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class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>Edit</span> </a> </li> </ul> </nav>  <div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tanhum_ha-Yerushalmi&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanhum ha-Yerushalmi">Tanhum ha-Yerushalmi</a>)</span></div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="content"> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><p><b>Tanhum ben Joseph of Jerusalem</b>, also known as <b>Tanḥum ha-Yerushalmi</b> (1220–1291), was a 13th-century Hebrew lexicographer and biblical exegete who compiled several Hebrew works, the most notable of which being a lexicon on <a href="/wiki/Mishnaic" class="mw-redirect" title="Mishnaic">Mishnaic</a> words entitled <i>Murshid al-kāfī</i> ("The Sufficient Guide"). Tanhum's learning in Jewish studies was so pervasive that he was coined the name "the Abraham ibn Ezra of the Levant."<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Tanhum ben Joseph<br><small>Tanhum ha-Yerushalmi</small></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">1220<br><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">27 June 1291<br><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Fustat" title="Fustat">Fostat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mamluk_Sultanate_(Cairo)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo)">Mamluk Sultanate</a> <small>(present-day <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>)</small></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span style="white-space:nowrap;">Notable work</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>Murshid al-kāfī</i><br><i>Kitāb al-Ijāz wal-Bayān</i></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Era</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Medieval_philosophy" title="Medieval philosophy">Medieval philosophy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Region</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Palestine_(region)" title="Palestine (region)">Palestine</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Main interests</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Philology" title="Philology">Philology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Linguistics" title="Linguistics">Linguistics</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Early_life"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Early life</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Rediscovery_and_publication_of_Tanhum's_works"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Rediscovery and publication of Tanhum's works</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Hebrew_grammar"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Hebrew grammar</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#Published_works"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Published works</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#Further_reading"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Further reading</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Tanhum_of_Jerusalem&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <p>Tanḥum ha-Yerushalmi is thought to have been born in Jerusalem and lived for the greater part of his life in the <a href="/wiki/Land_of_Israel" title="Land of Israel">Land of Israel</a>. Towards the latter end of his life, he moved to Cairo, in Egypt, where he lived until his death. </p><p>The only information about him is from a eulogy written by his son, the Jerusalem poet Yosef Ben Tanhum. According to this eulogy, R. Tanhum died in the <a href="/wiki/Fustat" title="Fustat">Fustat</a> (now Cairo) in Egypt, on the 21st of <a href="/wiki/Tammuz_(Hebrew_month)" title="Tammuz (Hebrew month)">Tammuz</a>, 1291. From his writings it can be assumed that he also lived in the Land of Israel, although there is no clear evidence of this. Some suggest that he may have received his epithet "of Jerusalem" from his ancestors, whose origins were from that city.<sup id="cite_ref-Al-Naddaf1992_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Al-Naddaf1992-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tanhum authored two main works: <i>Kitāb al-Bayān</i> ("Book of Elucidation") - A Commentary on the Prophets and <a href="/wiki/Hagiographa" class="mw-redirect" title="Hagiographa">Hagiographa</a>, and <i>Al-murshid al-kāfī</i> ("The Sufficient Guide") - A comprehensive and detailed lexicon arranged in alphabetical order in which he defines difficult words found in the <a href="/wiki/Mishnah" title="Mishnah">Mishnah</a> and in the writings of <a href="/wiki/Maimonides" title="Maimonides">Maimonides</a>, namely, in his <i><a href="/wiki/Mishne_Torah" class="mw-redirect" title="Mishne Torah">Mishne Torah</a></i>. All Hebrew words are arranged according to their lexical root. In addition, Tanhum wrote an introduction to his books, entitled <i>Al-Kuliyāt</i> ("General Principles"). In Tanhum's writings there is considerable interest in the natural sciences and worldly wisdom; There is considerable use of professional terms from the fields of medicine and music, as well as a little from astronomy and physics. </p><p>Tanhum employed a style of writing in which he frequently makes use of a lyrical <a href="/wiki/Judeo-Arabic" title="Judeo-Arabic">Judeo-Arabic</a>, a style very common among Jews in the East. An old copy of his <i>Al-murshid al-kāfī</i> had been preserved in <a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a>, and, because of its unique style, was thought by <a href="/wiki/Avraham_Al-Naddaf" title="Avraham Al-Naddaf">Avraham Al-Naddaf</a> to have been penned in the Yemenite dialect of Arabic.<sup id="cite_ref-Al-Naddaf1992_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Al-Naddaf1992-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The lexicon had been sent from Egypt to Yemen, unto Rabbi David <i>Hanagid</i>, the son of Rabbi <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Maimonides" title="Abraham Maimonides">Abraham Maimonides</a>, by the son of the author, R. Yosef ben Tanhum.<sup id="cite_ref-Al-Naddaf1992_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Al-Naddaf1992-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Only in recent years have Tanhum's works begun to be translated into Hebrew systematically. In places where his books were common, they were widely used, and many authors cite them. The appreciation and trust given to the writings of Tanhum of Jerusalem gave him the title "Ibn Ezra" of the East. </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Rediscovery_and_publication_of_Tanhum's_works"><span id="Rediscovery_and_publication_of_Tanhum.27s_works"></span>Rediscovery and publication of Tanhum's works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Tanhum_of_Jerusalem&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Rediscovery and publication of Tanhum's works" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <p>Although studied in <a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a>, it was not until the second half of the seventeenth century that Tanhum's writings became known to the western world, when the English orientalist, <a href="/wiki/Edward_Pococke" title="Edward Pococke">Edward Pococke</a> (1604–1691), brought several manuscript copies of Tanḥum's writings to Europe from the Near East<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and published extracts from them in several of his own works, particularly, in his <i>Porta Mosis</i>. In addition, fragments of Tanhum's commentaries have been published in various learned periodicals. </p><p>Tanhum combined his commentaries on the Bible in a book called <i>Kitāb al-Bayān</i> ("Book of Elucidation") or sometimes <i>Kitāb al-Ijāz wal-Bayān</i> ("The Book of Simplification and of Elucidation"), which he wrote in <a href="/wiki/Judeo-Arabic" title="Judeo-Arabic">Judeo-Arabic</a>. In his commentaries, Tanhum will often explain biblical passages according to the plain and unobtrusive sense of the Hebrew scriptures, but will occasionally bring down biblical exegesis or allegorical interpretations. Despite his simplistic approach, he distances himself from the corporeality of God. His interpretation of the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Jonah" title="Book of Jonah">Book of Jonah</a> is a particularly edited and systematic one that explains allegorically the story of Jonah the son of Amittai, in which the human body is compared to the whale, whereas Jonah himself to the human spirit, although doing so with some reservations, as he does not nullify altogether Jonah's prophecy, nor the repentance made by the people of Nineveh. Tanhum raises the suggestion that the Book of Jonah may not have been transmitted to the nation of Israel in its entirety, seeing that it contains a number of "enigmatic episodes." </p><p>Today, a handwritten manuscript of his Hebrew lexicon, <i>al-Murshid al-kāfī,</i> is preserved at the <a href="/wiki/Bodleian_Library" title="Bodleian Library">Bodleian Library</a> in Oxford University,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as other Mss. in the <a href="/wiki/Guenzburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Guenzburg">Guenzburg</a> library. The first part of the lexicon (up to <i>kāf</i>, the eleventh letter of the Hebrew alphabet) was published in 1961, translated by Rabbi Barukh Avraham Toledano.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2006, the entire dictionary was republished, based on the 2nd edition of the <i>Murshid</i> and translated into Hebrew by Hadassah Shai of the <a href="/wiki/National_Academy_of_Sciences" title="National Academy of Sciences">National Academy of Sciences</a> in Israel. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hebrew_grammar">Hebrew grammar</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Tanhum_of_Jerusalem&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Hebrew grammar" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Tanhum's works on Hebrew grammar are mainly founded upon the writings of the Spanish grammarian, <a href="/wiki/Jonah_ibn_Janah" title="Jonah ibn Janah">Jonah ibn Janah</a>. He also draws from <a href="/wiki/Moses_ibn_Gikatilla" title="Moses ibn Gikatilla">Moses ibn Gikatilla</a>. In his commentary on the Hebrew scriptures, Tanhum occasionally divulges the etymological origins of words and compares them with what has been stated about the language in Halacha (sometimes while referring his readers to his own lexicon), as well as to the word's Aramaic and Arabic equivalents. Tanhum explains that the Hebrew and Aramaic are cognate languages, and, where applicable, he tries to find parallels between them. </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Published_works">Published works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Tanhum_of_Jerusalem&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Published works" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <ul><li><i>Ad Libros V. T. Commentarii Arabici Specimen una cum Annott. ad Aliquot Loca Libri Judicum</i> (ed. Ch. F. Schnurrer, Tübingen, 1791);</li> <li><i>Commentarii in Prophetas Arabici Specimen</i>, etc. Includes <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Judges" title="Book of Judges">Book of Judges</a>, <a href="/wiki/Books_of_Samuel" title="Books of Samuel">Books of Samuel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Books_of_Kings" title="Books of Kings">Books of Kings</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Jonah" title="Book of Jonah">Book of Jonah</a> (ed. Theodor Haarbrücker, Halle, 1842–62);</li> <li><i>Commentaire sur le Livre de Habakkouk, Publié en Arabe avec une Traduction Française par <a href="/wiki/Salomon_Munk" title="Salomon Munk">Salomon Munk</a></i> (in Cahen's French Bible, vol. xvii.) <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Habakkuk" title="Book of Habakkuk">Book of Habakkuk</a> (S. Munk, 1843) (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/993876726">993876726</a>);</li> <li><i>Commentarii Arabici in Lamentat.</i> (<a href="/wiki/Book_of_Lamentations" title="Book of Lamentations">Lamentations</a>) (ed. G. Cureton, London, 1843);</li> <li><i>Arab. ad Libros Samuelis et Regum Locos Graviores, Edidit et Interpretationem Latinam Adjecit Th. Haarbrücker</i> (Leipzig, 1844);</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Joshua" title="Book of Joshua">Book of Joshua</a>, by the same editor (published with the <i>Blätter aus der Veitel-Heine-Ephraim Lehranstalt</i>, Berlin, 1862);</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Judges" title="Book of Judges">Book of Judges</a> (extracts), published by Goldziher in his <i>Studien</i>, 1870;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Ecclesiastes" class="mw-redirect" title="Book of Ecclesiastes">Book of Ecclesiastes</a> (Commentary on <i>Ḳohelet</i>) (ed. Samuel Eppenstein, Berlin 1888);</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psalms" title="Psalms">Psalms</a> (idem, 1903).<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Jonah" title="Book of Jonah">Book of Jonah</a> (ed. Kokowzow), in the <i>Rosen-Festschrift</i>, St. Petersburg, 1897;<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Murshid al-kāfī</i> (extracts), published by <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Bacher" title="Wilhelm Bacher">Wilhelm Bacher</a> under the title <i>Aus dem Wörterbuche Tanchum Jerushalmi's</i> ["From Tanhum Yerushalmi's dictionary"] (Strasburg, 1903) (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/234056592">234056592</a>).</li> <li>Hadassa Shy, <i>Tanhum Ha-Yerushalmi's Commentary on the Minor Prophets</i>, The Magnes Press: Jerusalem, 1991 (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1124026990">1124026990</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/233062493">233062493</a>)</li> <li>Hadassa Shy (ed.), <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academy.ac.il/Shop/Entry.aspx?nodeId=993&entryId=21233">Al-Murshid al-kāfī</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/The_Israel_Academy_of_Sciences_and_Humanities" class="mw-redirect" title="The Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities">The Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities</a>, 2005</li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Tanhum_of_Jerusalem&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Further reading" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <ul><li>Alobaidi, Joseph. <i>Old Jewish Commentaries on the Song of Songs II: The Two Commentaries of Tanchum Yerushalmi – Text and Translation</i>. (Peter Lang: 2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yosef_Qafih" title="Yosef Qafih">Qafiḥ, Yosef</a>. <i>Ḥamesh megillot: shir ha-shirim, rut, qohelet, ester, ekhah</i>. (Ha-agudah le-haṣalat ginze teman: 1961) (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/927095961">927095961</a>) [Includes a fragment of Tanḥum's <a href="/wiki/Judeo-Arabic" title="Judeo-Arabic">Judeo-Arabic</a> commentary on the <a href="/wiki/Song_of_Songs" title="Song of Songs">Song of Songs</a>, published anonymously, with a Hebrew translation].<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReif1994" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stefan_Reif" title="Stefan Reif">Reif, Stefan C.</a> (1994). "Review of 'Sobre la Vida y Obra de Maimonides', ed. Jesus Pelaez del Rosal". <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Semitic_Studies" title="Journal of Semitic Studies">Journal of Semitic Studies</a></i>. <b>39</b> (1): 123–125. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjss%2FXXXIX.1.123">10.1093/jss/XXXIX.1.123</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Semitic+Studies&rft.atitle=Review+of+%E2%80%98Sobre+la+Vida+y+Obra+de+Maimonides%E2%80%99%2C+ed.+Jesus+Pelaez+del+Rosal&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=123-125&rft.date=1994&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fjss%2FXXXIX.1.123&rft.aulast=Reif&rft.aufirst=Stefan+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATanhum+of+Jerusalem" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWechsler2021" class="citation cs2">Wechsler, Michael G. (2021), "Tanḥum ben Joseph ha-Yerushalmi", in Norman A. Stillman (ed.), <i>Encyclopedia of Jews in the Islamic World</i>, Leiden: Brill, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F1878-9781_ejiw_SIM_0020940">10.1163/1878-9781_ejiw_SIM_0020940</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Tan%E1%B8%A5um+ben+Joseph+ha-Yerushalmi&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Jews+in+the+Islamic+World&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F1878-9781_ejiw_SIM_0020940&rft.aulast=Wechsler&rft.aufirst=Michael+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATanhum+of+Jerusalem" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Wechsler, Michael. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.magnespress.co.il/en/book/Strangers_in_the_Land-2413"><i>Strangers in the Land</i></a>, critical edition, English translation, and extensive introductory discussion of the commentaries on Ruth and Esther from the exegetical digest (<i>Kitāb al-bayān</i>).</li> <li>Zoref, Arye. <i>Tanchum Yerushalmi’s Commentary on Ecclesiastes: Ch. I–V, Ch. XII and Additional Sections</i>. (MA thesis; Hebrew University of Jerusalem: 2007)</li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Tanhum_of_Jerusalem&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBacherBroydé" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Bacher, Wilhelm; Broydé, Isaac. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/14233-tanhum-ben-joseph-yerushalmi">"Tanḥum ben Joseph Yerushalmi"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Encyclopedia" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Encyclopedia">Jewish Encyclopedia</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Tan%E1%B8%A5um+ben+Joseph+Yerushalmi&rft.btitle=Jewish+Encyclopedia&rft.aulast=Bacher&rft.aufirst=Wilhelm&rft.au=Broyd%C3%A9%2C+Isaac&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishencyclopedia.com%2Farticles%2F14233-tanhum-ben-joseph-yerushalmi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATanhum+of+Jerusalem" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNavè1970" class="citation journal cs1">Navè, Pnina (1970). "The Works of Joseph ben Tanhum of Jerusalem". <i>Studies in Bibliography and Booklore</i>. <b>9</b> (2/3). Hebrew Union College - Jewish Institute of Religion: 59. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/27943416">27943416</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Studies+in+Bibliography+and+Booklore&rft.atitle=The+Works+of+Joseph+ben+Tanhum+of+Jerusalem&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=2%2F3&rft.pages=59&rft.date=1970&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F27943416%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Nav%C3%A8&rft.aufirst=Pnina&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATanhum+of+Jerusalem" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Al-Naddaf1992-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Al-Naddaf1992_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Al-Naddaf1992_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Al-Naddaf1992_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAl-Naddaf1992" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Al-Naddaf, Shelomo (1992). "Sefer Otzar Sifrei Teman". In Uzziel Alnaddaf (ed.). <i>Zekhor Le’Avraham</i> (in Hebrew). Jerusalem: Shelomo ben Avraham Hayyim Al-Naddaf. p. 10a (letter <i>kāf</i>). <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/762411938">762411938</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sefer+Otzar+Sifrei+Teman&rft.btitle=Zekhor+Le%E2%80%99Avraham&rft.place=Jerusalem&rft.pages=10a+%28letter+%27%27k%C4%81f%27%27%29&rft.pub=Shelomo+ben+Avraham+Hayyim+Al-Naddaf&rft.date=1992&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F762411938&rft.aulast=Al-Naddaf&rft.aufirst=Shelomo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATanhum+of+Jerusalem" class="Z3988"></span>, s.v. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1241449095">.mw-parser-output .script-hebrew,.mw-parser-output .script-Hebr{font-family:"Ezra SIL SR","Ezra SIL","SBL Hebrew","Taamey Frank CLM","SBL BibLit","Taamey Ashkenaz","Frank Ruehl CLM","Keter Aram Tsova","Taamey David CLM","Keter YG","Shofar","David CLM","Hadasim CLM","Simple CLM","Nachlieli",Cardo,Alef,"Noto Serif Hebrew","Noto Sans Hebrew","David Libre",David,"Times New Roman",Gisha,Arial,FreeSerif,FreeSans}</style><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">כאפי אלמרשד</span>‎</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDascalu2015" class="citation journal cs1">Dascalu, Raphael (2015). "Between Intellect and Intoxication: An Exploration of Tanḥum ha-Yerushalmi's Commentary to the Book of Jonah". <i><a href="/wiki/The_Jewish_Quarterly_Review" title="The Jewish Quarterly Review">The Jewish Quarterly Review</a></i>. <b>105</b> (1). University of Pennsylvania Press: 42. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/43298710">43298710</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Jewish+Quarterly+Review&rft.atitle=Between+Intellect+and+Intoxication%3A+An+Exploration+of+Tan%E1%B8%A5um+ha-Yerushalmi%27s+Commentary+to+the+Book+of+Jonah&rft.volume=105&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=42&rft.date=2015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F43298710%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Dascalu&rft.aufirst=Raphael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATanhum+of+Jerusalem" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Catalogue of the Hebrew manuscripts in the Bodleian Library, Supplement of Addenda and Corrigenda to Vol. I</i> (<a href="/wiki/A._Neubauer" class="mw-redirect" title="A. Neubauer">A. Neubauer</a>'s Catalogue). Oxford 1994</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTanhum_of_Jerusalem1961" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tanhum of Jerusalem</a> (1961). <i>Sefer Al-Murshid Al-Kāfī</i> (in Hebrew). Vol. 1. Translated by Barukh Toledano. Tel-Aviv: Aḥdut Printers. pp. (letters א–כ). <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/233345974">233345974</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sefer+Al-Murshid+Al-K%C4%81f%C4%AB&rft.place=Tel-Aviv&rft.pages=%28letters+%D7%90-%D7%9B%29&rft.pub=A%E1%B8%A5dut+Printers&rft.date=1961&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F233345974&rft.au=Tanhum+of+Jerusalem&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATanhum+of+Jerusalem" class="Z3988"></span>(<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/145082905">145082905</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/20840730">20840730</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.encyclopedia.com/religion/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/tanhum-ben-joseph-ha-yerushalmi">Encyclopedia.com, s.v. Tanḥum Ben Joseph (Ha-)Yerushalmi</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/14233-tanhum-ben-joseph-yerushalmi">The Jewish Encyclopedia</a> (1906), ed. <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Bacher" title="Wilhelm Bacher">Wilhelm Bacher</a>, <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Broyd%C3%A9" title="Isaac Broydé">Isaac Broydé</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The same Judeo-Arabic commentary on Song of Songs made by Tanhum appears in Naḥum, Yehudah Levi, <i>Mi-yeṣirot sifrutiyyot mi-teman</i>. (<i>Mifʿal ḥasifat ginze teman</i>: 1981, pp. 1–27), with Hebrew translation by Yosef Qafiḥ.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Tanhum_of_Jerusalem&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <ul><li>Online Digital copy of Tanḥum ben Joseph Ha-Yerushalmi's <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digital.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/objects/06abea16-07ae-4bd6-80cc-be7773bb33ae/">Murshid al-Kāfī</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Bodleian_Library" title="Bodleian Library">Bodleian Library</a> MS. Huntington 621), each page displayed in an individual digital frame</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1043560911">1043560911</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/122924733">122924733</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/995235345">995235345</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/70187777">70187777</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/122877052">122877052</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/52775589">52775589</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1001363178">1001363178</a></li></ul> <div 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