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Carlson et al., “al-Qaryatayn — ܩܪܝܬܝܢ ” in The Syriac Gazetteer last modified June 30, 2014, http://syriaca.org/place/212.</ref>), also spelled '''Karyatayn''', '''Qaratin''' or '''Cariatein''', is a town in central [[Syria]], administratively part of the [[Homs Governorate]] located southeast of [[Homs]]. It is situated on an [[oasis]] in the [[Syrian Desert]]. Nearby localities include [[Tadmur]] ([[Palmyra]]) to the northeast, [[Furqlus]] to the north, [[al-Riqama]] and [[Dardaghan]] to the northwest, [[Mahin, Syria|Mahin]], [[Huwwarin]] and [[Sadad, Syria|Sadad]] to the west, [[Qarah, Syria|Qarah]], [[Deir Atiyah]] and [[al-Nabk]] to the southwest and [[Jayrud]] to the south. ''Al-Qaryatayn'' translates as "the two villages". According to the [[Central Bureau of Statistics (Syria)|Syria Central Bureau of Statistics]], al-Qaryatayn had a population of 14,208 in the 2004 census. It is the administrative center of the al-Qaryatayn ''[[nahiyah]]'' ("subdistrict") which consists of three localities with a collective population of 16,795 in 2004.<ref name="CBS">[https://archive.today/20130112162033/http://www.cbssyr.org/new%20web%20site/General_census/census_2004/NH/TAB04-7-2004.htm General Census of Population and Housing 2004]. [[Central Bureau of Statistics (Syria)|Syria Central Bureau of Statistics]] (CBS). Qaryatayn Subdistrict, Central Homs District, Homs Governorate. {{in lang|ar}}</ref> Its inhabitants are predominantly [[Sunni Islam|Sunni Muslims]] and [[Syriac Christianity|Syriac Christians]].<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-33806122 Islamic State 'seizes Syria town of al-Qaryatain' in Homs province]. ''[[BBC News]]''. 2015-08-06.</ref> == History == === Antiquity === There are numerous [[Greco-Roman]]-era buildings located in al-Qaryatayn, including an extensive sanitarium known as ''Hamaam Balkis'' ("Bath of Sheba"). During [[Roman Empire|Roman]] rule, it served as a popular health resort,<ref name="Leary129">Leary, 1913, p. [https://archive.org/stream/syrialandlebano00leargoog#page/n193/mode/1up 129]</ref> and a base for the legionary cavalry unit "Equites Promoti Indigenae".<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tgCKAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA379|title=The Roman Eastern Frontier and the Persian Wars AD 226-363: A Documentary History|author= Michael H. Dodgeon, Samuel N. C. Lieu|page= 290|year= 2002|isbn=9781134961139}}</ref> There are also a number of [[Corinth]]ian columns and [[marble]] ornaments that date from this era, when nearby [[Palmyra]] was a major city in the region;<ref name="Addison236">Addison, p. 236.</ref> Palmyrene inscriptions were found in the city written by Palmyrene residents and dedicated to the "Great God of Nazala".<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h5cMho6zFckC&pg=PA124|title=Roman Palmyra: Identity, Community, and State Formation|author= Andrew M. Smith II|page= 124|year= 2013|isbn=9780199861101}}</ref> Prior to [[Islamic Caliphate|Islamic]] rule in the 7th century CE, the [[Ghassanid]]s had a military installation in the town.<ref>Bosworth, 1980, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=95Q3AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA117 117]</ref> === Early Islamic period === {{See also|Battle of al-Qaryatayn}} During the [[Muslim conquest of Syria]], al-Qaryatayn's inhabitants resisted [[Khalid ibn al-Walid]]'s [[Rashidun army|army]] in the summer of 634. Khalid's forces conquered the town, taking a large plunder from it before proceeding to capture other towns in the area.<ref>Blankinship, 1993, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=47PEMS6emv0C&pg=PA110 110]</ref> During [[Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan|Abd al-Malik]]'s reign over the [[Umayyad Caliphate]] (646–705), his son [[al-Walid I]] used al-Qaryatayn along with adjacent towns in the area as a base of operations.<ref>Necipoglu, 1996, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=NdCTI5FqayAC&pg=PA32 32]</ref> [[Al-Walid II]], who was known to be a corrupt [[caliph]], held parties at the Umayyad palace in al-Qaryatayn during his brief reign between 743 and 744.<ref>Hitti, 2004, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=91YymsCw5DIC&pg=PA480 480]</ref> In late 1104, the [[Seljuk dynasty|Seljuk]] prince (''[[emir]]'') Suqman ibn Artuq died in the town on his way to [[Damascus]] after being summoned by the ruler of that city, [[Toghtekin|Zahir ad-Din Tughtekin]].<ref>Richards, 2006, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=hcxkWrH5fc8C&pg=PA90 90]</ref> [[Arab]] geographer [[Yaqut al-Hamawi]] visited al-Qaryatayn in the early 13th century and described it as "a large village belonging to Hims, and on the desert road. It lies between Hims, [[Al-Sukhnah, Syria|Sukhnah]], and [[Arak, Syria|Arak]] ... It is two marches from Tadmur [Palmyra]." He also noted its inhabitants were all [[Christianity in Syria|Christians]].<ref>le Strange, 1890, p. [https://archive.org/stream/palestineundermo00lestuoft#page/481/mode/1up 481]</ref> A 10,000-member brigade of the [[Mongol Empire|Mongol]] army raided the town and the surrounding region in 1260. Later that year, a Mamluk force led by Emir Salar pursued a retreating Mongol force back to al-Qaryatayn.<ref>Abu al-Fida memoirs, Holt, 1983, pp. 41–42.</ref> === Ottoman rule === In the 19th century, al-Qaryatayn's economy, which depended on camel transport services, declined sharply due to the technological advances in transportation of the time, specifically the steamship and the train. This greatly reduced the number of [[Mecca]]-bound pilgrims who previously used al-Qaryatayn's inhabitants as guides or transport providers.<ref>Chatty, 2006, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=JzqIpRZAvdEC&pg=PA63 63]</ref> In the middle part of that century, during the reign of the [[Muhammad Ali dynasty|Egypt]]ian governor of Syria, [[Ibrahim Pasha of Egypt|Ibrahim Pasha]], al-Qaryatayn was a small village with [[mud brick]] homes.<ref name="Addison236"/> Its inhabitants were recorded as [[Muslims]] and [[Syriac Christianity|Syriac Christian]]s in 1838.<ref>[[Eli Smith|Smith]]; in Robinson and Smith, 1841, vol 3, Second appendix, B, p. [https://archive.org/stream/biblicalresearch03robiuoft#page/174/mode/1up 174]</ref> In the 1850s, al-Qaryatayn was described as a "large village" where two-thirds of the inhabitants were Muslims and the remainder Christians.<ref>Porter, 1858, pp. 541–542.</ref> Most of the Christians belonged to the [[West Syrian Rite|Jacobite]] ([[Syriac Orthodox Church|Syriac Orthodox]]) church, but its followers were converting to [[Catholicism]] as part of a growing trend among Syria's Christians at the time.<ref>Joseph, 1983, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=lKaL3_dfFJAC&pg=PA51 51]</ref> In 1908, Czech explorer [[Alois Musil]] noted that al-Qaryatayn was divided into six quarters, four Muslim and two Christian. The four Muslim quarters together consisted of six hundred huts, and two Christian quarters, one Syriac Orthodox with two priests and the other Syriac Catholic with one priest, consisted of some two hundred houses. At the time, al-Qaryatayn's sheikh (chieftain) was Ahmad ibn Fayyad Agha, and the village paid numerous regional [[Bedouin]] tribes, including the [[Ruwalla]], Wuld Ali, Sba'a, and Fad'an, the annual ''khuwwa'' (brotherhood) tribute as a means to either protect them from their plundering raids or to return goods stolen from the inhabitants by individual members of those tribes. This situation was a result of the weakness of al-Qaryatayn's sheikh, which was in contrast to his father, Fayyad Agha ibn Da'as (died 1903), under whom no tribe disturbed the village.<ref name="Musil100">{{cite book|last1=Musil|first1=Alois|title=Palmyrena: A Topographical Itinerary|date=1928|publisher=Czech Academy of Sciences and Arts|location=New York|pages=100–101}}</ref> That same year, British writer [[Gertrude Bell]] noted that Fayyad Agha (possibly Ahmad ibn Fayyad) was indisputably the "greatest [[Brigandage|brigand]]" in Syria at the time.<ref>Bell, 1908, p. [https://archive.org/stream/syriadesertsown00bell#page/152/mode/1up 152]</ref> During a visit in 1913, American traveler Lewis Gatson Leary described al-Qaryatayn as "a squalid village".<ref name="Leary129"/> === Syrian Civil War === {{Further|Syrian Civil War}} For much of the Syrian Civil War, which began in March 2011, al-Qaryatayn remained relatively neutral in the conflict. Town elders made agreements with both government forces and the rebels to stay out of the fighting. However, its location is strategic as it lies at a crossroads between the northern and southern parts of the country. Al-Qaryatayn has served as conduit for both sides. Rebels smuggle arms from the north to rebel fighters in Damascus, while the government uses the town to reinforce and resupply their forces in the north and west.<ref>[http://www.aljazeera.com/video/middleeast/2013/04/2013424155751113111.html Neutral Syrian town drawn into battle]. ''[[Al Jazeera English]]''. 2013-04-24.</ref> It has also been used as a corridor for defectors from the Syrian Army from across the country as highways from the northern, southern, eastern and western directions run through al-Qaryatayn.<ref>[http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2013/04/20134260311612271.html Syrian defectors converge on central town]. ''[[Al Jazeera English]]''. 2013-04-26.</ref> ==== Capture by ISIL ==== {{Main|Battle of Al-Qaryatayn (2015)}} On 5 August 2015, the town was captured by [[Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant]] (ISIL) militants.<ref name="capture of Qaryatayn">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-33806122|title=Islamic State 'seizes Syria town of al-Qaryatain' in Homs province|access-date=6 August 2015|work=BBC News|date=6 August 2015}}</ref> al-Qaryatayn is important to ISIL because the town is one of many along the Damascus-Homs Highway.<ref name="ISIS takes strategically important town in western Syria, rights group says">{{cite web | url=http://www.cnn.com/2015/08/07/world/syria-isis-al-qaryatayn-christians/index.html | title=ISIS takes strategically important town in western Syria, rights group says | publisher=CNN | date=7 August 2015 | access-date=7 August 2015 | author=Payne, Ed}}</ref> On 6 August 2015, ISIL abducted 230 civilians, including at least 60 [[Christians]] from al-Qaryatayn.<ref name="christian abduct">{{cite web | url=http://www.rferl.org/content/islamic-state-abducts-dozens-syrian-christians/27175649.html | title=Islamic State Abducts Dozens Of Syrian Christians | date=7 August 2015 | access-date=7 August 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-crisis-christians-idUSKCN0QC0ST20150807 | title=Islamic State abducts dozens of Christians from Syrian town: monitor | work=Reuters | date=7 August 2015 | access-date=7 August 2015}}</ref> ISIL later advanced even further, taking control of [[Mahin, Syria|Mahin]] and [[Huwwarin]] by 8 August, thus forcing hundreds of [[Christians]] to flee persecution by the terrorist group.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.syriahr.com/en/2015/08/activists-hundreds-of-syrian-christians-flee-islamic-state-advance |title=Activists: Hundreds of Syrian Christians flee 'Islamic State' advance |access-date=9 August 2015 |work=Syrian Observatory for Human Rights |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150817060307/http://www.syriahr.com/en/2015/08/activists-hundreds-of-syrian-christians-flee-islamic-state-advance/ |archive-date=17 August 2015 }}</ref> On 9 August 2015, the [[Syrian Air Force|Syrian Arab Air Force]] (SAAF) bombed [[Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant]] positions in al-Qaryatayn, resulting in the death of around 30 militants as well as the destruction of seven vehicles and a rocket depot, according to government sources.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.sanasyria.org/en/?p=50859 |title=Army advances on central al-Zabadani, 30 ISIS terrorists killed in airstrikes in al-Qaryatain |agency=SANA |date=10 August 2015 |access-date=10 August 2015}}</ref> Meanwhile, ISIL announced a 30-day ultimatum for the remaining Syrian officials in the city to "declare their repentance", or else their houses would be seized.<ref name="deadline">{{cite news|url=http://www.syriahr.com/en/2015/08/is-seizes-some-houses-in-the-city-of-palmyra-and-gives-a-time-limit-for-the-government-employees-to-repent/ |title=IS seizes some houses in the city of Palmyra, and gives a time limit for the government employees to "repent" |agency=OSDH |date=10 August 2015 |access-date=10 August 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150810155537/https://www.syriahr.com/en/2015/08/is-seizes-some-houses-in-the-city-of-palmyra-and-gives-a-time-limit-for-the-government-employees-to-repent/ |archive-date=10 August 2015 }}</ref> On 21 August, ISIL released images showing their demolition of the [[Monastery of St. Elian]] in al-Qaryatayn. Parts of the monastery were 1,500 years old.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-34016809 Islamic State in Syria demolishes ancient Mar Elian monastery], 21 August 2015, [[BBC]]</ref> ==== Recapture by the Syrian Army and aftermath ==== {{See|simple:Al-Qaryatayn massacre|l1=Al-Qaryatayn massacre}} On 3 April 2016, the [[Syrian Army]] [[Battle of al-Qaryatayn (2016)|regained control]] of the town from [[ISIL]].<ref>[https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/breaking-syrian-army-liberates-quraytayn/ Breaking: Syrian Army liberates Quraytayn]</ref><ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-35957942 Syria war: 'Islamic State' loses al-Qaryatain to government forces], 4 April 2016, [[BBC]]</ref> The town was reported to have been re-captured by ISIL on 1 October 2017.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20171002021712/http://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-mideast-crisis-syria-town/syrian-observatory-islamic-state-captures-town-from-government-idUKKCN1C611H?feedType=RSS&feedName=topNews Syrian Observatory: Islamic State captures town from government] Reuters, 1 October 2017.</ref> On 21 October 2017, the Syrian army has liberated the town of Al-Qaryatayn which located in Eastern Homs countryside.<ref>[https://muraselon.com/en/2017/10/breaking-syrian-army-liberates-al-quraytayn-east-homs-countryside/ Breaking || Syrian Army liberates Al- Quraytayn in East Homs Countryside.]</ref><ref>[https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/breaking-syrian-army-liberates-ancient-city-quraytayn/ Breaking: Syrian Army liberates ancient city of Quraytayn]</ref> According to media reports, within this three weeks period, 116 civilians were executed because they were considered cooperating with the Syrian Government.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://orf.at/stories/2412021/|title=Aktivisten: Massenexekution des IS in Syrien|date=23 October 2017}}</ref> == See also == {{Portal|Asia}} * [[Battle of al-Qaryatayn]] * [[Palmyra offensive (July – August 2015)]] == References == {{Reflist|30em}} == Bibliography == https://www.bible.com/bible/1/NUM.34.KJV https://wol.jw.org/en/wol/d/r1/lp-e/1200001926 {{refbegin}} * {{cite book|title=Syria: The Desert & The Sown|last1=Bell|first=Gertrude Lowthian|author-link=Gertrude Bell|publisher=Heinemann|year=1908|url=https://archive.org/details/syriadesertsown00bell}} * {{The History of al-Tabari|volume=11|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=47PEMS6emv0C}} * {{cite book|title=The Encyclopaedia of Islam, new edition: Supplement|first=Clifford Edmund|last=Bosworth|author-link=Clifford Edmund Bosworth|publisher=BRILL Archive|year=1980|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=95Q3AAAAIAAJ&q=Karyatayn|isbn=90-04-06167-3}} * {{cite book|title=Nomadic Societies in the Middle East and North Africa: Entering the 21st Century|last=Chatty|first=Dawn|author-link=Dawn Chatty|publisher=BRILL|year=2006|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JzqIpRZAvdEC&q=Qaryatayn|isbn=90-04-14792-6}} * {{cite book|title=History of Syria, Including Lebanon and Palestine|last1=Hitti|first=Phillip K.|author-link=Philip Khuri Hitti|publisher=Gorgias Press LLC|year=2004|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=91YymsCw5DIC&q=Qaryatayn|isbn=1-59333-119-3}}{{Dead link|date=August 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * {{cite book|title=Muslim-Christian Relations and Inter-Christian Rivalries in the Middle East: The Case of the Jacobites in an Age of Transition|last1=Joseph|first=John|publisher=SUNY Press|year=1983|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lKaL3_dfFJAC&q=Qaryatayn|isbn=0-87395-600-1}} * {{cite book|title=Syria: The Land of Lebanon|last1=Leary|first=Lewis Gatson|publisher=McBride, Nast & Company|year=1913|url=https://archive.org/details/syrialandlebano00leargoog}} * {{cite book|title=Palestine Under the Moslems: A Description of Syria and the Holy Land from A.D. 650 to 1500|url=https://archive.org/details/palestineundermo00lestuoft|first=Guy|last=Le Strange|author-link=Guy Le Strange|year=1890|publisher=Committee of the [[Palestine Exploration Fund]]}} * {{cite book|title=Muqarnas-An Annual on the Visual Culture of the Islamic World|last1=Necipoglu|first=Gulru|author-link=Gülru Necipoğlu|publisher=BRILL|year=1996|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NdCTI5FqayAC&q=Qaryatayn|isbn=90-04-10633-2}} * {{cite book|first=Josias Leslie|last=Porter|author-link=Josias Leslie Porter|title=A Handbook for Travellers in Syria and Palestine|volume=1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AwSatmeOEUgC&q=Hawarin+inhab.+Qara|publisher=Murray|year=1858}}. * {{cite book|title=The chronicle of Ibn al-Athīr for the crusading period from al-Kāmil fī'l-ta'rīkh: The years 491-541/1097-1146 : the coming of the Franks and the Muslim response|last1=Richards|first=Donald Sidney|publisher=Ashgate Publishing Ltd.|year=2006|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hcxkWrH5fc8C&q=Qaryatayn|isbn=0-7546-4077-9}} * {{cite book|last1=Robinson|first1=Edward|author-link1=Edward Robinson (scholar)|last2=Smith|first2=Eli|author-link2=Eli Smith|year=1841|url=https://archive.org/details/biblicalresearch03robiuoft|title=Biblical Researches in Palestine, Mount Sinai and Arabia Petraea: A Journal of Travels in the year 1838|location=Boston|publisher=[[Crocker & Brewster]]|volume=3}} {{refend}} == External links == * [https://www.google.com/maps/@34.2285861,37.2377944,15z Google-map] {{Homs Governorate|Al-Qaryatayn}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Qarytatayn, al-}} [[Category:Populated places in Homs District]] [[Category:Syriac Orthodox Christian communities in Syria]] [[Category:Towns in Syria]] </textarea><div class="templatesUsed"><div class="mw-templatesUsedExplanation"><p><span id="templatesused">Pages transcluded onto the current version of this page<span class="posteditwindowhelplinks"> (<a href="/wiki/Help:Transclusion" title="Help:Transclusion">help</a>)</span>:</span> </p></div><ul> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Both" title="Template:Both">Template:Both</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Both&action=edit" 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