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<span>Systems</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Water_pipes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Water_pipes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Water pipes</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Water_pipes-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Water pipes subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Water_pipes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-History_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Difference_between_pipes_and_tubes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Difference_between_pipes_and_tubes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Difference between pipes and tubes</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Difference_between_pipes_and_tubes-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Difference between pipes and tubes subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Difference_between_pipes_and_tubes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Materials" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Materials"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Materials</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Materials-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Steel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Steel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.1</span> <span>Steel</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Steel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Copper" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Copper"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.2</span> <span>Copper</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Copper-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Plastic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Plastic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.3</span> <span>Plastic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Plastic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Components" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Components"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Components</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Components-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Components subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Components-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sealants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sealants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Sealants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sealants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Equipment_and_tools" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Equipment_and_tools"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Equipment and tools</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Equipment_and_tools-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Problems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Problems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Problems</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Problems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Regulation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Regulation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Regulation</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Regulation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Regulation subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Regulation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Australia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Australia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Australia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Australia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Norway" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Norway"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Norway</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Norway-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>United Kingdom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.4</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Canada" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.5</span> <span>Canada</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Plumbing</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 31 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-31" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">31 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%83%D8%A9_(%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%81%D8%A9)" title="سباكة (حرفة) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="سباكة (حرفة)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fontaner%C3%ADa" title="Fontanería – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Fontanería" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fontaneria" title="Fontaneria – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Fontaneria" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rohrleitung" title="Rohrleitung – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Rohrleitung" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fontaner%C3%ADa" title="Fontanería – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Fontanería" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iturgintza" title="Iturgintza – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Iturgintza" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%D9%84%D9%87%E2%80%8C%DA%A9%D8%B4%DB%8C" title="لوله‌کشی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="لوله‌کشی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plomberie" title="Plomberie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Plomberie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pluim%C3%A9ireacht" title="Pluiméireacht – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Pluiméireacht" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fontanar%C3%ADa" title="Fontanaría – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Fontanaría" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B0%B0%EA%B4%80" title="배관 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="배관" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE" title="नलकर्म – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="नलकर्म" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leding" title="Leding – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Leding" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%ADpul%C3%B6gn" title="Pípulögn – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Pípulögn" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impianto_idraulico" title="Impianto idraulico – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Impianto idraulico" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%A8%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%91%D7%95%D7%AA" title="שרברבות – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="שרברבות" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AC%E1%83%A7%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%92%E1%83%90%E1%83%A7%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%90" title="წყალგაყვანილობა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="წყალგაყვანილობა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%AC%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D" title="പ്ലംബിങ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പ്ലംബിങ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%85%8D%E7%AE%A1" title="配管 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="配管" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encanamento" title="Encanamento – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Encanamento" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Водопроводная система – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Водопроводная система" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plumbing" title="Plumbing – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Plumbing" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vodovodna_instalacija" title="Vodovodna instalacija – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Vodovodna instalacija" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%88" title="குழாய்வேலை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="குழாய்வேலை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%AC%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%97%E0%B1%8D" title="ప్లంబింగ్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ప్లంబింగ్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C4%B1hhi_tesisat" title="Sıhhi tesisat – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Sıhhi tesisat" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B4" title="Водовід – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Водовід" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%E1%BB%87_th%E1%BB%91ng_%E1%BB%91ng_n%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Bc" title="Hệ thống ống nước – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Hệ thống ống nước" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%9E%D7%91%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%92" title="פלאמבינג – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="פלאמבינג" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B0%B4%E7%AE%A1%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1" title="水管系統 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="水管系統" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%AE%A1%E8%B7%AF%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1" title="管路系統 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="管路系統" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q3241671#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> 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for conveying fluids</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Water pipe" redirects here. For the smoking device, see <a href="/wiki/Bong" title="Bong">Bong</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hookah" title="Hookah">Hookah</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pipes_various.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Pipes_various.jpg/220px-Pipes_various.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Pipes_various.jpg/330px-Pipes_various.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Pipes_various.jpg/440px-Pipes_various.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1071" /></a><figcaption>A complex arrangement of rigid <a href="/wiki/Steel" title="Steel">steel</a> <a href="/wiki/Piping" title="Piping">piping</a> and stop <a href="/wiki/Valve" title="Valve">valves</a> regulate flow to various parts of the building, with an evident preference for <a href="/wiki/Right_angle" title="Right angle">right-angle</a> pipe bends and <a href="/wiki/Orthogonal" class="mw-redirect" title="Orthogonal">orthogonal</a> pipe routes</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Plumbing</b> is any system that conveys <a href="/wiki/Fluid" title="Fluid">fluids</a> for a wide range of applications. Plumbing uses <a href="/wiki/Piping" title="Piping">pipes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Valve" title="Valve">valves</a>, <a href="/wiki/Piping_and_plumbing_fitting" title="Piping and plumbing fitting">plumbing fixtures</a>, <a href="/wiki/Storage_tank" title="Storage tank">tanks</a>, and other apparatuses to convey fluids.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/HVAC" class="mw-redirect" title="HVAC">Heating and cooling</a> (HVAC), <a href="/wiki/Sewerage" title="Sewerage">waste removal</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Drinking_water" title="Drinking water">potable water</a> delivery are among the most common uses for plumbing, but it is not limited to these applications.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The word derives from the <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> for <a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">lead</a>, <i>plumbum</i>, as the first effective pipes used in the <a href="/wiki/Sanitation_in_ancient_Rome" title="Sanitation in ancient Rome">Roman era</a> were <a href="/wiki/Lead_pipe" class="mw-redirect" title="Lead pipe">lead pipes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the developed world, plumbing infrastructure is critical to <a href="/wiki/Public_health" title="Public health">public health</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sanitation" title="Sanitation">sanitation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Boilermaker" title="Boilermaker">Boilermakers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pipefitter" title="Pipefitter">pipefitters</a> are not <a href="/wiki/Plumber" title="Plumber">plumbers</a> although they work with <a href="/wiki/Piping" title="Piping">piping</a> as part of their trade and their work can include some plumbing. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/History_of_plumbing" class="mw-redirect" title="History of plumbing">History of plumbing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sanitation_in_ancient_Rome" title="Sanitation in ancient Rome">Sanitation in ancient Rome</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lead_pipe_-_Bath_Roman_Baths.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Lead_pipe_-_Bath_Roman_Baths.jpg/170px-Lead_pipe_-_Bath_Roman_Baths.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="252" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Lead_pipe_-_Bath_Roman_Baths.jpg/255px-Lead_pipe_-_Bath_Roman_Baths.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Lead_pipe_-_Bath_Roman_Baths.jpg/340px-Lead_pipe_-_Bath_Roman_Baths.jpg 2x" data-file-width="692" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>Roman lead pipe with a folded seam, at the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Baths_(Bath)" title="Roman Baths (Bath)">Roman Baths</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bath,_Somerset" title="Bath, Somerset">Bath</a>, England</figcaption></figure> <p>Plumbing originated during ancient civilizations, as they developed <a href="/wiki/Public_baths" class="mw-redirect" title="Public baths">public baths</a> and needed to provide <a href="/wiki/Drinking_water" title="Drinking water">potable water</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sewerage" title="Sewerage">wastewater removal</a> for larger numbers of people.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamians" class="mw-redirect" title="Mesopotamians">Mesopotamians</a> introduced the world to clay sewer pipes around 4000 BCE, with the earliest examples found in the Temple of Bel at <a href="/wiki/Nippur" title="Nippur">Nippur</a> and at <a href="/wiki/Eshnunna" title="Eshnunna">Eshnunna</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FLUORIDATED_WATER_CONTROVERSY_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FLUORIDATED_WATER_CONTROVERSY-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> used to remove wastewater from sites, and capture rainwater, in wells. The city of <a href="/wiki/Uruk" title="Uruk">Uruk</a> contains the oldest known examples of brick constructed <a href="/wiki/Latrine" title="Latrine">Latrines</a>, constructed atop interconnecting fired clay sewer pipes, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 3200 BCE</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Clay pipes were later used in the <a href="/wiki/Hittites" title="Hittites">Hittite</a> city of <a href="/wiki/Hattusa" title="Hattusa">Hattusa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They had easily detachable and replaceable segments, and allowed for cleaning. </p><p>Standardized earthen plumbing pipes with broad <a href="/wiki/Flange" title="Flange">flanges</a> making use of <a href="/wiki/Bitumen" title="Bitumen">asphalt</a> for preventing leakages appeared in the urban settlements of the <a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Indus Valley civilization">Indus Valley civilization</a> by 2700 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Copper piping appeared in Egypt by 2400 BCE, with the <a href="/wiki/Pyramid_of_Sahure" title="Pyramid of Sahure">Pyramid of Sahure</a> and adjoining temple complex at <a href="/wiki/Abusir" title="Abusir">Abusir</a>, found to be connected by a copper waste pipe.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The word "plumber" dates from the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> for <a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">lead</a> is <i><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">plumbum</i></span></i>. Roman roofs used lead in conduits and drain pipes<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and some were also covered with lead. Lead was also used for <a href="/wiki/Piping" title="Piping">piping</a> and for making baths.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Plumbing reached its early apex in <a href="/wiki/Sanitation_in_ancient_Rome" title="Sanitation in ancient Rome">ancient Rome</a>, which saw the introduction of expansive systems of <a href="/wiki/Roman_aqueduct" title="Roman aqueduct">aqueducts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tile" title="Tile">tile</a> <a href="/wiki/Wastewater" title="Wastewater">wastewater</a> removal, and widespread use of <a href="/wiki/Lead_pipe" class="mw-redirect" title="Lead pipe">lead pipes</a>. The Romans used <a href="/wiki/Lead_pipe_inscription" class="mw-redirect" title="Lead pipe inscription">lead pipe inscriptions</a> to prevent <a href="/wiki/Water_theft" title="Water theft">water theft</a>. With the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Western_Roman_Empire" title="Fall of the Western Roman Empire">Fall of Rome</a> both water supply and sanitation stagnated—or regressed—for well over 1,000 years. Improvement was very slow, with little effective progress made until the growth of modern densely populated cities in the 1800s. During this period, <a href="/wiki/Public_health" title="Public health">public health</a> authorities began pressing for better waste disposal systems to be installed, to prevent or control <a href="/wiki/Epidemic" title="Epidemic">epidemics</a> of disease. Earlier, the waste disposal system had consisted of collecting waste and dumping it on the ground or into a river. Eventually the development of separate, underground water and sewage systems eliminated open sewage ditches and <a href="/wiki/Cesspit" title="Cesspit">cesspools</a>. </p><p>In post-classical <a href="/wiki/Kilwa_Kisiwani" title="Kilwa Kisiwani">Kilwa</a> the wealthy enjoyed indoor plumbing in their stone homes.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most large cities today pipe solid wastes to <a href="/wiki/Sewage_treatment" title="Sewage treatment">sewage treatment</a> plants in order to separate and partially purify the water, before emptying into streams or other bodies of water. For potable water use, <a href="/wiki/Galvanized_iron" class="mw-redirect" title="Galvanized iron">galvanized iron</a> piping was commonplace in the United States from the late 1800s until around 1960. After that period, copper piping took over, first soft copper with flared fittings, then with rigid copper tubing using soldered fittings. </p><p>The use of lead for potable water declined sharply after <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> because of increased awareness of the dangers of <a href="/wiki/Lead_poisoning" title="Lead poisoning">lead poisoning</a>. At this time, copper piping was introduced as a better and safer alternative to lead pipes.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Systems">Systems</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cu_pipe_leonard.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Cu_pipe_leonard.jpg/220px-Cu_pipe_leonard.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Cu_pipe_leonard.jpg/330px-Cu_pipe_leonard.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Cu_pipe_leonard.jpg/440px-Cu_pipe_leonard.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3443" data-file-height="2288" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">Copper</a> piping system in a building</figcaption></figure> <p>The major categories of plumbing systems or subsystems are:<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>potable cold and hot <a href="/wiki/Tap_water" title="Tap water">tap water</a> supply</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plumbing_drainage_venting" class="mw-redirect" title="Plumbing drainage venting">plumbing drainage venting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewage_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Sewage system">sewage systems</a> and <a href="/wiki/Septic_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Septic system">septic systems</a> with or without <a href="/wiki/Hot_water_heat_recycling" class="mw-redirect" title="Hot water heat recycling">hot water heat recycling</a> and <a href="/wiki/Graywater" class="mw-redirect" title="Graywater">graywater</a> recovery and treatment systems</li> <li>Rainwater, surface, and subsurface water drainage</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuel_gas" title="Fuel gas">fuel gas</a> piping</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydronics" title="Hydronics">hydronics</a>, i.e. heating and cooling systems using water to transport thermal energy, as in <a href="/wiki/District_heating" title="District heating">district heating</a> systems, like for example the <a href="/wiki/New_York_City_steam_system" title="New York City steam system">New York City steam system</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Water_pipes">Water pipes</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Water pipe" redirects here. For the smoking device, see <a href="/wiki/Hookah" title="Hookah">Hookah</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bong" title="Bong">Bong</a>.</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Waterpipes.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Waterpipes.jpeg/200px-Waterpipes.jpeg" decoding="async" width="200" height="265" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Waterpipes.jpeg/300px-Waterpipes.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Waterpipes.jpeg/400px-Waterpipes.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="994" /></a><figcaption>A system of <a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">copper</a> water <a href="/wiki/Tubing_(material)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tubing (material)">tubes</a> used in a <a href="/wiki/Radiator" title="Radiator">radiator</a> heating system</figcaption></figure> <p>A <i>water pipe</i> is a <a href="/wiki/Pipe_(fluid_conveyance)" title="Pipe (fluid conveyance)">pipe</a> or <a href="/wiki/Tube_(fluid_conveyance)" title="Tube (fluid conveyance)">tube</a>, frequently made of plastic or metal,<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that carries <a href="/wiki/Pressure" title="Pressure">pressurized</a> and <a href="/wiki/Water_purification" title="Water purification">treated</a> <a href="/wiki/Fresh_water" title="Fresh water">fresh water</a> to a building (as part of a <a href="/wiki/Municipal_water_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Municipal water system">municipal water system</a>), as well as inside the building. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="History_2">History</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_water_supply_and_sanitation" title="History of water supply and sanitation">History of water supply and sanitation</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Canalisation_machine_de_Marly.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Canalisation_machine_de_Marly.jpg/220px-Canalisation_machine_de_Marly.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Canalisation_machine_de_Marly.jpg/330px-Canalisation_machine_de_Marly.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Canalisation_machine_de_Marly.jpg/440px-Canalisation_machine_de_Marly.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1333" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>Old water pipe, remnant of the <a href="/wiki/Machine_de_Marly" title="Machine de Marly">Machine de Marly</a> near <a href="/wiki/Versailles_(city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Versailles (city)">Versailles</a>, France</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">Lead</a> was the favoured material for water pipes for many centuries because its <a href="/wiki/Ductility" title="Ductility">malleability</a> made it practical to <a href="/wiki/Metalsmith" title="Metalsmith">work</a> into the desired shape. Such use was so common that the word "plumbing" derives from <i>plumbum</i>, the <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> word for lead. This was a source of lead-related health problems in the years before the <a href="/wiki/Lead_poisoning" title="Lead poisoning">health hazards of ingesting lead</a> were fully understood; among these were <a href="/wiki/Stillbirth" title="Stillbirth">stillbirths</a> and high rates of <a href="/wiki/Infant_mortality" title="Infant mortality">infant mortality</a>. Lead water pipes were still widely used in the early 20th century and remain in many households. Lead-tin <a href="/wiki/Alloy" title="Alloy">alloy</a> <a href="/wiki/Solder" title="Solder">solder</a> was commonly used to join <a href="/wiki/Copper_pipe" class="mw-redirect" title="Copper pipe">copper pipes</a>, but modern practice uses tin-antimony alloy solder instead in order to eliminate lead hazards.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite the Romans' common use of lead pipes, <a href="/wiki/Roman_aqueduct" title="Roman aqueduct">their aqueducts</a> rarely poisoned people. Unlike other parts of the world where lead pipes cause poisoning, the Roman water had so much <a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">calcium</a> in it that a layer of plaque prevented the water contacting the lead itself. What often causes confusion is the large amount of evidence of widespread lead poisoning, particularly amongst those who would have had easy access to piped water,<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> an unfortunate result of lead being used in cookware and as an additive to processed food and drink (for example as a <a href="/wiki/Preservative" title="Preservative">preservative</a> in wine).<sup id="cite_ref-Lead_Poisoning_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lead_Poisoning-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Roman_lead_pipe_inscription" title="Roman lead pipe inscription">Roman lead pipe inscriptions</a> provided information on the owner to prevent water theft. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Wooden_pipes" class="mw-redirect" title="Wooden pipes">Wooden pipes</a> were used in London and elsewhere during the 16th and 17th centuries. The pipes were hollowed-out logs which were tapered at the end with a small hole in which the water would pass through.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The multiple pipes were then sealed together with hot animal fat. Wooden pipes were used in Philadelphia,<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Boston, and Montreal in the 1800s. Built-up wooden tubes were widely used in the US during the 20th century. These pipes (used in place of corrugated iron or reinforced concrete pipes) were made of sections cut from short lengths of wood. Locking of adjacent rings with hardwood dowel pins produced a flexible structure. About 100,000 feet of these wooden pipes were installed during WW2 in drainage culverts, storm sewers and conduits, under highways and at army camps, naval stations, airfields and ordnance plants. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Cast_iron_pipe" title="Cast iron pipe">Cast iron</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ductile_iron_pipe" title="Ductile iron pipe">ductile iron pipe</a> was long a lower-cost alternative to copper before the advent of durable plastic materials but special non-conductive fittings must be used where transitions are to be made to other metallic pipes (except for terminal fittings) in order to avoid corrosion owing to electrochemical reactions between dissimilar metals (see <a href="/wiki/Galvanic_cell" title="Galvanic cell">galvanic cell</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Bronze" title="Bronze">Bronze</a> fittings and short pipe segments are commonly used in combination with various materials.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Difference_between_pipes_and_tubes">Difference between pipes and tubes</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Watermain.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Watermain.jpg/220px-Watermain.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Watermain.jpg/330px-Watermain.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Watermain.jpg/440px-Watermain.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>Typical PVC municipal water main being installed in Ontario, Canada</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:FlexibleRainPipe.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/FlexibleRainPipe.JPG/150px-FlexibleRainPipe.JPG" decoding="async" width="150" height="247" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/FlexibleRainPipe.JPG/225px-FlexibleRainPipe.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/FlexibleRainPipe.JPG/300px-FlexibleRainPipe.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1524" data-file-height="2508" /></a><figcaption>A plastic water pipe being installed. The inner tube is actually transporting the water, while the outer tube only serves as a protective casing.</figcaption></figure> <p>The difference between pipes and tubes is a matter of sizing. For instance, <a href="/wiki/Polyvinyl_chloride" title="Polyvinyl chloride">PVC</a> pipe for plumbing applications and galvanized steel pipe are measured in <a href="/wiki/Iron_pipe_size" title="Iron pipe size">iron pipe size</a> (IPS). Copper tube, <a href="/wiki/CPVC" class="mw-redirect" title="CPVC">CPVC</a>, <a href="/wiki/PEX" class="mw-redirect" title="PEX">PeX</a> and other tubing is measured nominally, basically an average diameter. These sizing schemes allow for universal adaptation of transitional fittings. For instance, 1/2" PeX tubing is the same size as 1/2" copper tubing. 1/2" PVC on the other hand is not the same size as 1/2" tubing, and therefore requires either a threaded male or female adapter to connect them. When used in agricultural irrigation, the singular form "pipe" is often used as a plural.<sup id="cite_ref-etb_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-etb-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pipe is available in rigid <i>joints</i>, which come in various lengths depending on the material. Tubing, in particular copper, comes in rigid hard tempered joints or soft tempered (annealed) rolls. PeX and CPVC tubing also comes in rigid joints or flexible rolls. The temper of the copper, whether it is a rigid joint or flexible roll, does not affect the sizing.<sup id="cite_ref-etb_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-etb-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The thicknesses of the water pipe and tube walls can vary. Because piping and tubing are commodities, having a greater wall thickness implies higher initial cost. Thicker walled pipe generally implies greater durability and higher pressure tolerances. Pipe wall thickness is denoted by various schedules or for large bore polyethylene pipe in the UK by the <a href="/wiki/Standard_Dimension_Ratio" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard Dimension Ratio">Standard Dimension Ratio</a> (SDR), defined as the ratio of the pipe diameter to its wall thickness. Pipe wall thickness increases with schedule, and is available in schedules 20, 40, 80, and higher in special cases. The schedule is largely determined by the operating pressure of the system, with higher pressures commanding greater thickness. Copper tubing is available in four wall thicknesses: type DWV (thinnest wall; only allowed as drain pipe per UPC), type 'M' (thin; typically only allowed as drain pipe by IPC code), type 'L' (thicker, standard duty for water lines and water service), and type 'K' (thickest, typically used underground between the main and the meter). </p><p>Wall thickness does not affect pipe or tubing size.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 1/2" L copper has the same outer diameter as 1/2" K or M copper. The same applies to pipe schedules. As a result, a slight increase in pressure losses is realized due to a decrease in flowpath as wall thickness is increased. In other words, 1 foot of 1/2" L copper has slightly less volume than 1 foot of 1/2 M copper.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Materials">Materials</h3></div> <p>Water systems of ancient times relied on gravity for the supply of water, using pipes or channels usually made of <a href="/wiki/Clay" title="Clay">clay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">lead</a>, bamboo, wood, or stone. Hollowed wooden logs wrapped in steel banding were used for plumbing pipes, particularly water mains. Logs were used for water distribution in England close to 500 years ago. US cities began using hollowed logs in the late 1700s through the 1800s. Today, most plumbing supply pipe is made out of steel, copper, and plastic; most waste (also known as "soil")<sup id="cite_ref-cispi_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cispi-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> out of steel, copper, plastic, and cast iron.<sup id="cite_ref-cispi_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cispi-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The straight sections of plumbing systems are called "pipes" or "tubes". A pipe is typically formed via <a href="/wiki/Casting" title="Casting">casting</a> or <a href="/wiki/Welding" title="Welding">welding</a>, whereas a tube is made through <a href="/wiki/Extrusion" title="Extrusion">extrusion</a>. Pipe normally has thicker walls and may be threaded or welded, while tubing is thinner-walled and requires special joining techniques such as <a href="/wiki/Brazing" title="Brazing">brazing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Compression_fitting" title="Compression fitting">compression fitting</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crimp_(joining)" title="Crimp (joining)">crimping</a>, or for plastics, <a href="/wiki/Solvent_welding" class="mw-redirect" title="Solvent welding">solvent welding</a>. These joining techniques are discussed in more detail in the <a href="/wiki/Piping_and_plumbing_fittings" class="mw-redirect" title="Piping and plumbing fittings">piping and plumbing fittings</a> article. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Steel">Steel</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Galvanized_pipe" class="mw-redirect" title="Galvanized pipe">Galvanized pipe</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Galvanized_steel" class="mw-redirect" title="Galvanized steel">Galvanized steel</a> potable water supply and distribution <a href="/wiki/Pipe_(material)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pipe (material)">pipes</a> are commonly found with <a href="/wiki/Nominal_pipe_size" class="mw-redirect" title="Nominal pipe size">nominal pipe sizes</a> from <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style><span class="frac"><span class="num">3</span>⁄<span class="den">8</span></span> inch (9.5 mm) to 2 inches (51 mm). It is rarely used today for new construction residential plumbing. Steel pipe has <a href="/wiki/National_Pipe_Thread" class="mw-redirect" title="National Pipe Thread">National Pipe Thread</a> (NPT) standard tapered male threads, which connect with female tapered threads on elbows, tees, couplers, <a href="/wiki/Valve" title="Valve">valves</a>, and other fittings. Galvanized steel (often known simply as "<b>galv</b>" or "<b>iron</b>" in the plumbing trade) is relatively expensive, and difficult to work with due to weight and requirement of a <a href="/wiki/Pipe_threader" class="mw-redirect" title="Pipe threader">pipe threader</a>. It remains in common use for repair of existing "galv" systems and to satisfy <a href="/wiki/Building_code" title="Building code">building code</a> non-combustibility requirements typically found in hotels, apartment buildings and other commercial applications. It is also extremely durable and resistant to mechanical abuse. Black lacquered steel pipe is the most widely used pipe material for <a href="/wiki/Fire_sprinkler" title="Fire sprinkler">fire sprinklers</a> and natural gas. </p><p>Most typical single family home systems will not require supply piping larger than <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">3</span>⁄<span class="den">4</span></span> inch (19 mm) due to expense as well as steel piping's tendency to become obstructed from internal rusting and mineral deposits forming on the inside of the pipe over time once the internal galvanizing zinc coating has degraded. In potable water distribution service, galvanized steel pipe has a service life of about 30 to 50 years, although it is not uncommon for it to be less in geographic areas with corrosive water contaminants. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Copper">Copper</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Copper_tubing" title="Copper tubing">Copper tubing</a></div> <p>Copper pipe and tubing was widely used for domestic water systems in the latter half of the twentieth century. Demand for copper products has fallen due to the dramatic increase in the price of copper, resulting in increased demand for alternative products including <a href="/wiki/PEX" class="mw-redirect" title="PEX">PEX</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stainless_steel" title="Stainless steel">stainless steel</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Plastic">Plastic</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Plastic_pipework" title="Plastic pipework">Plastic pipework</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SinkPlumbing.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/SinkPlumbing.jpg/150px-SinkPlumbing.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/SinkPlumbing.jpg/225px-SinkPlumbing.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/SinkPlumbing.jpg/300px-SinkPlumbing.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1644" data-file-height="2408" /></a><figcaption>Plastic hot and cold supply piping for a sink</figcaption></figure> <p>Plastic pipe is in wide use for domestic water supply and <a href="/wiki/Drain-waste-vent_system" title="Drain-waste-vent system">drain-waste-vent</a> (DWV) pipe. Principal types include: <a href="/wiki/Polyvinyl_chloride" title="Polyvinyl chloride">Polyvinyl chloride</a> (PVC) was produced experimentally in the 19th century but did not become practical to manufacture until 1926, when <a href="/wiki/Waldo_Semon" title="Waldo Semon">Waldo Semon</a> of BF Goodrich Co. developed a method to plasticize PVC, making it easier to process. PVC pipe began to be manufactured in the 1940s and was in wide use for Drain-Waste-Vent piping during the reconstruction of Germany and Japan following WWII. In the 1950s, plastics manufacturers in Western Europe and Japan began producing <a href="/wiki/Acrylonitrile_butadiene_styrene" title="Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene">acrylonitrile butadiene styrene</a> (ABS) pipe. The method for producing <a href="/wiki/Cross-linked_polyethylene" title="Cross-linked polyethylene">cross-linked polyethylene</a> (PEX) was also developed in the 1950s. Plastic supply pipes have become increasingly common, with a variety of materials and fittings employed. </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polyvinyl_chloride" title="Polyvinyl chloride">PVC</a>/<a href="/wiki/Chlorinated_polyvinyl_chloride" title="Chlorinated polyvinyl chloride">CPVC</a> – rigid plastic pipes similar to PVC drain pipes but with thicker walls to deal with municipal water pressure, introduced around 1970. PVC stands for polyvinyl chloride, and it has become a common replacement for metal piping. PVC should be used only for cold water, or for venting. CPVC can be used for hot and cold potable water supply. Connections are made with primers and solvent cements as required by code.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polypropylene" title="Polypropylene">PP</a> – The material is used primarily in housewares, <a href="/wiki/Food_packaging" title="Food packaging">food packaging</a>, and clinical equipment,<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but since the early 1970s has seen increasing use worldwide for both domestic hot and cold water. PP pipes are <a href="/wiki/Heat_fusion" title="Heat fusion">heat fused</a>, being unsuitable for the use of glues, solvents, or mechanical fittings. PP pipe is often used in <a href="/wiki/Green_building" title="Green building">green building</a> projects.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polybutylene_terephthalate" title="Polybutylene terephthalate">PBT</a> – flexible (usually gray or black) plastic pipe which is attached to barbed fittings and secured in place with a copper crimp ring. The primary manufacturer of PBT tubing and fittings was driven into bankruptcy by a class-action lawsuit over failures of this system.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> However, PB and PBT tubing has since returned to the market and codes, typically first for "exposed locations" such as risers.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/PEX" class="mw-redirect" title="PEX">PEX</a> – cross-linked polyethylene system with mechanically joined fittings employing barbs, and crimped steel or copper rings.</li> <li>Polytanks – plastic polyethylene cisterns, underground water tanks, above ground water tanks, are usually made of linear polyethylene suitable as a potable water storage tank, provided in white, black or green.</li> <li>Aqua – known as PEX-Al-PEX, for its PEX/aluminum sandwich, consisting of aluminum pipe sandwiched between layers of PEX, and connected with modified brass compression fittings. In 2005, many of these fittings were recalled.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag needs further explanation. (March 2012)">further explanation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li></ul> <p>Present-day water-supply systems use a network of high-pressure pumps, and pipes in buildings are now made of copper,<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> brass, plastic (particularly <a href="/wiki/Cross-linked_polyethylene" title="Cross-linked polyethylene">cross-linked polyethylene</a> called PEX, which is estimated to be used in 60% of single-family homes<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), or other nontoxic material. Due to its <a href="/wiki/Lead_poisoning" title="Lead poisoning">toxicity</a>, most cities moved away from lead water-supply piping by the 1920s in the United States,<sup id="cite_ref-Maceketal2006_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Maceketal2006-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although lead pipes were approved by national plumbing codes into the 1980s,<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and lead was used in plumbing solder for drinking water until it was banned in 1986.<sup id="cite_ref-Maceketal2006_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Maceketal2006-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Drain and vent lines are made of plastic, steel, cast iron, or lead.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gallery">Gallery</h3></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mytischi_vodoprovod.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Monument to water pipe in Mytishchi (Russia)"><img alt="Monument to water pipe in Mytishchi (Russia)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Mytischi_vodoprovod.jpg/90px-Mytischi_vodoprovod.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Mytischi_vodoprovod.jpg/135px-Mytischi_vodoprovod.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Mytischi_vodoprovod.jpg/180px-Mytischi_vodoprovod.jpg 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="1024" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Monument to water pipe in <a href="/wiki/Mytishchi" title="Mytishchi">Mytishchi</a> (Russia)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PressurizedIndoorWaterpipeForUseWithHomeWaterwell.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A specific water pipe made for use with pressure vessels. The pipe can sustain high-pressure water and is relatively small."><img alt="A specific water pipe made for use with pressure vessels. The pipe can sustain high-pressure water and is relatively small." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/PressurizedIndoorWaterpipeForUseWithHomeWaterwell.jpg/120px-PressurizedIndoorWaterpipeForUseWithHomeWaterwell.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="82" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/PressurizedIndoorWaterpipeForUseWithHomeWaterwell.jpg/180px-PressurizedIndoorWaterpipeForUseWithHomeWaterwell.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/PressurizedIndoorWaterpipeForUseWithHomeWaterwell.jpg/240px-PressurizedIndoorWaterpipeForUseWithHomeWaterwell.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2212" data-file-height="1520" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A specific water pipe made for use with pressure vessels. The pipe can sustain high-pressure water and is relatively small.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Concrete_water_pipe.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Concrete water pipe"><img alt="Concrete water pipe" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Concrete_water_pipe.jpg/80px-Concrete_water_pipe.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Concrete_water_pipe.jpg/119px-Concrete_water_pipe.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Concrete_water_pipe.jpg/159px-Concrete_water_pipe.jpg 2x" data-file-width="997" data-file-height="1500" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Concrete water pipe</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tapping_water_line_in_Bentonville,_AR.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Connecting to an existing water line (white pipe) with a stainless steel tapping sleeve and valve (red). A concrete thrust block is being formed behind the new connection."><img alt="Connecting to an existing water line (white pipe) with a stainless steel tapping sleeve and valve (red). A concrete thrust block is being formed behind the new connection." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Tapping_water_line_in_Bentonville%2C_AR.jpg/120px-Tapping_water_line_in_Bentonville%2C_AR.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="68" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Tapping_water_line_in_Bentonville%2C_AR.jpg/180px-Tapping_water_line_in_Bentonville%2C_AR.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Tapping_water_line_in_Bentonville%2C_AR.jpg/240px-Tapping_water_line_in_Bentonville%2C_AR.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4128" data-file-height="2322" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Connecting to an existing water line (white pipe) with a stainless steel tapping sleeve and valve (red). A concrete thrust block is being formed behind the new connection.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:-31_waterpipe.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Water pipe connected to the septic tank."><img alt="Water pipe connected to the septic tank." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/-31_waterpipe.jpg/120px--31_waterpipe.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/-31_waterpipe.jpg/180px--31_waterpipe.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/-31_waterpipe.jpg/240px--31_waterpipe.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8394" data-file-height="6645" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Water pipe connected to the <a href="/wiki/Septic_tank" title="Septic tank">septic tank</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Photography_by_Victor_Albert_Grigas_(1919-2017)_1_of_2_SEDGWICK_1967_and_DBLS_W.SPRINGS_SEDGWICK_00484_SEWER_Willow_Springs_(49275175872).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sewer pipe"><img alt="Sewer pipe" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Photography_by_Victor_Albert_Grigas_%281919-2017%29_1_of_2_SEDGWICK_1967_and_DBLS_W.SPRINGS_SEDGWICK_00484_SEWER_Willow_Springs_%2849275175872%29.jpg/120px-Photography_by_Victor_Albert_Grigas_%281919-2017%29_1_of_2_SEDGWICK_1967_and_DBLS_W.SPRINGS_SEDGWICK_00484_SEWER_Willow_Springs_%2849275175872%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="86" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Photography_by_Victor_Albert_Grigas_%281919-2017%29_1_of_2_SEDGWICK_1967_and_DBLS_W.SPRINGS_SEDGWICK_00484_SEWER_Willow_Springs_%2849275175872%29.jpg/180px-Photography_by_Victor_Albert_Grigas_%281919-2017%29_1_of_2_SEDGWICK_1967_and_DBLS_W.SPRINGS_SEDGWICK_00484_SEWER_Willow_Springs_%2849275175872%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Photography_by_Victor_Albert_Grigas_%281919-2017%29_1_of_2_SEDGWICK_1967_and_DBLS_W.SPRINGS_SEDGWICK_00484_SEWER_Willow_Springs_%2849275175872%29.jpg/240px-Photography_by_Victor_Albert_Grigas_%281919-2017%29_1_of_2_SEDGWICK_1967_and_DBLS_W.SPRINGS_SEDGWICK_00484_SEWER_Willow_Springs_%2849275175872%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6281" data-file-height="4482" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Sewer pipe</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Components">Components</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Piping_and_plumbing_fittings" class="mw-redirect" title="Piping and plumbing fittings">Piping and plumbing fittings</a>, <a href="/wiki/Valves" class="mw-redirect" title="Valves">Valves</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Plumbing_fixtures" class="mw-redirect" title="Plumbing fixtures">Plumbing fixtures</a></div> <p>In addition to lengths of pipe or tubing, pipe fittings such as valves, elbows, tees, and unions. are used in plumbing systems.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pipe and fittings are held in place with <a href="/wiki/Pipe_hanger" class="mw-redirect" title="Pipe hanger">pipe hangers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Strapping" title="Strapping">strapping</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Plumbing_fixture" title="Plumbing fixture">Plumbing fixtures</a> are exchangeable devices that use water and can be connected to a building's plumbing system. They are considered to be "fixtures", in that they are semi-permanent parts of buildings, not usually owned or maintained separately. Plumbing fixtures are seen by and designed for the <a href="/wiki/End_user" title="End user">end-users</a>. Some examples of fixtures include water closets<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (also known as <a href="/wiki/Toilet" title="Toilet">toilets</a>), <a href="/wiki/Urinal_(restroom)" class="mw-redirect" title="Urinal (restroom)">urinals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bidet" title="Bidet">bidets</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shower" title="Shower">showers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bathtub" title="Bathtub">bathtubs</a>, utility and kitchen <a href="/wiki/Sink" title="Sink">sinks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Drinking_fountain" title="Drinking fountain">drinking fountains</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ice_maker" class="mw-redirect" title="Ice maker">ice makers</a>, humidifiers, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Air_washer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Air washer (page does not exist)">air washers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fountain" title="Fountain">fountains</a>, and eye wash stations. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sealants">Sealants</h3></div> <p>Threaded pipe joints are sealed with <a href="/wiki/Thread_seal_tape" title="Thread seal tape">thread seal tape</a> or <a href="/wiki/Pipe_dope" title="Pipe dope">pipe dope</a>. Many plumbing fixtures are sealed to their mounting surfaces with <a href="/wiki/Plumber%27s_putty" class="mw-redirect" title="Plumber's putty">plumber's putty</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Equipment_and_tools">Equipment and tools</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Plumber_uses_two_wrenches_to_tighten_a_fitting.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Plumber_uses_two_wrenches_to_tighten_a_fitting.jpg/220px-Plumber_uses_two_wrenches_to_tighten_a_fitting.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Plumber_uses_two_wrenches_to_tighten_a_fitting.jpg/330px-Plumber_uses_two_wrenches_to_tighten_a_fitting.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Plumber_uses_two_wrenches_to_tighten_a_fitting.jpg/440px-Plumber_uses_two_wrenches_to_tighten_a_fitting.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1096" data-file-height="894" /></a><figcaption>A plumber tightening the fitting on a gas supply line</figcaption></figure> <p>Plumbing equipment includes devices often behind walls or in utility spaces which are not seen by the general public. It includes <a href="/wiki/Water_meter" class="mw-redirect" title="Water meter">water meters</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pump" title="Pump">pumps</a>, expansion tanks, <a href="/wiki/Back_flow_preventers" class="mw-redirect" title="Back flow preventers">back flow preventers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Water_filter" title="Water filter">water filters</a>, <a href="/wiki/UV_sterilization" class="mw-redirect" title="UV sterilization">UV sterilization</a> lights, <a href="/wiki/Water_softener" class="mw-redirect" title="Water softener">water softeners</a>, <a href="/wiki/Water_heating" title="Water heating">water heaters</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heat_exchangers" class="mw-redirect" title="Heat exchangers">heat exchangers</a>, gauges, and control systems. </p><p>There are many tools a plumber needs to do a good plumbing job. While many simple plumbing tasks can be completed with a few common hand held tools, other more complex jobs require specialised tools, designed specifically to make the job easier. </p><p>Specialized plumbing tools include <a href="/wiki/Pipe_wrench" title="Pipe wrench">pipe wrenches</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flaring_pliers" class="mw-redirect" title="Flaring pliers">flaring pliers</a>, pipe vise, pipe bending machine, pipe cutter, <a href="/wiki/Tap_and_die" title="Tap and die">dies</a>, and joining tools such as soldering torches and crimp tools. New tools have been developed to help plumbers fix problems more efficiently. For example, plumbers use <a href="/wiki/CCTV_drain_camera_(plumbing)" title="CCTV drain camera (plumbing)">video cameras</a> for inspections of hidden leaks or other problems; they also use hydro jets, and high pressure hydraulic pumps connected to steel cables for trench-less sewer line replacement. </p><p>Flooding from excessive rain or clogged sewers may require specialized equipment, such as a heavy duty pumper truck designed to vacuum raw sewage.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Problems">Problems</h2></div> <p>Bacteria have been shown to live in "premises plumbing systems". The latter refers to the "pipes and fixtures within a building that transport water to taps after it is delivered by the utility".<sup id="cite_ref-ehp_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ehp-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Community water systems have been known for centuries to spread <a href="/wiki/Waterborne_diseases" class="mw-redirect" title="Waterborne diseases">waterborne diseases</a> like typhoid and cholera. However, "opportunistic premises plumbing pathogens" have been recognized only more recently: <a href="/wiki/Legionella_pneumophila" title="Legionella pneumophila">Legionella pneumophila</a>, discovered in 1976, <a href="/wiki/Mycobacterium_avium" class="mw-redirect" title="Mycobacterium avium">Mycobacterium avium</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pseudomonas_aeruginosa" title="Pseudomonas aeruginosa">Pseudomonas aeruginosa</a> are the most commonly tracked bacteria, which people with depressed immunity can inhale or ingest and may become infected with.<sup id="cite_ref-ehp2_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ehp2-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some of the locations where these opportunistic pathogens can grow include faucets, shower heads, water heaters and along pipe walls. Reasons that favor their growth are "high surface-to-volume ratio, intermittent stagnation, low disinfectant residual, and warming cycles". A high surface-to-volume ratio, i.e. a relatively large surface area allows the bacteria to form a <a href="/wiki/Biofilm" title="Biofilm">biofilm</a>, which protects them from disinfection.<sup id="cite_ref-ehp2_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ehp2-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Regulation">Regulation</h2></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pipewrench.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Pipewrench.jpg/100px-Pipewrench.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="321" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Pipewrench.jpg/150px-Pipewrench.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Pipewrench.jpg/200px-Pipewrench.jpg 2x" data-file-width="374" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Pipe_wrench" title="Pipe wrench">pipe wrench</a> for holding and turning pipe</figcaption></figure> <p>Much of the plumbing work in populated areas is regulated by government or quasi-government agencies due to the direct impact on the public's health, safety, and welfare. Plumbing installation and repair work on residences and other buildings generally must be done according to plumbing and building codes to protect the inhabitants of the buildings and to ensure safe, quality construction to future buyers. If permits are required for work, plumbing contractors typically secure them from the authorities on behalf of home or building owners.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Australia">Australia</h3></div> <p>In Australia, the national governing body for plumbing regulation is the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Building_Codes_Board" title="Australian Building Codes Board">Australian Building Codes Board</a>. They are responsible for the creation of the <a href="/wiki/National_Construction_Code" title="National Construction Code">National Construction Code</a> (NCC), Volume 3 of which, the Plumbing Regulations 2008<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the Plumbing Code of Australia,<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> pertains to plumbing. </p><p>Each Government at the state level has their own Authority and regulations in place for licensing plumbers. They are also responsible for the interpretation, administration and enforcement of the regulations outlined in the NCC.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These Authorities are usually established for the sole purpose of regulating plumbing activities in their respective states/territories. However, several state level regulation acts are quite outdated, with some still operating on local policies introduced more than a decade ago. This has led to an increase in plumbing regulatory issues not covered under current policy, and as such, many policies are currently being updated to cover these more modern issues. The updates include changed to the minimum experience and training requirements for licensing, additional work standards for new and more specific kinds of plumbing, as well as adopting the Plumbing Code of Australia into state regulations in an effort to standardise plumbing regulations across the country. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Norway">Norway</h3></div> <p>In Norway, new domestic plumbing installed since 1997 has had to satisfy the requirement that it should be easily accessible for replacement after installation.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This has led to the development of the <a href="/wiki/Pipe-in-pipe_system" title="Pipe-in-pipe system">pipe-in-pipe system</a> as a <a href="/wiki/De_facto" title="De facto">de facto</a> requirement for domestic plumbing. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h3></div> <p>In the United Kingdom the professional body is the <a href="/wiki/Chartered_Institute_of_Plumbing_and_Heating_Engineering" title="Chartered Institute of Plumbing and Heating Engineering">Chartered Institute of Plumbing and Heating Engineering</a> (educational charity status) and it is true that the trade still remains virtually ungoverned;<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> there are no systems in place to monitor or control the activities of unqualified plumbers or those home owners who choose to undertake installation and maintenance works themselves, despite the health and safety issues which arise from such works when they are undertaken incorrectly; see <i>Health Aspects of Plumbing (HAP)</i> published jointly by the <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a> (WHO) and the <a href="/wiki/World_Plumbing_Council" title="World Plumbing Council">World Plumbing Council (WPC)</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> WPC has subsequently appointed a representative to the World Health Organization to take forward various projects related to Health Aspects of Plumbing.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3></div> <p>In the United States, plumbing codes and licensing are generally controlled by state and local governments. At the national level, the <a href="/wiki/Environmental_Protection_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental Protection Agency">Environmental Protection Agency</a> has set guidelines about what constitutes <a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">lead</a>-free plumbing fittings and pipes, in order to comply with the <a href="/wiki/Safe_Drinking_Water_Act" title="Safe Drinking Water Act">Safe Drinking Water Act</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some widely used Standards in the United States are:<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <ul><li>ASME A112.6.3 – Floor and Trench Drains</li> <li>ASME A112.6.4 – Roof, Deck, and Balcony Drains</li> <li>ASME A112.18.1/CSA B125.1 – Plumbing Supply Fittings</li> <li>ASME A112.19.1/CSA B45.2 – Enameled Cast Iron and Enameled Steel Plumbing Fixtures</li> <li>ASME A112.19.2/CSA B45.1 – Ceramic Plumbing Fixtures</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Canada">Canada</h3></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>, plumbing is a regulated trade requiring specific technical training and certification. Standards and regulations for plumbing are overseen at the provincial and territorial level, each having its distinct governing body: </p> <ul><li><b>Governing Bodies:</b> Each province or territory possesses its regulatory authority overseeing the licensing and regulation of plumbers. For instance, in <a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ontario_College_of_Trades" title="Ontario College of Trades">Ontario College of Trades</a> handles the certification and regulation of tradespeople, whereas in <a href="/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">British Columbia</a>, the Industry Training Authority (ITA) undertakes this function.</li></ul> <ul><li><b>Certification:</b> To achieve certified plumber status in Canada, individuals typically complete an apprenticeship program encompassing both classroom instruction and hands-on experience. Upon completion, candidates undergo an examination for their certification.</li></ul> <ul><li><b>Building Codes:</b> Plumbing installations and repairs must adhere to building codes specified by individual provinces or territories. The <a href="/wiki/National_Building_Code_of_Canada" title="National Building Code of Canada">National Building Code of Canada</a> acts as a model code, with provinces and territories having the discretion to adopt or modify to their specific needs.</li></ul> <ul><li><b>Safety and Health:</b> Given its direct correlation with health and sanitation, plumbing work is of paramount importance in Canada. Regulations ensure uncontaminated drinking water and proper wastewater treatment, underscoring the vital role of certified plumbers for public health.</li></ul> <ul><li><b>Environmental Considerations:</b> Reflecting Canada's commitment to environmental conservation, there is an increasing emphasis on sustainable plumbing practices. Regulations advocate water conservation and the deployment of eco-friendly materials.</li></ul> <ul><li><b>Standards:</b> The Canadian Standards Association (CSA) determines standards for diverse plumbing products, ensuring their safety, quality, and efficiency. Items such as faucets and toilets frequently come with a CSA certification, indicating adherence to required standards.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Active_fire_protection" title="Active fire protection">Active fire protection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tap_water#Copper" title="Tap water">Copper pipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_water_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Domestic water system">Domestic water system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double-walled_pipe" title="Double-walled pipe">Double-walled pipe</a></li> <li>EPA <a href="/wiki/Lead_and_Copper_Rule" title="Lead and Copper Rule">Lead and Copper Rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_hose" title="Fire hose">Fire hose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flange" title="Flange">Flange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garden_hose" title="Garden hose">Garden hose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HDPE_pipe" title="HDPE pipe">HDPE pipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heat_pipe" title="Heat pipe">Heat pipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hose_(tubing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hose (tubing)">Hose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MS_Pipe,_MS_Tube" class="mw-redirect" title="MS Pipe, MS Tube">MS Pipe, MS Tube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passive_fire_protection" title="Passive fire protection">Passive fire protection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pipe_(fluid_conveyance)" title="Pipe (fluid conveyance)">Pipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pipe_and_tube_bender" class="mw-redirect" title="Pipe and tube bender">Pipe and tube bender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pipefitter" title="Pipefitter">Pipefitter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pipe_network_analysis" title="Pipe network analysis">Pipe network analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pipeline_transport" class="mw-redirect" title="Pipeline transport">Pipeline transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piping_and_plumbing_fitting" title="Piping and plumbing fitting">Piping and plumbing fittings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pipe_support" title="Pipe support">Pipe support</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastic_pipework" title="Plastic pipework">Plastic pipework</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastic_pressure_pipe_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Plastic pressure pipe systems">Plastic pressure pipe systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plumber" title="Plumber">Plumber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plumbing_%26_Drainage_Institute" title="Plumbing & Drainage Institute">Plumbing & Drainage Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plumbosolvency" title="Plumbosolvency">Plumbosolvency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanitation_in_ancient_Rome" title="Sanitation in ancient Rome">Sanitation in ancient Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tube_(fluid_conveyance)" title="Tube (fluid conveyance)">Tube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victaulic" title="Victaulic">Victaulic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_network" title="Water supply network">Water supply network</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMuscroft2016" class="citation book cs1">Muscroft, Steve (March 14, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kGkeh5FZpzIC&q=plumbing"><i>Plumbing</i></a>. Elsevier. p. 3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781136373152" title="Special:BookSources/9781136373152"><bdi>9781136373152</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Plumbing&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft.date=2016-03-14&rft.isbn=9781136373152&rft.aulast=Muscroft&rft.aufirst=Steve&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkGkeh5FZpzIC%26q%3Dplumbing&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlumbing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlankenbaker1992" class="citation book cs1">Blankenbaker, Keith (1992). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/modernplumbing0000blan"><i>Modern Plumbing</i></a></span>. Goodheart Willcox.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modern+Plumbing&rft.pub=Goodheart+Willcox&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=Blankenbaker&rft.aufirst=Keith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmodernplumbing0000blan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlumbing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1129&dat=19420512&id=w5RRAAAAIBAJ&pg=2414,1122522">"What Is The Origin Of The Word "plumbing"?"</a>. <i>Pittsburgh Post-Gazette</i>. May 12, 1942<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 27,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pittsburgh+Post-Gazette&rft.atitle=What+Is+The+Origin+Of+The+Word+%22plumbing%22%3F&rft.date=1942-05-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fnid%3D1129%26dat%3D19420512%26id%3Dw5RRAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D2414%2C1122522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlumbing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.who.int/topics/water/en/">"Health Aspects of Plumbing"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Health+Aspects+of+Plumbing&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.who.int%2Ftopics%2Fwater%2Fen%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlumbing" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Plumbing: the Arteries of Civilization</i>, Modern Marvels video series, The History Channel, AAE-42223, A&E Television, 1996</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1876&dat=20030319&id=0jsfAAAAIBAJ&pg=6854,2226879">"Archaeologists Urge Pentagon To Keep Soldiers From Destroying"</a>. <i>Herald-Journal</i>. March 19, 2003<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 27,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Herald-Journal&rft.atitle=Archaeologists+Urge+Pentagon+To+Keep+Soldiers+From+Destroying&rft.date=2003-03-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fnid%3D1876%26dat%3D20030319%26id%3D0jsfAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D6854%2C2226879&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlumbing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FLUORIDATED_WATER_CONTROVERSY-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FLUORIDATED_WATER_CONTROVERSY_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurke2017" class="citation book cs1">Burke, Joseph (April 24, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fdIoDwAAQBAJ&q=The+Babylonians+introduced+the+world+to+clay+sewer+pipes%2C+c4000+BCE%2C+with+the+earliest+examples+found+in+the+Temple+of+Bel+at+Nippur+and+at+Eshnunna%2C+Babylonia.&pg=PA2"><i>FLUORIDATED WATER CONTROVERSY</i></a>. Lulu.com. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781365912870" title="Special:BookSources/9781365912870"><bdi>9781365912870</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 25,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.byggforsk.no&rft.atitle=Nytt+om+f%C3%B8ringsveier+for+tappevann+-+Byggebransjens+v%C3%A5tromsnorm&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.byggforsk.no%2Fnyheter%2F3%2Fnytt_om_foeringsveier_for_tappevann%2F1585&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlumbing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ciphe.org.uk">"The Chartered Institute of Plumbing and Heating Engineering (CIPHE)"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 29,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Chartered+Institute+of+Plumbing+and+Heating+Engineering+%28CIPHE%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ciphe.org.uk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlumbing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldplumbing.org">"World Plumbing Council"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 11,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=World+Plumbing+Council&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldplumbing.org&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlumbing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060613024052/http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/publications/plumbinghealthasp/en/">"WHO Health aspects of plumbing"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/publications/plumbinghealthasp/en">the original</a> on June 13, 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 11,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=WHO+Health+aspects+of+plumbing&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.who.int%2Fwater_sanitation_health%2Fpublications%2Fplumbinghealthasp%2Fen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlumbing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090117061821/http://www.worldplumbing.org/sep07.html">"World Plumbing Council"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldplumbing.org/sep07.html">the original</a> on January 17, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 11,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=World+Plumbing+Council&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldplumbing.org%2Fsep07.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlumbing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.epa.gov/dwstandardsregulations/section-1417-safe-drinking-water-act-prohibition-use-lead-pipes-solder-and">"Section 1417 of the Safe Drinking Water Act: Prohibition on Use of Lead Pipes, Solder, and Flux"</a>. August 3, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 20,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Section+1417+of+the+Safe+Drinking+Water+Act%3A+Prohibition+on+Use+of+Lead+Pipes%2C+Solder%2C+and+Flux&rft.date=2015-08-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.epa.gov%2Fdwstandardsregulations%2Fsection-1417-safe-drinking-water-act-prohibition-use-lead-pipes-solder-and&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlumbing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown" class="citation web cs1">Brown, Norah. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://capitalplumbing.ca/">"Plumbing Company in Canada"</a>. <i>Capital Plumbing & Heating</i>. Norah Brown<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 11,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Capital+Plumbing+%26+Heating&rft.atitle=Plumbing+Company+in+Canada&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Norah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcapitalplumbing.ca%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlumbing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Materials used to make water pipes are <a href="/wiki/Polyvinyl_chloride" title="Polyvinyl chloride">polyvinyl chloride</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polypropylene" title="Polypropylene">polypropylene</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polyethylene" title="Polyethylene">polyethylene</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ductile_iron" title="Ductile iron">ductile iron</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cast_iron" title="Cast iron">cast iron</a>, <a href="/wiki/Steel" title="Steel">steel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">copper</a> and formerly <a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">lead</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTeresi2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Dick_Teresi" title="Dick Teresi">Teresi, Dick</a> (2002). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lostdiscoveriesa00tere/page/351"><i>Lost Discoveries: The Ancient Roots of Modern Science--from the Babylonians to the Maya</i></a></span>. New York: Simon & Schuster. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lostdiscoveriesa00tere/page/351">351–352</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-684-83718-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-684-83718-8"><bdi>0-684-83718-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lost+Discoveries%3A+The+Ancient+Roots+of+Modern+Science--from+the+Babylonians+to+the+Maya&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=351-352&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-684-83718-8&rft.aulast=Teresi&rft.aufirst=Dick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flostdiscoveriesa00tere%2Fpage%2F351&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlumbing" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Plumbing" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Plumbing">Plumbing</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/16px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/24px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/32px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span> The dictionary definition of <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/plumbing" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/plumbing"><i>plumbing</i></a> at Wiktionary</li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikiquote-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/13px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/20px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/27px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></a></span> Quotations related to <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Plumbing" class="extiw" title="wikiquote:Special:Search/Plumbing">Plumbing</a> at Wikiquote</li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/16px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/24px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/32px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></a></span> <a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Plumbing" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Special:Search/Plumbing">Plumbing</a> at Wikibooks</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/csem/csem.html">ATSDR Case Studies in Environmental Medicine: Lead Toxicity</a> U.S. <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Health_and_Human_Services" class="mw-redirect" title="Department of Health and Human Services">Department of Health and Human Services</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://papers.nber.org/papers/W9549">Lead Water Pipes and Infant Mortality in Turn-of-the-Century Massachusetts</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/csem/csem.html">Case Studies in Environmental Medicine - Lead Toxicity</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxfaqs/tfacts13.pdf">ToxFAQs: Lead</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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href="/wiki/Air_gap_(plumbing)" title="Air gap (plumbing)">Air gap (plumbing)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Backflow" title="Backflow">Backflow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compatibility_(chemical)" title="Compatibility (chemical)">Compatibility (chemical)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corrosion" title="Corrosion">Corrosion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drain_(plumbing)" title="Drain (plumbing)">Drain (plumbing)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drinking_water" title="Drinking water">Drinking water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuel_gas" title="Fuel gas">Fuel gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friction_loss" title="Friction loss">Friction loss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grade_(slope)" title="Grade (slope)">Grade (slope)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greywater" title="Greywater">Greywater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heat_trap" title="Heat trap">Heat trap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrostatic_loop" title="Hydrostatic loop">Hydrostatic loop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leak" title="Leak">Leak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutral_axis" title="Neutral axis">Neutral axis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onsite_sewage_facility" title="Onsite sewage facility">Onsite sewage facility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pressure" title="Pressure">Pressure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanitary_sewer" title="Sanitary sewer">Sanitary sewer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewer_gas" title="Sewer gas">Sewer gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewage" title="Sewage">Sewage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewerage" title="Sewerage">Sewerage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siphon" title="Siphon">Siphon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Storm_sewer" class="mw-redirect" title="Storm sewer">Storm sewer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stormwater" title="Stormwater">Stormwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surface_tension" title="Surface tension">Surface tension</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tap_water" title="Tap water">Tap water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_expansion" title="Thermal expansion">Thermal expansion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_insulation" title="Thermal insulation">Thermal insulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermosiphon" title="Thermosiphon">Thermosiphon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trap_(plumbing)" title="Trap (plumbing)">Trap (plumbing)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venturi_effect" title="Venturi effect">Venturi effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wastewater" title="Wastewater">Wastewater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_hammer" title="Water hammer">Water hammer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_network" title="Water supply network">Water supply network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_table" title="Water table">Water table</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Well" title="Well">Well</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Technology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align: middle;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brazing" title="Brazing">Brazing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Standard_Pipe" title="British Standard Pipe">British Standard Pipe</a> (BSP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cast_iron_pipe" title="Cast iron pipe">Cast iron pipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_drain_cleaners" title="Chemical drain cleaners">Chemical drain cleaners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compression_fitting" title="Compression fitting">Compression fitting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copper_tubing" title="Copper tubing">Copper tubing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimp_(joining)" title="Crimp (joining)">Crimp (joining)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drain-waste-vent_system" title="Drain-waste-vent system">Drain-waste-vent system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ductile_iron_pipe" title="Ductile iron pipe">Ductile iron pipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flare_fitting" title="Flare fitting">Flare fitting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garden_hose_thread" class="mw-redirect" title="Garden hose thread">Garden Hose Thread</a> (GHT)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gasket" title="Gasket">Gasket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydronics" title="Hydronics">Hydronics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leak_detection" title="Leak detection">Leak detection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Pipe_Thread" class="mw-redirect" title="National Pipe Thread">National Pipe Thread</a> (NPT)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nominal_Pipe_Size" title="Nominal Pipe Size">Nominal Pipe Size</a> (NPS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/O-ring" title="O-ring">O-ring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oakum" title="Oakum">Oakum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pipe_(fluid_conveyance)" title="Pipe (fluid conveyance)">Pipe (fluid conveyance)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pipe_dope" title="Pipe dope">Pipe dope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pipe_support" title="Pipe support">Pipe support</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastic_pipework" title="Plastic pipework">Plastic pipework</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Push-to-pull_compression_fittings" title="Push-to-pull compression fittings">Push-to-pull compression fittings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Putty" title="Putty">Putty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sealant" title="Sealant">Sealant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewage_pumping" title="Sewage pumping">Sewage pumping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soldering" title="Soldering">Soldering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solvent_welding" class="mw-redirect" title="Solvent welding">Solvent welding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swaging" title="Swaging">Swaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thread_seal_tape" title="Thread seal tape">Thread seal tape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Threaded_pipe" title="Threaded pipe">Threaded pipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tube_bending" title="Tube bending">Tube bending</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_heat_recycling" title="Water heat recycling">Water heat recycling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Components</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align: middle;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_vacuum_breaker" title="Atmospheric vacuum breaker">Atmospheric vacuum breaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automatic_bleeding_valve" title="Automatic bleeding valve">Automatic bleeding valve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automatic_faucet" title="Automatic faucet">Automatic faucet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Backflow_prevention_device" title="Backflow prevention device">Backflow prevention device</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ball_valve" title="Ball valve">Ball valve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bleed_screw" title="Bleed screw">Bleed screw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Booster_pump" title="Booster pump">Booster pump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butterfly_valve" title="Butterfly valve">Butterfly valve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Check_valve" title="Check valve">Check valve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemigation_valve" title="Chemigation valve">Chemigation valve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chopper_pump" class="mw-redirect" title="Chopper pump">Chopper pump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circulator_pump" title="Circulator pump">Circulator pump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cistern" title="Cistern">Cistern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Closet_flange" title="Closet flange">Closet flange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concentric_reducer" title="Concentric reducer">Concentric reducer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Condensate_pump" title="Condensate pump">Condensate pump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coupling_(piping)" title="Coupling (piping)">Coupling (piping)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diaphragm_valve" title="Diaphragm valve">Diaphragm valve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dielectric_union" class="mw-redirect" title="Dielectric union">Dielectric union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_check_valve" title="Double check valve">Double check valve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eccentric_reducer" title="Eccentric reducer">Eccentric reducer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expansion_tank" title="Expansion tank">Expansion tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faucet_aerator" title="Faucet aerator">Faucet aerator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Float_switch" title="Float switch">Float switch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Float_valve" class="mw-redirect" title="Float valve">Float valve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floor_drain" title="Floor drain">Floor drain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flow_limiter" title="Flow limiter">Flow limiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flushing_trough" title="Flushing trough">Flushing trough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flushometer" title="Flushometer">Flushometer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gate_valve" title="Gate valve">Gate valve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Globe_valve" title="Globe valve">Globe valve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grease_trap" title="Grease trap">Grease trap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grinder_pump" title="Grinder pump">Grinder pump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hose_coupling" title="Hose coupling">Hose coupling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manifold_(fluid_mechanics)" title="Manifold (fluid mechanics)">Manifold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Needle_valve" title="Needle valve">Needle valve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nipple_(plumbing)" title="Nipple (plumbing)">Nipple (plumbing)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinch_valve" title="Pinch valve">Pinch valve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piping_and_plumbing_fitting" title="Piping and plumbing fitting">Piping and plumbing fitting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plug_(sanitation)" title="Plug (sanitation)">Plug (sanitation)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pressure_regulator" title="Pressure regulator">Pressure regulator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pressure_vacuum_breaker" title="Pressure vacuum breaker">Pressure vacuum breaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pressure-balanced_valve" title="Pressure-balanced valve">Pressure-balanced valve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pump" title="Pump">Pump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiator_(heating)" title="Radiator (heating)">Radiator (heating)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reduced_pressure_zone_device" title="Reduced pressure zone device">Reduced pressure zone device</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reducer" class="mw-redirect" title="Reducer">Reducer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relief_valve" title="Relief valve">Relief valve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riser_clamp" title="Riser clamp">Riser clamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rooftop_water_tower" title="Rooftop water tower">Rooftop water tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safety_valve" title="Safety valve">Safety valve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewage_pump" class="mw-redirect" title="Sewage pump">Sewage pump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Street_elbow" title="Street elbow">Street elbow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submersible_pump" title="Submersible pump">Submersible pump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tap_(valve)" title="Tap (valve)">Tap (valve)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermostatic_mixing_valve" title="Thermostatic mixing valve">Thermostatic mixing valve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trench_drain" title="Trench drain">Trench drain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vacuum_breaker" title="Vacuum breaker">Vacuum breaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vacuum_ejector" title="Vacuum ejector">Vacuum ejector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valve" title="Valve">Valve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_tank" title="Water tank">Water tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zone_valve" title="Zone valve">Zone valve</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plumbing_fixture" title="Plumbing fixture">Plumbing fixtures</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align: middle;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accessible_bathtub" title="Accessible bathtub">Accessible bathtub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bathtub" title="Bathtub">Bathtub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bidet" title="Bidet">Bidet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehumidifier" title="Dehumidifier">Dehumidifier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dishwasher" title="Dishwasher">Dishwasher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drinking_fountain" title="Drinking fountain">Drinking fountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_water_boiler" title="Electric water boiler">Electric water boiler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evaporative_cooler" title="Evaporative cooler">Evaporative cooler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flush_toilet" title="Flush toilet">Flush toilet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garbage_disposal_unit" title="Garbage disposal unit">Garbage disposal unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hot_water_storage_tank" title="Hot water storage tank">Hot water storage tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humidifier" title="Humidifier">Humidifier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icemaker" title="Icemaker">Icemaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instant_hot_water_dispenser" title="Instant hot water dispenser">Instant hot water dispenser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laundry_tub" class="mw-redirect" title="Laundry tub">Laundry tub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shower" title="Shower">Shower</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Water_recycling_shower" title="Water recycling shower">water recycling shower</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sink" title="Sink">Sink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Storage_water_heater" title="Storage water heater">Storage water heater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sump_pump" title="Sump pump">Sump pump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tankless_water_heater" class="mw-redirect" title="Tankless water heater">Tankless water heater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urinal" title="Urinal">Urinal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washing_machine" title="Washing machine">Washing machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washlet" title="Washlet">Washlet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_dispenser" title="Water dispenser">Water dispenser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_filter" title="Water filter">Water filter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_heater" class="mw-redirect" title="Water heater">Water heater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_softener" class="mw-redirect" title="Water softener">Water softener</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Specialized tools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align: middle;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basin_wrench" title="Basin wrench">Basin wrench</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blowtorch" title="Blowtorch">Blowtorch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borescope" title="Borescope">Borescope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Core_drill" title="Core drill">Core drill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drain_cleaner" title="Drain cleaner">Drain cleaner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Driving_cap" title="Driving cap">Driving cap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flare-nut_wrench" class="mw-redirect" title="Flare-nut wrench">Flare-nut wrench</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pipecutter" title="Pipecutter">Pipecutter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pipe_wrench" title="Pipe wrench">Pipe wrench</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plumber%27s_snake" title="Plumber's snake">Plumber's snake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plumber_wrench" title="Plumber wrench">Plumber wrench</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plunger" title="Plunger">Plunger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strap_wrench" title="Strap wrench">Strap wrench</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tap_and_die" title="Tap and die">Tap and die</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Measurement<br />and control</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align: middle;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Control_valve" title="Control valve">Control valve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flow_sensor" class="mw-redirect" title="Flow sensor">Flow sensor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pressure_sensor" class="mw-redirect" title="Pressure sensor">Pressure sensor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_detector" title="Water detector">Water detector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_metering" title="Water metering">Water metering</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Professions,<br />trades,<br />and services</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align: middle;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hydronic_balancing" title="Hydronic balancing">Hydronic balancing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrostatic_testing" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrostatic testing">Hydrostatic testing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leak_detection" title="Leak detection">Leak detection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mechanical,_electrical,_and_plumbing" title="Mechanical, electrical, and plumbing">Mechanical, electrical, and plumbing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pipe_marking" title="Pipe marking">Pipe marking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pipefitter" title="Pipefitter">Pipefitter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pipelayer" title="Pipelayer">Pipelayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plumber" title="Plumber">Plumber</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Industry <br />organizations <br />and standards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align: middle;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Association_of_Plumbing_and_Mechanical_Officials" class="mw-redirect" title="International Association of Plumbing and Mechanical Officials">International Association of Plumbing and Mechanical Officials (IAPMO)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NSF_International" title="NSF International">NSF International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plumbing_%26_Drainage_Institute" title="Plumbing & Drainage Institute">Plumbing & Drainage Institute (PDI)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uniform_Plumbing_Code" title="Uniform Plumbing Code">Uniform Plumbing Code (UPC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Plumbing_Council" title="World Plumbing Council">World Plumbing Council (WPC)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Health and safety</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align: middle;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plumbing_code" title="Plumbing code">Plumbing code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scalding" title="Scalding">Scalding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waterborne_disease" title="Waterborne disease">Waterborne disease</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align: middle;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fire_sprinkler_system" title="Fire sprinkler system">Fire sprinkler system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piping" title="Piping">Piping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:HVAC" title="Template:HVAC">Template:HVAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Public_health" title="Template:Public health">Template:Public health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Sewerage" title="Template:Sewerage">Template:Sewerage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Toilets" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Toilets">Template:Toilets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Wastewater" title="Template:Wastewater">Template:Wastewater</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Rooms_and_spaces_of_a_house" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Room" title="Template:Room"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Room" title="Template talk:Room"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Room" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Room"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Rooms_and_spaces_of_a_house" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Room" title="Room">Rooms</a> and spaces of a <a href="/wiki/House" title="House">house</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Common_area" title="Common area">Shared rooms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bonus_room" title="Bonus room">Bonus room</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_room" title="Common room">Common room</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Den_(room)" title="Den (room)">Den</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dining_room" title="Dining room">Dining room</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_room" title="Family room">Family room</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garret" title="Garret">Garret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_room" title="Great room">Great room</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_cinema" title="Home cinema">Home cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitchen" title="Kitchen">Kitchen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dirty_kitchen" title="Dirty kitchen">dirty kitchen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitchenette" title="Kitchenette">kitchenette</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Living_room" title="Living room">Living room</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gynaeceum" title="Gynaeceum">Gynaeceum</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harem" title="Harem">harem</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andron_(architecture)" title="Andron (architecture)">Andron</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Man_cave" title="Man cave">man cave</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recreation_room" title="Recreation room">Recreation room</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Billiard_room" title="Billiard room">billiard room</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrine" title="Shrine">Shrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Study_(room)" title="Study (room)">Study</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunroom" title="Sunroom">Sunroom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Private rooms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bathroom" title="Bathroom">Bathroom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Toilet_(room)" title="Toilet (room)">toilet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bedroom" title="Bedroom">Bedroom</a> / Guest room <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Closet" title="Closet">closet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bedsit" title="Bedsit">Bedsit / Miniflat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boudoir" title="Boudoir">Boudoir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_(room)" title="Cabinet (room)">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nursery_(room)" title="Nursery (room)">Nursery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Spaces</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atrium_(architecture)" title="Atrium (architecture)">Atrium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balcony" title="Balcony">Balcony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breezeway" title="Breezeway">Breezeway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conversation_pit" title="Conversation pit">Conversation pit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cubby-hole" title="Cubby-hole">Cubby-hole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deck_(building)" title="Deck (building)">Deck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elevator" title="Elevator">Elevator</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dumbwaiter" title="Dumbwaiter">dumbwaiter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entryway" class="mw-redirect" title="Entryway">Entryway</a>/<a href="/wiki/Genkan" title="Genkan">Genkan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fireplace" title="Fireplace">Fireplace</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hearth" title="Hearth">hearth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lobby_(room)" title="Lobby (room)">Foyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hall" title="Hall">Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hallway" title="Hallway">Hallway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inglenook" title="Inglenook">Inglenook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lanai_(architecture)" title="Lanai (architecture)">Lanai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loft" title="Loft">Loft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loggia" title="Loggia">Loggia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overhang_(architecture)" title="Overhang (architecture)">Overhang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patio" title="Patio">Patio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porch" title="Porch">Porch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Screened_porch" title="Screened porch">screened</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sleeping_porch" title="Sleeping porch">sleeping</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheelchair_ramp" title="Wheelchair ramp">Ramp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secret_passage" title="Secret passage">Secret passage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stairs" title="Stairs">Stairs</a>/<a href="/wiki/Staircase" title="Staircase">Staircase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrace_(building)" title="Terrace (building)">Terrace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veranda" title="Veranda">Veranda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vestibule_(architecture)" title="Vestibule (architecture)">Vestibule</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Technical_room" class="mw-redirect" title="Technical room">Technical</a>, <a href="/wiki/Utility_room" title="Utility room">utility</a><br /> and <a href="/wiki/Storage_room" title="Storage room">storage</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attic" title="Attic">Attic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basement" title="Basement">Basement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carport" title="Carport">Carport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloakroom" title="Cloakroom">Cloakroom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Closet" title="Closet">Closet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crawl_space" title="Crawl space">Crawl space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrical_room" title="Electrical room">Electrical room</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equipment_room" title="Equipment room">Equipment room</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Furnace_room" class="mw-redirect" title="Furnace room">Furnace room</a> / <a href="/wiki/Mechanical_room" title="Mechanical room">Boiler room</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garage_(residential)" title="Garage (residential)">Garage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janitorial_closet" class="mw-redirect" title="Janitorial closet">Janitorial closet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larder" title="Larder">Larder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laundry_room" title="Laundry room">Laundry room</a> / <a href="/wiki/Utility_room" title="Utility room">Utility room</a> / <a href="/wiki/Storage_room" title="Storage room">Storage room</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mechanical_room" title="Mechanical room">Mechanical room</a> / <a href="/wiki/Mechanical_floor" title="Mechanical floor">floor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantry" title="Pantry">Pantry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Root_cellar" title="Root cellar">Root cellar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semi-basement" title="Semi-basement">Semi-basement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Storm_cellar" title="Storm cellar">Storm cellar</a> / <a href="/wiki/Safe_room" title="Safe room">Safe room</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Studio" title="Studio">Studio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wardrobe" title="Wardrobe">Wardrobe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_cellar" title="Wine cellar">Wine cellar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiring_closet" title="Wiring closet">Wiring closet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workshop" title="Workshop">Workshop</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Great_house" title="Great house">Great house</a> areas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antechamber" class="mw-redirect" title="Antechamber">Antechamber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ballroom" title="Ballroom">Ballroom</a></li> <li>Kitchen-related <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Butler%27s_pantry" class="mw-redirect" title="Butler's pantry">butler's pantry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buttery_(room)" title="Buttery (room)">buttery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saucery" title="Saucery">saucery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scullery" title="Scullery">scullery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spicery" title="Spicery">spicery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Still_room" title="Still room">still room</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatory_(greenhouse)" title="Conservatory (greenhouse)">Conservatory</a> / <a href="/wiki/Orangery" title="Orangery">Orangery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Courtyard" title="Courtyard">Courtyard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drawing_room" title="Drawing room">Drawing room</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_chamber" title="Great chamber">Great chamber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_hall" title="Great hall">Great hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Library" title="Library">Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_gallery" title="Long gallery">Long gallery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lumber_room" title="Lumber room">Lumber room</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parlour" title="Parlour">Parlour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sauna" title="Sauna">Sauna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Servants%27_hall" title="Servants' hall">Servants' hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Servants%27_quarters" title="Servants' quarters">Servants' quarters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_room" title="Smoking room">Smoking room</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_(room)" title="Solar (room)">Solar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_room" title="State room">State room</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swimming_pool" title="Swimming pool">Swimming pool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turret_(architecture)" title="Turret (architecture)">Turret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Undercroft" title="Undercroft">Undercroft</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Furniture" title="Furniture">Furniture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hidden_compartment" title="Hidden compartment">Hidden room</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House" title="House">House</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/House_plan" title="House plan">house plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_house_styles" title="List of house styles">styles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_house_types" title="List of house types">types</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi-family_residential" class="mw-redirect" title="Multi-family residential">Multi-family residential</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secondary_suite" title="Secondary suite">Secondary suite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duplex_(building)" title="Duplex (building)">Duplex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terraced_house" title="Terraced house">Terraced</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single-family_detached_home" title="Single-family detached home">Detached</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semi-detached" title="Semi-detached">Semi-detached</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Townhouse" title="Townhouse">Townhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Studio_apartment" title="Studio apartment">Studio apartment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Architecture" title="Architecture">Architectural</a><br />elements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arch" title="Arch">Arch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balconet" title="Balconet">Balconet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baluster" title="Baluster">Baluster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belt_course" title="Belt course">Belt course</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bressummer" title="Bressummer">Bressummer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceiling" title="Ceiling">Ceiling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chimney" title="Chimney">Chimney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonnade" title="Colonnade">Colonnade</a> / <a href="/wiki/Portico" title="Portico">Portico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Column" title="Column">Column</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornice" title="Cornice">Cornice</a> / <a href="/wiki/Eaves" title="Eaves">Eaves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dome" title="Dome">Dome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Door" title="Door">Door</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ell_(architecture)" title="Ell (architecture)">Ell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floor" title="Floor">Floor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foundation_(engineering)" title="Foundation (engineering)">Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gable" title="Gable">Gable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gate" title="Gate">Gate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portal_(architecture)" title="Portal (architecture)">Portal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lighting" title="Lighting">Lighting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ornament_(art)" title="Ornament (art)">Ornament</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Plumbing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quoin" title="Quoin">Quoins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roof" title="Roof">Roof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roof_lantern" title="Roof lantern">Roof lantern</a></li> 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