a> </div> <div class="nist-card__title padding-y-5"> <h3><span property="schema:name">What Are Imaging Phantoms?</span> </h3> </div> <div class="nist-card__links"> <div class="nist-card__button"> <a href="/physics/what-are-imaging-phantoms" class="usa-button ">Read more</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="margin-y-4"> <h2 class="nist-block__title">News</h2> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--dynamic-news-list-topic paragraph--view-mode--default"> <div class="views-element-container"><div class="js-view-dom-id-505dbc2f719ad440d143464f6592af471883c5ca294a8706f37d15ac38366696"> <div class="grid-row grid-gap-2"> <div class="nist-card tablet:grid-col-4 nist-card--topic "> <div class="nist-card__inner"> <div class="nist-card__image"> <a href="/news-events/news/2024/11/nist-study-probes-damaging-effects-radiation-qubits"> <div class="entity-reference"> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/400_x_250_focal_point/public/images/2024/11/18/tkid-circuit.png?h=1e66e246&itok=CC997fJZ" width="400" height="250" alt="Incoming radiation deposits energy into the TKID circuit." typeof="foaf:Image" /> </div> </a> </div> <div class="nist-card__title padding-y-5"> <h3><span property="schema:name">NIST Study Probes the Damaging Effects of Radiation on Qubits</span> </h3> </div> <div class="nist-card__links"> <div class="nist-card__button"> <a href="/news-events/news/2024/11/nist-study-probes-damaging-effects-radiation-qubits" class="usa-button ">Read more</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="nist-card tablet:grid-col-4 nist-card--topic "> <div class="nist-card__inner"> <div class="nist-card__image"> <a href="/news-events/news/2024/10/nist-awards-15-million-astm-international-establish-standardization-center"> <div class="entity-reference"> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/400_x_250_focal_point/public/images/2023/09/06/shutterstock_2118695234-burn-extend-aug23-CROP-web.jpg?itok=-Nn6hXLt" width="400" height="250" alt="Illustration shows a shiny robot hand pointing at icons including a molecule, a heart and an atom." typeof="foaf:Image" /> </div> </a> </div> <div class="nist-card__title padding-y-5"> <h3><span property="schema:name">NIST Awards $15 Million to ASTM International to Establish Standardization Center of Excellence</span> </h3> </div> <div class="nist-card__links"> <div class="nist-card__button"> <a href="/news-events/news/2024/10/nist-awards-15-million-astm-international-establish-standardization-center" class="usa-button ">Read more</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="nist-card tablet:grid-col-4 nist-card--topic "> <div class="nist-card__inner"> <div class="nist-card__image"> <a href="/news-events/news/2024/10/smart-new-laser-technology-can-monitor-greenhouse-gases-faster-more"> <div class="entity-reference"> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/400_x_250_focal_point/public/images/2024/10/08/DSC00834%20%281%29.jpg?h=caf26d13&itok=1Xw-Lrcs" width="400" height="250" alt="Esther Baumann leans over a lab table, surrounded with wires and scientific equipment." typeof="foaf:Image" /> </div> </a> </div> <div class="nist-card__title padding-y-5"> <h3><span property="schema:name">Smart New Laser Technology Can Monitor Greenhouse Gases Faster, More Sensitively</span> </h3> </div> <div class="nist-card__links"> <div class="nist-card__button"> <a href="/news-events/news/2024/10/smart-new-laser-technology-can-monitor-greenhouse-gases-faster-more" class="usa-button ">Read more</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <footer> <div class="link-list"><a href="/news-events/news-updates/topic/249241">View All News and Updates</a></div> </footer> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--video-grid paragraph--view-mode--default"> <div class="nist-block " > <h2 class="nist-block__title" > <div class="string">Featured videos</div> </h2> <div class="grid-row grid-gap-4"> <div class="tablet:grid-col-4 margin-bottom-2"> <figure class="nist-video-thumbnail--small nist-video-thumbnail--lightbox nist-video-thumbnail" data-lightbox="https://www.kaltura.com/p/684682/sp/68468200/embedIframeJs/uiconf_id/31013851/partner_id/684682?iframeembed=true&entry_id=1_gokwsh03" data-media-id="714911"> <img loading="lazy" src="https://cdnsecakmi.kaltura.com/p/684682/sp/68468200/thumbnail/entry_id/1_gokwsh03/width/1280" alt="Can an Electron Explain the Origin of the Universe?" typeof="foaf:Image" /> <div class="nist-video-thumbnail__title"> <h3 class="font-sans-md text-bold margin-top-1"> Can an Electron Explain the Origin of the Universe? </h3> </div> </figure> </div> <div class="tablet:grid-col-4 margin-bottom-2"> <figure class="nist-video-thumbnail--small nist-video-thumbnail--lightbox nist-video-thumbnail" data-lightbox="https://www.kaltura.com/p/684682/sp/68468200/embedIframeJs/uiconf_id/31013851/partner_id/684682?iframeembed=true&entry_id=1_yzt9mn1a" data-media-id="634661"> <img loading="lazy" src="https://cdnsecakmi.kaltura.com/p/684682/sp/68468200/thumbnail/entry_id/1_yzt9mn1a/width/1280" alt="Einstein, Time, and Very Small Things - with Jun Ye" typeof="foaf:Image" /> <div class="nist-video-thumbnail__title"> <h3 class="font-sans-md text-bold margin-top-1"> Einstein, Time, and Very Small Things - with Jun Ye </h3> </div> </figure> </div> </div> <div class="link-list"> <a href="/video-gallery">View All Videos</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="margin-y-8"> <a href="/publications/search?ta%5B0%5D=249241" class="nist-topic-big-button" role="button" aria-label="Check out NIST publications about physics"> View physics publications <span class="nist-icon nist-icon--before nist-icon--chevron-right-blue" aria-hidden="true"></span> </a> </div> <div class="margin-y-4"> <h2 class="nist-block__title"> <div class="string">Blog posts</div> </h2> <div class="grid-row grid-gap-2"> <div class="nist-card tablet:grid-col-4 "> <div class="nist-card__inner"> <div class="nist-card__image"> <a href="/blogs/taking-measure/unlocking-our-worlds-earliest-secrets-one-tiny-electron-time"> <div 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