CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Groupe Canal+ - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"f14121cd-44eb-486c-96ee-d7a921399c26","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Groupe_Canal+","wgTitle":"Groupe Canal+","wgCurRevisionId":1259311292,"wgRevisionId":1259311292,"wgArticleId":6523137,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["CS1 French-language sources (fr)","Webarchive template wayback links","CS1 Brazilian Portuguese-language sources (pt-br)","CS1 Dutch-language sources (nl)","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Use dmy dates from May 2024","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from May 2024","Articles with unsourced statements from May 2018","Articles containing potentially dated statements from May 2024", "All articles containing potentially dated statements","Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2024","All articles with vague or ambiguous time","Vague or ambiguous time from May 2024","Articles needing additional references from May 2024","All articles needing additional references","Groupe Canal+","Mass media companies established in 1983","Television production companies of France","Film production companies of France","Television networks in France","French-language television networks","Vivendi subsidiaries","Mass media in Paris","Television companies of France"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Groupe_Canal+","wgRelevantArticleId":6523137,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgRedirectedFrom":"Télétoon+","wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{ "levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":50000,"wgInternalRedirectTargetUrl":"/wiki/Groupe_Canal%2B","wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q2663746","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles": "ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["mediawiki.action.view.redirect","ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging", "ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.5"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Canal_%2B_store_in_Tomasz%C3%B3w_Mazowiecki.jpg/1200px-Canal_%2B_store_in_Tomasz%C3%B3w_Mazowiecki.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="912"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Canal_%2B_store_in_Tomasz%C3%B3w_Mazowiecki.jpg/800px-Canal_%2B_store_in_Tomasz%C3%B3w_Mazowiecki.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="608"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Canal_%2B_store_in_Tomasz%C3%B3w_Mazowiecki.jpg/640px-Canal_%2B_store_in_Tomasz%C3%B3w_Mazowiecki.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="487"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Groupe Canal+ - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groupe_Canal%2B"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Groupe_Canal%2B&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groupe_Canal%2B"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Groupe_Canal rootpage-Groupe_Canal skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Groupe+Canal%2B" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Groupe+Canal%2B" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Groupe+Canal%2B" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Groupe+Canal%2B" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Subscription_channel_and_production_company_(1984)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Subscription_channel_and_production_company_(1984)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Subscription channel and production company (1984)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Subscription_channel_and_production_company_(1984)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Satellite_broadcasting_(1992)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Satellite_broadcasting_(1992)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Satellite broadcasting (1992)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Satellite_broadcasting_(1992)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-21st_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#21st_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>21st century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-21st_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Former_channels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Former_channels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Former channels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Former_channels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Description" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Description"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Description</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Description-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Governance_and_people" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Governance_and_people"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Governance and people</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Governance_and_people-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Corporate_divisions_in_France" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Corporate_divisions_in_France"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Corporate divisions in France</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Corporate_divisions_in_France-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Corporate divisions in France subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Corporate_divisions_in_France-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Canal+" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canal+"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Canal+</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canal+-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Canal+_(provider)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canal+_(provider)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Canal+ (provider)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canal+_(provider)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-StudioCanal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#StudioCanal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>StudioCanal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-StudioCanal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Thema" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Thema"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Thema</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Thema-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International_operations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_operations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>International operations</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-International_operations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle International operations subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-International_operations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Past_operations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Past_operations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Past operations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Past_operations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Canal+_International" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canal+_International"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Canal+ International</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canal+_International-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.1</span> <span>Africa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.2</span> <span>Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Asia-Pacific" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asia-Pacific"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.3</span> <span>Asia-Pacific</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Asia-Pacific-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-French_Overseas_Territories" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#French_Overseas_Territories"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.4</span> <span>French Overseas Territories</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-French_Overseas_Territories-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Channels_in_France" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Channels_in_France"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Channels in France</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Channels_in_France-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_divisions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_divisions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Other divisions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_divisions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Footnotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Footnotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Footnotes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Footnotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Groupe Canal+</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 12 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-12" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">12 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%A8%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B3_%D8%AC%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A8" title="كنال بلوس جروب – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كنال بلوس جروب" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canal%2B_Groupe" title="Canal+ Groupe – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Canal+ Groupe" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groupe_Canal%2B" title="Groupe Canal+ – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Groupe Canal+" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groupe_Canal%2B" title="Groupe Canal+ – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Groupe Canal+" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canal%2B_Group" title="Canal+ Group – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Canal+ Group" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groupe_Canal%2B" title="Groupe Canal+ – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Groupe Canal+" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groupe_Canal%2B" title="Groupe Canal+ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="Groupe Canal+" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canal%2B_Groep" title="Canal+ Groep – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Canal+ Groep" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canal%2B_Groupe" title="Canal+ Groupe – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Canal+ Groupe" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groupe_Canal%2B" title="Groupe Canal+ – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Groupe Canal+" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groupe_Canal%2B" title="Groupe Canal+ – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Groupe Canal+" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canal%2B_Group" title="Canal+ Group – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Canal+ Group" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q2663746#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Groupe_Canal%2B" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Groupe_Canal%2B" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Groupe_Canal%2B"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Groupe_Canal%2B&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Groupe_Canal%2B&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Groupe_Canal%2B"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Groupe_Canal%2B&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Groupe_Canal%2B&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Groupe_Canal%2B" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Groupe_Canal%2B" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Groupe_Canal%2B&oldid=1259311292" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Groupe_Canal%2B&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Groupe_Canal%2B&id=1259311292&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FGroupe_Canal%252B"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FGroupe_Canal%252B"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Groupe_Canal%2B&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Groupe_Canal%2B&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Canal%2B_Group" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q2663746" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=T%C3%A9l%C3%A9toon%2B&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Télétoon+">Télétoon+</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">French media company</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1242257876">.mw-parser-output .ib-company .infobox-label{padding-right:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-company .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-company .infobox-below{line-height:1.35em}.mw-parser-output .ib-company-logo img{background-color:#f8f9fa}.mw-parser-output .ib-company-locality,.mw-parser-output .ib-company-country{display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-company vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Groupe Canal</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image ib-company-logo logo"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Logo_Canal_%2B_Group_FR_2019.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Logo_Canal_%2B_Group_FR_2019.jpg/220px-Logo_Canal_%2B_Group_FR_2019.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Logo_Canal_%2B_Group_FR_2019.jpg/330px-Logo_Canal_%2B_Group_FR_2019.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Logo_Canal_%2B_Group_FR_2019.jpg/440px-Logo_Canal_%2B_Group_FR_2019.jpg 2x" data-file-width="567" data-file-height="213" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image ib-company-logo logo"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Canal_%2B_store_in_Tomasz%C3%B3w_Mazowiecki.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Canal_%2B_store_in_Tomasz%C3%B3w_Mazowiecki.jpg/220px-Canal_%2B_store_in_Tomasz%C3%B3w_Mazowiecki.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Canal_%2B_store_in_Tomasz%C3%B3w_Mazowiecki.jpg/330px-Canal_%2B_store_in_Tomasz%C3%B3w_Mazowiecki.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Canal_%2B_store_in_Tomasz%C3%B3w_Mazowiecki.jpg/440px-Canal_%2B_store_in_Tomasz%C3%B3w_Mazowiecki.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2582" data-file-height="1963" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">A Canal+ store in Tomaszów Mazowiecki, <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Company type</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Subsidiary" title="Subsidiary">Subsidiary</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Industry</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Mass_media" title="Mass media">Media</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data">1984<span class="noprint">; 40 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1984</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Headquarters</th><td class="infobox-data adr"><div class="ib-company-locality locality"><a href="/wiki/Issy-les-Moulineaux" title="Issy-les-Moulineaux">Issy-les-Moulineaux</a></div>, <div class="ib-company-country country-name"><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Area served</div></th><td class="infobox-data">France</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Key people</div></th><td class="infobox-data agent">Jean-Christophe Thiery<br />(<a href="/wiki/President_(corporate_title)" title="President (corporate title)">president</a>)<br /><a href="/wiki/Maxime_Saada" title="Maxime Saada">Maxime Saada</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Chief_executive_officer" title="Chief executive officer">CEO</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Products</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Pay_television" title="Pay television">Pay TV</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Television_production" class="mw-redirect" title="Television production">Television production</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Film_production" class="mw-redirect" title="Film production">Film production</a> & <a href="/wiki/Film_distribution" title="Film distribution">distribution</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Revenue</th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span>€6.06 billion (2023)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Number of employees</div></th><td class="infobox-data">7,739 (2017) <span class="penicon autoconfirmed-show"><span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2663746?uselang=en#P1128" title="Edit this on Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this on Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Parent_company" class="mw-redirect" title="Parent company">Parent</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Vivendi" title="Vivendi">Vivendi</a> (2000–present)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Subsidiary" title="Subsidiary">Subsidiaries</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canal%2B_(French_TV_provider)" title="Canal+ (French TV provider)">Canal+</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/M7_Group" title="M7 Group">Canal+ Luxembourg</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/M7_Group" title="M7 Group">Canal+ Netherlands</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/M7_Group" title="M7 Group">Canal+ Austria</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Canal%2B_(Polish_TV_provider)" title="Canal+ (Polish TV provider)">Canal+ Poland</a> (51%)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Skylink_(TV_platform)" title="Skylink (TV platform)">Canal+ Czech Republic</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Skylink_(TV_platform)" title="Skylink (TV platform)">Canal+ Slovakia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Cin%C3%A9%2B_OCS" title="Ciné+ OCS">Ciné+ OCS</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/MultiChoice" title="MultiChoice">MultiChoice</a> (45.2%)</li><li><a href="/wiki/StudioCanal" title="StudioCanal">StudioCanal</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Viaplay_Group" title="Viaplay Group">Viaplay Group</a> (29%)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Viu_(streaming_service)" title="Viu (streaming service)">Viu</a> (36.8%)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.canalplusgroup.com/en">https://www.canalplusgroup.com/en</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below"><b>Footnotes / references</b><br /><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Groupe Canal+</b>, also known as <b>Canal+ Group</b> in English, is a <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">French</a> <a href="/wiki/Media_conglomerate" title="Media conglomerate">media</a> and <a href="/wiki/Telecommunications" title="Telecommunications">telecommunications</a> conglomerate based in <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>, owned and controlled by <a href="/wiki/Vivendi" title="Vivendi">Vivendi</a>. It runs its own <a href="/wiki/Subscription_TV" class="mw-redirect" title="Subscription TV">subscription TV</a> channels in France, distributes third-party channels and services, and is a major source of finance for domestic film production, participating in the financing of the vast majority of films produced in France. </p><p>The conglomerate also has its own subsidiary companies with direct involvement in film production and distribution, such as <a href="/wiki/StudioCanal" title="StudioCanal">StudioCanal</a>. Apart from extensive operations in mainland France, the company owns many subsidiaries and operates in countries across Europe, Africa, the <a href="/wiki/Asia-Pacific" class="mw-redirect" title="Asia-Pacific">Asia-Pacific</a> region, and in <a href="/wiki/French_Overseas_Territories" class="mw-redirect" title="French Overseas Territories">French Overseas Territories</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Groupe_Canal%2B&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/StudioCanal#History" title="StudioCanal">StudioCanal § History</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Subscription_channel_and_production_company_(1984)"><span id="Subscription_channel_and_production_company_.281984.29"></span>Subscription channel and production company (1984)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Groupe_Canal%2B&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Subscription channel and production company (1984)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Logo_Canal%2B_1984.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Logo_Canal%2B_1984.svg/220px-Logo_Canal%2B_1984.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Logo_Canal%2B_1984.svg/330px-Logo_Canal%2B_1984.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Logo_Canal%2B_1984.svg/440px-Logo_Canal%2B_1984.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="220" /></a><figcaption>First logo, 1984–1995</figcaption></figure> <p>The subscription channel <a href="/wiki/Canal%2B_(French_TV_channel)" title="Canal+ (French TV channel)">Canal+</a> was launched in November 1984, when there were only three government-owned channels available in France.<sup id="cite_ref-encyc2018_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-encyc2018-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The company was co-founded by <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Rousselet" title="André Rousselet">André Rousselet</a>, president of the French multinational advertising company <a href="/wiki/Havas" title="Havas">Havas</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-encyc2018_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-encyc2018-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Lescure" title="Pierre Lescure">Pierre Lescure</a>, which proved very popular with media professionals and politicians.<sup id="cite_ref-lescure1_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lescure1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There were 186,000 subscribers, who committed to paying 140 francs (21.34 euros) per month for the service.<sup id="cite_ref-oldhist_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oldhist-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Alain_de_Greef" class="mw-redirect" title="Alain de Greef">Alain de Greef</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alain_de_Greef" class="extiw" title="fr:Alain de Greef">fr</a>]</span> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1947</span> – 29 June 2015) joined in 1986,<sup id="cite_ref-degreef2_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-degreef2-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> joining his longtime friend Pierre Lescure. De Greef was first appointed director of production, then head of programmes, and finally as director general (1986–2000).<sup id="cite_ref-degreef1_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-degreef1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-degreef2_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-degreef2-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> De Greef was later described as a pioneer and visionary, who set the tone and created the "Canal Plus spirit", which embodied anti-conformism along with edgy satire that became very popular. He created the satirical puppet show <i><a href="/wiki/Les_Guignols_de_l%27Info" class="mw-redirect" title="Les Guignols de l'Info">Les Guignols de l'Info</a></i> and cult talk shows <i><a href="/wiki/Nulle_part_ailleurs" class="mw-redirect" title="Nulle part ailleurs">Nulle part ailleurs</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Groland" title="Groland">Groland</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Les_Deschiens" title="Les Deschiens">Les Deschiens</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-degreef2_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-degreef2-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-degreef1_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-degreef1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The new channel got off to a slow start, and some politicians, including prime minister <a href="/wiki/Laurent_Fabius" title="Laurent Fabius">Laurent Fabius</a>, railed against the idea of having a commercial TV channel. However, Rousselet was a personal friend of the president, <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand" title="François Mitterrand">François Mitterrand</a>, and so obtained favourable terms for the setup. <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Lescure" title="Pierre Lescure">Pierre Lescure</a> was director-general at that time. A combination of political connections and clever programming – giving the French public American hit comedies and French drama not available on the government channels – worked and subscriptions soon increased. Government regulations required that the channel give several hours of free programming each day, which was used by Canal+ to promote the subscription service.<sup id="cite_ref-encyc2018_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-encyc2018-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The channel initially had to use 45% of its air-time on films, until the film industry pushed back. Sports, interview shows, documentaries, and <a href="/wiki/Soft_pornography" class="mw-redirect" title="Soft pornography">soft pornography</a> joined films as the main staples of programming at this time. In 1985, the government opened up the market to other private commercial television stations, offering some serious competition. However, aggressive marketing and policies ensured that the company kept growing. By 1989, Canal+ had almost three million subscribers. Around this time the company expanded into some European markets, notably Belgium, Spain, and Germany, where in partnership with <a href="/wiki/Bertelsmann" title="Bertelsmann">Bertelsmann</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Kirch_Group" title="Kirch Group">Kirch Group</a>, the first national pay TV service, <a href="/wiki/Premiere_TV" class="mw-redirect" title="Premiere TV">Premiere TV</a>, was established. With its expansion into Africa in 1990 with Canal+ Horizons, Canal+ was not only the most successful subscription channel in Europe, but also second only to <a href="/wiki/HBO" title="HBO">HBO</a> globally.<sup id="cite_ref-encyc2018_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-encyc2018-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the mid-1980s, Canal+ started acquiring rights to American TV shows and blockbusters, but buying rights from Hollywood was expensive, so the company moved into producing its own films.<sup id="cite_ref-encyc2018_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-encyc2018-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 1 January 1987, <a href="/wiki/Canal%2B_Productions" class="mw-redirect" title="Canal+ Productions">Canal+ Productions</a> was founded as a cinema film co-production subsidiary of the cable channel,<sup id="cite_ref-oldhist_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oldhist-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which later partnered with <a href="/wiki/Universal_Pictures" title="Universal Pictures">Universal Pictures</a> to co-produce films.<sup id="cite_ref-encyc2018_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-encyc2018-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 1 March 1987, another subsidiary, Ellipse Programs, was established, with the aim of producing television works intended for all broadcasters, which would promote Canal+ producers' talent.<sup id="cite_ref-oldhist_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oldhist-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 18 April 1990, <a href="/wiki/Canal%2B_Horizons" class="mw-redirect" title="Canal+ Horizons">Canal+ Horizons</a> was created to export Canal+ content to countries on the African continent.<sup id="cite_ref-oldhist_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oldhist-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also in 1987, Canal+ went <a href="/wiki/Public_company" title="Public company">public</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-encyc2018_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-encyc2018-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By December 1990, Canal+ Productions rebranded to Le Studio Canal+, and released its first film, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Double_Life_of_Veronique" title="The Double Life of Veronique">The Double Life of Veronique</a></i>, by <a href="/wiki/Krzysztof_Kie%C5%9Blowski" title="Krzysztof Kieślowski">Krzysztof Kieslowski</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-oldhist_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oldhist-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the early 1990s, it became apparent that Canal+ was a major contributor to the <a href="/wiki/French_film_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="French film industry">French film industry</a>, with its obligation to spend 10% of its income on French-made films, as well as being Europe's largest buyer of American film rights.<sup id="cite_ref-encyc2018_2-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-encyc2018-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Canal+ also made investments in other companies. In 1991 it bought a five percent stake in the independent American studio <a href="/wiki/Carolco_Pictures" title="Carolco Pictures">Carolco Pictures</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-encyc2018_2-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-encyc2018-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, in 1992, Studio Canal+ suffered financial difficulties after Carolco entered a corporate restructure.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Satellite_broadcasting_(1992)"><span id="Satellite_broadcasting_.281992.29"></span>Satellite broadcasting (1992)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Groupe_Canal%2B&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Satellite broadcasting (1992)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 6 December 1991, <a href="/wiki/CanalSatellite" class="mw-redirect" title="CanalSatellite">CanalSatellite</a> was created.<sup id="cite_ref-oldhist_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oldhist-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Canal+ started began <a href="/wiki/Satellite_broadcasting" class="mw-redirect" title="Satellite broadcasting">satellite broadcasting</a> in 1992, to reach parts of France not covered by cable.<sup id="cite_ref-encyc2018_2-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-encyc2018-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Digital satellite provider <a href="/wiki/CanalSat" class="mw-redirect" title="CanalSat">CanalSatellite</a> was launched as a wholly-owned subsidiary of Canal+ on 6 December 1991. On 27 April 1996, Canal+ received two new sister channels: Canal+ Jaune and Canal+ Bleu.<sup id="cite_ref-oldhist_4-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oldhist-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1999 Canal+ partnered with <a href="/wiki/Vivendi" title="Vivendi">Vivendi</a> to create V-Net. During the 1990s it also expanded further into Europe and the UK, with <a href="/wiki/BSkyB" class="mw-redirect" title="BSkyB">BSkyB</a> and <a href="/wiki/TVS_Television_Network" title="TVS Television Network">TVS</a>. Later it bought up <a href="/wiki/NetHold" title="NetHold">NetHold</a> in the Netherlands, and took majority control of France's NC Numericable (formerly CGV).<sup id="cite_ref-encyc2018_2-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-encyc2018-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1994 Rousselet quit the board, and was replaced by director-general Lescure.<sup id="cite_ref-encyc2018_2-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-encyc2018-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In January 1996, <a href="/wiki/StudioCanal" title="StudioCanal">Le Studio Canal+</a> acquired the bankrupted <a href="/wiki/Carolco_Pictures" title="Carolco Pictures">Carolco Pictures</a>' library for $56 million, making its first foray into library acquisitions.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It also bought up a film library from <a href="/wiki/UGC_DA_International" class="mw-redirect" title="UGC DA International">UGC DA</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-encyc2018_2-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-encyc2018-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 27 April 1996, CanalSatellite launched as a digital satellite platform, with 24 channels and interactive services. CANAL+ became available on two additional channels, Canal+ Jaune (Yellow) and Canal+ Bleu (Blue), later named Canal+ Cinema and Canal+ Confort.<sup id="cite_ref-oldhist_4-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oldhist-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 1 December 1998, all film, television, music, video production activities, etc. were grouped into a new entity, Canal+ Image, which was rebranded as StudioCanal in 2000.<sup id="cite_ref-oldhist_4-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oldhist-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 1 December 1999, a new subsidiary, Canal+ Technologies, was created, to develop and market its access control and interactivity technology.<sup id="cite_ref-oldhist_4-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oldhist-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="21st_century">21st century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Groupe_Canal%2B&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 21st century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In January 2000, it was announced that French arms and media conglomerate <a href="/wiki/Lagard%C3%A8re_Group" title="Lagardère Group">Lagardère Group</a> had purchased a major stake in the digital television division, taking 34 percent of CanalSatellite and nearly 27.5 percent of <a href="/wiki/MultiThematiques" class="mw-redirect" title="MultiThematiques">MultiThematiques</a>, for a price of more than <span style="white-space: nowrap">US$890</span> million. Lagardère acquired the 30.2% MultiThematiques stake then held by Vivendi.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In February 2000, Canal+ announced the merger of its <a href="/wiki/Ellipse_Programme" class="mw-redirect" title="Ellipse Programme">Ellipse Programme</a> TV production company into the programming provider Expand. The company continued to grow as it moved into Internet and multi-access content markets.<sup id="cite_ref-encyc2018_2-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-encyc2018-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 15 June 2001 it took over control of Expand, leading producer of French audiovisual content.<sup id="cite_ref-oldhist_4-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oldhist-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In early December 2000, <a href="/wiki/Vivendi" title="Vivendi">Vivendi</a> acquired Canal+,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 11 December 2000 Vivendi Universal was created from the merger of Canal+, <a href="/wiki/Seagram" title="Seagram">Seagram</a>, and Vivendi. Groupe Canal+, made up of Canal+ Distribution, Canal+ Régie, and the Canal+ channel, was then wholly owned by Vivendi Universal. Legislation required that the channel was held at 49%.<sup id="cite_ref-oldhist_4-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oldhist-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From 2000 to 2002, <a href="/wiki/Virginie_Calmels" title="Virginie Calmels">Virginie Calmels</a> successively held three positions: <a href="/wiki/Chief_financial_officer" title="Chief financial officer">chief financial officer</a>, deputy <a href="/wiki/Chief_executive_officer" title="Chief executive officer">CEO</a>, and then joint <a href="/wiki/Chief_operating_officer" title="Chief operating officer">chief operating officer</a> of the group.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2001, co-founder Alain De Greef was fired from his position as director-general and replaced by <a href="/wiki/Michel_Denisot" title="Michel Denisot">Michel Denisot</a>, when the organisation was <a href="/wiki/Restructuring" title="Restructuring">restructured</a> under the leadership of <a href="/wiki/Jean-Marie_Messier" title="Jean-Marie Messier">Jean-Marie Messier</a>, chief executive of Vivendi.<sup id="cite_ref-degreef1_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-degreef1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Criticism of Vivendi's poor share performance since the takeover grew, and in April 2002, De Greef's co-founder and CEO Pierre Lescure, clashed with Messier and was fired.<sup id="cite_ref-lescure1_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lescure1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 23 May 2005, CanalSatellite was renamed Canalsat.<sup id="cite_ref-oldhist_4-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oldhist-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An alternative Canal+ logo was used between 2006 and 2009. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Logo_canal%2B_2006.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Logo_canal%2B_2006.jpg/220px-Logo_canal%2B_2006.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="53" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Logo_canal%2B_2006.jpg/330px-Logo_canal%2B_2006.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1b/Logo_canal%2B_2006.jpg 2x" data-file-width="381" data-file-height="91" /></a><figcaption>Alternative logo, 2006–2009</figcaption></figure> <p>On 7 December 2010 all Canal+ channels, plus the 90 CanalSat channels, became available live on Microsoft's <a href="/wiki/XBOX_360" class="mw-redirect" title="XBOX 360">XBOX 360</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-oldhist_4-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oldhist-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><span class="anchor" id="Canalstart"></span>In December 2013, Canal+ announced that they creating CanalStart, a new structure to support young entrepreneurs' media and new technology initiatives and projects<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in the form of a financial investment or contracts awarded by Canal+.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> CanalStart presented at <a href="/wiki/SXSW" class="mw-redirect" title="SXSW">SXSW</a> 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In April 2015, CanalStart announced a first commercial partnership with Wildmoka, a start-up specialising in the design of enriched television services,<sup id="cite_ref-m439_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-m439-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> after it won MIPLab 2015, a global B2B startup competition in TV and online video.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The company was removed from the companies register on 29 November 2016.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In September 2015, <a href="/wiki/Vincent_Bollor%C3%A9" title="Vincent Bolloré">Vincent Bolloré</a>, chairman of parent company Vivendi, was appointed as chairman of Canal Plus. He changed several former executives and aligned Canal+'s operations with Vivendi's.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Canal+ signed an exclusive <a href="/wiki/Distribution_agreement" class="mw-redirect" title="Distribution agreement">distribution agreement</a> with <a href="/wiki/Disney%2B" title="Disney+">Disney+</a> in December 2019, ahead of Disney's launch in France on 31 March 2020. The company would continue to have exclusive rights to Disney content (including the <a href="/wiki/Star_Wars" title="Star Wars">Star Wars</a> and <a href="/wiki/Avengers_(Marvel_Cinematic_Universe)" title="Avengers (Marvel Cinematic Universe)">Avengers</a> films, and would also be the only distributor of Disney channels in France. It would also retain its distribution of <a href="/wiki/National_Geographic_(American_TV_channel)" title="National Geographic (American TV channel)">National Geographic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Voyage_(French_TV_channel)" title="Voyage (French TV channel)">Voyage</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Fox_Play" class="mw-redirect" title="Fox Play">Fox Play</a> channels.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Former_channels">Former channels</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Groupe_Canal%2B&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Former channels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="3d"></span> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Canal%2B3D.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Canal%2B3D.jpg/220px-Canal%2B3D.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="41" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Canal%2B3D.jpg/330px-Canal%2B3D.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/11/Canal%2B3D.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="74" /></a><figcaption>Canal+3D logo</figcaption></figure> <p>Canal+ 3D was established in June 2010, to broadcast some matches of the <a href="/wiki/2010_FIFA_World_Cup" title="2010 FIFA World Cup">2010 FIFA World Cup</a> in <a href="/wiki/3D_television" title="3D television">3D</a>. It then only ran a single movie and one live event each month, obtaining 3D content produced in the UK and Spain. After the channel only attracted around 30,000 subscribers, it stopped broadcasting on 24 January 2012. After this date, it was still possible to receive transmissions were receivable on Canal's <a href="/wiki/PVR_system" class="mw-redirect" title="PVR system">PVRs</a>, as well as IPTV Networks Free and <a href="/wiki/SFR" title="SFR">SFR</a>. However, there were still plans to broadcast 200 hours in 3D for the <a href="/wiki/London_2012_Olympics" class="mw-redirect" title="London 2012 Olympics">London 2012 Olympics</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Canal+ Hi-Tech, called Canal+ 16/9 until March 2005, was dedicated to the broadcasting of films in an <a href="/wiki/Aspect_ratio_(image)" title="Aspect ratio (image)">aspect ratio</a> of <a href="/wiki/16:9" class="mw-redirect" title="16:9">16:9</a> and <a href="/wiki/High-definition_television" title="High-definition television">high-definition television</a>. The channel was deleted when switching Canal+ to the 16:9 format.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Groupe_Canal%2B&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Description"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Groupe Canal+, referred to as Canal+ Group in English on its website,<sup id="cite_ref-activities_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-activities-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is headquartered in <a href="/wiki/Issy-les-Moulineaux" title="Issy-les-Moulineaux">Issy-les-Moulineaux</a>, in the suburbs of <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The group distributes third-party channels and services, as well as being a major source of finance for domestic film production, participating in the financing of the vast majority of films produced in France. It also has its own subsidiary companies with direct involvement in film production and distribution, <a href="/wiki/StudioCanal" title="StudioCanal">StudioCanal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-activities_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-activities-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i><a href="/wiki/Wall_Street_Journal" class="mw-redirect" title="Wall Street Journal">Wall Street Journal</a></i> described Canal+ as "the French film industry's biggest financial backer, beloved by French cineastes".<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The company purports to have one of the 50 most powerful French brands in the world in 2023, with 26.4 million subscribers in 50 countries around the world. Its production company StudioCanal has 14 production companies in Europe and the US, and holds more than 9,000 titles.<sup id="cite_ref-activities_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-activities-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Governance_and_people">Governance and people</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Groupe_Canal%2B&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Governance and people"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Groupe Canal+ is governed by a <a href="/wiki/Dual_board" title="Dual board">dual board system</a>, with a Supervisory Board (<i>Conseil de Surveillance</i>)<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and an Executive Committee (<i>Comité éxecutif</i>). </p><p>As of May 2024<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Groupe_Canal%2B&action=edit">[update]</a></sup> the president of the Supervisory Board is Jean-Christophe Thiery.<sup id="cite_ref-govmay2024_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-govmay2024-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Executive positions include:<sup id="cite_ref-govmay2024_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-govmay2024-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Maxime Saada, CEO of the group, president of StudioCanal, president/director general of Dailymotion, vice-president of the Lagardère group, president of L'Olympia, and director of Vivendi</li> <li>Anna Marsh, deputy director of the group, director-general of StudioCanal</li> <li>Gregoire Castaing, deputy director of the group, head of finance and strategy</li> <li>Jacques du Puy, president of Canal+ International</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Corporate_divisions_in_France">Corporate divisions in France</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Groupe_Canal%2B&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Corporate divisions in France"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Canal+"><span id="Canal.2B"></span>Canal+</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Groupe_Canal%2B&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Canal+"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Canal%2B_(French_TV_channel)" title="Canal+ (French TV channel)">Canal+ (French TV channel)</a></div> <p>The flagship brand of the organisation is <a href="/wiki/Canal%2B_(French_TV_channel)" title="Canal+ (French TV channel)">Canal+</a>, a French premium television channel launched in 1984. It is encrypted for most of the day, and viewers who wish to watch the channel's more popular programming (new-release movies and live sport) must subscribe to the service. Previously this involved the purchase of a decoder to decrypt the signal, but today Canal+ is offered as part of a multi-channel satellite or cable television package.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Canal+_(provider)"><span id="Canal.2B_.28provider.29"></span>Canal+ (provider)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Groupe_Canal%2B&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Canal+ (provider)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Canal%2B_(French_TV_provider)" title="Canal+ (French TV provider)">Canal+ (French TV provider)</a></div> <p>Formerly Canal Satellite Numérique, a pay <a href="/wiki/Satellite_television" title="Satellite television">satellite</a> and <a href="/wiki/IPTV" class="mw-redirect" title="IPTV">IPTV</a> distributor (as CanalSAT DSL). Canal+ is a satellite TV package launched in 1992 as an extension to the original Canal+ analogue channel.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="StudioCanal">StudioCanal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Groupe_Canal%2B&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: StudioCanal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/StudioCanal" title="StudioCanal">StudioCanal</a></div> <p>StudioCanal is a production company formed in 1988, associated with <a href="/wiki/NBCUniversal" title="NBCUniversal">NBCUniversal</a> until 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nowadays, StudioCanal is operating in several countries such as Germany, Japan, or Australia.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For the movie industry, it is a major player at the European level.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>StudioCanal announced in 2011 that it would spend €200 million a year on movie production, establishing its position as "the first port of call outside the U.S. for intelligent upmarket movies" such as <i><a href="/wiki/Tinker_Tailor_Soldier_Spy_(film)" title="Tinker Tailor Soldier Spy (film)">Tinker Tailor Soldier Spy</a></i>, which is fully financed by the studio.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Thema">Thema</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Groupe_Canal%2B&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Thema"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Thema is a Canal+ Group company that oversees distribution of <a href="/wiki/Pay_TV" class="mw-redirect" title="Pay TV">Pay TV</a> services, <a href="/wiki/FAST_channel" class="mw-redirect" title="FAST channel">FAST channels</a>, <a href="/wiki/YouTube_Channel" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube Channel">YouTube Channels</a>, and other content to <a href="/wiki/Cable_television" title="Cable television">cable</a>, <a href="/wiki/IPTV" class="mw-redirect" title="IPTV">IPTV</a>, and <a href="/wiki/DTH_tv" class="mw-redirect" title="DTH tv">DTH</a> operators and <a href="/wiki/Over-the-top_media_service" title="Over-the-top media service">streaming services</a>. As of 2024<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Groupe_Canal%2B&action=edit">[update]</a></sup> it covers over 180 TV channels worldwide and has partnerships with major pay TV platforms in France, Europe, Africa, Middle East, Asia, Canada, Latin America, and the US.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Thema was founded in 2005 by François Thiellet, and acquired by Canal+ in 2014. At this time, it was the parent company of <a href="/wiki/Nollywood_TV" title="Nollywood TV">Nollywood TV</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From January 2024 it has handled the distribution of Brazilian media giant <a href="/wiki/Grupo_Globo" title="Grupo Globo">Globo</a>'s offering across Asia, including Japan, South Korea, India, Indonesia, Vietnam and Singapore.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is a subdivision called Thema America that covers Latin America, which in January 2024 partnered with <a href="/wiki/SPI_International" title="SPI International">SPI International</a> to offer more channels.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="International_operations">International operations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Groupe_Canal%2B&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: International operations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Past_operations">Past operations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Groupe_Canal%2B&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Past operations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Movie_Network_Channels" title="Movie Network Channels">Movie Network</a>, an Australian premium television service launched in 1995, was founded as a partnership between Canal+, <a href="/wiki/HBO" title="HBO">HBO</a> (a subsidiary of <a href="/wiki/WarnerMedia" title="WarnerMedia">Time Warner</a>), <a href="/wiki/The_Walt_Disney_Company" title="The Walt Disney Company">The Walt Disney Company</a>, <a href="/wiki/Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer" title="Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer">MGM</a>/<a href="/wiki/United_Artists" title="United Artists">UA</a> and <a href="/wiki/Village_Roadshow" title="Village Roadshow">Village Roadshow</a>. A few years later, Canal+ dropped out of the partnership.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (May 2024)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Canal Plus was the first cable TV channel to operate in Brazil, in 1989. It operated on the <a href="/wiki/Multichannel_Multipoint_Distribution_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Multichannel Multipoint Distribution Service">MMDS</a> system and broadcast part of <a href="/wiki/ESPN" title="ESPN">ESPN</a> programming. Its Brazilian operations were sold to <a href="/wiki/Grupo_Abril" title="Grupo Abril">Grupo Abril</a> in 1991.<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-auto_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Canal+_International"><span id="Canal.2B_International"></span>Canal+ International</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Groupe_Canal%2B&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Canal+ International"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Canal%2B_International" class="mw-redirect" title="Canal+ International">Canal+ International</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canal%2B_International" class="extiw" title="fr:Canal+ International">fr</a>]</span> is a subsidiary of the group. By 31 December 2023, it had 6.6 million subscribers in over 50 countries across Africa, Europe, <a href="/wiki/Asia%E2%80%93Pacific" title="Asia–Pacific">Asia-Pacific</a>, and French Overseas Territories in <a href="/wiki/The_Caribbean" class="mw-redirect" title="The Caribbean">the Caribbean</a> and Indian Ocean regions. As of 2024<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Groupe_Canal%2B&action=edit">[update]</a></sup> Canal+ International also produces over 100 channels for international distribution.<sup id="cite_ref-int2024_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-int2024-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 15 November 2017, <a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a> cable system <a href="/wiki/Videotron" class="mw-redirect" title="Videotron">Videotron</a> began carrying Canal+ International, marking it the first provider to carry the channel.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is also the second attempt at making Canal+ available in Canada since the former paid Canal+ Canada channel on <a href="/wiki/Dailymotion" title="Dailymotion">Dailymotion</a>, launched in 2013.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As of August 2018, Canal+ International is on U.S. satellite provider <a href="/wiki/DirecTV" title="DirecTV">DirecTV</a> in HD on channel 2010.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Africa">Africa</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Groupe_Canal%2B&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Africa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Canal%2B_Afrique" title="Canal+ Afrique">Canal+ Afrique</a> was launched as Canal+ Horizons<sup id="cite_ref-oldhist_4-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oldhist-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or Canal Horizons in 1991, initially broadcasting mostly in Tunisia and Senegal.<sup id="cite_ref-williams1993_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-williams1993-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the end of 2023, it had 8.1 million subscribers.<sup id="cite_ref-int2024_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-int2024-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In July 2014, the launch of a new pan-African TV channel - A+ - was announced. Based in <a href="/wiki/Abidjan" title="Abidjan">Abidjan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ivory_Coast" title="Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a>), it aimed to become the leading television company in French-speaking Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Canal+ Group has other activities in Africa as well as the Canal+ Afrique service; by 2018, the whole group's offerings including over 200 channels, radio stations, and other services, while the Canal+ Afrique's platform offered more than 50 channels.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 30 June 2023, the Canal+ Group bought 144.2 million shares (32.6% of the capital) in the South African subscription provider <a href="/wiki/MultiChoice" title="MultiChoice">MultiChoice</a>, which, with 20 million subscribers, is the market leader in English and <a href="/wiki/Portuguese-speaking_African_countries" title="Portuguese-speaking African countries">Portuguese-speaking Africa</a>. Their main competitor on the continent is the Chinese-owned <a href="/wiki/StarTimes" title="StarTimes">StarTimes</a>; however, estimated audience shares by 2028 are 32 million for Canal+/MultiChoice and 19 million for StarTimes.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Canal+ Ethiopia was launched in 2021.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Europe">Europe</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Groupe_Canal%2B&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="#History">§ History</a></div> <p>As mentioned above, Canal+ expanded into several European companies in the 1990s,<sup id="cite_ref-encyc2018_2-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-encyc2018-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but as of 2016 it was only active in Poland and France, due to many of these divisions being sold to other companies such as <a href="/wiki/Sky_Group" title="Sky Group">Sky Europe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Movistar" title="Movistar">Movistar</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Canal+ began returning to European markets outside of France and Poland in 2022 as a streaming service, in countries such as Austria, Czechia, and Slovakia.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Canal Plus came to the Nordic countries in 1997, acquiring the two <a href="/wiki/FilmNet" class="mw-redirect" title="FilmNet">FilmNet</a>-channels and renaming them. The Nordic part was sold in October 2003 to the <a href="/wiki/Telenor" title="Telenor">Telenor</a>-owned <a href="/wiki/Canal_Digital" title="Canal Digital">Canal Digital</a>, and the Canal+ brand was used under license until 2012, when the channels were re-branded <a href="/wiki/C_More_Entertainment" title="C More Entertainment">C More Entertainment</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Canal%2B_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Canal+ Poland">Canal+ Poland</a> is CANAL+ Group's second largest base in terms of number of subscribers, with 3 million.<sup id="cite_ref-int2024_44-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-int2024-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Canal Group bought <a href="/wiki/M7_Group" title="M7 Group">M7 Group</a> in 2019, which has expanded its presence in Europe, which now includes distribution brands in Belgium, Switzerland, the Netherlands, Austria, Germany, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, and Romania. M7 is also intending to produce content for broadcast in Europe. The CANAL+ brand now exists in Austria, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, and the Netherlands.<sup id="cite_ref-int2024_44-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-int2024-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, as of 2024<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Groupe_Canal%2B&action=edit">[update]</a></sup> the group owns <a href="/wiki/SPI_International" title="SPI International">SPI International</a>, which operates TV channels and digital platforms in many countries, and 29.33% of Swedish streaming service <a href="/wiki/Viaplay" title="Viaplay">Viaplay</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-int2024_44-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-int2024-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Canal+ Czechia and Slovakia was launched on 28 February 2023 as a streaming service.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/FilmNet" class="mw-redirect" title="FilmNet">FilmNet</a> in the Netherlands was rebranded as Canal+ in 1997.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2005, the channels were bought by <a href="/wiki/Liberty_Global" title="Liberty Global">Liberty Global</a> and renamed <a href="/wiki/Ziggo_Sport_Totaal" title="Ziggo Sport Totaal">Sport1</a> and <a href="/wiki/Film1" title="Film1">Film1</a> in February 2006.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sport1 changed its name to <a href="/wiki/Ziggo_Sport_Totaal" title="Ziggo Sport Totaal">Ziggo Sport Totaal</a> in November 2015,<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Film1 was sold to <a href="/wiki/Sony_Pictures_Television" title="Sony Pictures Television">Sony Pictures Television</a> in the same year.<sup id="cite_ref-Sony_Pictures_Television_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sony_Pictures_Television-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In April 2019 was announced by Sony that Film1 would close on 1 August 2019;<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> however, it was sold to <a href="/wiki/SPI_International" title="SPI International">SPI International</a> instead,<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which was fully acquired by Canal+ in August 2023. Canal+ was reintroduced in Netherlands as a streaming service on 20 January 2024.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Canal+ Luxembourg (former <a href="/wiki/M7_Group" title="M7 Group">M7 Group</a>) is a Luxembourg-based television provider which operates several <a href="/wiki/Direct_broadcast_satellite" class="mw-redirect" title="Direct broadcast satellite">direct broadcast satellite</a> <a href="/wiki/Pay_TV" class="mw-redirect" title="Pay TV">pay TV</a> platforms: HD Austria in <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a>, <a href="/wiki/T%C3%A9l%C3%A9sat" title="Télésat">Télésat</a> in Belgium and Luxembourg, <a href="/wiki/TV_Vlaanderen" title="TV Vlaanderen">TV Vlaanderen</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Flanders" title="Flanders">Flanders</a> region in <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Skylink_(TV_platform)" title="Skylink (TV platform)">Skylink</a> in <a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canal_Digitaal" title="Canal Digitaal">Canal Digitaal</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Focus_Sat" title="Focus Sat">Focus Sat</a> in <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a>, and Direct One in <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a>. It also operates a terrestrial pay television platform in Flanders, Belgium and offers B2B multimedia services. Canal+ acquired M7 Group for 1.1 billion euros on 12 September 2019.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Past involvement in European services include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canal%2B_(Spanish_TV_channel)" title="Canal+ (Spanish TV channel)">Canal+ Spain</a>, later known as <a href="/wiki/Cero_(TV_channel)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cero (TV channel)">#0</a> was launched in 1990 in Spain by <a href="/wiki/Sogecable" class="mw-redirect" title="Sogecable">Sogecable</a> as an analogue pay channel, similar to the French and Polish version. In 2015 the largest Spanish telecommunications company <a href="/wiki/Telef%C3%B3nica" title="Telefónica">Telefónica</a> received the approval and closed the acquisition of Canal+ Spain alongside its <a href="/wiki/Canal%2B_(Spanish_satellite_broadcasting_company)" class="mw-redirect" title="Canal+ (Spanish satellite broadcasting company)">satellite TV platform</a>, now renamed <a href="/wiki/Movistar%2B" class="mw-redirect" title="Movistar+">Movistar Plus+</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>Canal+ Flanders, became Canal+ when <a href="/wiki/FilmNet" class="mw-redirect" title="FilmNet">FilmNet</a> was bought. Later sold and is now known as <a href="/wiki/Play_More" title="Play More">Play More</a> (<a href="/wiki/Telenet_(Belgium)" class="mw-redirect" title="Telenet (Belgium)">Telenet, a subsidiary of Liberty Global</a>).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>Canal+ Belgique became <a href="/wiki/BeTV_(Belgium)" title="BeTV (Belgium)">BeTV</a> when Vivendi sold the service in 2004.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C_More_Entertainment" title="C More Entertainment">Canal+ Scandinavia</a>, launched as Canal+ in 1997 with the integration of the <a href="/wiki/FilmNet" class="mw-redirect" title="FilmNet">FilmNet</a> channels. The company was sold and renamed <a href="/wiki/C_More_Entertainment" title="C More Entertainment">C More Entertainment</a>, although the brand Canal+ was still used. It was purchased by the <a href="/wiki/SBS_Broadcasting_Group" title="SBS Broadcasting Group">SBS Broadcasting Group</a> in 2005, which was merged with <a href="/wiki/ProSiebenSat.1_Media" title="ProSiebenSat.1 Media">ProSiebenSat.1 Media</a> in 2007. In 2008, an agreement was made to sell the channels to <a href="/wiki/TV4_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="TV4 Group">TV4 Group</a>. Since 2012 it has been called C More.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sky_Italia" title="Sky Italia">Tele+ Digitale</a>, the Italian branch sold in 2003 to <a href="/wiki/News_Corporation_(1980%E2%80%932013)" class="mw-redirect" title="News Corporation (1980–2013)">News Corp.</a> and fused with <a href="/wiki/Stream_TV" title="Stream TV">Stream TV</a>, the direct competitor. Now,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (May 2024)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> it is called <a href="/wiki/Sky_Italia" title="Sky Italia">Sky Italia</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sky_Deutschland" title="Sky Deutschland">Premiere</a>, a German premium television channel and platform launched in 1990, was founded by Canal+, <a href="/wiki/Bertelsmann" title="Bertelsmann">Bertelsmann</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kirch_Group" title="Kirch Group">Kirch</a>. A few years later, Canal+ sold its share of Premiere. It is now<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (May 2024)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> known as <a href="/wiki/Sky_Deutschland" title="Sky Deutschland">Sky Deutschland</a> and is owned by the UK's <a href="/wiki/Sky_plc" class="mw-redirect" title="Sky plc">Sky plc</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Asia-Pacific">Asia-Pacific</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Groupe_Canal%2B&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Asia-Pacific"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In May 2009, <a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%2B" class="extiw" title="vi:K+">K+</a> founded by Canal+ and <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_Television" title="Vietnam Television">VTV</a> was launched. K+ brings national level satellite TV service and OTT service to Vietnamese households, offering five premium and exclusive channels,<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> up to 170 SD channels and HD channels across genres: sports, movies, general entertainment, news, music, and documentaries.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-int2024_44-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-int2024-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Canal%2B_Myanmar_FG" class="mw-redirect" title="Canal+ Myanmar FG">Canal+ Myanmar</a>, originally launched by <a href="/wiki/Forever_Group" title="Forever Group">Forever Group</a> as 4TV in 2006, became a joint venture with Canal+ Group in 2017.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Canal+ has been operating in Myanmar in collaboration with Forever since 2018.<sup id="cite_ref-int2024_44-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-int2024-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In June 2023, CANAL+ partnered with <a href="/wiki/PCCW" title="PCCW">PCCW</a> to expand the streaming service <a href="/wiki/Viu_(streaming_service)" title="Viu (streaming service)">Viu</a>, which serves Asia and the Middle East, and in February 2024 CANAL+ increased its stake in Viu to 30%.<sup id="cite_ref-int2024_44-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-int2024-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also in 2023, CANAL+ also partnered with the Onati group to broadcast its content in <a href="/wiki/Polynesia" title="Polynesia">Polynesia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-int2024_44-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-int2024-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="French_Overseas_Territories">French Overseas Territories</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Groupe_Canal%2B&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: French Overseas Territories"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Canal+ Group has 800,000 subscribers in the <a href="/wiki/French_Overseas_Territories" class="mw-redirect" title="French Overseas Territories">French Overseas Territories</a>, with CANAL+ International's subsidiaries operating in the Caribbean (<a href="/wiki/Antilles" title="Antilles">Antilles</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_Guiana" title="French Guiana">French Guiana</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti">Haiti</a>); the Indian Ocean (<a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9union" title="Réunion">Réunion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mayotte" title="Mayotte">Mayotte</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a>) and the Pacific (<a href="/wiki/New_Caledonia" title="New Caledonia">New Caledonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wallis_and_Futuna" title="Wallis and Futuna">Wallis and Futuna</a>, and <a href="/wiki/French_Polynesia" title="French Polynesia">French Polynesia</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-int2024_44-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-int2024-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Channels_in_France">Channels in France</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Groupe_Canal%2B&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Channels in France"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canal%2B_Cin%C3%A9ma(s)" title="Canal+ Cinéma(s)">Canal+ Cinéma(s)</a> – premium TV channel devoted to movies</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canal%2B_Sport_(French_TV_channel)" title="Canal+ Sport (French TV channel)">Canal+ Sport</a> – premium TV channel devoted to sports programmes</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canal%2B_Kids" class="mw-redirect" title="Canal+ Kids">Canal+ Kids</a> – premium TV channel devoted to family programming</li> <li>Canal+ Docs – cable TV channel devoted to documentaries</li> <li>Canal+ Grand Écran</li> <li>Canal+ Foot</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canal%2B_S%C3%A9ries" title="Canal+ Séries">Canal+ Séries</a> – premium TV channel devoted to series</li> <li>Canal+ Sport 360 – premium TV channel, delayed broadcast of Sport from Canal+</li> <li>Canal+ Box Office</li> <li>Canal+ Live – cable TV channel devoted to live sports coverage</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cin%C3%A9%2B_OCS" title="Ciné+ OCS">Ciné+ OCS</a> – set of six thematic cable television channels</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Com%C3%A9die%2B" title="Comédie+">Comédie+</a> (formerly Comédie!) – cable TV channel devoted to humorous programs</li> <li>CStar Hits France – cable TV channel devoted to only French-language music videos from the 1980s to nowadays</li> <li>Golf+ – cable TV channel devoted to golf</li> <li>Infosport+ – cable TV news channel devoted to sports</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piwi%2B" title="Piwi+">Piwi+</a> (formerly Piwi) – cable TV channel devoted to children programs</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plan%C3%A8te%2B" title="Planète+">Planète+</a> – cable TV channel devoted to documentaries</li> <li>Planète+ Adventure – cable TV channel devoted to adventure documentaries</li> <li>Planète+ Crime– cable TV channel devoted to crime documentaries</li> <li>Polar+ – cable TV channel devoted to crime TV series<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Seasons – cable TV channel devoted to documentaries</li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%A9l%C3%A9toon%2B" class="mw-redirect" title="Télétoon+">Télétoon+</a> (formerly Télétoon) – cable TV channel devoted to animation</li> <li><a href="/wiki/CNews" title="CNews">CNews</a> (formerly i>Télé) – free-to-air news channel</li> <li><a href="/wiki/C8_(French_TV_channel)" title="C8 (French TV channel)">C8</a> – free-to-air channel</li> <li><a href="/wiki/CStar" title="CStar">CStar</a> – free-to-air channel devoted to musical programs</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MyCanal" class="mw-redirect" title="MyCanal">MyCanal</a> – free streaming service for Canal+ subscribers to stream the channel's programming live and on-demand</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canal%2B_International" class="mw-redirect" title="Canal+ International">Canal+ International</a> – international French premium channel featuring programming from Canal+ and its various other channels</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_divisions">Other divisions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Groupe_Canal%2B&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Other divisions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Groupe_Canal%2B" title="Special:EditPage/Groupe Canal+">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Groupe+Canal%2B%22">"Groupe Canal+"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Groupe+Canal%2B%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Groupe+Canal%2B%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Groupe+Canal%2B%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Groupe+Canal%2B%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Groupe+Canal%2B%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/M7_Group" title="M7 Group">Canal+ Luxembourg</a> – television service provider based in Luxembourg <ul><li>Canal+ – <a href="/wiki/Video_on_demand#Subscription_models" title="Video on demand">subscription video on-demand</a> <a href="/wiki/Streaming_media" title="Streaming media">streaming service</a> derived from <a href="/wiki/MyCanal" class="mw-redirect" title="MyCanal">MyCanal</a> service (Netherlands, Austria, Czech Republic and Slovakia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canal_Digitaal" title="Canal Digitaal">Canal Digitaal</a> (Netherlands)</li> <li>Direct One (Hungary)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Focus_Sat" title="Focus Sat">Focus Sat</a> (Romania)</li> <li>HD Austria (Austria)</li> <li>Online.nl (Netherlands)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skylink_(TV_platform)" title="Skylink (TV platform)">Skylink</a> (Czech Republic, Slovakia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%A9l%C3%A9sat" title="Télésat">Télésat</a> (Belgium, Luxembourg)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/TV_Vlaanderen" title="TV Vlaanderen">TV Vlaanderen</a> (Flemish community in Belgium)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/StudioCanal" title="StudioCanal">StudioCanal</a> – film producer and distributor <ul><li>StudioCanal Home Entertainment (North America, the United Kingdom and Ireland)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/SAM_Productions" title="SAM Productions">SAM Productions</a> (Scandinavian)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthaus_(video_label)" title="Arthaus (video label)">Arthaus</a> (Germany)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Production_Company" title="Red Production Company">Red Production Company</a> (United Kingdom)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tandem_Productions_(German_company)" title="Tandem Productions (German company)">Tandem Productions</a> (Germany)</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SPI_International" title="SPI International">SPI International</a> <ul><li>Dizi</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film1" title="Film1">Film1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FilmBox" title="FilmBox">FilmBox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kino_Polska" title="Kino Polska">Kino Polska</a></li> <li>MediaBox Broadcasting International - themed television channels such as <a href="/wiki/DocuBox" title="DocuBox">DocuBox</a>, FashionBox, <a href="/wiki/FightBox_(TV_channel)" title="FightBox (TV channel)">FightBox</a> and FunBox.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stopklatka.pl" title="Stopklatka.pl">Stopklatka.pl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoom_TV_(Poland)" title="Zoom TV (Poland)">Zoom TV</a></li></ul></li> <li>Canal+ Régie – advertising network for the group channels and the cinema operator <a href="/wiki/UGC_(cinema_operator)" title="UGC (cinema operator)">UGC</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Groupe_Canal%2B&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/High_Above_(book)" class="mw-redirect" title="High Above (book)">High Above</a></i>, a book about the development of the satellite company SES</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Groupe_Canal%2B&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Footnotes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A quick google shows mention of this channel in various forums, such as <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.generationcable.net/ForumGC/viewtopic.php?t=9769&start=50">Generation Cable</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.regardtv.net/t1364-canal-hi-tech">Regard TV</a> (both 2008), but not much else.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Groupe_Canal%2B&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vivendi.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/20190311_VIV_Vivendi-DDR-2018-Version-finale.pdf">"Rapport annuel document de référence 2018"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in French)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 November</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rapport+annuel+document+de+r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence+2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vivendi.com%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2019%2F03%2F20190311_VIV_Vivendi-DDR-2018-Version-finale.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGroupe+Canal%2B" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-encyc2018-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-encyc2018_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-encyc2018_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-encyc2018_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-encyc2018_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-encyc2018_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-encyc2018_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-encyc2018_2-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-encyc2018_2-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-encyc2018_2-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-encyc2018_2-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-encyc2018_2-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-encyc2018_2-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-encyc2018_2-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-encyc2018_2-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-encyc2018_2-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.encyclopedia.com/social-sciences-and-law/economics-business-and-labor/businesses-and-occupations/canal-plus">"Canal Plus"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia.com</i>. 18 May 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia.com&rft.atitle=Canal+Plus&rft.date=2018-05-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.encyclopedia.com%2Fsocial-sciences-and-law%2Feconomics-business-and-labor%2Fbusinesses-and-occupations%2Fcanal-plus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGroupe+Canal%2B" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lescure1-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-lescure1_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lescure1_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMilmo2002" class="citation web cs1">Milmo, Dan (16 April 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/media/2002/apr/16/citynews.broadcasting2">"Lescure ousted at Canal Plus"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Lescure+ousted+at+Canal+Plus&rft.date=2002-04-16&rft.aulast=Milmo&rft.aufirst=Dan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fmedia%2F2002%2Fapr%2F16%2Fcitynews.broadcasting2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGroupe+Canal%2B" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-oldhist-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-oldhist_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-oldhist_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-oldhist_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-oldhist_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-oldhist_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-oldhist_4-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-oldhist_4-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-oldhist_4-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-oldhist_4-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-oldhist_4-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-oldhist_4-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-oldhist_4-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-oldhist_4-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-oldhist_4-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-oldhist_4-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120205011344/http://www.canalplusgroup.com/pid163.htm#anch_29">"L'histoire du Groupe CANAL+ de 1983 à nos jours"</a>. <i>Canal+</i>. 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.canalplusgroup.com/en/pid163.htm#anch_29">the original</a> on 5 February 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Canal%2B&rft.atitle=L%27histoire+du+Groupe+CANAL%2B+de+1983+%C3%A0+nos+jours&rft.date=2010&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.canalplusgroup.com%2Fen%2Fpid163.htm%23anch_29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGroupe+Canal%2B" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-degreef2-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-degreef2_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-degreef2_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-degreef2_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeslassy2015" class="citation web cs1">Keslassy, Elsa (30 June 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://variety.com/2015/tv/global/alain-de-greef-one-of-canal-plus-founding-fathers-dies-at-68-1201531432/">"Alain De Greef, One of Canal Plus' Founding Fathers, Dies at 68"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Variety_(magazine)" title="Variety (magazine)">Variety</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Variety&rft.atitle=Alain+De+Greef%2C+One+of+Canal+Plus%27+Founding+Fathers%2C+Dies+at+68&rft.date=2015-06-30&rft.aulast=Keslassy&rft.aufirst=Elsa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvariety.com%2F2015%2Ftv%2Fglobal%2Falain-de-greef-one-of-canal-plus-founding-fathers-dies-at-68-1201531432%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGroupe+Canal%2B" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-degreef1-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-degreef1_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-degreef1_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-degreef1_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoodfellow2015" class="citation web cs1">Goodfellow, Melanie (30 June 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.screendaily.com/news/canal-plus-co-founder-alain-de-greef-dies/5089938.article">"Canal Plus co-founder Alain de Greef dies"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Screen_Daily" class="mw-redirect" title="Screen Daily">Screen Daily</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Screen+Daily&rft.atitle=Canal+Plus+co-founder+Alain+de+Greef+dies&rft.date=2015-06-30&rft.aulast=Goodfellow&rft.aufirst=Melanie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.screendaily.com%2Fnews%2Fcanal-plus-co-founder-alain-de-greef-dies%2F5089938.article&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGroupe+Canal%2B" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBates1996" class="citation web cs1">Bates, James (17 January 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1996-01-17-fi-25405-story.html">"New Carolco Library Bid Sends Fox Running"</a>. <i>Los Angeles Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230113110509/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1996-01-17-fi-25405-story.html">Archived</a> from the original on 13 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=New+Carolco+Library+Bid+Sends+Fox+Running&rft.date=1996-01-17&rft.aulast=Bates&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Farchives%2Fla-xpm-1996-01-17-fi-25405-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGroupe+Canal%2B" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1995/11/11/business/company-news-carolco-pictures-files-for-bankruptcy-protection.html">"Carolco Pictures files for bankruptcy protection"</a>. <i>New York Times</i>. 11 November 1995.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Carolco+Pictures+files+for+bankruptcy+protection&rft.date=1995-11-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1995%2F11%2F11%2Fbusiness%2Fcompany-news-carolco-pictures-files-for-bankruptcy-protection.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGroupe+Canal%2B" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2000" class="citation web cs1">Williams, Michael (13 January 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://variety.com/2000/biz/news/lagardere-group-to-take-stake-in-canal-satellite-1117760797/">"Lagardere group to take stake in Canal satellite"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Variety_(magazine)" title="Variety (magazine)">Variety</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Variety&rft.atitle=Lagardere+group+to+take+stake+in+Canal+satellite&rft.date=2000-01-13&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvariety.com%2F2000%2Fbiz%2Fnews%2Flagardere-group-to-take-stake-in-canal-satellite-1117760797%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGroupe+Canal%2B" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lagardere.com/en/press-release/lagardere-and-canal-announce-alliance-in-digital-tv/">"LAGARDERE and CANAL+ Announce Alliance in Digital TV"</a>. <i>Lagardère - Lagardere.com - Groupe</i>. 12 January 2000<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Lagard%C3%A8re+-+Lagardere.com+-+Groupe&rft.atitle=LAGARDERE+and+CANAL%2B+Announce+Alliance+in+Digital+TV&rft.date=2000-01-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lagardere.com%2Fen%2Fpress-release%2Flagardere-and-canal-announce-alliance-in-digital-tv%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGroupe+Canal%2B" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArchives2000" class="citation web cs1">Archives, L.A. Times (9 December 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2000-dec-09-fi-63172-story.html">"Canal Plus OKs Acquisition by Vivendi"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Canal+Plus+OKs+Acquisition+by+Vivendi&rft.date=2000-12-09&rft.aulast=Archives&rft.aufirst=L.A.+Times&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Farchives%2Fla-xpm-2000-dec-09-fi-63172-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGroupe+Canal%2B" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171018011249/https://www.bloomberg.com/research/stocks/private/person.asp?personId=9512771&privcapId=5398383">"Virginie Calmels: Executive Profile & Biography"</a>. <i>Bloomberg.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/research/stocks/private/person.asp?personId=9512771&privcapId=5398383">the original</a> on 18 October 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bloomberg.com&rft.atitle=Virginie+Calmels%3A+Executive+Profile+%26+Biography&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomberg.com%2Fresearch%2Fstocks%2Fprivate%2Fperson.asp%3FpersonId%3D9512771%26privcapId%3D5398383&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGroupe+Canal%2B" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170920043847/http://www.assystem.com/ContentFiles/GalleryCMS/2499/Assystem_VCalmels_VA_2248.pdf">"Virginie Calmels joins the Assystem Board of Directors"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Assystem.com</i>. 2016. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.assystem.com/ContentFiles/GalleryCMS/2499/Assystem_VCalmels_VA_2248.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 20 September 2017. <q>She then joined the Canal+ group where she successively held the positions of Chief Financial Officer, Deputy CEO and joint Chief Operating Officer between 2000 and 2002.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Assystem.com&rft.atitle=Virginie+Calmels+joins+the+Assystem+Board+of+Directors&rft.date=2016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.assystem.com%2FContentFiles%2FGalleryCMS%2F2499%2FAssystem_VCalmels_VA_2248.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGroupe+Canal%2B" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vivendi.com/en/news/canal-launches-canalstart/">"Canal+ launches Canalstart"</a>. <i>Vivendi</i>. 16 December 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Vivendi&rft.atitle=Canal%2B+launches+Canalstart&rft.date=2013-12-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vivendi.com%2Fen%2Fnews%2Fcanal-launches-canalstart%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGroupe+Canal%2B" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeky2013" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Beky, Ariane (12 December 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.silicon.fr/incubateur-canalstart-canal-plus-leweb-91440.html">"Canal+ va accompagner jusqu'à 5 start-up par an"</a>. <i>Silicon</i> (in French)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Silicon&rft.atitle=Canal%2B+va+accompagner+jusqu%27%C3%A0+5+start-up+par+an&rft.date=2013-12-12&rft.aulast=Beky&rft.aufirst=Ariane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.silicon.fr%2Fincubateur-canalstart-canal-plus-leweb-91440.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGroupe+Canal%2B" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCwmF5QEw7Vviro8yxR4ey3A/videos">"CANALSTART"</a>. <i>YouTube</i>. 6 March 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=YouTube&rft.atitle=CANALSTART&rft.date=2024-03-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fchannel%2FUCwmF5QEw7Vviro8yxR4ey3A%2Fvideos&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGroupe+Canal%2B" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-m439-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-m439_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ladn.eu/media-mutants/reseaux-sociaux/canalstart-partenaire-de-wildmoka/">"Canalstart partenaire de Wildmoka"</a>. <i>L'ADN</i> (in French). 29 April 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=L%26%23039%3BADN&rft.atitle=Canalstart+partenaire+de+Wildmoka&rft.date=2015-04-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ladn.eu%2Fmedia-mutants%2Freseaux-sociaux%2Fcanalstart-partenaire-de-wildmoka%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGroupe+Canal%2B" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNatividad2015" class="citation web cs1">Natividad, Angela (13 April 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mipblog.com/2015/04/liveblog-miplab-2015-winner-rightstrade-is-airbnb-for-content-licensing/">"Liveblog: MIPLab 2015 Winner RightsTrade is "Airbnb for content licensing"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>MIPBlog</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230322040301/https://mipblog.com/2015/04/liveblog-miplab-2015-winner-rightstrade-is-airbnb-for-content-licensing/">Archived</a> from the original on 22 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MIPBlog&rft.atitle=Liveblog%3A+MIPLab+2015+Winner+RightsTrade+is+%22Airbnb+for+content+licensing%22&rft.date=2015-04-13&rft.aulast=Natividad&rft.aufirst=Angela&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmipblog.com%2F2015%2F04%2Fliveblog-miplab-2015-winner-rightstrade-is-airbnb-for-content-licensing%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGroupe+Canal%2B" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://entreprises.lefigaro.fr/canalstart-92/entreprise-521323444">"Canalstart (92130)"</a>. <i>Annuaire Entreprises</i> (in French). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240519001237/https://entreprises.lefigaro.fr/canalstart-92/entreprise-521323444">Archived</a> from the original on 19 May 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Annuaire+Entreprises&rft.atitle=Canalstart+%2892130%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fentreprises.lefigaro.fr%2Fcanalstart-92%2Fentreprise-521323444&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGroupe+Canal%2B" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeslassy2015" class="citation news cs1">Keslassy, Elsa (10 September 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://variety.com/2015/biz/global/vincent-bollore-canal-plus-management-vivendi-1201589195/">"Vincent Bollore Shakes Up Canal Plus Management"</a>. <i>Variety</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180205033812/http://variety.com/2015/biz/global/vincent-bollore-canal-plus-management-vivendi-1201589195/">Archived</a> from the original on 5 February 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Variety&rft.atitle=Vincent+Bollore+Shakes+Up+Canal+Plus+Management&rft.date=2015-09-10&rft.aulast=Keslassy&rft.aufirst=Elsa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvariety.com%2F2015%2Fbiz%2Fglobal%2Fvincent-bollore-canal-plus-management-vivendi-1201589195%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGroupe+Canal%2B" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeslassy2019" class="citation web cs1">Keslassy, Elsa (15 December 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://variety.com/2019/film/news/disney-plus-canal-plus-exclusive-distribution-deal-france-1203438190/">"Disney Plus Signs Exclusive Distribution Deal With Canal Plus in France"</a>. <i>Variety</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Variety&rft.atitle=Disney+Plus+Signs+Exclusive+Distribution+Deal+With+Canal+Plus+in+France&rft.date=2019-12-15&rft.aulast=Keslassy&rft.aufirst=Elsa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvariety.com%2F2019%2Ffilm%2Fnews%2Fdisney-plus-canal-plus-exclusive-distribution-deal-france-1203438190%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGroupe+Canal%2B" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.live-production.tv/news/4k-8k-arising/canal-pulls-plug-3d-channel-china-launches-new-3d-channel.html">"Canal+ Pulls Plug on 3D Channel"</a>. <i>LIVE-PRODUCTION.TV</i>. 24 January 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=LIVE-PRODUCTION.TV&rft.atitle=Canal%2B+Pulls+Plug+on+3D+Channel&rft.date=2012-01-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.live-production.tv%2Fnews%2F4k-8k-arising%2Fcanal-pulls-plug-3d-channel-china-launches-new-3d-channel.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGroupe+Canal%2B" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoucher2011" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Boucher, Kevin (27 December 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ozap.com/actu/canal-abandonne-sa-chaine-3d/438491">"Canal+ abandonne sa chaîne 3D"</a>. <i>ozap.com</i> (in French).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ozap.com&rft.atitle=Canal%2B+abandonne+sa+cha%C3%AEne+3D&rft.date=2011-12-27&rft.aulast=Boucher&rft.aufirst=Kevin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ozap.com%2Factu%2Fcanal-abandonne-sa-chaine-3d%2F438491&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGroupe+Canal%2B" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-activities-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-activities_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-activities_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-activities_25-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.canalplusgroup.com/en/group">"Our activities: From a French television channel to a global audiovisual group"</a>. <i>CANAL+ Group</i>. 7 May 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CANAL%2B+Group&rft.atitle=Our+activities%3A+From+a+French+television+channel+to+a+global+audiovisual+group&rft.date=2024-05-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.canalplusgroup.com%2Fen%2Fgroup&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGroupe+Canal%2B" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dnb.com/business-directory/company-profiles.groupe_canal_sa.03ec14e76746e65d40a3030755ade081.html">"GROUPE CANAL+ SA"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Dun_%26_Bradstreet" title="Dun & Bradstreet">Dun & Bradstreet</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dun+%26+Bradstreet&rft.atitle=GROUPE+CANAL%2B+SA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dnb.com%2Fbusiness-directory%2Fcompany-profiles.groupe_canal_sa.03ec14e76746e65d40a3030755ade081.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGroupe+Canal%2B" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKuhn2002" class="citation book cs1">Kuhn, Raymond (4 January 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UmIy7FjPNHcC"><i>The Media in France</i></a>. Taylor & Francis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780203192689" title="Special:BookSources/9780203192689"><bdi>9780203192689</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Media+in+France&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2002-01-04&rft.isbn=9780203192689&rft.aulast=Kuhn&rft.aufirst=Raymond&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUmIy7FjPNHcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGroupe+Canal%2B" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarreyrouOrwall2002" class="citation news cs1">Carreyrou, John; Orwall, Bruce (17 April 2002). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB1018973591511631400">"Vivendi Turmoil Rises as Messier Ousts Popular Canal Plus Chief"</a></span>. <i>The Wall Street Journal</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Wall+Street+Journal&rft.atitle=Vivendi+Turmoil+Rises+as+Messier+Ousts+Popular+Canal+Plus+Chief&rft.date=2002-04-17&rft.aulast=Carreyrou&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Orwall%2C+Bruce&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsj.com%2Farticles%2FSB1018973591511631400&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGroupe+Canal%2B" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thelawdictionary.org/conseil-du-surveillance/">"CONSEIL DU SURVEILLANCE Definition & Meaning"</a>. <i>The Law Dictionary</i>. 18 October 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Law+Dictionary&rft.atitle=CONSEIL+DU+SURVEILLANCE+Definition+%26+Meaning&rft.date=2012-10-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthelawdictionary.org%2Fconseil-du-surveillance%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGroupe+Canal%2B" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-govmay2024-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-govmay2024_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-govmay2024_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.canalplusgroup.com/fr/governance">"Gouvernance"</a>. <i>CANAL+ Groupe</i> (in French)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CANAL%2B+Groupe&rft.atitle=Gouvernance&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.canalplusgroup.com%2Ffr%2Fgovernance&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGroupe+Canal%2B" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lemonde.fr/economie/article/2024/04/30/jean-christophe-thiery-president-du-conseil-de-surveillance-du-groupe-canal-nomme-pdg-par-interim-de-lagardere_6230835_3234.html">"Jean-Christophe Thiery, président du conseil de surveillance du Groupe Canal+, nommé PDG par intérim de Lagardère"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Le_Monde" title="Le Monde">Le Monde</a></i> (in French). 30 April 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Le+Monde&rft.atitle=Jean-Christophe+Thiery%2C+pr%C3%A9sident+du+conseil+de+surveillance+du+Groupe+Canal%2B%2C+nomm%C3%A9+PDG+par+int%C3%A9rim+de+Lagard%C3%A8re&rft.date=2024-04-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lemonde.fr%2Feconomie%2Farticle%2F2024%2F04%2F30%2Fjean-christophe-thiery-president-du-conseil-de-surveillance-du-groupe-canal-nomme-pdg-par-interim-de-lagardere_6230835_3234.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGroupe+Canal%2B" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.camexport.eu/en/canal-digital-france">Camexport.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141202134033/http://www.camexport.eu/en/canal-digital-france">Archived</a> 2014-12-02 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/thr-esq/studiocanal-sues-universal-claiming-millions-425415">"StudioCanal Sues Universal Claiming Millions in Working Title Film Revenue"</a>. <i>The Hollywood Reporter</i>. 28 February 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Hollywood+Reporter&rft.atitle=StudioCanal+Sues+Universal+Claiming+Millions+in+Working+Title+Film+Revenue&rft.date=2013-02-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hollywoodreporter.com%2Fthr-esq%2Fstudiocanal-sues-universal-claiming-millions-425415&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGroupe+Canal%2B" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHopewell2012" class="citation web cs1">Hopewell, John (17 July 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://variety.com/2012/scene/news/studiocanal-buys-hoyts-distribution-1118056641/">"Studiocanal buys Hoyts Distribution"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Studiocanal+buys+Hoyts+Distribution&rft.date=2012-07-17&rft.aulast=Hopewell&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvariety.com%2F2012%2Fscene%2Fnews%2Fstudiocanal-buys-hoyts-distribution-1118056641%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGroupe+Canal%2B" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180909112721/http://webzine.vivendi.com/en/2012/01/21/studiocanal-a-major-player-at-european-le">"Vivendi"</a>. <i>webzine.vivendi.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webzine.vivendi.com/en/2012/01/21/studiocanal-a-major-player-at-european-le">the original</a> on 9 September 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 November</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=webzine.vivendi.com&rft.atitle=Vivendi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwebzine.vivendi.com%2Fen%2F2012%2F01%2F21%2Fstudiocanal-a-major-player-at-european-le&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGroupe+Canal%2B" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdler2011" class="citation web cs1">Adler, Tim Adler (29 September 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://deadline.com/2011/09/studiocanal-raises-204m-slate-financing-177584/">"Studiocanal Raises More Film Financing: Says It Won't Have To Borrow To Fund Slate"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Studiocanal+Raises+More+Film+Financing%3A+Says+It+Won%27t+Have+To+Borrow+To+Fund+Slate&rft.date=2011-09-29&rft.aulast=Adler&rft.aufirst=Tim+Adler&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdeadline.com%2F2011%2F09%2Fstudiocanal-raises-204m-slate-financing-177584%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGroupe+Canal%2B" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thematv.com/about/">"About THEMA, a Canal+ Group Company"</a>. <i>THEMA, a Canal+ Group Company</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=THEMA%2C+a+Canal%2B+Group+Company&rft.atitle=About+THEMA%2C+a+Canal%2B+Group+Company&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thematv.com%2Fabout%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGroupe+Canal%2B" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://business.canalplus.com/produits/offre-canal-plus-thema">"CANAL+ & THÉMA"</a>. <i>CANAL+ BUSINESS</i> (in French)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CANAL%2B+BUSINESS&rft.atitle=CANAL%2B+%26+TH%C3%89MA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbusiness.canalplus.com%2Fproduits%2Foffre-canal-plus-thema&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGroupe+Canal%2B" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDziadul2014" class="citation web cs1">Dziadul, Chris (29 October 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.broadbandtvnews.com/2014/10/29/canal-buys-thema/">"Canal+ buys Thema"</a>. Broadband TV News.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Canal%2B+buys+Thema&rft.pub=Broadband+TV+News&rft.date=2014-10-29&rft.aulast=Dziadul&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.broadbandtvnews.com%2F2014%2F10%2F29%2Fcanal-buys-thema%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGroupe+Canal%2B" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDziadul2023" class="citation web cs1">Dziadul, Chris (23 November 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.broadbandtvnews.com/2023/11/23/canals-thema-partners-with-globo/">"Canal+'s Thema partners with Globo"</a>. <i>Broadband News</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Broadband+News&rft.atitle=Canal%2B%27s+Thema+partners+with+Globo&rft.date=2023-11-23&rft.aulast=Dziadul&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.broadbandtvnews.com%2F2023%2F11%2F23%2Fcanals-thema-partners-with-globo%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGroupe+Canal%2B" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFuente2024" class="citation web cs1">Fuente, Anna Marie de la (22 January 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://variety.com/2024/film/global/canal-spi-intl-thema-america-fast-1235881183/">"Canal+ Group's SPI International and Thema America Launching 10 New Thematic Channels in Latin America (EXCLUSIVE)"</a>. <i>Variety</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Variety&rft.atitle=Canal%2B+Group%27s+SPI+International+and+Thema+America+Launching+10+New+Thematic+Channels+in+Latin+America+%28EXCLUSIVE%29&rft.date=2024-01-22&rft.aulast=Fuente&rft.aufirst=Anna+Marie+de+la&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvariety.com%2F2024%2Ffilm%2Fglobal%2Fcanal-spi-intl-thema-america-fast-1235881183%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGroupe+Canal%2B" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto1-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-auto1_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://natelinha.uol.com.br/noticias/2016/04/25/em-1989-espn-chegou-ao-brasil-como-canal-uhf-e-com-esportes-impopulares-98535.php">"Em 1989, ESPN chegou ao Brasil como canal UHF e com esportes impopulares"</a>. <i>NaTelinha</i> (in Brazilian Portuguese). 25 April 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NaTelinha&rft.atitle=Em+1989%2C+ESPN+chegou+ao+Brasil+como+canal+UHF+e+com+esportes+impopulares&rft.date=2016-04-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnatelinha.uol.com.br%2Fnoticias%2F2016%2F04%2F25%2Fem-1989-espn-chegou-ao-brasil-como-canal-uhf-e-com-esportes-impopulares-98535.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGroupe+Canal%2B" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-auto_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLarangeiraMusseThoméTavares2021" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Larangeira, Álvaro Nunes; Musse, Christina Ferraz; Thomé, Cláudia de Albuquerque; Tavares, Denise; Silva, Juremir Machado da; Ribeiro, Renata Rezende (1 April 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=t-cmEAAAQBAJ&dq=matias+machline+canal+plus&pg=PT285"><i>1969 a 1970: Janelas do Tempo</i></a> (in Brazilian Portuguese). Editora Sulina. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-65-5759-023-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-65-5759-023-2"><bdi>978-65-5759-023-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=1969+a+1970%3A+Janelas+do+Tempo&rft.pub=Editora+Sulina&rft.date=2021-04-01&rft.isbn=978-65-5759-023-2&rft.aulast=Larangeira&rft.aufirst=%C3%81lvaro+Nunes&rft.au=Musse%2C+Christina+Ferraz&rft.au=Thom%C3%A9%2C+Cl%C3%A1udia+de+Albuquerque&rft.au=Tavares%2C+Denise&rft.au=Silva%2C+Juremir+Machado+da&rft.au=Ribeiro%2C+Renata+Rezende&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dt-cmEAAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dmatias%2Bmachline%2Bcanal%2Bplus%26pg%3DPT285&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGroupe+Canal%2B" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-int2024-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-int2024_44-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-int2024_44-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-int2024_44-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-int2024_44-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-int2024_44-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-int2024_44-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-int2024_44-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-int2024_44-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-int2024_44-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-int2024_44-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.canalplusgroup.com/en/group/canal-international">"CANAL+ International"</a>. <i>CANAL+ Group</i>. 31 December 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CANAL%2B+Group&rft.atitle=CANAL%2B+International&rft.date=2023-12-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.canalplusgroup.com%2Fen%2Fgroup%2Fcanal-international&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGroupe+Canal%2B" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lesoleil.com/arts/canal-chez-videotron-a-la-mi-novembre-a52d3adb66a302888ca9445e3677e133">"Canal+ chez Vidéotron à la mi-novembre"</a>. <i>Lesoliel.com</i>. 30 October 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180818052209/https://www.lesoleil.com/arts/canal-chez-videotron-a-la-mi-novembre-a52d3adb66a302888ca9445e3677e133">Archived</a> from the original on 18 August 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 August</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Lesoliel.com&rft.atitle=Canal%2B+chez+Vid%C3%A9otron+%C3%A0+la+mi-novembre&rft.date=2017-10-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lesoleil.com%2Farts%2Fcanal-chez-videotron-a-la-mi-novembre-a52d3adb66a302888ca9445e3677e133&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGroupe+Canal%2B" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lapresse.ca/arts/medias/201310/16/01-4700274-canal-au-canada-sur-internet-via-dailymotion.php">"Canal+ au Canada sur internet via DailyMotion"</a>. <i>La Presse</i>. 16 October 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181124162229/https://www.lapresse.ca/arts/medias/201310/16/01-4700274-canal-au-canada-sur-internet-via-dailymotion.php">Archived</a> from the original on 24 November 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 November</span> 2018</span>. <q>Les séries, les films et les documentaires du groupe Canal seront accessibles depuis le Canada à compter de mi-novembre...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=La+Presse&rft.atitle=Canal%2B+au+Canada+sur+internet+via+DailyMotion&rft.date=2013-10-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lapresse.ca%2Farts%2Fmedias%2F201310%2F16%2F01-4700274-canal-au-canada-sur-internet-via-dailymotion.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGroupe+Canal%2B" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-williams1993-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-williams1993_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams1993" class="citation web cs1">Williams, Michael (1 December 1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://variety.com/1993/scene/news/tasca-named-head-of-canal-horizons-116232/">"Tasca named head of Canal Horizons"</a>. <i>Variety</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Variety&rft.atitle=Tasca+named+head+of+Canal+Horizons&rft.date=1993-12-01&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvariety.com%2F1993%2Fscene%2Fnews%2Ftasca-named-head-of-canal-horizons-116232%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGroupe+Canal%2B" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lemonde.fr/economie/article/2014/07/09/canal-lance-a-pour-le-public-familial-africain_4453892_3234.html">"Canal+ lance A+ pour le " public familial africain "<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Le Monde.fr</i>. 9 July 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180818052245/https://www.lemonde.fr/economie/article/2014/07/09/canal-lance-a-pour-le-public-familial-africain_4453892_3234.html">Archived</a> from the original on 18 August 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 August</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Le+Monde.fr&rft.atitle=Canal%2B+lance+A%2B+pour+le+%22+public+familial+africain+%22&rft.date=2014-07-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lemonde.fr%2Feconomie%2Farticle%2F2014%2F07%2F09%2Fcanal-lance-a-pour-le-public-familial-africain_4453892_3234.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGroupe+Canal%2B" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ses.com/case-study/canal-afrique">"CANAL+ AFRIQUE"</a>. <i>SES</i>. 31 July 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240515120655/https://www.ses.com/case-study/canal-afrique">Archived</a> from the original on 15 May 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=SES&rft.atitle=CANAL%2B+AFRIQUE&rft.date=2019-07-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ses.com%2Fcase-study%2Fcanal-afrique&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGroupe+Canal%2B" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGaltier2023" class="citation web cs1">Galtier, Mathieu (28 December 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theafricareport.com/330987/canal-in-africa-an-aggressive-strategy/">"Canal+ in Africa: an aggressive strategy"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Africa_Report" title="The Africa Report">The Africa Report</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240515121648/https://www.theafricareport.com/330987/canal-in-africa-an-aggressive-strategy/">Archived</a> from the original on 15 May 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Africa+Report&rft.atitle=Canal%2B+in+Africa%3A+an+aggressive+strategy&rft.date=2023-12-28&rft.aulast=Galtier&rft.aufirst=Mathieu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theafricareport.com%2F330987%2Fcanal-in-africa-an-aggressive-strategy%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGroupe+Canal%2B" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnbcafrica.com/2024/vivendis-canal-increases-stake-in-south-africas-multichoice-to-40-83/">"Vivendi's Canal+ increases stake in South Africa's MultiChoice to 40.83%"</a>. <i>www.cnbcafrica.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=www.cnbcafrica.com&rft.atitle=Vivendi%27s+Canal%2B+increases+stake+in+South+Africa%27s+MultiChoice+to+40.83%25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnbcafrica.com%2F2024%2Fvivendis-canal-increases-stake-in-south-africas-multichoice-to-40-83%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGroupe+Canal%2B" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theafricareport.com/83255/ethiopia-media-canal-ready-to-take-on-startimes-and-multichoice/">"Ethiopia/Media: Canal+ ready to take on StarTimes and Multichoice"</a>. <i>The Africa Report.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Africa+Report.com&rft.atitle=Ethiopia%2FMedia%3A+Canal%2B+ready+to+take+on+StarTimes+and+Multichoice&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theafricareport.com%2F83255%2Fethiopia-media-canal-ready-to-take-on-startimes-and-multichoice%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGroupe+Canal%2B" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.broadbandtvnews.com/2023/02/28/skylink-boosts-channel-offer/">"Canal+ expands in Czech Republic and Slovakia"</a>. <i>Broadband TV News</i>. 28 February 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Broadband+TV+News&rft.atitle=Canal%2B+expands+in+Czech+Republic+and+Slovakia&rft.date=2023-02-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.broadbandtvnews.com%2F2023%2F02%2F28%2Fskylink-boosts-channel-offer%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGroupe+Canal%2B" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.trouw.nl/tr/nl/5009/Archief/article/detail/2744148/1997/07/26/Fransen-gaan-Nederlanders-vermaken.dhtml">Fransen gaan Nederlanders vermaken</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trouw" title="Trouw">Trouw</a>, Dorien Pels, 26 July 1997</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ad.nl/ad/nl/1002/Show/article/detail/2361973/2006/01/31/Canal-wordt-Sport1-en-Film1.dhtml">"Cookies op AD.nl - AD.nl"</a>. <i>Ad.nl</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 August</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ad.nl&rft.atitle=Cookies+op+AD.nl+-+AD.nl&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ad.nl%2Fad%2Fnl%2F1002%2FShow%2Farticle%2Fdetail%2F2361973%2F2006%2F01%2F31%2FCanal-wordt-Sport1-en-Film1.dhtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGroupe+Canal%2B" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190323141858/http://www.sport1.nl/nieuws/102986-sport1-heet-vanaf-12-november-ziggo-sport-totaal.html">"Ziggo Sport"</a>. <i>Sport1.nl</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sport1.nl/nieuws/102986-sport1-heet-vanaf-12-november-ziggo-sport-totaal.html">the original</a> on 23 March 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 August</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sport1.nl&rft.atitle=Ziggo+Sport&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sport1.nl%2Fnieuws%2F102986-sport1-heet-vanaf-12-november-ziggo-sport-totaal.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGroupe+Canal%2B" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sony_Pictures_Television-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sony_Pictures_Television_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sites.sonypicturestelevision.com/aboutspt/viewPR.php?id=276">SONY PICTURES TELEVISION CLOSES FILM1 DEAL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304141439/https://sites.sonypicturestelevision.com/aboutspt/viewPR.php?id=276">Archived</a> 2016-03-04 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Sonypicturestelevision.com, Retrieved on July 26, 2015</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJarco_Kriek2019" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Jarco Kriek (30 April 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.totaaltv.nl/nieuws/film1-stopt-lineair-bij-distributeurs-en-gaat-online-verder/">"Film1 stopt lineair"</a> (in Dutch). TotaalTV.nl.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Film1+stopt+lineair&rft.pub=TotaalTV.nl&rft.date=2019-04-30&rft.au=Jarco+Kriek&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.totaaltv.nl%2Fnieuws%2Ffilm1-stopt-lineair-bij-distributeurs-en-gaat-online-verder%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGroupe+Canal%2B" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_de_Jong2019" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">David de Jong (1 May 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nederlandsmedianieuws.nl/TV-en-Video/tv-en-video-nieuws/Film1-stopt-met-haar-activiteiten/">"Film1 stopt alle activiteiten"</a> (in Dutch). NederlandsMediaNieuws.nl.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Film1+stopt+alle+activiteiten&rft.pub=NederlandsMediaNieuws.nl&rft.date=2019-05-01&rft.au=David+de+Jong&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nederlandsmedianieuws.nl%2FTV-en-Video%2Ftv-en-video-nieuws%2FFilm1-stopt-met-haar-activiteiten%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGroupe+Canal%2B" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_de_Jong2019" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">David de Jong (2 July 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nederlandsmedianieuws.nl/TV-en-Video/tv-en-video-nieuws/SPI-International-neemt-Film1-over/">"SPI International neemt Film1 over"</a> (in Dutch). NederlandsMediaNieuws.nl.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=SPI+International+neemt+Film1+over&rft.pub=NederlandsMediaNieuws.nl&rft.date=2019-07-02&rft.au=David+de+Jong&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnederlandsmedianieuws.nl%2FTV-en-Video%2Ftv-en-video-nieuws%2FSPI-International-neemt-Film1-over%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGroupe+Canal%2B" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.broadbandtvnews.com/2023/12/04/canal-plus-confirms-dutch-launch/">"Canal Plus confirms Dutch launch"</a>. <i>Broadband TV News</i>. 4 December 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Broadband+TV+News&rft.atitle=Canal+Plus+confirms+Dutch+launch&rft.date=2023-12-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.broadbandtvnews.com%2F2023%2F12%2F04%2Fcanal-plus-confirms-dutch-launch%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGroupe+Canal%2B" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-m7-m-a-vivendi/vivendis-canal-plus-to-buy-m7-for-1-billion-euros-to-expand-its-european-reach-idUSKCN1SX1L7">"Vivendi's Canal Plus to buy M7 for 1 billion euros to expand its European reach"</a>. <i>www.reuters.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 September</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.reuters.com&rft.atitle=Vivendi%27s+Canal+Plus+to+buy+M7+for+1+billion+euros+to+expand+its+European+reach&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-m7-m-a-vivendi%2Fvivendis-canal-plus-to-buy-m7-for-1-billion-euros-to-expand-its-european-reach-idUSKCN1SX1L7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGroupe+Canal%2B" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vivendi.com/en/press-release/vivendi-strong-earnings-growth-in-2019/">"Vivendi: strong earnings growth in 2019"</a>. <i>www.vivendi.com</i>. 13 February 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 March</span> 2022</span>. <q>Constant perimeter notably reflects the impacts of the acquisition of M7 by Canal+ Group (September 12, 2019), the acquisition of the remaining interest in Ingrooves Music Group, which has been consolidated by Universal Music Group (March 15, 2019), the acquisition of Editis (January 31, 2019), the acquisition of Paylogic by Vivendi Village (April 16, 2018) and the sale of MyBestPro by Vivendi Village (December 21, 2018).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.vivendi.com&rft.atitle=Vivendi%3A+strong+earnings+growth+in+2019&rft.date=2020-02-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vivendi.com%2Fen%2Fpress-release%2Fvivendi-strong-earnings-growth-in-2019%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGroupe+Canal%2B" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tuoitrethudo.com.vn/kenh-moi-danh-cho-thieu-nhi-kkids-chinh-thuc-duoc-len-song-tu-ngay-110-179153.html">"Kênh mới dành cho thiếu nhi K+KIDS chính thức được lên sóng từ ngày 1/10"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=K%C3%AAnh+m%E1%BB%9Bi+d%C3%A0nh+cho+thi%E1%BA%BFu+nhi+K%2BKIDS+ch%C3%ADnh+th%E1%BB%A9c+%C4%91%C6%B0%E1%BB%A3c+l%C3%AAn+s%C3%B3ng+t%E1%BB%AB+ng%C3%A0y+1%2F10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftuoitrethudo.com.vn%2Fkenh-moi-danh-cho-thieu-nhi-kkids-chinh-thuc-duoc-len-song-tu-ngay-110-179153.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGroupe+Canal%2B" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.campaignasia.com/article/canal-group-launch-new-channel-package-k-in-vietnam/212209">"CANAL+ Group launch new channel package K+ in Vietnam | Media"</a>. <i>Campaign Asia</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Campaign+Asia&rft.atitle=CANAL%2B+Group+launch+new+channel+package+K%2B+in+Vietnam+%7C+Media&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.campaignasia.com%2Farticle%2Fcanal-group-launch-new-channel-package-k-in-vietnam%2F212209&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGroupe+Canal%2B" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.canalplus.com/chaines/polar-plus">"Polar+"</a>. <i>myCANAL</i> (in French)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=myCANAL&rft.atitle=Polar%2B&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.canalplus.com%2Fchaines%2Fpolar-plus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGroupe+Canal%2B" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.c21media.net/news/canal-groups-polar-takes-french-rights-to-viaplay-thriller-end-of-summer/">"Canal+ Group's Polar+ takes French rights to Viaplay thriller End of Summer"</a>. <i>C21media</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=C21media&rft.atitle=Canal%2B+Group%27s+Polar%2B+takes+French+rights+to+Viaplay+thriller+End+of+Summer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.c21media.net%2Fnews%2Fcanal-groups-polar-takes-french-rights-to-viaplay-thriller-end-of-summer%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGroupe+Canal%2B" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMitchell2019" class="citation web cs1">Mitchell, Robert (16 May 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://variety.com/2019/tv/news/cineflix-itv-netflix-marcella-polar-france-1203215959/">"Cineflix Rights Sells ITV, Netflix Crime Drama 'Marcella' to Polar+ in France"</a>. <i>Variety</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Variety&rft.atitle=Cineflix+Rights+Sells+ITV%2C+Netflix+Crime+Drama+%27Marcella%27+to+Polar%2B+in+France&rft.date=2019-05-16&rft.aulast=Mitchell&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvariety.com%2F2019%2Ftv%2Fnews%2Fcineflix-itv-netflix-marcella-polar-france-1203215959%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGroupe+Canal%2B" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Groupe_Canal%2B&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.canalplusgroup.com/en">Canal+ Group</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110526001629/http://www.canalplus-overseas.com/en/the-group/">Canal+ Overseas</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Vivendi" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Vivendi" title="Template:Vivendi"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Vivendi" title="Template talk:Vivendi"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Vivendi" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Vivendi"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Vivendi" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Vivendi" title="Vivendi">Vivendi</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_assets_owned_by_Vivendi" title="List of assets owned by Vivendi">List of owned assets</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Directors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vincent_Bollor%C3%A9" title="Vincent Bolloré">Vincent Bolloré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnaud_de_Puyfontaine" title="Arnaud de Puyfontaine">Arnaud de Puyfontaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Rodocanachi" title="Pierre Rodocanachi">Pierre Rodocanachi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Groupe Canal+</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Canal%2B_(French_TV_channel)" title="Canal+ (French TV channel)">Canal+</a><br />France</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/C8_(French_TV_channel)" title="C8 (French TV channel)">C8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canal%2B_(French_TV_provider)" title="Canal+ (French TV provider)">Canal+ (provider)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canal%2B_Afrique" title="Canal+ Afrique">Afrique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canal%2B_Cal%C3%A9donie" title="Canal+ Calédonie">Calédonie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canal%2B_Cara%C3%AFbes" title="Canal+ Caraïbes">Caraïbes</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canal%2B_Sport_360" class="extiw" title="fr:Canal+ Sport 360">Canal+ Sport 360</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canal%2B_Sport" class="extiw" title="fr:Canal+ Sport">Canal+ Sport</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canal%2B_Foot" class="extiw" title="fr:Canal+ Foot">Canal+ Foot</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canal%2B_S%C3%A9ries" class="extiw" title="fr:Canal+ Séries">Canal+ Séries</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canal%2B_Cin%C3%A9ma" class="extiw" title="fr:Canal+ Cinéma">Canal+ Cinéma</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canal%2B_Docs" class="extiw" title="fr:Canal+ Docs">Canal+ Docs</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canal%2B_Kids" class="extiw" title="fr:Canal+ Kids">Canal+ Kids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CNews" title="CNews">CNews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CStar" title="CStar">CStar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mezzo_TV" title="Mezzo TV">Mezzo TV</a> (50%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mezzo_Live_HD" class="mw-redirect" title="Mezzo Live HD">Mezzo Live HD</a> (50%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MultiTh%C3%A9matiques" class="mw-redirect" title="MultiThématiques">MultiThématiques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OCS_(TV_channel)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCS (TV channel)">OCS</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cin%C3%A9%2B_Frisson" class="extiw" title="fr:Ciné+ Frisson">Ciné+ Frisson</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cin%C3%A9%2B_%C3%89motion" class="extiw" title="fr:Ciné+ Émotion">Ciné+ Émotion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cin%C3%A9%2B_Family" class="mw-redirect" title="Ciné+ Family">Ciné+ Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cin%C3%A9%2B_Festival" class="mw-redirect" title="Ciné+ Festival">Ciné+ Festival</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cin%C3%A9%2B_Classic" class="extiw" title="fr:Ciné+ Classic">Ciné+ Classic</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/InfoSport%2B" class="extiw" title="fr:InfoSport+">InfoSport+</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foot%2B" class="extiw" title="fr:Foot+">Foot+</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby%2B" class="extiw" title="fr:Rugby+">Rugby+</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golf%2B" class="extiw" title="fr:Golf+">Golf+</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympia_TV" class="extiw" title="fr:Olympia TV">Olympia TV</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Com%C3%A9die%2B" class="extiw" title="fr:Comédie+">Comédie+</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polar%2B" class="extiw" title="fr:Polar+">Polar+</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plan%C3%A8te%2B" class="extiw" title="fr:Planète+">Planète+</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plan%C3%A8te%2B_Crime" class="extiw" title="fr:Planète+ Crime">Planète+ Crime</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plan%C3%A8te%2B_Aventure" class="extiw" title="fr:Planète+ Aventure">Planète+ Aventure</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seasons" class="extiw" title="fr:Seasons">Seasons</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/CStar_Hits_France" class="extiw" title="fr:CStar Hits France">CStar Hits France</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piwi%2B" class="extiw" title="fr:Piwi+">Piwi+</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%A9l%C3%A9toon%2B" class="mw-redirect" title="Télétoon+">Télétoon+</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A9l%C3%A9toon%2B1" class="extiw" title="fr:Télétoon+1">Télétoon+1</a></li> <li>Thema TV <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nollywood_TV" title="Nollywood TV">Nollywood TV</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nollywood_TV_Epic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nollywood TV Epic (page does not exist)">Nollywood TV Epic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novelas_TV" title="Novelas TV">Novelas TV</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Canal+<br />Poland (51%)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ale_Kino%2B" title="Ale Kino+">Ale Kino+</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canal%2B_Domo" title="Canal+ Domo">Domo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canal%2B_Kuchnia" title="Canal+ Kuchnia">Kuchina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MiniMini%2B" title="MiniMini+">MiniMini+</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canal%2B_(Polish_TV_provider)" title="Canal+ (Polish TV provider)">Canal+</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canal%2B_Premium" title="Canal+ Premium">Premium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canal%2B_Sport_(Polish_TV_channel)" title="Canal+ Sport (Polish TV channel)">Sport</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canal%2B_Sport_2_(TV_channel)" title="Canal+ Sport 2 (TV channel)">Sport 2</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teletoon%2B" title="Teletoon+">Teletoon+</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/M7_Group" title="M7 Group">M7 Group</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canal_Digitaal" title="Canal Digitaal">Canal Digitaal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Focus_Sat" title="Focus Sat">Focus Sat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skylink_(TV_platform)" title="Skylink (TV platform)">Skylink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%A9l%C3%A9sat" title="Télésat">Télésat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TV_Vlaanderen" title="TV Vlaanderen">TV Vlaanderen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/StudioCanal" title="StudioCanal">StudioCanal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arthaus_(video_label)" title="Arthaus (video label)">Arthaus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Production_Company" title="Red Production Company">Red Production Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rok_Studios" title="Rok Studios">Rok Studios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/StudioCanal_UK" title="StudioCanal UK">StudioCanal UK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tandem_Productions_(German_company)" title="Tandem Productions (German company)">Tandem Productions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_FilmWorks" title="Dutch FilmWorks">Dutch FilmWorks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Vivendi Ticketing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Digitick</li> <li>Vivendi Village <ul><li><a href="/wiki/See_Tickets" title="See Tickets">See Tickets</a> <ul><li>See Tickets USA <ul><li>Flavorus</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>MyBestPro</li> <li>Watchever</li> <li>L’Olympia</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Prisma Media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capital_(French_magazine)" title="Capital (French magazine)">Capital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Femme_Actuelle" title="Femme Actuelle">Femme Actuelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GEO_(magazine)" title="GEO (magazine)">Geo</a> (France)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prima_(magazine)" title="Prima (magazine)">Prima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VSD_(French_magazine)" title="VSD (French magazine)">VSD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voici" title="Voici">Voici</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Lagardère_Group" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Lagard%C3%A8re" title="Template:Lagardère"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Lagard%C3%A8re" title="Template talk:Lagardère"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Lagard%C3%A8re" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Lagardère"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Lagardère_Group" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Lagard%C3%A8re_Group" title="Lagardère Group">Lagardère Group</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lagard%C3%A8re_Publishing" title="Lagardère Publishing">Lagardère<br />Publishing</a> /<br /><a href="/wiki/Hachette_Livre" title="Hachette Livre">Hachette Livre</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armand_Colin" title="Armand Colin">Armand Colin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calmann-L%C3%A9vy" title="Calmann-Lévy">Calmann-Lévy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalloz" title="Dalloz">Dalloz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fayard" title="Fayard">Fayard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gautier-Languereau" title="Gautier-Languereau">Gautier-Languereau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89ditions_Grasset" title="Éditions Grasset">Grasset</a></li> <li>Hachette</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hatier" title="Hatier">Hatier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89ditions_Larousse" title="Éditions Larousse">Larousse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le_Livre_de_Poche" title="Le Livre de Poche">Librairie Générale Française</a> (80%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/JC_Latt%C3%A8s" title="JC Lattès">JC Lattès</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pika_%C3%89dition" class="mw-redirect" title="Pika Édition">Pika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stock_(publishing_house)" title="Stock (publishing house)">Stock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hatier" title="Hatier">Hatier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edelsa" title="Edelsa">Edelsa</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hachette_Book_Group" title="Hachette Book Group">Hachette<br />Book Group</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Central_Publishing" title="Grand Central Publishing">Grand Central</a></li> <li>Hachette Nashville <ul><li>Center Street</li> <li>FaithWords</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little,_Brown_and_Company" title="Little, Brown and Company">Little, Brown</a> <ul><li>Little, Brown Spark</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mulholland_Books" title="Mulholland Books">Mulholland Books</a></li> <li>Voracious</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbit_Books" title="Orbit Books">Orbit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perseus_Books_Group" title="Perseus Books Group">Perseus</a> <ul><li>Avalon Travel</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basic_Books" title="Basic Books">Basic Books</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seal_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Seal Press">Seal Press</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hachette_Books" title="Hachette Books">Hachette Books</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Da_Capo_Press" title="Da Capo Press">Da Capo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PublicAffairs" title="PublicAffairs">PublicAffairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Running_Press" title="Running Press">Running Press</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Dog_%26_Leventhal_Publishers" title="Black Dog & Leventhal Publishers">Black Dog & Leventhal</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yen_Press" title="Yen Press">Yen</a> (49%)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hachette_UK" class="mw-redirect" title="Hachette UK">Hachette UK</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Hachette Children's <ul><li>Orchard Books<sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li>Franklin Watts<sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li>Wayland</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Headline_Publishing_Group" title="Headline Publishing Group">Headline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hodder_%26_Stoughton" title="Hodder & Stoughton">Hodder & Stoughton</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coronet_Books" title="Coronet Books">Coronet</a></li> <li>Sceptre</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_Kite" title="Yellow Kite">Yellow Kite</a></li></ul></li> <li>Hodder Education <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galore_Park" title="Galore Park">Galore Park</a></li> <li>Gibson</li> <li>Philip Allan Updates</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teach_Yourself" title="Teach Yourself">Teach Yourself</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Murray_(publishing_house)" title="John Murray (publishing house)">John Murray</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hodder_Faith" title="Hodder Faith">Hodder Faith</a></li> <li>John Murray Learning <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chambers_(publisher)" title="Chambers (publisher)">Chambers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Thomas" title="Michel Thomas">Michel Thomas Method</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two_Roads" title="Two Roads">Two Roads</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little,_Brown_Book_Group" title="Little, Brown Book Group">Little, Brown</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constable_%26_Robinson" title="Constable & Robinson">Constable & Robinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mulholland_Books_(UK)" title="Mulholland Books (UK)">Mulholland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbit_Books" title="Orbit Books">Orbit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virago_Press" title="Virago Press">Virago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sphere_Books" title="Sphere Books">Sphere</a></li></ul></li> <li>Octopus <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cassell_(publisher)" title="Cassell (publisher)">Cassell Illustrated</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conran_Octopus" title="Conran Octopus">Conran Octopus</a></li> <li>Gaia</li> <li>Godsfield</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamlyn_(publisher)" title="Hamlyn (publisher)">Hamlyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitchell_Beazley" title="Mitchell Beazley">Mitchell Beazley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Philip_(cartographer)" title="George Philip (cartographer)">Philip's</a></li> <li>Spruce</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orion_Publishing_Group" title="Orion Publishing Group">Orion Books</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Weidenfeld_%26_Nicolson" title="Weidenfeld & Nicolson">Weidenfeld & Nicolson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Gollancz_Ltd" title="Victor Gollancz Ltd">Gollancz</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quercus_(publisher)" title="Quercus (publisher)">Quercus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bookouture" title="Bookouture">Bookouture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hachette_India" title="Hachette India">Hachette India</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lagard%C3%A8re_News" title="Lagardère News">Lagardère<br />News</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hachette_Filipacchi_M%C3%A9dias" title="Hachette Filipacchi Médias">Hachette<br />Filipacchi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Elle_(magazine)" title="Elle (magazine)">Elle</a></i> (brand)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Le_Journal_du_Dimanche" title="Le Journal du Dimanche">Le Journal du Dimanche</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Paris_Match" title="Paris Match">Paris Match</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">TV & Radio</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Delta_radio" title="Delta radio">Delta Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Europe_1" title="Europe 1">Europe 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacaranda_FM" title="Jacaranda FM">Jacaranda FM</a> (20%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_ZET" title="Radio ZET">Radio ZET</a> (part owner)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/One_World_Radio" title="One World Radio">VIBE FM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Europe_2" title="Europe 2">Europe 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RFM_(French_radio_station)" title="RFM (French radio station)">RFM</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lagardère<br />Services</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lagard%C3%A8re_Live_Entertainment" title="Lagardère Live Entertainment">Lagardère Live Entertainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hachette_Distribution_Services" class="mw-redirect" title="Hachette Distribution Services">HDS Retail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NewsLink" title="NewsLink">LS Travel Retail Asia Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virgin_Megastores" title="Virgin Megastores">Virgin Megastores</a> (France)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paradies_Lagard%C3%A8re" title="Paradies Lagardère">Paradies Lagardère</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><sup><small>1</small></sup> Lagardère SCA owns these brands in the United Kingdom only. These brands are owned by <a href="/wiki/Scholastic_Corporation" title="Scholastic Corporation">Scholastic Corporation</a> in the United States.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Havas" title="Havas">Havas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arnold_Worldwide" title="Arnold Worldwide">Arnold Worldwide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BETC" title="BETC">BETC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camp%2BKing" title="Camp+King">Camp+King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euro_RSCG_London" title="Euro RSCG London">Euro RSCG London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FullSIX" title="FullSIX">FullSIX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Havas_Creative" title="Havas Creative">Havas Creative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Havas_London" class="mw-redirect" title="Havas London">Havas London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Havas_Media" title="Havas Media">Havas Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messner_Vetere_Berger_McNamee_Schmetterer/Euro_RSCG" title="Messner Vetere Berger McNamee Schmetterer/Euro RSCG">Messner Vetere Berger McNamee Schmetterer/Euro RSCG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snyder_Communications" title="Snyder Communications">Snyder Communications</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other assets</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dailymotion" title="Dailymotion">Dailymotion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gameloft" title="Gameloft">Gameloft</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Equity investments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Telecom_Italia" class="mw-redirect" title="Telecom Italia">Telecom Italia</a> (23.75%)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Defunct/former<br />assets</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Activision_Blizzard" title="Activision Blizzard">Activision Blizzard</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Activision" title="Activision">Activision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blizzard_Entertainment" title="Blizzard Entertainment">Blizzard Entertainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budcat_Creations" title="Budcat Creations">Budcat Creations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infinity_Ward" title="Infinity Ward">Infinity Ward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxoflux" title="Luxoflux">Luxoflux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massive_Entertainment" title="Massive Entertainment">Massive Entertainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neversoft" title="Neversoft">Neversoft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_Entertainment" title="Radical Entertainment">Radical Entertainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RedOctane" title="RedOctane">RedOctane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaba_Games" title="Shaba Games">Shaba Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Entertainment" title="Sierra Entertainment">Sierra Entertainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treyarch" title="Treyarch">Treyarch</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animation_Magic" title="Animation Magic">Animation Magic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banijay" class="mw-redirect" title="Banijay">Banijay Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canal%2B_Family" title="Canal+ Family">Canal+ Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canal%2B_Gol_(Poland)" title="Canal+ Gol (Poland)">Canal+ Gol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Editis" title="Editis">Editis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaiam_Vivendi_Entertainment" title="Gaiam Vivendi Entertainment">Gaiam Vivendi Entertainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gala_(magazine)" title="Gala (magazine)">Gala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Village_Telecom" title="Global Village Telecom">GVT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JumpStart_Games" title="JumpStart Games">Knowledge Adventure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maroc_Telecom" title="Maroc Telecom">Maroc Telecom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NBCUniversal" title="NBCUniversal">NBCUniversal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rogue_Pictures" title="Rogue Pictures">Rogue Pictures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Pictures" title="Universal Pictures">Universal Pictures</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SFR" title="SFR">SFR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport%2B_(French_TV_channel)" title="Sport+ (French TV channel)">Sport+</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Music_Group" title="Universal Music Group">Universal Music Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veolia" title="Veolia">Veolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vivendi_Games" title="Vivendi Games">Vivendi Games</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fox_Interactive" title="Fox Interactive">Fox Interactive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Interactive" title="Universal Interactive">Universal Interactive</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OCS_(TV_network)" title="OCS (TV network)">OCS</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cin%C3%A9%2B_Premier" class="extiw" title="fr:Ciné+ Premier">Ciné+ Premier</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cin%C3%A9%2B_Famiz" class="extiw" title="fr:Ciné+ Famiz">Ciné+ Famiz</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cin%C3%A9%2B_Club" class="extiw" title="fr:Ciné+ Club">Ciné+ Club</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Vivendi" title="Category:Vivendi"><b>Category</b></a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Vivendi" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Vivendi"><b>Commons</b></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/21px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/32px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/42px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:France" title="Portal:France">France</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Industry5.svg/19px-Industry5.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Industry5.svg/29px-Industry5.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Industry5.svg/38px-Industry5.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Companies" title="Portal:Companies">Companies</a></li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2663746#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2663746#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2663746#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000405119270">ISNI</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Groupe_Canal%2B&oldid=1259311292">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Groupe_Canal%2B&oldid=1259311292</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Groupe_Canal%2B" title="Category:Groupe Canal+">Groupe Canal+</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mass_media_companies_established_in_1983" title="Category:Mass media companies established in 1983">Mass media companies established in 1983</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Television_production_companies_of_France" title="Category:Television production companies of France">Television production companies of France</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Film_production_companies_of_France" title="Category:Film production companies of France">Film production companies of France</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Television_networks_in_France" title="Category:Television networks in France">Television networks in France</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:French-language_television_networks" title="Category:French-language television networks">French-language television networks</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Vivendi_subsidiaries" title="Category:Vivendi subsidiaries">Vivendi subsidiaries</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mass_media_in_Paris" title="Category:Mass media in Paris">Mass media in Paris</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Television_companies_of_France" title="Category:Television companies of France">Television companies of France</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_French-language_sources_(fr)" title="Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)">CS1 French-language sources (fr)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Brazilian_Portuguese-language_sources_(pt-br)" title="Category:CS1 Brazilian Portuguese-language sources (pt-br)">CS1 Brazilian Portuguese-language sources (pt-br)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Dutch-language_sources_(nl)" title="Category:CS1 Dutch-language sources (nl)">CS1 Dutch-language sources (nl)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_May_2024" title="Category:Use dmy dates from May 2024">Use dmy dates from May 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_May_2024" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from May 2024">Articles with unsourced statements from May 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_May_2018" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from May 2018">Articles with unsourced statements from May 2018</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements_from_May_2024" title="Category:Articles containing potentially dated statements from May 2024">Articles containing potentially dated statements from May 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements" title="Category:All articles containing potentially dated statements">All articles containing potentially dated statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements_from_2024" title="Category:Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2024">Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_vague_or_ambiguous_time" title="Category:All articles with vague or ambiguous time">All articles with vague or ambiguous time</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Vague_or_ambiguous_time_from_May_2024" title="Category:Vague or ambiguous time from May 2024">Vague or ambiguous time from May 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_May_2024" title="Category:Articles needing additional references from May 2024">Articles needing additional references from May 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_additional_references" title="Category:All articles needing additional references">All articles needing additional references</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 24 November 2024, at 13:33<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Groupe_Canal%2B&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.canary-9d9f48c58-9n82g","wgBackendResponseTime":172,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.977","walltime":"1.412","ppvisitednodes":{"value":9717,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":250123,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":14841,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":15,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":18,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":261515,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 989.607 1 -total"," 33.73% 333.822 2 Template:Reflist"," 25.05% 247.891 56 Template:Cite_web"," 14.24% 140.945 5 Template:Navbox"," 13.11% 129.783 1 Template:Infobox_company"," 12.41% 122.792 18 Template:Fix"," 12.09% 119.682 1 Template:Infobox"," 11.05% 109.379 13 Template:Cn"," 8.98% 88.878 1 Template:Vivendi"," 7.33% 72.500 1 Template:Short_description"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.568","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":9346908,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-69bc8479c8-9ndxg","timestamp":"20241202111053","ttl":2551756,"transientcontent":true}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Groupe Canal+","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Groupe_Canal%2B","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q2663746","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q2663746","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2006-08-17T17:45:49Z","dateModified":"2024-11-24T13:33:55Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/6\/67\/Canal_%2B_store_in_Tomasz%C3%B3w_Mazowiecki.jpg","headline":"French film and television studio and distributor"}</script> </body> </html>