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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" 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class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Dyson sphere</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 47 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-47" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">47 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%BA%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%81_%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86" title="غلاف دايسون – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="غلاف دايسون" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Сфера Дайсана – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Сфера Дайсана" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%8A%D0%BD" title="Сфера на Дайсън – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Сфера на Дайсън" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esfera_de_Dyson" title="Esfera de Dyson – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Esfera de Dyson" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D1%81%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Дайсон сфери – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Дайсон сфери" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dysonova_sf%C3%A9ra" title="Dysonova sféra – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Dysonova sféra" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dyson-sf%C3%A6re" title="Dyson-sfære – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Dyson-sfære" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dyson-Sph%C3%A4re" title="Dyson-Sphäre – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Dyson-Sphäre" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dysoni_sf%C3%A4%C3%A4r" title="Dysoni sfäär – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Dysoni sfäär" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CF%86%CE%B1%CE%AF%CF%81%CE%B1_%CE%9D%CF%84%CE%AC%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BF%CE%BD" title="Σφαίρα Ντάισον – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Σφαίρα Ντάισον" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esfera_de_Dyson" title="Esfera de Dyson – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Esfera de Dyson" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dajsonstrukturo" title="Dajsonstrukturo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Dajsonstrukturo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dysonen_esfera" title="Dysonen esfera – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Dysonen esfera" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%B1%D9%87_%D8%AF%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86" title="کره دایسون – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کره دایسون" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sph%C3%A8re_de_Dyson" title="Sphère de Dyson – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Sphère de Dyson" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8B%A4%EC%9D%B4%EC%8A%A8%EA%B5%AC" title="다이슨구 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="다이슨구" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dysonova_sfera" title="Dysonova sfera – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Dysonova sfera" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mpaghara_Dyson" title="Mpaghara Dyson – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Mpaghara Dyson" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bola_Dyson" title="Bola Dyson – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bola Dyson" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sfera_di_Dyson" title="Sfera di Dyson – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Sfera di Dyson" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9B%D7%93%D7%95%D7%A8_%D7%93%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%9F" title="כדור דייסון – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="כדור דייסון" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daisona_sf%C4%93ra" title="Daisona sfēra – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Daisona sfēra" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daisono_sfera" title="Daisono sfera – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Daisono sfera" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dyson-g%C3%B6mb" title="Dyson-gömb – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Dyson-gömb" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dysonbol" title="Dysonbol – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Dysonbol" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%80%E3%82%A4%E3%82%BD%E3%83%B3%E7%90%83" title="ダイソン球 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ダイソン球" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dyson-sf%C3%A6re" title="Dyson-sfære – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Dyson-sfære" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esf%C3%A8ra_de_Dyson" title="Esfèra de Dyson – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Esfèra de Dyson" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dyson_sferasi" title="Dyson sferasi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Dyson sferasi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sfera_Dysona" title="Sfera Dysona – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Sfera Dysona" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esfera_de_Dyson" title="Esfera de Dyson – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Esfera de Dyson" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sfer%C4%83_Dyson" title="Sferă Dyson – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Sferă Dyson" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Сфера Дайсона – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Сфера Дайсона" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%A9%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%92%E0%B7%83%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B6%9C%E0%B7%9D%E0%B6%BD%E0%B6%BA" title="ඩයිසන් ගෝලය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ඩයිසන් ගෝලය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dyson_sphere" title="Dyson sphere – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Dyson sphere" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dysonova_sf%C3%A9ra" title="Dysonova sféra – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Dysonova sféra" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dysonova_sfera" title="Dysonova sfera – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Dysonova sfera" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D1%98%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D1%81%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Дајсонова сфера – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Дајсонова сфера" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dysonova_sfera" title="Dysonova sfera – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Dysonova sfera" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dysonin_keh%C3%A4" title="Dysonin kehä – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Dysonin kehä" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dysonsf%C3%A4r" title="Dysonsfär – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Dysonsfär" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dyson_k%C3%BCresi" title="Dyson küresi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Dyson küresi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Сфера Дайсона – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Сфера Дайсона" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qu%E1%BA%A3_c%E1%BA%A7u_Dyson" title="Quả cầu Dyson – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Quả cầu Dyson" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%88%B4%E6%A3%AE%E7%90%83" title="戴森球 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="戴森球" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%88%B4%E6%A3%AE%E7%90%83" title="戴森球 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="戴森球" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%88%B4%E6%A3%AE%E7%90%83" title="戴森球 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="戴森球" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> 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searchaux" style="display:none">Hypothetical megastructure around a star</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dyson_Swarm_realistic_representation_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Dyson_Swarm_realistic_representation_cropped.jpg/220px-Dyson_Swarm_realistic_representation_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="296" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Dyson_Swarm_realistic_representation_cropped.jpg/330px-Dyson_Swarm_realistic_representation_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Dyson_Swarm_realistic_representation_cropped.jpg/440px-Dyson_Swarm_realistic_representation_cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="666" data-file-height="897" /></a><figcaption>A hypothetical depiction of a Dyson swarm surrounding a star</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Freeman_dyson_(detail).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Freeman_dyson_%28detail%29.jpg/220px-Freeman_dyson_%28detail%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Freeman_dyson_%28detail%29.jpg/330px-Freeman_dyson_%28detail%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Freeman_dyson_%28detail%29.jpg/440px-Freeman_dyson_%28detail%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="780" data-file-height="669" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Freeman_Dyson" title="Freeman Dyson">Freeman Dyson</a>, the first scientist to explore the concept</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>Dyson sphere</b> is a hypothetical <a href="/wiki/Megastructure" title="Megastructure">megastructure</a> that encompasses a <a href="/wiki/Star" title="Star">star</a> and captures a large percentage of its <a href="/wiki/Solar_power" title="Solar power">power output</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Stableford_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stableford-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The concept is a <a href="/wiki/Thought_experiment" title="Thought experiment">thought experiment</a> that attempts to imagine how a <a href="/wiki/Spacefaring" class="mw-redirect" title="Spacefaring">spacefaring</a> civilization would meet its energy requirements once those requirements exceed what can be generated from the home planet's resources alone. Because only a tiny fraction of a star's energy emissions reaches the surface of any orbiting <a href="/wiki/Planet" title="Planet">planet</a>, building structures encircling a star would enable a <a href="/wiki/Civilization" title="Civilization">civilization</a> to harvest far more energy. </p><p>The first modern imagining of such a structure was by <a href="/wiki/Olaf_Stapledon" title="Olaf Stapledon">Olaf Stapledon</a> in his science fiction novel <i><a href="/wiki/Star_Maker" title="Star Maker">Star Maker</a></i> (1937). The concept was later explored by the physicist <a href="/wiki/Freeman_Dyson" title="Freeman Dyson">Freeman Dyson</a> in his 1960 paper "Search for Artificial Stellar Sources of <a href="/wiki/Infrared_Radiation" class="mw-redirect" title="Infrared Radiation">Infrared Radiation</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-search_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-search-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dyson speculated that such structures would be the logical consequence of the escalating energy needs of a technological civilization and would be a necessity for its long-term survival. A signature of such spheres detected in astronomical searches would be an indicator of <a href="/wiki/Extraterrestrial_intelligence" title="Extraterrestrial intelligence">extraterrestrial intelligence</a>. </p><p>Since Dyson's paper, many variant designs involving an artificial structure or series of structures to encompass a star have been proposed in <a href="/wiki/Exploratory_engineering" title="Exploratory engineering">exploratory engineering</a> or described in <a href="/wiki/Science_fiction" title="Science fiction">science fiction</a>, often under the name "Dyson sphere". Fictional depictions often describe a solid shell of <a href="/wiki/Matter" title="Matter">matter</a> enclosing a star – an arrangement considered by Dyson himself to be impossible. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origins">Origins</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dyson_sphere&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Energy_development" title="Energy development">Energy development</a></div> <p>Inspired by the 1937 <a href="/wiki/Science_fiction" title="Science fiction">science fiction</a> novel <i><a href="/wiki/Star_Maker" title="Star Maker">Star Maker</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Olaf_Stapledon" title="Olaf Stapledon">Olaf Stapledon</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the physicist and mathematician <a href="/wiki/Freeman_Dyson" title="Freeman Dyson">Freeman Dyson</a> was the first to formalize the concept of what became known as the "Dyson sphere" in his 1960 <i><a href="/wiki/Science_(journal)" title="Science (journal)">Science</a></i> paper "Search for Artificial Stellar Sources of Infra-Red Radiation". Dyson theorized that as the energy requirements of an advanced technological civilization increased, there would come a time when it would need to systematically harvest the energy from its local star on a large scale. He speculated that this could be done via a system of structures orbiting the star, designed to intercept and collect its energy. He argued that as the structure would result in the large-scale conversion of starlight into <a href="/wiki/Far_infrared" title="Far infrared">far-infrared</a> radiation, an earth-based search for sources of infrared radiation could identify stars supporting intelligent life.<sup id="cite_ref-search_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-search-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dyson did not detail how such a system could be constructed, simply referring to it in the paper as a "shell" or "<a href="/wiki/Biosphere" title="Biosphere">biosphere</a>". He later clarified that he did not have in mind a solid structure, saying: "A solid shell or ring surrounding a star is mechanically impossible. The form of 'biosphere' which I envisaged consists of a loose collection or swarm of objects traveling on independent orbits around the star."<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such a concept has often been referred to as a <b>Dyson swarm</b>;<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> however, in 2013, Dyson said he had come to regret that the concept had been named after him.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Search_for_megastructures">Search for megastructures</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dyson_sphere&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Search for megastructures"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Dyson-style energy collectors around a distant star would absorb and re-radiate energy from the star. The wavelengths of such re-radiated energy may be atypical for the star's <a href="/wiki/Spectral_type" class="mw-redirect" title="Spectral type">spectral type</a>, due to the presence of heavy elements not naturally occurring within the star. If the percentage of such atypical wavelengths were to be significant, an alien megastructure could be detected at interstellar distances.<sup id="cite_ref-search_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-search-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This could indicate the presence of what has been called a Type<span class="nowrap"> </span>II <a href="/wiki/Kardashev_scale" title="Kardashev scale">Kardashev civilization</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/SETI" class="mw-redirect" title="SETI">SETI</a> has looked for such infrared-heavy spectra from <a href="/wiki/Solar_analog" title="Solar analog">solar analogs</a>, as has <a href="/wiki/Fermilab" title="Fermilab">Fermilab</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-dyson1_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dyson1-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fermilab discovered 17 potential "ambiguous" candidates, of which four were in 2006 called "amusing but still questionable".<sup id="cite_ref-dyson1_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dyson1-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later searches also resulted in several candidates, all of which remain unconfirmed.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-econ2015_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-econ2015-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 14 October 2015, <a href="/wiki/Planet_Hunters" title="Planet Hunters">Planet Hunters</a>' citizen scientists discovered unusual light fluctuations of the star <a href="/wiki/KIC_8462852" class="mw-redirect" title="KIC 8462852">KIC 8462852</a> raising press speculation that a Dyson sphere may have been discovered.<sup id="cite_ref-ATL-20151013_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ATL-20151013-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-IND-20151015_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IND-20151015-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, subsequent analysis showed that the results were consistent with the presence of dust.<sup id="cite_ref-AXV-20180102_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AXV-20180102-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NatGeoJan3_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NatGeoJan3-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A further campaign in 2024 identified seven possible candidates for Dyson-spheres, but further investigation was said to be required.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Feasibility_and_science-based_speculation">Feasibility and science-based speculation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dyson_sphere&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Feasibility and science-based speculation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although Dyson sphere systems are theoretically possible, building a stable megastructure around the Sun is currently far beyond humanity's engineering capacity. The number of craft required to obtain, transmit, and maintain a complete Dyson sphere exceeds present-day industrial capabilities. <a href="/wiki/George_Dvorsky" title="George Dvorsky">George Dvorsky</a> has advocated the use of <a href="/wiki/Self-replicating_robots" class="mw-redirect" title="Self-replicating robots">self-replicating robots</a> to overcome this limitation in the relatively near term.<sup id="cite_ref-dvorsky2012_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dvorsky2012-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some have suggested that Dyson sphere habitats could be built around <a href="/wiki/White_dwarf#Habitability" title="White dwarf">white dwarfs</a><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and even <a href="/wiki/Pulsar" title="Pulsar">pulsars</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Stellar_engine" title="Stellar engine">Stellar engines</a> are hypothetical megastructures whose purpose is to extract useful energy from a star, sometimes for specific purposes. For example, <a href="/wiki/Matrioshka_brain" title="Matrioshka brain">Matrioshka brains</a> have been proposed to extract energy for computation, while <a href="/wiki/Stellar_engine#Class_A_(Shkadov_thruster)" title="Stellar engine">Shkadov thrusters</a> would extract energy for propulsion. Some proposed stellar engine designs are based on the Dyson sphere.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From May until June 2024, speculation grew that potential signs of interstellar Dyson spheres had been discovered. The seven objects of interest – all located within a thousand light-years of Earth – are <a href="/wiki/Red_dwarf" title="Red dwarf">M-dwarfs</a>, a class of stars that are smaller and less luminous than the Sun. However, the authors of the findings were careful not to make any overblown claims.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite this, many media outlets picked up on the story. Less fantastical alternative explanations have been made, including a proposal that the infrared from the discoveries was caused by distant dust-obscured galaxies.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fictional_examples">Fictional examples</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dyson_sphere&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Fictional examples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A precursor to the concept of Dyson spheres was featured in the 1937 novel <i><a href="/wiki/Star_Maker" title="Star Maker">Star Maker</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Olaf_Stapledon" title="Olaf Stapledon">Olaf Stapledon</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Stableford_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stableford-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in which he described "every solar system... surrounded by a gauze of light-traps, which focused the escaping solar energy for intelligent use";<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dyson got his inspiration from this book and suggested that "Stapledon sphere" would be a more apt name for the concept.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fictional Dyson spheres are typically solid structures forming a continuous shell around the star in question, although Dyson himself considered that prospect to be mechanically implausible.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are sometimes used as the type of plot device known as a <a href="/wiki/Big_Dumb_Object" title="Big Dumb Object">Big Dumb Object</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dyson spheres appear as a background element in many works of fiction, including the 1964 novel <i><a href="/wiki/The_Wanderer_(Leiber_novel)" title="The Wanderer (Leiber novel)">The Wanderer</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Fritz_Leiber" title="Fritz Leiber">Fritz Leiber</a> where <a href="/wiki/Extraterrestrial_life" title="Extraterrestrial life">aliens</a> enclose multiple stars in this way.<sup id="cite_ref-Stableford_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stableford-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dyson spheres are depicted in the 1975–1983 book series <i><a href="/wiki/Saga_of_Cuckoo" title="Saga of Cuckoo">Saga of Cuckoo</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Frederik_Pohl" title="Frederik Pohl">Frederik Pohl</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jack_Williamson" title="Jack Williamson">Jack Williamson</a>, and one functions as the <a href="/wiki/Setting_(narrative)" title="Setting (narrative)">setting</a> of <a href="/wiki/Bob_Shaw" title="Bob Shaw">Bob Shaw</a>'s 1975 novel <i><a href="/wiki/Orbitsville" title="Orbitsville">Orbitsville</a></i> and its sequels.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 1992 episode "<a href="/wiki/Relics_(Star_Trek:_The_Next_Generation)" title="Relics (Star Trek: The Next Generation)">Relics</a>" of the TV show <i><a href="/wiki/Star_Trek:_The_Next_Generation" title="Star Trek: The Next Generation">Star Trek: The Next Generation</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/USS_Enterprise_(NCC-1701-D)" title="USS Enterprise (NCC-1701-D)">USS <i>Enterprise</i></a> finds itself trapped in an abandoned Dyson Sphere;<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in a 2011 interview, Dyson said that he enjoyed the episode, although he considered the sphere depicted to be "nonsense".<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Michael_Jan_Friedman" title="Michael Jan Friedman">Michael Jan Friedman</a> who wrote the novelization observed that in the TV episode itself the Dyson sphere was effectively a <a href="/wiki/MacGuffin" title="MacGuffin">MacGuffin</a>, with "just nothing about it" in the story, and decided to flesh out the plot element in his novelization.<sup id="cite_ref-Ayers2006_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ayers2006-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: ix">: ix </span></sup> </p><p>Other science-fiction story examples include <a href="/wiki/Tony_Rothman" title="Tony Rothman">Tony Rothman</a>'s <i>The World Is Round</i>, <a href="/wiki/S._P._Somtow" title="S. P. Somtow">Somtow Sucharitkul</a>'s Inquisitor series, <a href="/wiki/Timothy_Zahn" title="Timothy Zahn">Timothy Zahn</a>'s <i>Spinneret</i>, <a href="/wiki/James_White_(author)" title="James White (author)">James White</a>'s <i>Federation World</i>, <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Baxter_(author)" title="Stephen Baxter (author)">Stephen Baxter</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Time_Ships" title="The Time Ships">The Time Ships</a></i>, and <a href="/wiki/Peter_F._Hamilton" title="Peter F. Hamilton">Peter F. Hamilton</a>'s <i>Pandora's Star</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Stableford_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stableford-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 133">: 133 </span></sup> Variations on the Dyson Sphere concept include a single circular band in <a href="/wiki/Larry_Niven" title="Larry Niven">Larry Niven</a>'s 1970 novel <i><a href="/wiki/Ringworld" title="Ringworld">Ringworld</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-:2_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a half sphere in the 2012 novel <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bowl_of_Heaven&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bowl of Heaven (page does not exist)">Bowl of Heaven</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Gregory_Benford" title="Gregory Benford">Gregory Benford</a> and Niven,<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and nested spheres – also known as a <a href="/wiki/Matrioshka_brain" title="Matrioshka brain">Matrioshka brain</a> – in <a href="/wiki/Colin_Kapp" title="Colin Kapp">Colin Kapp</a>'s 1980s <a href="/wiki/Cageworld_series" title="Cageworld series"><i>Cageworld</i> series</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brian_Stableford" title="Brian Stableford">Brian Stableford</a>'s 1979–1990 <a href="/wiki/Brian_Stableford#Asgard" title="Brian Stableford"><i>Asgard</i> trilogy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Stableford_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stableford-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Stableford himself observed that Dyson spheres are usually MacGuffins or largely deep in the backgrounds of stories, giving as examples <a href="/wiki/Fritz_Leiber" title="Fritz Leiber">Fritz Leiber</a>'s <i>The Wanderer</i> and <a href="/wiki/Linda_Nagata" title="Linda Nagata">Linda Nagata</a>'s <i>Deception Well</i>, whereas stories involving space exploration tend to employ the variants like Niven's Ringworld.<sup id="cite_ref-Stableford_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stableford-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 133">: 133 </span></sup>He gives two reasons for this: firstly that Dyson spheres are simply too big to address, which Friedman also alluded to when pointing out that the reason his novelization of "Relics" did not go further into the sphere was that it was only four hundred pages and he had just shy of four weeks to write it; and secondly that, especially for hard science-fiction, Dyson spheres have certain engineering problems that complicate stories.<sup id="cite_ref-Stableford_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stableford-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 133">: 133 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ayers2006_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ayers2006-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: ix">: ix </span></sup> In particular, since gravitational attraction is in equilibrium inside such a sphere (per the <a href="/wiki/Shell_theorem" title="Shell theorem">shell theorem</a>), other means such as rotating the sphere have to be employed in order to keep things attached to the interior surface, which then leads to the problem of a gravity gradient that goes to zero at the rotational poles.<sup id="cite_ref-Stableford_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stableford-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 133">: 133 </span></sup> Authors address this with various modifications of the idea such as the aforementioned Cageworld nesting, <a href="/wiki/Dan_Alderson" title="Dan Alderson">Dan Alderson</a>'s double sphere idea, and Niven's reduced Ringworld (discussed in "<a href="/wiki/Bigger_Than_Worlds" title="Bigger Than Worlds">Bigger Than Worlds</a>").<sup id="cite_ref-Stableford_1-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stableford-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 133">: 133 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dyson_sphere&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alderson_disk" title="Alderson disk">Alderson disk</a> – Hypothetical artificial solar megastructure</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_hypothetical_technologies" title="List of hypothetical technologies">List of hypothetical technologies</a> – Technology that could exist in the future</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stellar_engineering" title="Stellar engineering">Stellar engineering</a> – Hypothetical artificial modification of stars</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabby%27s_Star" title="Tabby's Star">Tabby's Star</a> – Star noted for unusual dimming events</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dyson_sphere&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Stableford-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Stableford_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stableford_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stableford_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stableford_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stableford_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stableford_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stableford_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stableford_1-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stableford_1-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFStableford2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Brian_Stableford" title="Brian Stableford">Stableford, Brian M.</a> (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uefwmdROKTAC&pg=132">"Dyson, Freeman (John) (1923–)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Science_Fact_and_Science_Fiction:_An_Encyclopedia" title="Science Fact and Science Fiction: An Encyclopedia">Science Fact and Science Fiction: An Encyclopedia</a></i>. Taylor & Francis. pp. <span class="nowrap">132–</span>133. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-97460-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-97460-8"><bdi>978-0-415-97460-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Dyson%2C+Freeman+%28John%29+%281923%E2%80%93%29&rft.btitle=Science+Fact+and+Science+Fiction%3A+An+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E132-%3C%2Fspan%3E133&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-415-97460-8&rft.aulast=Stableford&rft.aufirst=Brian+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuefwmdROKTAC%26pg%3D132&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADyson+sphere" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWestfahl2021" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gary_Westfahl" title="Gary Westfahl">Westfahl, Gary</a> (2021-07-19). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WETPEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA135">"Artificial Worlds"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Science_Fiction_Literature_through_History:_An_Encyclopedia" class="mw-redirect" title="Science Fiction Literature through History: An Encyclopedia">Science Fiction Literature through History: An Encyclopedia</a></i>. ABC-CLIO. pp. <span class="nowrap">135–</span>136. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4408-6617-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4408-6617-3"><bdi>978-1-4408-6617-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Artificial+Worlds&rft.btitle=Science+Fiction+Literature+through+History%3A+An+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E135-%3C%2Fspan%3E136&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2021-07-19&rft.isbn=978-1-4408-6617-3&rft.aulast=Westfahl&rft.aufirst=Gary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWETPEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA135&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADyson+sphere" class="Z3988"></span></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWestfahl2021" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gary_Westfahl" title="Gary Westfahl">Westfahl, Gary</a> (2021-07-19). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WETPEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA603">"Stars"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Science_Fiction_Literature_through_History:_An_Encyclopedia" class="mw-redirect" title="Science Fiction Literature through History: An Encyclopedia">Science Fiction Literature through History: An Encyclopedia</a></i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-11-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Science+Fiction&rft.atitle=Dyson+Sphere&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsf-encyclopedia.com%2Fentry%2Fdyson_sphere&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADyson+sphere" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-search-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-search_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-search_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-search_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDyson1960" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Freeman_Dyson" title="Freeman Dyson">Dyson, Freeman J.</a> (1960). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.131.3414.1667">"Search for Artificial Stellar Sources of Infrared Radiation"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Science_(journal)" title="Science (journal)">Science</a></i>. <b>131</b> (3414): <span class="nowrap">1667–</span>1668. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1960Sci...131.1667D">1960Sci...131.1667D</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.131.3414.1667">10.1126/science.131.3414.1667</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17780673">17780673</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:3195432">3195432</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Search+for+Artificial+Stellar+Sources+of+Infrared+Radiation&rft.volume=131&rft.issue=3414&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1667-%3C%2Fspan%3E1668&rft.date=1960&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.131.3414.1667&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A3195432%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17780673&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1960Sci...131.1667D&rft.aulast=Dyson&rft.aufirst=Freeman+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.science.org%2Fdoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.131.3414.1667&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADyson+sphere" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDyson1979" class="citation book cs1">Dyson, Freeman (1979). <i>Disturbing the Universe</i>. Basic Books. p. 211. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-465-01677-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-465-01677-8"><bdi>978-0-465-01677-8</bdi></a>. <q>Some science fiction writers have wrongly given me the credit of inventing the artificial biosphere. In fact, I took the idea from Olaf Stapledon, one of their own colleagues</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Disturbing+the+Universe&rft.pages=211&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=978-0-465-01677-8&rft.aulast=Dyson&rft.aufirst=Freeman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADyson+sphere" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDysonMaddoxAndersonSloane1960" class="citation journal cs1">Dyson, F. J.; Maddox, J.; Anderson, P; Sloane, E. A. (1960). 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[punctuation supplied for unedited transcript]</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=slate.com&rft.atitle=MeaningofLife.tv&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Wright&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmeaningoflife.tv%2Ftranscript.php%3Fspeaker%3Ddyson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADyson+sphere" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ayers2006-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ayers2006_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ayers2006_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAyers2006" class="citation book cs1">Ayers, Jeff (2006). <i>Voyages of Imagination: The Star Trek Fiction Companion</i>. Simon and Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781416525486" title="Special:BookSources/9781416525486"><bdi>9781416525486</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Voyages+of+Imagination%3A+The+Star+Trek+Fiction+Companion&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9781416525486&rft.aulast=Ayers&rft.aufirst=Jeff&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADyson+sphere" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNicholls1983" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Nicholls_(writer)" title="Peter Nicholls (writer)">Nicholls, Peter</a> (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/scienceinscience00nich/page/44/mode/2up">"Far-future energy"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Peter_Nicholls_(writer)" title="Peter Nicholls (writer)">Nicholls, Peter</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/The_Science_in_Science_Fiction" title="The Science in Science Fiction">The Science in Science Fiction</a></i>. New York: Knopf. pp. <span class="nowrap">44–</span>45. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-394-53010-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-394-53010-1"><bdi>0-394-53010-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/8689657">8689657</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Far-future+energy&rft.btitle=The+Science+in+Science+Fiction&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E44-%3C%2Fspan%3E45&rft.pub=Knopf&rft.date=1983&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F8689657&rft.isbn=0-394-53010-1&rft.aulast=Nicholls&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fscienceinscience00nich%2Fpage%2F44%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADyson+sphere" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMann2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/George_Mann_(writer)" title="George Mann (writer)">Mann, George</a> (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mammothencyclope00mann/page/477/mode/2up">"Dyson Sphere"</a>. <i>The Mammoth Encyclopedia of Science Fiction</i>. New York: Carroll & Graf Publishers. p. 477. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7867-0887-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7867-0887-1"><bdi>978-0-7867-0887-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Dyson+Sphere&rft.btitle=The+Mammoth+Encyclopedia+of+Science+Fiction&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=477&rft.pub=Carroll+%26+Graf+Publishers&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-7867-0887-1&rft.aulast=Mann&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmammothencyclope00mann%2Fpage%2F477%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADyson+sphere" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dyson_sphere&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGunn2022" class="citation web cs1">Gunn, Alastair (2022-12-29). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencefocus.com/space/dyson-spheres">"Dyson spheres: How humans (and aliens) could capture a star's energy"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/BBC_Science_Focus" title="BBC Science Focus">BBC Science Focus</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240311084233/https://www.sciencefocus.com/space/dyson-spheres">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-03-11<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-03-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+Science+Focus&rft.atitle=Dyson+spheres%3A+How+humans+%28and+aliens%29+could+capture+a+star%27s+energy&rft.date=2022-12-29&rft.aulast=Gunn&rft.aufirst=Alastair&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencefocus.com%2Fspace%2Fdyson-spheres&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADyson+sphere" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMann2019" class="citation web cs1">Mann, Adam (2019-08-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.space.com/dyson-sphere.html">"What is a Dyson sphere?"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Space.com" title="Space.com">Space.com</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240307200946/https://www.space.com/dyson-sphere.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-03-07<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-03-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Space.com&rft.atitle=What+is+a+Dyson+sphere%3F&rft.date=2019-08-01&rft.aulast=Mann&rft.aufirst=Adam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.space.com%2Fdyson-sphere.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADyson+sphere" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchulze-Makuch2014" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Dirk_Schulze-Makuch" title="Dirk Schulze-Makuch">Schulze-Makuch, Dirk</a> (2014-01-29). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.smithsonianmag.com/air-space-magazine/dyson-spheres-still-missing-maybe-impossible-180949538/">"Dyson Spheres: Still Missing, Maybe Impossible"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_Magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="Smithsonian Magazine">Smithsonian Magazine</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230928170349/https://www.smithsonianmag.com/air-space-magazine/dyson-spheres-still-missing-maybe-impossible-180949538/">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-09-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-03-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Smithsonian+Magazine&rft.atitle=Dyson+Spheres%3A+Still+Missing%2C+Maybe+Impossible&rft.date=2014-01-29&rft.aulast=Schulze-Makuch&rft.aufirst=Dirk&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.smithsonianmag.com%2Fair-space-magazine%2Fdyson-spheres-still-missing-maybe-impossible-180949538%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADyson+sphere" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStableford2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Brian_Stableford" title="Brian Stableford">Stableford, Brian</a> (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nzmIPZg5xicC&pg=PA99">"Dyson Sphere"</a>. <i>Historical Dictionary of Science Fiction Literature</i>. Scarecrow Press. p. 99. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-4938-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-4938-9"><bdi>978-0-8108-4938-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Dyson+Sphere&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Science+Fiction+Literature&rft.pages=99&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-8108-4938-9&rft.aulast=Stableford&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnzmIPZg5xicC%26pg%3DPA99&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADyson+sphere" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStanway2023" class="citation web cs1">Stanway, Elizabeth (2023-05-21). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://warwick.ac.uk/fac/sci/physics/research/astro/people/stanway/sciencefiction/cosmicstories/megastructures">"Megastructures"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Warwick_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Warwick University">Warwick University</a></i>. Cosmic Stories Blog. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230526080458/https://warwick.ac.uk/fac/sci/physics/research/astro/people/stanway/sciencefiction/cosmicstories/megastructures">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-05-26<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-03-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Warwick+University&rft.atitle=Megastructures&rft.date=2023-05-21&rft.aulast=Stanway&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwarwick.ac.uk%2Ffac%2Fsci%2Fphysics%2Fresearch%2Fastro%2Fpeople%2Fstanway%2Fsciencefiction%2Fcosmicstories%2Fmegastructures&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADyson+sphere" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dyson_sphere&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Dyson_sphere" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Dyson sphere">Dyson sphere</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Dyson_sphere" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Dyson sphere">Dyson sphere</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aleph.se/Nada/dysonFAQ.html">Dyson sphere FAQ</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://iopscience.iop.org/0004-637X/698/2/2075/pdf/0004-637X_698_2_2075.pdf">FermiLab: IRAS-based whole sky upper limit on Dyson spheres</a> with an appendix on Dyson sphere engineering</li></ul> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://memory-alpha.fandom.com/wiki/Dyson_sphere">Dyson sphere</a> at <a href="/wiki/Memory_Alpha" title="Memory Alpha">Memory Alpha</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Space_stations" title="Template:Space stations"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Space_stations" title="Template talk:Space stations"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Space_stations" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Space stations"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Space_stations_and_settlements329" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Space_station" title="Space station">Space stations</a> and <a href="/wiki/Space_settlement" title="Space settlement">settlements</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_space_stations" title="List of space stations">List of space stations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_commercial_space_stations" title="List of commercial space stations">List of commercial space stations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">International Space Station (ISS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiangong_space_station" title="Tiangong space station">Tiangong space station (TSS)</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Space_station_size_comparison_as_of_November_2024.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Space_station_size_comparison_as_of_November_2024.svg/120px-Space_station_size_comparison_as_of_November_2024.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Space_station_size_comparison_as_of_November_2024.svg/180px-Space_station_size_comparison_as_of_November_2024.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Space_station_size_comparison_as_of_November_2024.svg/240px-Space_station_size_comparison_as_of_November_2024.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1766" data-file-height="2049" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Past</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Russia /<br />Soviet Union</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salyut_programme" title="Salyut programme">Salyut</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salyut_1" title="Salyut 1">Salyut 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DOS-2" title="DOS-2">DOS-2</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salyut_2" title="Salyut 2">Salyut 2</a><sup>† ‡</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_557" title="Kosmos 557">Cosmos 557</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salyut_3" title="Salyut 3">Salyut 3</a><sup>‡</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salyut_4" title="Salyut 4">Salyut 4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salyut_5" title="Salyut 5">Salyut 5</a><sup>‡</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salyut_6" title="Salyut 6">Salyut 6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salyut_7" title="Salyut 7">Salyut 7</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mir" title="Mir">Mir</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">United States</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/OPS_0855" title="OPS 0855">OPS 0855</a><sup>°</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skylab" title="Skylab">Skylab</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">China</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tiangong_program" title="Tiangong program">Tiangong program</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tiangong-1" title="Tiangong-1">Tiangong-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiangong-2" title="Tiangong-2">Tiangong-2</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Private</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genesis_I" title="Genesis I">Genesis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genesis_I" title="Genesis I">I</a><sup>°</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genesis_II_(space_habitat)" title="Genesis II (space habitat)">II</a><sup>°</sup></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Canceled</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Individual projects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aurora_Space_Station" title="Aurora Space Station">Aurora Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bigelow_Commercial_Space_Station" title="Bigelow Commercial Space Station">Bigelow Commercial Space Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_Space_Habitat" title="Deep Space Habitat">Deep Space Habitat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Excalibur_Almaz" title="Excalibur Almaz">Excalibur Almaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploration_Gateway_Platform" title="Exploration Gateway Platform">Exploration Gateway Platform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galaxy_(spacecraft)" title="Galaxy (spacecraft)">Galaxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Industries_Incorporated" title="Space Industries Incorporated">Industrial Space Facility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manned_Orbiting_Laboratory" title="Manned Orbiting Laboratory">Manned Orbiting Laboratory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nautilus-X" title="Nautilus-X">Nautilus-X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbital_Piloted_Assembly_and_Experiment_Complex" title="Orbital Piloted Assembly and Experiment Complex">OPSEK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbital_Technologies_Commercial_Space_Station" title="Orbital Technologies Commercial Space Station">Orbital Technologies Commercial Space Station</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Skylab_II" title="Skylab II">Skylab II</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/FlexCraft" class="mw-redirect" title="FlexCraft">FlexCraft</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skylab_B" title="Skylab B">Skylab B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sundancer" title="Sundancer">Sundancer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiangong-3" title="Tiangong-3">Tiangong-3</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Incorporated into <a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">ISS</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_Station_Freedom" title="Space Station Freedom">Space Station <i>Freedom</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/US_Orbital_Segment" title="US Orbital Segment">USOS</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbus_Man-Tended_Free_Flyer" title="Columbus Man-Tended Free Flyer"><i>Columbus</i> MTFF</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Columbus_(ISS_module)" title="Columbus (ISS module)"><i>Columbus</i> (ISS module)</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mir-2" title="Mir-2">Mir-2</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Orbital_Segment" title="Russian Orbital Segment">ROS</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In development</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Russia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Orbital_Service_Station" title="Russian Orbital Service Station">Russian Orbital Service Station</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Private</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Axiom_Station" title="Axiom Station">Axiom Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haven-1" title="Haven-1">Haven-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbital_Reef" title="Orbital Reef">Orbital Reef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Starlab_(space_station)" title="Starlab (space station)">Starlab</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Gateway" title="Lunar Gateway">Lunar Gateway</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Proposed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Antariksha_Station" title="Bharatiya Antariksha Station">Bharatiya Antariksha Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Space_Station_Module_(Mitsui)" title="Japanese Space Station Module (Mitsui)">Japanese Space Station Module (Mitsui)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Orbital_Station" title="Lunar Orbital Station">Lunar Orbital Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voyager_Station" class="mw-redirect" title="Voyager Station">Voyager Station</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bernal_sphere" title="Bernal sphere">Bernal sphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bishop_Ring_(habitat)" title="Bishop Ring (habitat)">Bishop Ring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McKendree_cylinder" title="McKendree cylinder">McKendree cylinder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O%27Neill_cylinder" title="O'Neill cylinder">O'Neill cylinder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotating_wheel_space_station" title="Rotating wheel space station">Rotating wheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_settlement" title="Space settlement">Space settlement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanford_torus" title="Stanford torus">Stanford torus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wet_workshop" title="Wet workshop">Wet workshop</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_featuring_space_stations" title="List of films featuring space stations">List of films featuring space stations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_stations_and_habitats_in_fiction" title="Space stations and habitats in fiction">Space stations and habitats in fiction</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mission_to_Mir" title="Mission to Mir">Mission to Mir</a></i> (1997 documentary)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Space_Station_3D" title="Space Station 3D">Space Station 3D</a></i> (2002 documentary)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Orphans_of_Apollo" title="Orphans of Apollo">Orphans of Apollo</a></i> (2008 documentary)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Space_Tourists" title="Space Tourists">Space Tourists</a></i> (2009 documentary)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Beautiful_Planet" title="A Beautiful Planet">A Beautiful Planet</a></i> (2016 documentary)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>Notes: † Never inhabited due to launch or on-orbit failure, ‡ Part of the <a href="/wiki/Almaz" title="Almaz">Almaz</a> military program, ° Never inhabited, lacks docking mechanism.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Science_fiction458" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Science_fiction" title="Template:Science fiction"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Science_fiction" title="Template talk:Science fiction"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Science_fiction" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Science fiction"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Science_fiction458" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction" title="Science fiction">Science fiction</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_science_fiction" title="Outline of science fiction">Outline</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_science-fiction_authors" title="List of science-fiction authors">Authors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Definitions_of_science_fiction" title="Definitions of science fiction">Definitions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthropological_science_fiction" title="Anthropological science fiction">Anthropological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hard_science_fiction" title="Hard science fiction">Hard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_romance" title="Scientific romance">Scientific romance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soft_science_fiction" title="Soft science fiction">Soft</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Age_of_Science_Fiction" title="Golden Age of Science Fiction">Golden Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_science_fiction" title="History of science fiction">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Wave_science_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="New Wave science fiction">New Wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_science_fiction" title="Timeline of science fiction">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Subgenres</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apocalyptic_and_post-apocalyptic_fiction" title="Apocalyptic and post-apocalyptic fiction">Apocalyptic and post-apocalyptic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_comedy" title="Science fiction comedy">Comedy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_sitcoms" class="mw-redirect" title="List of science fiction sitcoms">Sitcoms</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_science_fiction" title="Feminist science fiction">Feminist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grimdark" title="Grimdark">Grimdark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inner_space_(science_fiction)" title="Inner space (science fiction)">Inner space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mecha" title="Mecha">Mecha</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mecha_anime_and_manga" title="Mecha anime and manga">Anime and manga</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mundane_science_fiction" title="Mundane science fiction">Mundane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_warfare_in_science_fiction" title="Space warfare in science fiction">Space warfare</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_science_fiction" title="Military science fiction">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_opera" title="Space opera">Space opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Western" title="Space Western">Space Western</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parallel_universes_in_fiction" title="Parallel universes in fiction">Parallel universes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isekai" title="Isekai">Isekai</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fantasy" title="Science fantasy">Science fantasy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dying_Earth_(genre)" title="Dying Earth (genre)">Dying Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_romance" title="Planetary romance">Planetary romance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superhero_fiction" title="Superhero fiction">Superhero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sword_and_planet" class="mw-redirect" title="Sword and planet">Sword and planet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_science_fiction" title="Social science fiction">Social</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_fiction" title="Climate fiction">Climate fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_science_fiction" title="Christian science fiction">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_science_fiction" title="Libertarian science fiction">Libertarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utopian_and_dystopian_fiction" title="Utopian and dystopian fiction">Utopian and dystopian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tech_noir" title="Tech noir">Tech noir</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spy-Fi_(subgenre)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spy-Fi (subgenre)">Spy-Fi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Techno-thriller" title="Techno-thriller">Techno-thriller</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokusatsu" title="Tokusatsu">Tokusatsu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kaiju" title="Kaiju">Kaiju</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_underwater_science_fiction_works" title="List of underwater science fiction works">Underwater</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cyberpunk_derivatives" title="Cyberpunk derivatives">Cyberpunk derivatives</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cyberpunk" title="Cyberpunk">Cyberpunk</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_cyberpunk" title="Japanese cyberpunk">Japanese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biopunk" title="Biopunk">Biopunk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dieselpunk" title="Dieselpunk">Dieselpunk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanopunk" title="Nanopunk">Nanopunk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solarpunk" title="Solarpunk">Solarpunk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steampunk" title="Steampunk">Steampunk</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_convention" title="Science fiction convention">Conventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_fandom" title="Science fiction fandom">Fandom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science-fiction_fanzine" title="Science-fiction fanzine">Fanzines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_Speculative_Fiction_Database" title="Internet Speculative Fiction Database">ISFDB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_libraries_and_museums" title="Science fiction libraries and museums">Libraries and museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EMP_Museum#Science_Fiction_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="EMP Museum">Science Fiction Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_studies" title="Science fiction studies">Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_speculative_fiction" title="Women in speculative fiction">Women in SF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worldcon" title="Worldcon">Worldcon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Region</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_science_fiction" title="Australian science fiction">Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_science_fiction" title="Bengali science fiction">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_science_fiction" title="Brazilian science fiction">Brazilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_science_fiction" title="Canadian science fiction">Canadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilean_science_fiction" title="Chilean science fiction">Chilean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_science_fiction" title="Chinese science fiction">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_science_fiction" title="Croatian science fiction">Croatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_science_fiction_and_fantasy" class="mw-redirect" title="Czech science fiction and fantasy">Czech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_science_fiction" title="Estonian science fiction">Estonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_science_fiction" title="French science fiction">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_science_fiction" title="Hungarian science fiction">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_science_fiction" title="Japanese science fiction">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_science_fiction" title="Norwegian science fiction">Norwegian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_and_fantasy_in_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Science fiction and fantasy in Poland">Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_science_fiction" title="Romanian science fiction">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_science_fiction_and_fantasy" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian science fiction and fantasy">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_science_fiction" title="Serbian science fiction">Serbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_science_fiction" title="Spanish science fiction">Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_science_fiction" title="Yugoslav science fiction">Yugoslav</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Awards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cinematic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jules_Verne_Awards" title="Jules Verne Awards">Jules Verne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saturn_Awards" title="Saturn Awards">Saturn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Literary, art,<br />and audio</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astounding_Award_for_Best_New_Writer" title="Astounding Award for Best New Writer">Astounding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurealis_Award" title="Aurealis Award">Aurealis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BSFA_Award" title="BSFA Award">BSFA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_W._Campbell_Memorial_Award_for_Best_Science_Fiction_Novel" title="John W. Campbell Memorial Award for Best Science Fiction Novel">Campbell Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chesley_Awards" title="Chesley Awards">Chesley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_C._Clarke_Award" title="Arthur C. Clarke Award">Clarke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compton_Crook_Award" title="Compton Crook Award">Crook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deutscher_Science_Fiction_Preis" title="Deutscher Science Fiction Preis">Deutscher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_K._Dick_Award" title="Philip K. Dick Award">Dick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ditmar_Award" title="Ditmar Award">Ditmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endeavour_Award" title="Endeavour Award">Endeavor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FantLab%27s_Book_of_the_Year_Award" title="FantLab's Book of the Year Award">FantLab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galaxy_Award_(China)" title="Galaxy Award (China)">Galaxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Gaughan_Award" title="Jack Gaughan Award">Gaughan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geffen_Award" title="Geffen Award">Geffen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Duck_Award" title="Golden Duck Award">Golden Duck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damon_Knight_Memorial_Grand_Master_Award" title="Damon Knight Memorial Grand Master Award">Grand Master</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_prix_de_l%27Imaginaire" title="Grand prix de l'Imaginaire">Grand Prix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Harland_Prize" title="Paul Harland Prize">Harland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_A._Heinlein_Award" title="Robert A. Heinlein Award">Heinlein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Premio_Ignotus" title="Premio Ignotus">Ignotus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitschies" title="Kitschies">Kitschies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Lambda_Literary_Awards_winners_and_nominees_for_science_fiction,_fantasy_and_horror" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Lambda Literary Awards winners and nominees for science fiction, fantasy and horror">Lambda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurd_La%C3%9Fwitz_Award" title="Kurd Laßwitz Award">Laßwitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Locus_Award" title="Locus Award">Locus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nautilus_Award" title="Nautilus Award">Nautilus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebula_Award" title="Nebula Award">Nebula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nommo_Awards" title="Nommo Awards">Nommo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andre_Norton_Award" title="Andre Norton Award">Norton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parsec_Awards" title="Parsec Awards">Parsec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prometheus_Award" title="Prometheus Award">Prometheus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhysling_Award" title="Rhysling Award">Rhysling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SFERA_Award" title="SFERA Award">SFERA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidewise_Award_for_Alternate_History" title="Sidewise Award for Alternate History">Sidewise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_E._Smith_Memorial_Award" title="Edward E. Smith Memorial Award">Skylark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Sturgeon_Award" title="Theodore Sturgeon Award">Sturgeon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunburst_Award" title="Sunburst Award">Sunburst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%A4htivaeltaja_Award" title="Tähtivaeltaja Award">Tähtivaeltaja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TBD_Science_Fiction_Story_Award" title="TBD Science Fiction Story Award">TBD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Tiptree_Jr._Award" class="mw-redirect" title="James Tiptree Jr. Award">Tiptree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prix_Apollo_Award" title="Prix Apollo Award">Tour-Apollo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_Fiction_%26_Fantasy_Translation_Awards" title="Science Fiction & Fantasy Translation Awards">Translation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urania_Award" title="Urania Award">Urania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_Julius_Vogel_Award" title="Sir Julius Vogel Award">Vogel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Writers_of_the_Future" class="mw-redirect" title="Writers of the Future">Writers and Illustrators of the Future</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janusz_A._Zajdel_Award" title="Janusz A. Zajdel Award">Zajdel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Multimedia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aurora_Awards" title="Aurora Awards">Aurora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandler_Award" title="Chandler Award">Chandler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dragon_Awards" title="Dragon Awards">Dragon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Award" title="Hugo Award">Hugo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seiun_Award" title="Seiun Award">Seiun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaylactic_Spectrum_Awards" title="Gaylactic Spectrum Awards">Spectrum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_film" title="Science fiction film">Film</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_science_fiction_films" title="History of science fiction films">Film history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_science_fiction_films" title="Lists of science fiction films">Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_films_in_India" title="Science fiction films in India">Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_science_fiction" title="Japanese science fiction">Japanese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_anime" title="List of science fiction anime">Anime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokusatsu" title="Tokusatsu">Tokusatsu</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Literature</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_comics" title="Science fiction comics">Comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_magazine" title="Science fiction magazine">Magazines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_novels" title="List of science fiction novels">Novels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_publishers" title="List of science fiction publishers">Publishers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_short_stories" title="List of science fiction short stories">Short stories</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Stage</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_opera" title="Science fiction opera">Opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_theatre" title="Science fiction theatre">Theatre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_on_television" title="Science fiction on television">Television</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_television_programs" title="List of science fiction television programs">List of TV shows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_science_fiction_television" title="Australian science fiction television">Australasian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_television_science_fiction" title="British television science fiction">British</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_science_fiction_television" title="Canadian science fiction television">Canadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_on_television#Continental_European_science_fiction_series" title="Science fiction on television">European</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_science_fiction" title="Japanese science fiction">Japanese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_anime" title="List of science fiction anime">Anime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokusatsu" title="Tokusatsu">Live-action</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._television_science_fiction" title="U.S. television science fiction">U.S.</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_themes" title="List of science fiction themes">Themes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Space_architecture" title="Space architecture">Architectural</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_colonization" title="Space colonization">Colonization</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Dyson sphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matrioshka_brain" title="Matrioshka brain">Matrioshka brain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_stations_and_habitats_in_fiction" title="Space stations and habitats in fiction">Space stations and habitats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stellar_engine" title="Stellar engine">Stellar engine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terraforming_in_popular_culture" title="Terraforming in popular culture">Terraforming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topopolis" title="Topopolis">Topopolis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Biology_in_fiction" title="Biology in fiction">Biological</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biological_warfare_in_popular_culture" title="Biological warfare in popular culture">Biological warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_being" title="Energy being">Energy being</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_in_fiction" title="Evolution in fiction">Evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extraterrestrials_in_fiction" title="Extraterrestrials in fiction">Extraterrestrials</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_fictional_extraterrestrials" title="Lists of fictional extraterrestrials">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_in_speculative_fiction" title="Gender in speculative fiction">Gender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_engineering_in_science_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetic engineering in science fiction">Genetic engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invisibility_in_fiction" title="Invisibility in fiction">Invisibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanotechnology_in_fiction" title="Nanotechnology in fiction">Nanotechnology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organ_transplantation_in_fiction" title="Organ transplantation in fiction">Organ transplantation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parasites_in_fiction" title="Parasites in fiction">Parasites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosthetics_in_fiction" title="Prosthetics in fiction">Prosthetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_and_sexuality_in_speculative_fiction" title="Sex and sexuality in speculative fiction">Sex and sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbiosis_in_fiction" title="Symbiosis in fiction">Symbiosis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Physical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ansible" title="Ansible">Ansible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_holes_in_fiction" title="Black holes in fiction">Black holes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extrasolar_planets_in_fiction" title="Extrasolar planets in fiction">Extrasolar planets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Force_field_(technology)" title="Force field (technology)">Force field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperspace" title="Hyperspace">Hyperspace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inertialess_drive" class="mw-redirect" title="Inertialess drive">Inertialess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiverse" title="Multiverse">Multiverse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parallel_universes_in_fiction" title="Parallel universes in fiction">Parallel universes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portable_hole" title="Portable hole">Portable hole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_travel_in_science_fiction" title="Space travel in science fiction">Space travel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stargate_(device)" title="Stargate (device)">Stargate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stars_in_fiction" title="Stars in fiction">Stars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teleportation_in_fiction" title="Teleportation in fiction">Teleportation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_travel_in_fiction" title="Time travel in fiction">Time travel</a> (<a href="/wiki/Time_viewer" title="Time viewer">Viewer</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warp_drive" title="Warp drive">Warp drive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wormholes_in_fiction" title="Wormholes in fiction">Wormhole</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Psychological</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Group_mind_(science_fiction)" title="Group mind (science fiction)">Group mind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mind_uploading_in_fiction" title="Mind uploading in fiction">Mind uploading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psionics" title="Psionics">Psionics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simulated_consciousness_in_fiction" title="Simulated consciousness in fiction">Simulated consciousness</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Social</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Africanfuturism" title="Africanfuturism">Africanfuturism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afrofuturism" title="Afrofuturism">Afrofuturism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alien_invasion" title="Alien invasion">Alien invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alien_language" title="Alien language">Alien language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_astronauts_in_popular_culture" title="Ancient astronauts in popular culture">Ancient astronauts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_science_fiction" title="Black science fiction">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evil_corporation" title="Evil corporation">Evil corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_contact_(science_fiction)" title="First contact (science fiction)">First contact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankenstein_complex" title="Frankenstein complex">Frankenstein complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galactic_empire" title="Galactic empire">Galactic empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_themes_in_speculative_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT themes in speculative fiction">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Message_from_space_(science_fiction)" class="mw-redirect" title="Message from space (science fiction)">Message from space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transhumanism_in_fiction" title="Transhumanism in fiction">Transhumanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uplift_(science_fiction)" title="Uplift (science fiction)">Uplift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenoarchaeology" title="Xenoarchaeology">Xenoarchaeology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Technological</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence_in_fiction" title="Artificial intelligence in fiction">Artificial intelligence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AI_takeover_in_popular_culture" title="AI takeover in popular culture">AI takeover</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astronomical_engineering" title="Astronomical engineering">Astroengineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holography_in_fiction" title="Holography in fiction">Holography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fictional_robots_and_androids" title="List of fictional robots and androids">Robots</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cyborgs_in_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyborgs in fiction">Cyborgs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-replicating_machines_in_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Self-replicating machines in fiction">Self-replicating machines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simulated_reality" title="Simulated reality">Simulated reality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fictional_spacecraft" title="List of fictional spacecraft">Spacecraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tachyons_in_fiction" title="Tachyons in fiction">Tachyons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weapons_in_science_fiction" title="Weapons in science fiction">Weapons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Religious</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_science_fiction" title="Christian science fiction">Christian science fiction</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternate_history" title="Alternate history">Alternate history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy" title="Fantasy">Fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_fictional_astronauts" title="Lists of fictional astronauts">Fictional astronauts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fictional_technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Fictional technology">Fictional technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Future_history" title="Future history">Future history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horror_fiction" title="Horror fiction">Horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magic_realism" class="mw-redirect" title="Magic realism">Magic realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Science_Fiction" title="Museum of Science Fiction">Museum of Science Fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubber_science" title="Rubber science">Rubber science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_studies" title="Science and technology studies">Science and technology studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sense_of_wonder" title="Sense of wonder">Sense of wonder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speculative_fiction" title="Speculative fiction">Speculative fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supernatural_fiction" title="Supernatural fiction">Supernatural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technology_and_society" title="Technology and society">Technology and society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weird_fiction" title="Weird fiction">Weird</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div class="hlist"><ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Science_fiction" title="Category:Science fiction">Category</a></li><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Speculative_fiction/Science_fiction" title="Portal:Speculative fiction/Science fiction">Portal</a></li></ul></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid 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.portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sf-userbox.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Sf-userbox.png/19px-Sf-userbox.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Sf-userbox.png/29px-Sf-userbox.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Sf-userbox.png/38px-Sf-userbox.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Science_Fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Science Fiction">Science Fiction</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_kcmsystem.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Nuvola_apps_kcmsystem.svg/19px-Nuvola_apps_kcmsystem.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Nuvola_apps_kcmsystem.svg/29px-Nuvola_apps_kcmsystem.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Nuvola_apps_kcmsystem.svg/38px-Nuvola_apps_kcmsystem.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Engineering" title="Portal:Engineering">Engineering</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/RocketSunIcon.svg/19px-RocketSunIcon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/RocketSunIcon.svg/29px-RocketSunIcon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/RocketSunIcon.svg/38px-RocketSunIcon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Spaceflight" 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/He1523a.jpg/25px-He1523a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/He1523a.jpg/33px-He1523a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="207" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Stars" title="Portal:Stars">Stars</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/RocketSunIcon.svg/19px-RocketSunIcon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/RocketSunIcon.svg/29px-RocketSunIcon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/RocketSunIcon.svg/38px-RocketSunIcon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Spaceflight" title="Portal:Spaceflight">Spaceflight</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span 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