CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html>     <html lang="en" dir="ltr" prefix="content: http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/content/ dc: http://purl.org/dc/terms/ foaf: http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/ og: http://ogp.me/ns# rdfs: http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema# sioc: http://rdfs.org/sioc/ns# sioct: http://rdfs.org/sioc/types# skos: http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core# xsd: http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#"> <head> <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge" /> <meta charset="utf-8" /><script type="text/javascript">(window.NREUM||(NREUM={})).init={ajax:{deny_list:["bam.nr-data.net"]}};(window.NREUM||(NREUM={})).loader_config={licenseKey:"6ac5e27a90",applicationID:"168632476"};;/*! For license information please see nr-loader-rum-1.281.0.min.js.LICENSE.txt */ (()=>{var e,t,r={122:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{a:()=>i});var n=r(944);function i(e,t){try{if(!e||"object"!=typeof e)return(0,n.R)(3);if(!t||"object"!=typeof t)return(0,n.R)(4);const r=Object.create(Object.getPrototypeOf(t),Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptors(t)),o=0===Object.keys(r).length?e:r;for(let a in o)if(void 0!==e[a])try{if(null===e[a]){r[a]=null;continue}Array.isArray(e[a])&&Array.isArray(t[a])?r[a]=Array.from(new Set([...e[a],...t[a]])):"object"==typeof e[a]&&"object"==typeof t[a]?r[a]=i(e[a],t[a]):r[a]=e[a]}catch(e){(0,n.R)(1,e)}return r}catch(e){(0,n.R)(2,e)}}},555:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{Vp:()=>c,fn:()=>s,x1:()=>u});var n=r(384),i=r(122);const o={beacon:n.NT.beacon,errorBeacon:n.NT.errorBeacon,licenseKey:void 0,applicationID:void 0,sa:void 0,queueTime:void 0,applicationTime:void 0,ttGuid:void 0,user:void 0,account:void 0,product:void 0,extra:void 0,jsAttributes:{},userAttributes:void 0,atts:void 0,transactionName:void 0,tNamePlain:void 0},a={};function s(e){try{const t=c(e);return!!t.licenseKey&&!!t.errorBeacon&&!!t.applicationID}catch(e){return!1}}function c(e){if(!e)throw new Error("All info objects require an agent identifier!");if(!a[e])throw new Error("Info for ".concat(e," was never set"));return a[e]}function u(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error("All info objects require an agent identifier!");a[e]=(0,i.a)(t,o);const r=(0,n.nY)(e);r&&(r.info=a[e])}},217:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{D0:()=>h,gD:()=>b,xN:()=>v});r(860).K7.genericEvents;const n="experimental.marks",i="experimental.measures",o="experimental.resources";var a=r(993);const s=e=>{if(!e||"string"!=typeof e)return!1;try{document.createDocumentFragment().querySelector(e)}catch{return!1}return!0};var c=r(614),u=r(944),l=r(384),d=r(122);const f="[data-nr-mask]",g=()=>{const e={feature_flags:[],experimental:{marks:!1,measures:!1,resources:!1},mask_selector:"*",block_selector:"[data-nr-block]",mask_input_options:{color:!1,date:!1,"datetime-local":!1,email:!1,month:!1,number:!1,range:!1,search:!1,tel:!1,text:!1,time:!1,url:!1,week:!1,textarea:!1,select:!1,password:!0}};return{ajax:{deny_list:void 0,block_internal:!0,enabled:!0,autoStart:!0},distributed_tracing:{enabled:void 0,exclude_newrelic_header:void 0,cors_use_newrelic_header:void 0,cors_use_tracecontext_headers:void 0,allowed_origins:void 0},get feature_flags(){return e.feature_flags},set feature_flags(t){e.feature_flags=t},generic_events:{enabled:!0,autoStart:!0},harvest:{interval:30},jserrors:{enabled:!0,autoStart:!0},logging:{enabled:!0,autoStart:!0,level:a.p_.INFO},metrics:{enabled:!0,autoStart:!0},obfuscate:void 0,page_action:{enabled:!0},page_view_event:{enabled:!0,autoStart:!0},page_view_timing:{enabled:!0,autoStart:!0},performance:{get capture_marks(){return e.feature_flags.includes(n)||e.experimental.marks},set capture_marks(t){e.experimental.marks=t},get capture_measures(){return e.feature_flags.includes(i)||e.experimental.measures},set capture_measures(t){e.experimental.measures=t},capture_detail:!0,resources:{get enabled(){return e.feature_flags.includes(o)||e.experimental.resources},set enabled(t){e.experimental.resources=t},asset_types:[],first_party_domains:[],ignore_newrelic:!0}},privacy:{cookies_enabled:!0},proxy:{assets:void 0,beacon:void 0},session:{expiresMs:c.wk,inactiveMs:c.BB},session_replay:{autoStart:!0,enabled:!1,preload:!1,sampling_rate:10,error_sampling_rate:100,collect_fonts:!1,inline_images:!1,fix_stylesheets:!0,mask_all_inputs:!0,get mask_text_selector(){return e.mask_selector},set mask_text_selector(t){s(t)?e.mask_selector="".concat(t,",").concat(f):""===t||null===t?e.mask_selector=f:(0,u.R)(5,t)},get block_class(){return"nr-block"},get ignore_class(){return"nr-ignore"},get mask_text_class(){return"nr-mask"},get block_selector(){return e.block_selector},set block_selector(t){s(t)?e.block_selector+=",".concat(t):""!==t&&(0,u.R)(6,t)},get mask_input_options(){return e.mask_input_options},set mask_input_options(t){t&&"object"==typeof t?e.mask_input_options={...t,password:!0}:(0,u.R)(7,t)}},session_trace:{enabled:!0,autoStart:!0},soft_navigations:{enabled:!0,autoStart:!0},spa:{enabled:!0,autoStart:!0},ssl:void 0,user_actions:{enabled:!0,elementAttributes:["id","className","tagName","type"]}}},p={},m="All configuration objects require an agent identifier!";function h(e){if(!e)throw new Error(m);if(!p[e])throw new Error("Configuration for ".concat(e," was never set"));return p[e]}function v(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error(m);p[e]=(0,d.a)(t,g());const r=(0,l.nY)(e);r&&(r.init=p[e])}function b(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error(m);var r=h(e);if(r){for(var n=t.split("."),i=0;i<n.length-1;i++)if("object"!=typeof(r=r[n[i]]))return;r=r[n[n.length-1]]}return r}},371:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{V:()=>f,f:()=>d});var n=r(122),i=r(384),o=r(154),a=r(324);let s=0;const c={buildEnv:a.F3,distMethod:a.Xs,version:a.xv,originTime:o.WN},u={customTransaction:void 0,disabled:!1,isolatedBacklog:!1,loaderType:void 0,maxBytes:3e4,onerror:void 0,ptid:void 0,releaseIds:{},appMetadata:{},session:void 0,denyList:void 0,timeKeeper:void 0,obfuscator:void 0,harvester:void 0},l={};function d(e){if(!e)throw new Error("All runtime objects require an agent identifier!");if(!l[e])throw new Error("Runtime for ".concat(e," was never set"));return l[e]}function f(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error("All runtime objects require an agent identifier!");l[e]={...(0,n.a)(t,u),...c},Object.hasOwnProperty.call(l[e],"harvestCount")||Object.defineProperty(l[e],"harvestCount",{get:()=>++s});const r=(0,i.nY)(e);r&&(r.runtime=l[e])}},324:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{F3:()=>i,Xs:()=>o,xv:()=>n});const n="1.281.0",i="PROD",o="CDN"},154:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{OF:()=>c,RI:()=>i,WN:()=>l,bv:()=>o,gm:()=>a,mw:()=>s,sb:()=>u});var n=r(863);const i="undefined"!=typeof window&&!!window.document,o="undefined"!=typeof WorkerGlobalScope&&("undefined"!=typeof self&&self instanceof WorkerGlobalScope&&self.navigator instanceof WorkerNavigator||"undefined"!=typeof globalThis&&globalThis instanceof WorkerGlobalScope&&globalThis.navigator instanceof WorkerNavigator),a=i?window:"undefined"!=typeof WorkerGlobalScope&&("undefined"!=typeof self&&self instanceof WorkerGlobalScope&&self||"undefined"!=typeof globalThis&&globalThis instanceof WorkerGlobalScope&&globalThis),s=Boolean("hidden"===a?.document?.visibilityState),c=/iPad|iPhone|iPod/.test(a.navigator?.userAgent),u=c&&"undefined"==typeof SharedWorker,l=((()=>{const e=a.navigator?.userAgent?.match(/Firefox[/\s](\d+\.\d+)/);Array.isArray(e)&&e.length>=2&&e[1]})(),Date.now()-(0,n.t)())},687:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{Ak:()=>c,Ze:()=>d,x3:()=>u});var n=r(836),i=r(606),o=r(860),a=r(646);const s={};function c(e,t){const r={staged:!1,priority:o.P3[t]||0};l(e),s[e].get(t)||s[e].set(t,r)}function u(e,t){e&&s[e]&&(s[e].get(t)&&s[e].delete(t),g(e,t,!1),s[e].size&&f(e))}function l(e){if(!e)throw new Error("agentIdentifier required");s[e]||(s[e]=new Map)}function d(e="",t="feature",r=!1){if(l(e),!e||!s[e].get(t)||r)return g(e,t);s[e].get(t).staged=!0,f(e)}function f(e){const t=Array.from(s[e]);t.every((([e,t])=>t.staged))&&(t.sort(((e,t)=>e[1].priority-t[1].priority)),t.forEach((([t])=>{s[e].delete(t),g(e,t)})))}function g(e,t,r=!0){const o=e?n.ee.get(e):n.ee,s=i.i.handlers;if(!o.aborted&&o.backlog&&s){if(r){const e=o.backlog[t],r=s[t];if(r){for(let t=0;e&&t<e.length;++t)p(e[t],r);Object.entries(r).forEach((([e,t])=>{Object.values(t||{}).forEach((t=>{t[0]?.on&&t[0]?.context()instanceof a.y&&t[0].on(e,t[1])}))}))}}o.isolatedBacklog||delete s[t],o.backlog[t]=null,o.emit("drain-"+t,[])}}function p(e,t){var r=e[1];Object.values(t[r]||{}).forEach((t=>{var r=e[0];if(t[0]===r){var n=t[1],i=e[3],o=e[2];n.apply(i,o)}}))}},836:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{P:()=>c,ee:()=>u});var n=r(384),i=r(990),o=r(371),a=r(646),s=r(607);const c="nr@context:".concat(s.W),u=function e(t,r){var n={},s={},l={},d=!1;try{d=16===r.length&&(0,o.f)(r).isolatedBacklog}catch(e){}var f={on:p,addEventListener:p,removeEventListener:function(e,t){var r=n[e];if(!r)return;for(var i=0;i<r.length;i++)r[i]===t&&r.splice(i,1)},emit:function(e,r,n,i,o){!1!==o&&(o=!0);if(u.aborted&&!i)return;t&&o&&t.emit(e,r,n);for(var a=g(n),c=m(e),l=c.length,d=0;d<l;d++)c[d].apply(a,r);var p=v()[s[e]];p&&p.push([f,e,r,a]);return a},get:h,listeners:m,context:g,buffer:function(e,t){const r=v();if(t=t||"feature",f.aborted)return;Object.entries(e||{}).forEach((([e,n])=>{s[n]=t,t in r||(r[t]=[])}))},abort:function(){f._aborted=!0,Object.keys(f.backlog).forEach((e=>{delete f.backlog[e]}))},isBuffering:function(e){return!!v()[s[e]]},debugId:r,backlog:d?{}:t&&"object"==typeof t.backlog?t.backlog:{},isolatedBacklog:d};return Object.defineProperty(f,"aborted",{get:()=>{let e=f._aborted||!1;return e||(t&&(e=t.aborted),e)}}),f;function g(e){return e&&e instanceof a.y?e:e?(0,i.I)(e,c,(()=>new a.y(c))):new a.y(c)}function p(e,t){n[e]=m(e).concat(t)}function m(e){return n[e]||[]}function h(t){return l[t]=l[t]||e(f,t)}function v(){return f.backlog}}(void 0,"globalEE"),l=(0,n.Zm)();l.ee||(l.ee=u)},646:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{y:()=>n});class n{constructor(e){this.contextId=e}}},908:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{d:()=>n,p:()=>i});var n=r(836).ee.get("handle");function i(e,t,r,i,o){o?(o.buffer([e],i),o.emit(e,t,r)):(n.buffer([e],i),n.emit(e,t,r))}},606:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{i:()=>o});var n=r(908);o.on=a;var i=o.handlers={};function o(e,t,r,o){a(o||n.d,i,e,t,r)}function a(e,t,r,i,o){o||(o="feature"),e||(e=n.d);var a=t[o]=t[o]||{};(a[r]=a[r]||[]).push([e,i])}},878:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";function n(e,t){return{capture:e,passive:!1,signal:t}}function i(e,t,r=!1,i){window.addEventListener(e,t,n(r,i))}function o(e,t,r=!1,i){document.addEventListener(e,t,n(r,i))}r.d(t,{DD:()=>o,jT:()=>n,sp:()=>i})},607:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{W:()=>n});const n=(0,r(566).bz)()},566:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{LA:()=>s,bz:()=>a});var n=r(154);const i="xxxxxxxx-xxxx-4xxx-yxxx-xxxxxxxxxxxx";function o(e,t){return e?15&e[t]:16*Math.random()|0}function a(){const e=n.gm?.crypto||n.gm?.msCrypto;let t,r=0;return e&&e.getRandomValues&&(t=e.getRandomValues(new Uint8Array(30))),i.split("").map((e=>"x"===e?o(t,r++).toString(16):"y"===e?(3&o()|8).toString(16):e)).join("")}function s(e){const t=n.gm?.crypto||n.gm?.msCrypto;let r,i=0;t&&t.getRandomValues&&(r=t.getRandomValues(new Uint8Array(e)));const a=[];for(var s=0;s<e;s++)a.push(o(r,i++).toString(16));return a.join("")}},614:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{BB:()=>a,H3:()=>n,g:()=>u,iL:()=>c,tS:()=>s,uh:()=>i,wk:()=>o});const n="NRBA",i="SESSION",o=144e5,a=18e5,s={STARTED:"session-started",PAUSE:"session-pause",RESET:"session-reset",RESUME:"session-resume",UPDATE:"session-update"},c={SAME_TAB:"same-tab",CROSS_TAB:"cross-tab"},u={OFF:0,FULL:1,ERROR:2}},863:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";function n(){return Math.floor(performance.now())}r.d(t,{t:()=>n})},944:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";function n(e,t){"function"==typeof console.debug&&console.debug("New Relic Warning: https://github.com/newrelic/newrelic-browser-agent/blob/main/docs/warning-codes.md#".concat(e),t)}r.d(t,{R:()=>n})},284:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{t:()=>c,B:()=>s});var n=r(836),i=r(154);const o="newrelic";const a=new Set,s={};function c(e,t){const r=n.ee.get(t);s[t]??={},e&&"object"==typeof e&&(a.has(t)||(r.emit("rumresp",[e]),s[t]=e,a.add(t),function(e={}){try{i.gm.dispatchEvent(new CustomEvent(o,{detail:e}))}catch(e){}}({loaded:!0})))}},990:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{I:()=>i});var n=Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty;function i(e,t,r){if(n.call(e,t))return e[t];var i=r();if(Object.defineProperty&&Object.keys)try{return Object.defineProperty(e,t,{value:i,writable:!0,enumerable:!1}),i}catch(e){}return e[t]=i,i}},389:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";function n(e,t=500,r={}){const n=r?.leading||!1;let i;return(...r)=>{n&&void 0===i&&(e.apply(this,r),i=setTimeout((()=>{i=clearTimeout(i)}),t)),n||(clearTimeout(i),i=setTimeout((()=>{e.apply(this,r)}),t))}}function i(e){let t=!1;return(...r)=>{t||(t=!0,e.apply(this,r))}}r.d(t,{J:()=>i,s:()=>n})},289:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{GG:()=>o,sB:()=>a});var n=r(878);function i(){return"undefined"==typeof document||"complete"===document.readyState}function o(e,t){if(i())return e();(0,n.sp)("load",e,t)}function a(e){if(i())return e();(0,n.DD)("DOMContentLoaded",e)}},384:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{NT:()=>o,US:()=>l,Zm:()=>a,bQ:()=>c,dV:()=>s,nY:()=>u,pV:()=>d});var n=r(154),i=r(863);const o={beacon:"bam.nr-data.net",errorBeacon:"bam.nr-data.net"};function a(){return n.gm.NREUM||(n.gm.NREUM={}),void 0===n.gm.newrelic&&(n.gm.newrelic=n.gm.NREUM),n.gm.NREUM}function s(){let e=a();return e.o||(e.o={ST:n.gm.setTimeout,SI:n.gm.setImmediate,CT:n.gm.clearTimeout,XHR:n.gm.XMLHttpRequest,REQ:n.gm.Request,EV:n.gm.Event,PR:n.gm.Promise,MO:n.gm.MutationObserver,FETCH:n.gm.fetch,WS:n.gm.WebSocket}),e}function c(e,t){let r=a();r.initializedAgents??={},t.initializedAt={ms:(0,i.t)(),date:new Date},r.initializedAgents[e]=t}function u(e){let t=a();return t.initializedAgents?.[e]}function l(e,t){a()[e]=t}function d(){return function(){let e=a();const t=e.info||{};e.info={beacon:o.beacon,errorBeacon:o.errorBeacon,...t}}(),function(){let e=a();const t=e.init||{};e.init={...t}}(),s(),function(){let e=a();const t=e.loader_config||{};e.loader_config={...t}}(),a()}},843:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{u:()=>i});var n=r(878);function i(e,t=!1,r,i){(0,n.DD)("visibilitychange",(function(){if(t)return void("hidden"===document.visibilityState&&e());e(document.visibilityState)}),r,i)}},434:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{Jt:()=>o,YM:()=>c});var n=r(836),i=r(607);const o="nr@original:".concat(i.W);var a=Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty,s=!1;function c(e,t){return e||(e=n.ee),r.inPlace=function(e,t,n,i,o){n||(n="");const a="-"===n.charAt(0);for(let s=0;s<t.length;s++){const c=t[s],u=e[c];l(u)||(e[c]=r(u,a?c+n:n,i,c,o))}},r.flag=o,r;function r(t,r,n,s,c){return l(t)?t:(r||(r=""),nrWrapper[o]=t,function(e,t,r){if(Object.defineProperty&&Object.keys)try{return Object.keys(e).forEach((function(r){Object.defineProperty(t,r,{get:function(){return e[r]},set:function(t){return e[r]=t,t}})})),t}catch(e){u([e],r)}for(var n in e)a.call(e,n)&&(t[n]=e[n])}(t,nrWrapper,e),nrWrapper);function nrWrapper(){var o,a,l,d;try{a=this,o=[...arguments],l="function"==typeof n?n(o,a):n||{}}catch(t){u([t,"",[o,a,s],l],e)}i(r+"start",[o,a,s],l,c);try{return d=t.apply(a,o)}catch(e){throw i(r+"err",[o,a,e],l,c),e}finally{i(r+"end",[o,a,d],l,c)}}}function i(r,n,i,o){if(!s||t){var a=s;s=!0;try{e.emit(r,n,i,t,o)}catch(t){u([t,r,n,i],e)}s=a}}}function u(e,t){t||(t=n.ee);try{t.emit("internal-error",e)}catch(e){}}function l(e){return!(e&&"function"==typeof e&&e.apply&&!e[o])}},993:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{ET:()=>o,p_:()=>i});var n=r(860);const i={ERROR:"ERROR",WARN:"WARN",INFO:"INFO",DEBUG:"DEBUG",TRACE:"TRACE"},o="log";n.K7.logging},969:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{TZ:()=>n,XG:()=>s,rs:()=>i,xV:()=>a,z_:()=>o});const n=r(860).K7.metrics,i="sm",o="cm",a="storeSupportabilityMetrics",s="storeEventMetrics"},630:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{T:()=>n});const n=r(860).K7.pageViewEvent},782:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{T:()=>n});const n=r(860).K7.pageViewTiming},344:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{G4:()=>i});var n=r(614);r(860).K7.sessionReplay;const i={RECORD:"recordReplay",PAUSE:"pauseReplay",REPLAY_RUNNING:"replayRunning",ERROR_DURING_REPLAY:"errorDuringReplay"};n.g.ERROR,n.g.FULL,n.g.OFF},234:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{W:()=>o});var n=r(836),i=r(687);class o{constructor(e,t){this.agentIdentifier=e,this.ee=n.ee.get(e),this.featureName=t,this.blocked=!1}deregisterDrain(){(0,i.x3)(this.agentIdentifier,this.featureName)}}},603:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{j:()=>K});var n=r(860),i=r(555),o=r(371),a=r(908),s=r(836),c=r(687),u=r(289),l=r(154),d=r(944),f=r(969),g=r(384),p=r(344);const m=["setErrorHandler","finished","addToTrace","addRelease","recordCustomEvent","addPageAction","setCurrentRouteName","setPageViewName","setCustomAttribute","interaction","noticeError","setUserId","setApplicationVersion","start",p.G4.RECORD,p.G4.PAUSE,"log","wrapLogger"],h=["setErrorHandler","finished","addToTrace","addRelease"];var v=r(863),b=r(614),y=r(993);var w=r(646),A=r(434);const R=new Map;function _(e,t,r,n){if("object"!=typeof t||!t||"string"!=typeof r||!r||"function"!=typeof t[r])return(0,d.R)(29);const i=function(e){return(e||s.ee).get("logger")}(e),o=(0,A.YM)(i),a=new w.y(s.P);a.level=n.level,a.customAttributes=n.customAttributes;const c=t[r]?.[A.Jt]||t[r];return R.set(c,a),o.inPlace(t,[r],"wrap-logger-",(()=>R.get(c))),i}function E(){const e=(0,g.pV)();m.forEach((t=>{e[t]=(...r)=>function(t,...r){let n=[];return Object.values(e.initializedAgents).forEach((e=>{e&&e.api?e.exposed&&e.api[t]&&n.push(e.api[t](...r)):(0,d.R)(38,t)})),n.length>1?n:n[0]}(t,...r)}))}const x={};function N(e,t,g=!1){t||(0,c.Ak)(e,"api");const m={};var w=s.ee.get(e),A=w.get("tracer");x[e]=b.g.OFF,w.on(p.G4.REPLAY_RUNNING,(t=>{x[e]=t}));var R="api-",E=R+"ixn-";function N(t,r,n,o){const a=(0,i.Vp)(e);return null===r?delete a.jsAttributes[t]:(0,i.x1)(e,{...a,jsAttributes:{...a.jsAttributes,[t]:r}}),j(R,n,!0,o||null===r?"session":void 0)(t,r)}function k(){}m.log=function(e,{customAttributes:t={},level:r=y.p_.INFO}={}){(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/log/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,w),function(e,t,r={},i=y.p_.INFO){(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/logging/".concat(i.toLowerCase(),"/called")],void 0,n.K7.metrics,e),(0,a.p)(y.ET,[(0,v.t)(),t,r,i],void 0,n.K7.logging,e)}(w,e,t,r)},m.wrapLogger=(e,t,{customAttributes:r={},level:i=y.p_.INFO}={})=>{(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/wrapLogger/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,w),_(w,e,t,{customAttributes:r,level:i})},h.forEach((e=>{m[e]=j(R,e,!0,"api")})),m.addPageAction=j(R,"addPageAction",!0,n.K7.genericEvents),m.recordCustomEvent=j(R,"recordCustomEvent",!0,n.K7.genericEvents),m.setPageViewName=function(t,r){if("string"==typeof t)return"/"!==t.charAt(0)&&(t="/"+t),(0,o.f)(e).customTransaction=(r||"http://custom.transaction")+t,j(R,"setPageViewName",!0)()},m.setCustomAttribute=function(e,t,r=!1){if("string"==typeof e){if(["string","number","boolean"].includes(typeof t)||null===t)return N(e,t,"setCustomAttribute",r);(0,d.R)(40,typeof t)}else(0,d.R)(39,typeof e)},m.setUserId=function(e){if("string"==typeof e||null===e)return N("enduser.id",e,"setUserId",!0);(0,d.R)(41,typeof e)},m.setApplicationVersion=function(e){if("string"==typeof e||null===e)return N("application.version",e,"setApplicationVersion",!1);(0,d.R)(42,typeof e)},m.start=()=>{try{(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/start/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,w),w.emit("manual-start-all")}catch(e){(0,d.R)(23,e)}},m[p.G4.RECORD]=function(){(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/recordReplay/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,w),(0,a.p)(p.G4.RECORD,[],void 0,n.K7.sessionReplay,w)},m[p.G4.PAUSE]=function(){(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/pauseReplay/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,w),(0,a.p)(p.G4.PAUSE,[],void 0,n.K7.sessionReplay,w)},m.interaction=function(e){return(new k).get("object"==typeof e?e:{})};const T=k.prototype={createTracer:function(e,t){var r={},i=this,o="function"==typeof t;return(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/createTracer/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,w),g||(0,a.p)(E+"tracer",[(0,v.t)(),e,r],i,n.K7.spa,w),function(){if(A.emit((o?"":"no-")+"fn-start",[(0,v.t)(),i,o],r),o)try{return t.apply(this,arguments)}catch(e){const t="string"==typeof e?new Error(e):e;throw A.emit("fn-err",[arguments,this,t],r),t}finally{A.emit("fn-end",[(0,v.t)()],r)}}}};function j(e,t,r,i){return function(){return(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/"+t+"/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,w),i&&(0,a.p)(e+t,[r?(0,v.t)():performance.now(),...arguments],r?null:this,i,w),r?void 0:this}}function I(){r.e(296).then(r.bind(r,778)).then((({setAPI:t})=>{t(e),(0,c.Ze)(e,"api")})).catch((e=>{(0,d.R)(27,e),w.abort()}))}return["actionText","setName","setAttribute","save","ignore","onEnd","getContext","end","get"].forEach((e=>{T[e]=j(E,e,void 0,g?n.K7.softNav:n.K7.spa)})),m.setCurrentRouteName=g?j(E,"routeName",void 0,n.K7.softNav):j(R,"routeName",!0,n.K7.spa),m.noticeError=function(t,r){"string"==typeof t&&(t=new Error(t)),(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/noticeError/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,w),(0,a.p)("err",[t,(0,v.t)(),!1,r,!!x[e]],void 0,n.K7.jserrors,w)},l.RI?(0,u.GG)((()=>I()),!0):I(),m}var k=r(217),T=r(122);const j={accountID:void 0,trustKey:void 0,agentID:void 0,licenseKey:void 0,applicationID:void 0,xpid:void 0},I={};var S=r(284);const O=e=>{const t=e.startsWith("http");e+="/",r.p=t?e:"https://"+e};let P=!1;function K(e,t={},r,n){let{init:a,info:c,loader_config:u,runtime:d={},exposed:f=!0}=t;d.loaderType=r;const p=(0,g.pV)();c||(a=p.init,c=p.info,u=p.loader_config),(0,k.xN)(e.agentIdentifier,a||{}),function(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error("All loader-config objects require an agent identifier!");I[e]=(0,T.a)(t,j);const r=(0,g.nY)(e);r&&(r.loader_config=I[e])}(e.agentIdentifier,u||{}),c.jsAttributes??={},l.bv&&(c.jsAttributes.isWorker=!0),(0,i.x1)(e.agentIdentifier,c);const m=(0,k.D0)(e.agentIdentifier),h=[c.beacon,c.errorBeacon];P||(m.proxy.assets&&(O(m.proxy.assets),h.push(m.proxy.assets)),m.proxy.beacon&&h.push(m.proxy.beacon),E(),(0,g.US)("activatedFeatures",S.B),e.runSoftNavOverSpa&&=!0===m.soft_navigations.enabled&&m.feature_flags.includes("soft_nav")),d.denyList=[...m.ajax.deny_list||[],...m.ajax.block_internal?h:[]],d.ptid=e.agentIdentifier,(0,o.V)(e.agentIdentifier,d),e.ee=s.ee.get(e.agentIdentifier),void 0===e.api&&(e.api=N(e.agentIdentifier,n,e.runSoftNavOverSpa)),void 0===e.exposed&&(e.exposed=f),P=!0}},374:(e,t,r)=>{r.nc=(()=>{try{return document?.currentScript?.nonce}catch(e){}return""})()},860:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{$J:()=>u,K7:()=>s,P3:()=>c,XX:()=>i,qY:()=>n,v4:()=>a});const n="events",i="jserrors",o="browser/blobs",a="rum",s={ajax:"ajax",genericEvents:"generic_events",jserrors:i,logging:"logging",metrics:"metrics",pageAction:"page_action",pageViewEvent:"page_view_event",pageViewTiming:"page_view_timing",sessionReplay:"session_replay",sessionTrace:"session_trace",softNav:"soft_navigations",spa:"spa"},c={[s.pageViewEvent]:1,[s.pageViewTiming]:2,[s.metrics]:3,[s.jserrors]:4,[s.spa]:5,[s.ajax]:6,[s.sessionTrace]:7,[s.softNav]:8,[s.sessionReplay]:9,[s.logging]:10,[s.genericEvents]:11},u={[s.pageViewEvent]:a,[s.pageViewTiming]:n,[s.ajax]:n,[s.spa]:n,[s.softNav]:n,[s.metrics]:i,[s.jserrors]:i,[s.sessionTrace]:o,[s.sessionReplay]:o,[s.logging]:"browser/logs",[s.genericEvents]:"ins"}}},n={};function i(e){var t=n[e];if(void 0!==t)return t.exports;var o=n[e]={exports:{}};return r[e](o,o.exports,i),o.exports}i.m=r,i.d=(e,t)=>{for(var r in t)i.o(t,r)&&!i.o(e,r)&&Object.defineProperty(e,r,{enumerable:!0,get:t[r]})},i.f={},i.e=e=>Promise.all(Object.keys(i.f).reduce(((t,r)=>(i.f[r](e,t),t)),[])),i.u=e=>"nr-rum-1.281.0.min.js",i.o=(e,t)=>Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(e,t),e={},t="NRBA-1.281.0.PROD:",i.l=(r,n,o,a)=>{if(e[r])e[r].push(n);else{var s,c;if(void 0!==o)for(var u=document.getElementsByTagName("script"),l=0;l<u.length;l++){var d=u[l];if(d.getAttribute("src")==r||d.getAttribute("data-webpack")==t+o){s=d;break}}if(!s){c=!0;var f={296:"sha512-zqOtfbjYsGTkQScey1O8Hh9fA1+m2RFxLpfv7BWqqTivgQ6iM13v6QJ4d5xykyDwx1GoMFmngC4SKpFn6VciYg=="};(s=document.createElement("script")).charset="utf-8",s.timeout=120,i.nc&&s.setAttribute("nonce",i.nc),s.setAttribute("data-webpack",t+o),s.src=r,0!==s.src.indexOf(window.location.origin+"/")&&(s.crossOrigin="anonymous"),f[a]&&(s.integrity=f[a])}e[r]=[n];var g=(t,n)=>{s.onerror=s.onload=null,clearTimeout(p);var i=e[r];if(delete e[r],s.parentNode&&s.parentNode.removeChild(s),i&&i.forEach((e=>e(n))),t)return t(n)},p=setTimeout(g.bind(null,void 0,{type:"timeout",target:s}),12e4);s.onerror=g.bind(null,s.onerror),s.onload=g.bind(null,s.onload),c&&document.head.appendChild(s)}},i.r=e=>{"undefined"!=typeof Symbol&&Symbol.toStringTag&&Object.defineProperty(e,Symbol.toStringTag,{value:"Module"}),Object.defineProperty(e,"__esModule",{value:!0})},i.p="https://js-agent.newrelic.com/",(()=>{var e={374:0,840:0};i.f.j=(t,r)=>{var n=i.o(e,t)?e[t]:void 0;if(0!==n)if(n)r.push(n[2]);else{var o=new Promise(((r,i)=>n=e[t]=[r,i]));r.push(n[2]=o);var a=i.p+i.u(t),s=new Error;i.l(a,(r=>{if(i.o(e,t)&&(0!==(n=e[t])&&(e[t]=void 0),n)){var o=r&&("load"===r.type?"missing":r.type),a=r&&r.target&&r.target.src;s.message="Loading chunk "+t+" failed.\n("+o+": "+a+")",s.name="ChunkLoadError",s.type=o,s.request=a,n[1](s)}}),"chunk-"+t,t)}};var t=(t,r)=>{var n,o,[a,s,c]=r,u=0;if(a.some((t=>0!==e[t]))){for(n in s)i.o(s,n)&&(i.m[n]=s[n]);if(c)c(i)}for(t&&t(r);u<a.length;u++)o=a[u],i.o(e,o)&&e[o]&&e[o][0](),e[o]=0},r=self["webpackChunk:NRBA-1.281.0.PROD"]=self["webpackChunk:NRBA-1.281.0.PROD"]||[];r.forEach(t.bind(null,0)),r.push=t.bind(null,r.push.bind(r))})(),(()=>{"use strict";i(374);var e=i(944),t=i(344),r=i(566);class n{agentIdentifier;constructor(){this.agentIdentifier=(0,r.LA)(16)}#e(t,...r){if("function"==typeof this.api?.[t])return this.api[t](...r);(0,e.R)(35,t)}addPageAction(e,t){return this.#e("addPageAction",e,t)}recordCustomEvent(e,t){return this.#e("recordCustomEvent",e,t)}setPageViewName(e,t){return this.#e("setPageViewName",e,t)}setCustomAttribute(e,t,r){return this.#e("setCustomAttribute",e,t,r)}noticeError(e,t){return this.#e("noticeError",e,t)}setUserId(e){return this.#e("setUserId",e)}setApplicationVersion(e){return this.#e("setApplicationVersion",e)}setErrorHandler(e){return this.#e("setErrorHandler",e)}addRelease(e,t){return this.#e("addRelease",e,t)}log(e,t){return this.#e("log",e,t)}}class o extends n{#e(t,...r){if("function"==typeof this.api?.[t])return this.api[t](...r);(0,e.R)(35,t)}start(){return this.#e("start")}finished(e){return this.#e("finished",e)}recordReplay(){return this.#e(t.G4.RECORD)}pauseReplay(){return this.#e(t.G4.PAUSE)}addToTrace(e){return this.#e("addToTrace",e)}setCurrentRouteName(e){return this.#e("setCurrentRouteName",e)}interaction(){return this.#e("interaction")}wrapLogger(e,t,r){return this.#e("wrapLogger",e,t,r)}}var a=i(860),s=i(217);const c=Object.values(a.K7);function u(e){const t={};return c.forEach((r=>{t[r]=function(e,t){return!0===(0,s.gD)(t,"".concat(e,".enabled"))}(r,e)})),t}var l=i(603);var d=i(687),f=i(234),g=i(289),p=i(154),m=i(384);const h=e=>p.RI&&!0===(0,s.gD)(e,"privacy.cookies_enabled");function v(e){return!!(0,m.dV)().o.MO&&h(e)&&!0===(0,s.gD)(e,"session_trace.enabled")}var b=i(389);class y extends f.W{constructor(e,t,r=!0){super(e.agentIdentifier,t),this.auto=r,this.abortHandler=void 0,this.featAggregate=void 0,this.onAggregateImported=void 0,!1===e.init[this.featureName].autoStart&&(this.auto=!1),this.auto?(0,d.Ak)(e.agentIdentifier,t):this.ee.on("manual-start-all",(0,b.J)((()=>{(0,d.Ak)(e.agentIdentifier,this.featureName),this.auto=!0,this.importAggregator(e)})))}importAggregator(t,r={}){if(this.featAggregate||!this.auto)return;let n;this.onAggregateImported=new Promise((e=>{n=e}));const o=async()=>{let o;try{if(h(this.agentIdentifier)){const{setupAgentSession:e}=await i.e(296).then(i.bind(i,861));o=e(t)}}catch(t){(0,e.R)(20,t),this.ee.emit("internal-error",[t]),this.featureName===a.K7.sessionReplay&&this.abortHandler?.()}try{if(!this.#t(this.featureName,o))return(0,d.Ze)(this.agentIdentifier,this.featureName),void n(!1);const{lazyFeatureLoader:e}=await i.e(296).then(i.bind(i,103)),{Aggregate:a}=await e(this.featureName,"aggregate");this.featAggregate=new a(t,r),t.runtime.harvester.initializedAggregates.push(this.featAggregate),n(!0)}catch(t){(0,e.R)(34,t),this.abortHandler?.(),(0,d.Ze)(this.agentIdentifier,this.featureName,!0),n(!1),this.ee&&this.ee.abort()}};p.RI?(0,g.GG)((()=>o()),!0):o()}#t(e,t){switch(e){case a.K7.sessionReplay:return v(this.agentIdentifier)&&!!t;case a.K7.sessionTrace:return!!t;default:return!0}}}var w=i(630);class A extends y{static featureName=w.T;constructor(e,t=!0){super(e,w.T,t),this.importAggregator(e)}}var R=i(908),_=i(843),E=i(878),x=i(782),N=i(863);class k extends y{static featureName=x.T;constructor(e,t=!0){super(e,x.T,t),p.RI&&((0,_.u)((()=>(0,R.p)("docHidden",[(0,N.t)()],void 0,x.T,this.ee)),!0),(0,E.sp)("pagehide",(()=>(0,R.p)("winPagehide",[(0,N.t)()],void 0,x.T,this.ee))),this.importAggregator(e))}}var T=i(969);class j extends y{static featureName=T.TZ;constructor(e,t=!0){super(e,T.TZ,t),this.importAggregator(e)}}new class extends o{constructor(t){super(),p.gm?(this.features={},(0,m.bQ)(this.agentIdentifier,this),this.desiredFeatures=new Set(t.features||[]),this.desiredFeatures.add(A),this.runSoftNavOverSpa=[...this.desiredFeatures].some((e=>e.featureName===a.K7.softNav)),(0,l.j)(this,t,t.loaderType||"agent"),this.run()):(0,e.R)(21)}get config(){return{info:this.info,init:this.init,loader_config:this.loader_config,runtime:this.runtime}}run(){try{const t=u(this.agentIdentifier),r=[...this.desiredFeatures];r.sort(((e,t)=>a.P3[e.featureName]-a.P3[t.featureName])),r.forEach((r=>{if(!t[r.featureName]&&r.featureName!==a.K7.pageViewEvent)return;if(this.runSoftNavOverSpa&&r.featureName===a.K7.spa)return;if(!this.runSoftNavOverSpa&&r.featureName===a.K7.softNav)return;const n=function(e){switch(e){case a.K7.ajax:return[a.K7.jserrors];case a.K7.sessionTrace:return[a.K7.ajax,a.K7.pageViewEvent];case a.K7.sessionReplay:return[a.K7.sessionTrace];case a.K7.pageViewTiming:return[a.K7.pageViewEvent];default:return[]}}(r.featureName).filter((e=>!(e in this.features)));n.length>0&&(0,e.R)(36,{targetFeature:r.featureName,missingDependencies:n}),this.features[r.featureName]=new r(this)}))}catch(t){(0,e.R)(22,t);for(const e in this.features)this.features[e].abortHandler?.();const r=(0,m.Zm)();delete r.initializedAgents[this.agentIdentifier]?.api,delete r.initializedAgents[this.agentIdentifier]?.features,delete this.sharedAggregator;return r.ee.get(this.agentIdentifier).abort(),!1}}}({features:[A,k,j],loaderType:"lite"})})()})();</script> <link rel="shortcut icon" href="https://your.yale.edu/sites/all/themes/youryale/images/favicons/favicon.ico" type="image/vnd.microsoft.icon" /> <meta name="msvalidate.01" content="0B36DB5E6285E0FDFFF68067DC0CD8E9" /> <meta name="description" content="Contracts at Yale Yale IRB Submit for IACUC Review COI Policies & Procedures YSM Pre-Award Support Pre-Award/Post Award Support (non-medical) Guidelines on Export Controls" /> <meta name="generator" content="Drupal 7 (https://www.drupal.org)" /> <link rel="canonical" href="https://your.yale.edu/research-support" /> <link rel="shortlink" href="https://your.yale.edu/node/18771" /> <title>Research Support | It's Your Yale</title>  <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="57x57" href="/sites/all/themes/youryale/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-57x57.png">  <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="57x57" href="/sites/all/themes/youryale/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-57x57.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="60x60" href="/sites/all/themes/youryale/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-60x60.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="72x72" href="/sites/all/themes/youryale/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-72x72.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="76x76" href="/sites/all/themes/youryale/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-76x76.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="114x114" href="/sites/all/themes/youryale/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-114x114.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="120x120" href="/sites/all/themes/youryale/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-120x120.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="144x144" href="/sites/all/themes/youryale/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-144x144.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="152x152" href="/sites/all/themes/youryale/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-152x152.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="/sites/all/themes/youryale/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-180x180.png"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="/sites/all/themes/youryale/images/favicons/favicon-32x32.png" sizes="32x32"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="/sites/all/themes/youryale/images/favicons/android-chrome-192x192.png" sizes="192x192"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="/sites/all/themes/youryale/images/favicons/favicon-96x96.png" sizes="96x96"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="/sites/all/themes/youryale/images/favicons/favicon-16x16.png" sizes="16x16"> <link rel="manifest" href="/sites/all/themes/youryale/images/favicons/manifest.json"> <meta name="msapplication-TileColor" content="#00356b"> <meta name="msapplication-TileImage" content="/sites/all/themes/youryale/images/favicons/mstile-144x144.png"> <meta name="theme-color" content="#ffffff"> <link rel="shortcut icon" href="/sites/all/themes/youryale/images/favicons/favicon.ico"> <meta name="MobileOptimized" content="width"> <meta name="HandheldFriendly" content="true"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1"> <link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="https://your.yale.edu/sites/default/files/css/css_lQaZfjVpwP_oGNqdtWCSpJT1EMqXdMiU84ekLLxQnc4.css" media="all" /> <link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="https://your.yale.edu/sites/default/files/css/css_FmL6Kqv_n5IpA2SmDKNB6sVztCt39qXocI7AiNpg1NE.css" media="all" /> <link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="https://your.yale.edu/sites/default/files/css/css_PkKtdr6n5OZP228cducWKjoPWnMTrXtpD-Hg38fTHus.css" media="all" /> <link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="https://your.yale.edu/sites/default/files/css/css_SvicJTsQbv8Ivktg6IGzIe4KdJzYkrEbI7UBbw6lroI.css" media="all" /> <link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="//maxcdn.bootstrapcdn.com/font-awesome/4.7.0/css/font-awesome.min.css" media="all" /> <link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="https://your.yale.edu/sites/default/files/css/css_ixxFkVnUvqv82FGikLBczbj0JP2Rr2ou3YxbGQWjJYU.css" media="all" /> <link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="https://your.yale.edu/sites/default/files/css/css_73CAPKE5CcoUQhV3qrfKpJc2IjXeuT_pAQXLAL6Szp0.css" media="all" /> <link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="https://your.yale.edu/sites/default/files/css_injector/css_injector_51.css?srta4g" media="all" /> <link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="https://your.yale.edu/sites/default/files/css_injector/css_injector_66.css?srta4g" media="all" /> <link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="https://your.yale.edu/sites/default/files/css_injector/css_injector_131.css?srta4g" media="all" /> <link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="https://your.yale.edu/sites/default/files/css_injector/css_injector_137.css?srta4g" media="all" /> <link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="https://your.yale.edu/sites/default/files/css_injector/css_injector_140.css?srta4g" media="all" /> <link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="https://your.yale.edu/sites/default/files/css_injector/css_injector_147.css?srta4g" media="all" /> <link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="https://your.yale.edu/sites/default/files/css_injector/css_injector_150.css?srta4g" media="all" /> <link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="https://your.yale.edu/sites/default/files/css_injector/css_injector_182.css?srta4g" media="all" /> <script src="https://your.yale.edu/sites/default/files/js/js_HYCo-UwoJUYNAeeAXvDeSpzqnox1suqngpq5Pze_kNY.js"></script> <script>document.cookie = 'adaptive_image=' + Math.max(screen.width, screen.height) + '; path=/';</script> <script src="//ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/jquery/1.8.3/jquery.min.js"></script> <script>window.jQuery || document.write("<script src='/sites/all/modules/contrib/jquery_update/replace/jquery/1.8/jquery.min.js'>\x3C/script>")</script> <script src="https://your.yale.edu/sites/default/files/js/js_Hfha9RCTNm8mqMDLXriIsKGMaghzs4ZaqJPLj2esi7s.js"></script> <script src="//ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/jqueryui/1.10.2/jquery-ui.min.js"></script> <script>window.jQuery.ui || document.write("<script src='/sites/all/modules/contrib/jquery_update/replace/ui/ui/minified/jquery-ui.min.js'>\x3C/script>")</script> <script src="https://your.yale.edu/sites/default/files/js/js_OwFLF5TTD9KP_-uo037kLYLWuJf0zS5_o5REOBRP-6c.js"></script> <script src="https://your.yale.edu/sites/default/files/js/js_cSY2twNhtt38CHVo0Yjkbg20bIbXEKgTdbTQKAJvqys.js"></script> <script src="https://your.yale.edu/sites/default/files/js/js_ayEu2F4fG9l3mn_sajf-5W80X3VzTZWiSVzau5JxrjI.js"></script> <script src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=UA-11629554-9"></script> <script>window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || [];function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments)};gtag("js", new Date());gtag("set", "developer_id.dMDhkMT", true);gtag("config", "UA-11629554-9", {"groups":"default","cookie_domain":"your.yale.edu","anonymize_ip":true});</script> <script src="https://your.yale.edu/sites/default/files/js/js_zsU7pE_En9PuEzx00IjN_iCxIwgABAiEwJNkh1iTG9k.js"></script> <script src="https://your.yale.edu/sites/default/files/js/js_ut9oOhaeB7z2kgzflLlsZr7wzHyaCYOxXfOo6ffFwF8.js"></script> <script>jQuery.extend(Drupal.settings, {"basePath":"\/","pathPrefix":"","setHasJsCookie":0,"ajaxPageState":{"theme":"youryale","theme_token":"tuHN7ZHbc1lLD2De2gK68DLqkRsnbLw4BjLYkcUlE-4","js":{"sites\/all\/modules\/features\/your_yale\/your_yale_sitewide_search\/js\/your_yale_sitewide_search.js":1,"0":1,"https:\/\/your.yale.edu\/sites\/default\/files\/google_tag\/primary\/google_tag.script.js":1,"1":1,"\/\/ajax.googleapis.com\/ajax\/libs\/jquery\/1.8.3\/jquery.min.js":1,"2":1,"misc\/jquery-extend-3.4.0.js":1,"misc\/jquery-html-prefilter-3.5.0-backport.js":1,"misc\/jquery.once.js":1,"misc\/drupal.js":1,"\/\/ajax.googleapis.com\/ajax\/libs\/jqueryui\/1.10.2\/jquery-ui.min.js":1,"3":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/contrib\/jquery_update\/replace\/ui\/external\/jquery.cookie.js":1,"misc\/ui\/jquery.ui.position-1.13.0-backport.js":1,"misc\/form-single-submit.js":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/contrib\/collapsiblock\/collapsiblock.js":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/contrib\/fancy_file_delete\/js\/fancyfiledelete.js":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/contrib\/authcache\/authcache.js":1,"sites\/all\/libraries\/colorbox\/jquery.colorbox-min.js":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/contrib\/colorbox\/js\/colorbox.js":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/contrib\/colorbox\/styles\/plain\/colorbox_style.js":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/contrib\/colorbox\/js\/colorbox_load.js":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/contrib\/jscrollpane\/js\/jquery.jscrollpane.min.js":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/contrib\/jscrollpane\/js\/jquery.mousewheel.js":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/contrib\/jscrollpane\/js\/script.js":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/contrib\/google_analytics\/googleanalytics.js":1,"https:\/\/www.googletagmanager.com\/gtag\/js?id=UA-11629554-9":1,"4":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/contrib\/field_group\/field_group.js":1,"sites\/all\/themes\/youryale\/js\/build\/scripts.min.js":1},"css":{"modules\/system\/system.base.css":1,"modules\/system\/system.menus.css":1,"modules\/system\/system.messages.css":1,"modules\/system\/system.theme.css":1,"misc\/ui\/jquery.ui.core.css":1,"misc\/ui\/jquery.ui.theme.css":1,"misc\/ui\/jquery.ui.accordion.css":1,"misc\/ui\/jquery.ui.menu.css":1,"misc\/ui\/jquery.ui.autocomplete.css":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/contrib\/adaptive_image\/css\/adaptive-image.css":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/contrib\/calendar\/css\/calendar_multiday.css":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/contrib\/collapsiblock\/collapsiblock.css":1,"modules\/comment\/comment.css":1,"modules\/field\/theme\/field.css":1,"modules\/node\/node.css":1,"modules\/search\/search.css":1,"modules\/user\/user.css":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/contrib\/views\/css\/views.css":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/contrib\/ckeditor\/css\/ckeditor.css":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/contrib\/colorbox\/styles\/plain\/colorbox_style.css":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/contrib\/ctools\/css\/ctools.css":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/contrib\/jscrollpane\/css\/jquery.jscrollpane.css":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/contrib\/panels\/css\/panels.css":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/contrib\/typogrify\/typogrify.css":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/contrib\/field_collection\/field_collection.theme.css":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/contrib\/addtoany\/addtoany.css":1,"\/\/maxcdn.bootstrapcdn.com\/font-awesome\/4.7.0\/css\/font-awesome.min.css":1,"sites\/all\/themes\/youryale\/system.menus.css":1,"sites\/all\/themes\/youryale\/system.messages.css":1,"sites\/all\/themes\/youryale\/system.theme.css":1,"sites\/all\/themes\/youryale\/css\/styles.css":1,"public:\/\/fontyourface\/local_fonts\/TheSans-normal-300\/stylesheet.css":1,"public:\/\/fontyourface\/local_fonts\/TheSans-normal-600\/stylesheet.css":1,"public:\/\/fontyourface\/local_fonts\/TheSans-normal-normal\/stylesheet.css":1,"public:\/\/fontyourface\/local_fonts\/YaleNew-normal-normal\/stylesheet.css":1,"public:\/\/css_injector\/css_injector_51.css":1,"public:\/\/css_injector\/css_injector_66.css":1,"public:\/\/css_injector\/css_injector_131.css":1,"public:\/\/css_injector\/css_injector_137.css":1,"public:\/\/css_injector\/css_injector_140.css":1,"public:\/\/css_injector\/css_injector_147.css":1,"public:\/\/css_injector\/css_injector_150.css":1,"public:\/\/css_injector\/css_injector_182.css":1}},"authcache":{"q":"node\/18771","cp":{"path":"\/","domain":"your.yale.edu","secure":true},"cl":1},"collapsiblock":{"blocks":{"block-block-412":"1","block-block-396":"1","block-block-384":"1","block-block-389":"1","block-block-340":"1","block-block-413":"1","block-block-320":"1","block-block-313":"1","block-block-331":"1","block-block-289":"1","block-block-332":"1","block-block-414":"1","block-block-243":"1","block-block-395":"1","block-block-411":"1","block-block-372":"1","block-block-419":"1","block-block-417":"1","block-block-418":"1","block-block-416":"1","block-block-415":"1","block-panels-mini-clerical-technical-service-maint":"1","block-panels-mini-bottom-clerical-technical-servic":"1","block-block-420":"1","block-block-294":"1","block-block-423":"1","block-block-424":"1","block-panels-mini-top-fac-mp-postdoc-assoc-pol-com":"1","block-panels-mini-bottom-fac-mp-postdoc-assoc-pol-":"1","block-panels-mini-bottom2-fac-mp-postdoc-assoc-pol":"1","block-block-421":"1","block-block-422":"1","block-block-425":"1","block-block-281":"1","block-block-426":"1","block-block-427":"1","block-block-364":"1","block-block-428":"1","block-views-engagement-block":"1","block-block-385":"1","block-block-400":"1","block-block-391":"1","block-block-236":"1","block-block-221":"1","block-block-397":"1","block-block-6":"1","block-block-431":"1","block-block-432":"1","block-block-430":"1","block-block-410":"1","block-block-433":"1","block-block-434":"1","block-panels-mini-cool-beans-recipes-":"1","block-block-437":"1","block-block-438":"1","block-block-439":"1","block-block-324":"1","block-block-247":"1","block-block-442":"1","block-block-443":"1","block-block-448":"1","block-block-444":"1","block-block-445":"1","block-block-446":"1","block-block-447":"1","block-block-449":"1","block-block-450":"1","block-panels-mini-chat-stickers-staff-row-one":"1","block-panels-mini-chat-stickers-staff-row-three":"1","block-panels-mini-chat-stickers-staff-row-two":"1","block-block-383":"1","block-block-451":"1","block-block-330":"1","block-block-453":"1","block-panels-mini-lsr-50-years":"1","block-block-454":"1","block-block-455":"1","block-block-456":"1","block-block-457":"1","block-block-458":"1","block-block-459":"1","block-quicktabs-procurement-sourcing":"1","block-block-471":"1","block-panels-mini-procurement-page-row-one":"1","block-panels-mini-procurement-page-row-two":"1","block-block-470":"1","block-block-472":"1","block-block-466":"1","block-block-467":"1","block-block-473":"1","block-block-474":"1","block-block-468":"1","block-block-475":"1","block-panels-mini-procurement-landing-page-one":"1","block-panels-mini-procurement-landing-page-two":"1","block-block-463":"1","block-block-345":"1","block-panels-mini-work-models-at-yale":"1","block-block-477":"1","block-block-478":"1","block-block-479":"1","block-block-476":"1","block-block-408":"1","block-panels-mini-one-finance-announcement":"1","block-block-482":"1","block-block-483":"1","block-block-485":"1","block-block-486":"1","block-panels-mini-ora-section":"1","block-block-489":"1","block-block-490":"1","block-block-491":"1","block-panels-mini-ora-landing":"1","block-block-493":"1","block-block-492":"1","block-views-youryale-news-block-1":"1","block-views-youryale-news-block":"1","block-block-460":"1","block-block-270":"1","block-views-youryale-news-block-2":"1","block-block-494":"1","block-block-495":"1","block-block-293":"1","block-menu-block-16":"1","block-block-496":"1","block-block-498":"1","block-menu-menu-operations":"1","block-block-500":"1","block-panels-mini-onefinance-strategic-initiative-":"1","block-panels-mini-onefinance-strategic-row-two":"1","block-views-youryale-news-block-3":"1","block-views-engagement-block-1":"1","block-panels-mini-financeone-learning-row-one":"1","block-panels-mini-financeone-learning-strategic-in":"1","block-views-engagement-block-2":"1","block-views-yale-calendar-events-block-2":"1","block-menu-menu-more-to-explore":"1","block-views-1d2d61b466921e4fd96dfabea733b0d4":"1","block-block-511":"1","block-block-516":"1","block-block-513":"1","block-block-515":"1","block-block-512":"1","block-block-429":"1","block-block-514":"1","block-block-497":"1","block-block-503":"1","block-block-501":"1","block-block-517":"1","block-menu-block-1":"1","block-block-502":"1","block-block-505":"1","block-block-504":"1","block-block-507":"1","block-block-506":"1","block-block-509":"1","block-block-510":"1","block-panels-mini-onefinance-recruiting-row-two":"1","block-panels-mini-onefinance-recruiting-row-one":"1","block-block-519":"1","block-block-518":"1","block-block-258":"1","block-block-520":"1","block-bean-banner-message":"1","block-block-521":"1","block-block-347":"1","block-views-yale-calendar-events-block-1":"1","block-block-522":"1","block-block-523":"1","block-block-524":"1","block-block-529":"1","block-block-530":"1","block-block-531":"1","block-block-532":"1","block-block-533":"1","block-block-534":"1","block-block-540":"1","block-block-541":"1","block-block-525":"1","block-block-526":"1","block-block-527":"1","block-panels-mini-experience-builder-book-row-1":"1","block-panels-mini-experience-builder-book-row-2":"1","block-block-537":"1","block-block-536":"1","block-block-528":"1","block-bean-youryale":"1","block-block-545":"1","block-panels-mini-office-research-compliance":"1","block-block-547":"1","block-block-546":"1","block-panels-mini-shuttle":"1","block-block-548":"1","block-block-549":"1","block-block-551":"1","block-panels-mini-shuttle-daytime":"1","block-block-552":"1","block-panels-mini-shuttle-nighttime":"1","block-block-250":"1","block-block-561":"1","block-block-562":"1","block-block-349":"1","block-block-352":"1","block-block-350":"1","block-block-351":"1","block-panels-mini-spirit-week-second-row":"1","block-panels-mini-spirit-week-first-row":"1","block-block-563":"1","block-block-564":"1","block-block-565":"1","block-block-566":"1","block-block-567":"1","block-block-580":"1","block-block-579":"1","block-block-581":"1","block-block-582":"1","block-block-398":"1","block-block-550":"1","block-block-574":"1","block-block-573":"1","block-block-484":"1","block-block-554":"1","block-block-560":"1","block-block-556":"1","block-block-586":"1","block-panels-mini-transit-landing-page-blocks":"1","block-block-587":"1","block-block-588":"1","block-block-267":"1","block-block-593":"1","block-block-595":"1","block-block-590":"1","block-block-592":"1","block-block-591":"1","block-block-594":"1","block-block-358":"1","block-block-309":"1","block-block-386":"1","block-block-596":"1","block-block-597":"1","block-block-599":"1","block-block-598":"1","block-views-fe6e9132ec25d4906e534c5c0a93b08f":"1","block-block-394":"1","block-block-600":"1","block-block-359":"1","block-views-youryale-news-block-4":"1","block-block-211":"1","block-panels-mini-game-day":"1","block-block-605":"1","block-block-333":"1","block-panels-mini-travel-landing-addresses":"1","block-block-248":"1","block-block-609":"1","block-block-269":"1","block-block-264":"1","block-panels-mini-talent-acquisition":"1","block-block-618":"1","block-block-617":"1","block-block-616":"1","block-block-614":"1","block-block-620":"1","block-block-621":"1","block-panels-mini-conflict-of-interest-recr-rcr":"1","block-block-624":"1","block-block-625":"1","block-block-387":"1","block-block-626":"1","block-block-382":"1","block-panels-mini-monday-trivia-vote":"1","block-block-631":"1","block-block-630":"1","block-block-629":"1","block-block-610":"1","block-block-634":"1","block-block-635":"1","block-block-636":"1","block-block-633":"1","block-block-632":"1","block-block-637":"1","block-block-638":"1","block-block-639":"1","block-block-640":"1","block-block-641":"1","block-block-627":"1","block-block-628":"1","block-panels-mini-tuesday-trivia-vote-block":"1","block-block-643":"1","block-bean-new-site":"1","block-block-650":"1","block-block-608":"1","block-block-606":"1","block-block-651":"1","block-panels-mini-travel-address-section-landing":"1","block-block-653":"1","block-block-553":"1","block-block-642":"1","block-block-644":"1","block-block-645":"1","block-block-647":"1","block-block-646":"1","block-block-649":"1","block-block-648":"1","block-block-654":"1","block-block-655":"1","block-block-656":"1","block-block-575":"1","block-block-539":"1","block-panels-mini-research-integrity-and-security":"1","block-block-659":"1","block-block-660":"1","block-block-658":"1","block-block-661":"1","block-block-662":"1","block-block-663":"1","block-block-664":"1","block-block-665":"1","block-block-666":"1","block-block-667":"1","block-block-668":"1"},"default_state":1,"slide_type":1,"slide_speed":200,"block_title":":header:first","block":"div.block","block_content":"div.content"},"colorbox":{"transition":"elastic","speed":"350","opacity":"0.85","slideshow":false,"slideshowAuto":true,"slideshowSpeed":"2500","slideshowStart":"start slideshow","slideshowStop":"stop slideshow","current":"{current} of {total}","previous":"\u00ab Prev","next":"Next \u00bb","close":"Close","overlayClose":true,"returnFocus":true,"maxWidth":"98%","maxHeight":"98%","initialWidth":"300","initialHeight":"250","fixed":true,"scrolling":false,"mobiledetect":true,"mobiledevicewidth":"480px","specificPagesDefaultValue":"admin*\nimagebrowser*\nimg_assist*\nimce*\nnode\/add\/*\nnode\/*\/edit\nprint\/*\nprintpdf\/*\nsystem\/ajax\nsystem\/ajax\/*"},"jScrollPane":{"class":".scroll-pane"},"urlIsAjaxTrusted":{"\/search":true},"googleanalytics":{"account":["UA-11629554-9"],"trackOutbound":1,"trackMailto":1,"trackDownload":1,"trackDownloadExtensions":"7z|aac|arc|arj|asf|asx|avi|bin|csv|doc(x|m)?|dot(x|m)?|exe|flv|gif|gz|gzip|hqx|jar|jpe?g|js|mp(2|3|4|e?g)|mov(ie)?|msi|msp|pdf|phps|png|ppt(x|m)?|pot(x|m)?|pps(x|m)?|ppam|sld(x|m)?|thmx|qtm?|ra(m|r)?|sea|sit|tar|tgz|torrent|txt|wav|wma|wmv|wpd|xls(x|m|b)?|xlt(x|m)|xlam|xml|z|zip","trackColorbox":1,"trackDomainMode":1},"field_group":{"div":"full"}});</script>   </head> <body class="html not-front not-logged-in no-sidebars page-node page-node- page-node-18771 node-type-landing-page section-research-support" > <p id="skip-link" class="skip-link"> <a href="#content" class="element-invisible element-focusable">Jump to content</a> </p> <div class="region region-page-top"> <noscript aria-hidden="true"><iframe src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-K8Q94L4" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe></noscript> </div> <div id="page" class="page"> <header class="header clearfix" id="header"> <div class="header__logo"> <a href="/" title="It's Your Yale" class="header__logo-link" rel="home"> <div class="element-invisible"> It's Your Yale</div> <img src="/sites/all/themes/youryale/images/build/logo.png" srcset="/sites/all/themes/youryale/images/build/logo.png 1x, /sites/all/themes/youryale/images/build/logo-2x.png 2x" width="346" alt="" class="desktop-logo"> <img src="/sites/all/themes/youryale/images/build/logo-mobile.png" width="346" alt="" class="mobile-logo"> </a> </div> <img src="/sites/all/themes/youryale/images/build/logo-2x.png" width="300" alt="It's Your Yale" class="print-logo" > <div class="header__region region region-header"> <div id="block-your-yale-mobile-nav-your-yale-mobile-nav-buttons" class="block block--your-yale-mobile-nav block--your-yale-mobile-nav-your-yale-mobile-nav-buttons first odd"> <a role="button" class="nav-search"><span class="element-invisible">Search</span></a><a role="button" class="nav-toggle" href="#" aria-expanded="false"><div><span class="element-invisible">Toggle the Menu</span></div></a> </div> <div id="block-menu-block-8" class="block menu--header-utility-menu block--menu-block block--menu-block-8 even"> <div class="menu-block-wrapper menu-block-8 menu-name-menu-utility-menu parent-mlid-0 menu-level-1"> <ul class="menu"><li class="menu__item is-leaf first leaf menu-mlid-1096"><a href="https://your.yale.edu/node/60157" title="Recognition" class="menu__link">Recognition</a></li> <li class="menu__item is-leaf leaf menu-mlid-1101"><a href="https://www.myworkday.com/yale" title="Workday" class="menu__link">Workday</a></li> <li class="menu__item is-leaf leaf menu-mlid-1106"><a href="http://news.yale.edu/" title="News" class="menu__link">News</a></li> <li class="menu__item is-leaf leaf menu-mlid-28231"><a href="https://directory.yale.edu/" target="_blank" class="menu__link">Directories</a></li> <li class="menu__item is-leaf leaf menu-mlid-29614"><a href="/yale-links" class="menu__link">YaleLinks</a></li> <li class="menu__item is-leaf last leaf menu-mlid-1121"><a href="/search/node" class="menu__link menu--search fa fa-search">Search</a></li> </ul></div> </div> <div id="block-menu-block-2" class="block menu--header-main-menu block--menu-block block--menu-block-2 odd"> <div class="menu-block-wrapper menu-block-2 menu-name-main-menu parent-mlid-0 menu-level-1"> <ul class="menu"><li class="menu__item is-expanded first expanded menu-mlid-996"><a href="/work-yale" class="menu__link">Work at Yale</a><ul class="menu"><li class="menu__item is-parent is-leaf first leaf has-children menu-mlid-1021"><a href="/work-yale/benefits" title="Benefits" class="menu__link">Benefits</a></li> <li class="menu__item is-parent is-leaf leaf has-children menu-mlid-29446"><a href="/work-yale/careers" class="menu__link">Careers</a></li> <li class="menu__item is-parent is-leaf leaf has-children menu-mlid-4401"><a href="/work-yale/campus-services" class="menu__link">Campus Services</a></li> <li class="menu__item is-parent is-leaf leaf has-children menu-mlid-25456"><a href="/work-yale/financial-management" class="menu__link">Financial Management</a></li> <li class="menu__item is-leaf leaf menu-mlid-30225"><a href="/work-yale/supporting-yales-culture-integrity-and-ethical-conduct" class="menu__link">Integrity and Ethical Conduct</a></li> <li class="menu__item is-parent is-leaf leaf has-children menu-mlid-27909"><a href="/work-yale/learn-grow" class="menu__link">Learn and Grow</a></li> <li class="menu__item is-parent is-leaf leaf has-children menu-mlid-8826"><a href="/work-yale/manager-toolkit" class="menu__link">Manager Toolkit</a></li> <li class="menu__item is-parent is-leaf leaf has-children menu-mlid-27927"><a href="/work-yale/staff-resources" class="menu__link">Staff Resources</a></li> <li class="menu__item is-parent is-leaf last leaf has-children menu-mlid-20511"><a href="/work-yale/support" class="menu__link">Support</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="menu__item is-expanded expanded menu-mlid-27026"><a href="/technology" class="menu__link">Technology at Yale</a></li> <li class="menu__item is-expanded expanded menu-mlid-23711"><a href="/policies-procedures" class="menu__link">Policies & Procedures</a><ul class="menu"><li class="menu__item is-leaf first last leaf menu-mlid-27935"><a href="/university-policies-procedures-forms-and-guides" class="menu__link">University Policies, Procedures, Forms, and Guides</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="menu__item is-active is-active-trail is-expanded expanded active-trail active menu-mlid-1011"><a href="/research-support" class="menu__link is-active-trail active-trail active">Research Support</a><ul class="menu"><li class="menu__item is-parent is-leaf first leaf has-children menu-mlid-29234"><a href="/research-support/office-research-administration" class="menu__link">Office of Research Administration</a></li> <li class="menu__item is-parent is-leaf leaf has-children menu-mlid-29680"><a href="/research-support/office-sponsored-projects" class="menu__link">Office of Sponsored Projects</a></li> <li class="menu__item is-parent is-leaf leaf has-children menu-mlid-1216"><a href="/research-support/human-research-protection-program" title="Human Research" class="menu__link">Human Research Protection Program</a></li> <li class="menu__item is-parent is-leaf leaf has-children menu-mlid-1211"><a href="/research-support/animal-research-support" title="Animal Research" class="menu__link">Animal Research Support</a></li> <li class="menu__item is-parent is-leaf leaf has-children menu-mlid-29648"><a href="/research-support/conflict-interest-office" class="menu__link">Conflict of Interest Office</a></li> <li class="menu__item is-parent is-leaf leaf has-children menu-mlid-7011"><a href="/research-support/export-controls" class="menu__link">Export Controls</a></li> <li class="menu__item is-leaf leaf menu-mlid-11061"><a href="/research-support/office-research-compliance" class="menu__link">Office of Research Compliance</a></li> <li class="menu__item is-parent is-leaf leaf has-children menu-mlid-5151"><a href="/research-support/faculty-research-management-services" class="menu__link">Faculty Research Management Services</a></li> <li class="menu__item is-parent is-leaf last leaf has-children menu-mlid-30249"><a href="/research-support/research-integrity-security-office" class="menu__link">Research Integrity & Security Office</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="menu__item is-expanded last expanded menu-mlid-1016"><a href="/community" class="menu__link">Community</a><ul class="menu"><li class="menu__item is-parent is-leaf first leaf has-children menu-mlid-4051"><a href="/community/diversity-and-inclusion" class="menu__link">Diversity and Inclusion</a></li> <li class="menu__item is-parent is-leaf last leaf has-children menu-mlid-5661"><a href="/community/public-safety" class="menu__link">Public Safety</a></li> </ul></li> </ul></div> </div> <div id="block-views-exp-sitewide-search-page" class="block block--views block--views--exp-sitewide-search-page last even"> <form action="/search" method="get" id="views-exposed-form-sitewide-search-page" accept-charset="UTF-8"><div><div class="views-exposed-form"> <div class="views-exposed-widgets clearfix"> <div id="edit-search-api-views-fulltext-wrapper" class="views-exposed-widget views-widget-filter-search_api_views_fulltext"> <label for="edit-search-api-views-fulltext"> Search It's Your Yale </label> <div class="views-widget"> <div class="form-item form-type-textfield form-item-search-api-views-fulltext"> <input placeholder="Search all of Yale..." type="text" id="edit-search-api-views-fulltext" name="search_api_views_fulltext" value="" size="30" maxlength="128" class="form-text" /> </div> </div> </div> <div class="views-exposed-widget views-submit-button"> <input type="submit" id="edit-submit-sitewide-search" name="edit-submit-sitewide-search" value="Search" class="form-submit" /> </div> </div> </div> </div></form> </div> </div> </header> <div id="highlighted" class="highlighted"> </div> <div id="main" class="main clearfix"> <div id="content" class="column main-content" tabindex="-1"> <a id="main-content"></a> <ul class="action-links"></ul> <article about="/research-support" typeof="sioc:Item foaf:Document" class="node node-18771 node--landing-page clearfix node--view-mode-full"> <header> <span property="dc:title" content="Research Support" class="rdf-meta element-hidden"></span><span property="sioc:num_replies" content="0" datatype="xsd:integer" class="rdf-meta element-hidden"></span> </header> <div class="group-outer-wrapper field-group-div"><div class="image-gradient"><div class="field field-label-hidden field--header-image"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even"><img typeof="foaf:Image" src="https://your.yale.edu/sites/default/files/landingpage_fall2020_research.jpg" width="1175" height="435" alt="" /></div></div></div></div><div class="inner-wrapper"><h1>Research Support</h1><div class="field field-label-hidden field--body"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even" property="content:encoded"><p><a href="#contracts">Contracts at Yale</a><br /> <a href="#irb">Yale IRB</a><br /> <a href="#review">Submit for IACUC Review</a><br /> <a href="#policy">COI Policies & Procedures</a><br /> <a href="#ysm-support">YSM Pre-Award Support</a><br /> <a href="#support">Pre-Award/Post Award Support (non-medical)</a><br /> <a href="#export">Guidelines on Export Controls</a></p> </div></div></div></div></div><div class="field-collection-container clearfix"><div class="field field-label-hidden field--section-collection"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even"><div class="field-collection-view clearfix view-mode-full"><div about="/field-collection/field-section-collection/7721" typeof="" class="ds-1col entity entity-field-collection-item field-collection-item-field-section-collection view-mode-full clearfix"> <div class="field field-label-hidden field--section-description"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even"><div class="feature-wide"> <h2><a href="https://research.yale.edu/2025-federal-administration-transition-0">2025 Federal Administrative Transition Information</a>.</h2> </div> <h2><a href="/research-support/office-research-administration-0">Office of Research Administration</a></h2> <p>Responsible for the University’s systems and processes regarding research administration and improved compliance and regulatory activities. Provides oversight and guidance for Yale’s research offices. Coordinate the activities of the various University offices providing support to faculty, staff and students on sponsored projects, to assure that service provided by those offices is of the highest caliber and professionalism, and to serve as an effective representative for the research enterprise at Yale University and nationally.</p> </div></div></div></div> </div></div><div class="field-item odd"><div class="field-collection-view clearfix view-mode-full"><div about="/field-collection/field-section-collection/9396" typeof="" class="ds-1col entity entity-field-collection-item field-collection-item-field-section-collection view-mode-full clearfix"> <h2><a href="https://your.yale.edu/research-support/office-research-compliance">Office of Research Compliance</a></h2><div class="field field-label-hidden field--section-description"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even"><p>The Office of Research Compliance (ORC) provides support to the Office of Research Administration (ORA) and its mission. As such, ORC’s role is to review and participate in the implementation of emerging regulatory requirements, and proactively monitoring regulatory compliance through assessments and responding to concerns expressed to the ORC.</p> </div></div></div><div class="field-collection-container clearfix"><div class="field field-label-hidden field--content-listing"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even"><div class="field-collection-view clearfix view-mode-landing-page-section field-collection-view-final"><div about="/field-collection/field-content-listing/16284" typeof="" class="ds-1col entity entity-field-collection-item field-collection-item-field-content-listing view-mode-landing_page_section clearfix"> <div class="field field-label-hidden field--listing-description"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even"><p><a name="contracts" id="contracts"></a></p> </div></div></div></div> </div></div></div></div></div></div> </div></div><div class="field-item even"><div class="field-collection-view clearfix view-mode-full"><div about="/field-collection/field-section-collection/7691" typeof="" class="ds-1col entity entity-field-collection-item field-collection-item-field-section-collection view-mode-full clearfix"> <h2><a href="https://your.yale.edu/research-support/office-sponsored-projects">Office of Sponsored Projects</a></h2><div class="field field-label-hidden field--section-description"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even"><p>The Office of Sponsored Projects serves as a central resource to support faculty and staff in obtaining and managing sponsored awards. From proposal submission, grant and contract review and negotiation, and oversight of received funds, our office is available to support the Yale research community. Our mission is to provide exemplary support while ensuring compliance with sponsor terms and conditions and University policy.</p> </div></div></div><div class="field-collection-container clearfix"><div class="field field-label-hidden field--content-listing"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even"><div class="field-collection-view clearfix view-mode-landing-page-section"><div about="/field-collection/field-content-listing/7681" typeof="" class="ds-1col entity entity-field-collection-item field-collection-item-field-content-listing view-mode-landing_page_section clearfix"> <h3><a href="https://your.yale.edu/research-support/office-sponsored-projects/award-management">Award Management</a></h3><div class="field field-label-hidden field--listing-description"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even"><p>The Office of Sponsored Projects’ Award Management team has responsibilities for ensuring University and sponsor policies, procedures, and processes are followed.</p> </div></div></div></div> </div></div><div class="field-item odd"><div class="field-collection-view clearfix view-mode-landing-page-section field-collection-view-final"><div about="/field-collection/field-content-listing/7686" typeof="" class="ds-1col entity entity-field-collection-item field-collection-item-field-content-listing view-mode-landing_page_section clearfix"> <h3><a href="https://your.yale.edu/research-support/office-sponsored-projects/contracts-yale">Contracts at Yale</a></h3><div class="field field-label-hidden field--listing-description"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even"><p>The OSP Contracts’ team is responsible for reviewing, negotiating and finalizing contracts with corporate partners, the Federal Government and complex agreements with Foundations.</p> <p><a name="review" id="review"></a></p> </div></div></div></div> </div></div></div></div></div></div> </div></div><div class="field-item odd"><div class="field-collection-view clearfix view-mode-full"><div about="/field-collection/field-section-collection/7676" typeof="" class="ds-1col entity entity-field-collection-item field-collection-item-field-section-collection view-mode-full clearfix"> <h2><a href="https://your.yale.edu/research-support/animal-research-support">Animal Research Support</a></h2><div class="field field-label-hidden field--section-description"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even"><p>Committed to conducting quality animal research in an ethical and responsible manner.</p> </div></div></div><div class="field-collection-container clearfix"><div class="field field-label-hidden field--content-listing"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even"><div class="field-collection-view clearfix view-mode-landing-page-section"><div about="/field-collection/field-content-listing/7666" typeof="" class="ds-1col entity entity-field-collection-item field-collection-item-field-content-listing view-mode-landing_page_section clearfix"> <h3><a href="https://your.yale.edu/research-support/animal-research/policies-procedures-guidelines-and-instructions">Policies, Procedures, Guidelines and Instructions</a></h3><div class="field field-label-hidden field--listing-description"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even"><p>Applicable Federal and State Regulations.</p> </div></div></div></div> </div></div><div class="field-item odd"><div class="field-collection-view clearfix view-mode-landing-page-section field-collection-view-final"><div about="/field-collection/field-content-listing/7671" typeof="" class="ds-1col entity entity-field-collection-item field-collection-item-field-content-listing view-mode-landing_page_section clearfix"> <h3><a href="https://your.yale.edu/research-support/animal-research-support/submit-iacuc-review">Submit for IACUC review</a></h3><div class="field field-label-hidden field--listing-description"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even"><p>For questions regarding your protocol, contact your protocol liaison.</p> <p><a name="irb" id="irb"></a></p> </div></div></div></div> </div></div></div></div></div></div> </div></div><div class="field-item even"><div class="field-collection-view clearfix view-mode-full"><div about="/field-collection/field-section-collection/6231" typeof="" class="ds-1col entity entity-field-collection-item field-collection-item-field-section-collection view-mode-full clearfix"> <h2><a href="https://your.yale.edu/research-support/human-research-protection-program">Human Research Protection Program </a></h2><div class="field field-label-hidden field--section-description"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even"><p>Under the oversight of the Deputy Provost for Research, the Yale Human Research Protection Program (HRPP) within the Office of Research Administration is responsible for the protection of the rights and welfare of human subjects in research projects conducted at Yale, by Yale faculty, staff and students, and by investigators from several <a href="/policies-procedures/other/irb-affiliate-institutions">affiliate institutions</a>.</p> </div></div></div><div class="field-collection-container clearfix"><div class="field field-label-hidden field--content-listing"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even"><div class="field-collection-view clearfix view-mode-landing-page-section"><div about="/field-collection/field-content-listing/6221" typeof="" class="ds-1col entity entity-field-collection-item field-collection-item-field-content-listing view-mode-landing_page_section clearfix"> <h3><a href="https://your.yale.edu/research-support/human-research-protection-program/policies-procedures-guidance-and-related-1">Policies, Procedures, Guidance and Checklists</a></h3><div class="field field-label-hidden field--listing-description"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even"><p>Documents to assist in fulfilling obligations to ensure that research is in compliance with applicable laws, regulations and Yale’s commitment to the protection of its research participants.</p> </div></div></div></div> </div></div><div class="field-item odd"><div class="field-collection-view clearfix view-mode-landing-page-section field-collection-view-final"><div about="/field-collection/field-content-listing/16279" typeof="" class="ds-1col entity entity-field-collection-item field-collection-item-field-content-listing view-mode-landing_page_section clearfix"> <h3><a href="https://your.yale.edu/research-support/human-research-protection-program/yale-irb-yale-university-institutional-review-4">Yale IRB</a></h3><div class="field field-label-hidden field--listing-description"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even"><p>Each IRB panel has a submission focus, but are constituted to be able to review all types of submissions.</p> <p><a name="ysm-support" id="ysm-support"></a></p> </div></div></div></div> </div></div></div></div></div></div> </div></div><div class="field-item odd"><div class="field-collection-view clearfix view-mode-full"><div about="/field-collection/field-section-collection/16922" typeof="" class="ds-1col entity entity-field-collection-item field-collection-item-field-section-collection view-mode-full clearfix"> <h2><a href="https://medicine.yale.edu/myysm/finance-and-administration/finance/pre-award-support/">Yale School of Medicine PreAward Team (YPAT)</a></h2><div class="field field-label-hidden field--section-description"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even"><p>YSM Pre Award is a team of dedicated and cross-trained Pre-Award Administrators who provide pre-award support to YSM departments. These services include support for proposal development, pre-proposals or Letters of Intent (LOIs), Just-In-Time (JIT) requests and assistance navigating sponsor policies and interpreting guidelines. Our staff work directly with faculty to prepare submissions that are sent to Office of Sponsored Projects for submission to external sponsors.</p> <p><a name="support" id="support"></a></p> </div></div></div></div> </div></div><div class="field-item even"><div class="field-collection-view clearfix view-mode-full"><div about="/field-collection/field-section-collection/7706" typeof="" class="ds-1col entity entity-field-collection-item field-collection-item-field-section-collection view-mode-full clearfix"> <h2><a href="https://your.yale.edu/research-support/faculty-research-management-services">Faculty Research Management Services</a></h2><div class="field field-label-hidden field--section-description"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even"><p>Faculty Research Management Services (FRMS) provides non-medical school departments and their principal investigators with the resources and expert knowledge needed to compete for, manage, and renew sponsored awards.</p> </div></div></div><div class="field-collection-container clearfix"><div class="field field-label-hidden field--content-listing"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even"><div class="field-collection-view clearfix view-mode-landing-page-section"><div about="/field-collection/field-content-listing/7696" typeof="" class="ds-1col entity entity-field-collection-item field-collection-item-field-content-listing view-mode-landing_page_section clearfix"> <h3><a href="https://your.yale.edu/research-support/faculty-research-management-services/pre-award-support">Pre-Award Support</a></h3><div class="field field-label-hidden field--listing-description"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even"><p>We help determine eligibility for grants and awards, and develop the proposals needed to compete for them.</p> </div></div></div></div> </div></div><div class="field-item odd"><div class="field-collection-view clearfix view-mode-landing-page-section field-collection-view-final"><div about="/field-collection/field-content-listing/7701" typeof="" class="ds-1col entity entity-field-collection-item field-collection-item-field-content-listing view-mode-landing_page_section clearfix"> <h3><a href="https://your.yale.edu/research-support/faculty-research-management-services/post-award-support">Post-Award Support</a></h3><div class="field field-label-hidden field--listing-description"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even"><p>Keeps principal investigators and staff up-to-date and ensure compliance with guidelines and regulations</p> <p><a name="policy" id="policy"></a></p> </div></div></div></div> </div></div></div></div></div></div> </div></div><div class="field-item odd"><div class="field-collection-view clearfix view-mode-full"><div about="/field-collection/field-section-collection/9376" typeof="" class="ds-1col entity entity-field-collection-item field-collection-item-field-section-collection view-mode-full clearfix"> <h2><a href="https://your.yale.edu/research-support/conflict-interest-office">Conflict of Interest Office</a></h2><div class="field field-label-hidden field--section-description"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even"><p>The Provost’s Committee on Conflict of Interest (“Committee”) is charged with identifying and addressing any potential, actual, and apparent conflicts of interest resulting from related external interests. The Conflict of Interest Office supports the Committee while working collaboratively with the Yale community to manage, reduce, or eliminate any identified potential, actual, or apparent conflicts of interest.</p> </div></div></div><div class="field-collection-container clearfix"><div class="field field-label-hidden field--content-listing"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even"><div class="field-collection-view clearfix view-mode-landing-page-section"><div about="/field-collection/field-content-listing/9381" typeof="" class="ds-1col entity entity-field-collection-item field-collection-item-field-content-listing view-mode-landing_page_section clearfix"> <h3><a href="https://your.yale.edu/research-support/conflict-interest-office/policies-procedures-guidance">COI Policies & Procedures</a></h3><div class="field field-label-hidden field--listing-description"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even"><p>In pursuit of its own mission, and consistent with the requirements of external agencies, particularly the federal government, Yale University has formulated the <a href="/policies-procedures/other/yale-university-policy-conflict-interest">Policy on Conflict of Interest</a> to identify and address conflicts of interest and conflicts of commitment.</p> <p>Please <a href="/node/5816">visit our site</a> for FAQs and other information and resources related to external interest disclosure requirements and processes.</p> </div></div></div></div> </div></div><div class="field-item odd"><div class="field-collection-view clearfix view-mode-landing-page-section field-collection-view-final"><div about="/field-collection/field-content-listing/9386" typeof="" class="ds-1col entity entity-field-collection-item field-collection-item-field-content-listing view-mode-landing_page_section clearfix"> <h3><a href="https://your.yale.edu/research-support/conflict-interest-office/federal-and-other-coi-requirements-and-guidelines">Federal and other COI Requirements and Guidelines</a></h3><div class="field field-label-hidden field--listing-description"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even"><p>Access <a href="https://ires.yale.edu/WebPortal/Main.asp?Mode=COIUserSearch">Yale’s External Interests Disclosure Form</a> (Yale NetID and password are required). To access the Disclosure Form from outside of Yale’s network (e.g., from your home or other remote location), Yale VPN (Virtual Private Network) is required. If you do not already have a <a href="http://its.yale.edu/services/internet-phones-and-television/network/campus-access-vpn">VPN client installed</a>, for further information.</p> </div></div></div></div> </div></div></div></div></div></div> </div></div><div class="field-item even"><div class="field-collection-view clearfix view-mode-full"><div about="/field-collection/field-section-collection/15366" typeof="" class="ds-1col entity entity-field-collection-item field-collection-item-field-section-collection view-mode-full clearfix"> <h2><a href="https://ehs.yale.edu/">Environmental Health and Safety </a></h2><div class="field field-label-hidden field--section-description"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even"><p><a name="ehs" id="ehs"></a>Ensures that the campus and work environment are as safe as possible, to protect staff from harm and to prevent accidents and injuries.</p> </div></div></div><div class="field-collection-container clearfix"><div class="field field-label-hidden field--content-listing"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even"><div class="field-collection-view clearfix view-mode-landing-page-section field-collection-view-final"><div about="/field-collection/field-content-listing/16283" typeof="" class="ds-1col entity entity-field-collection-item field-collection-item-field-content-listing view-mode-landing_page_section clearfix"> <div class="field field-label-hidden field--listing-description"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even"><p><a name="export" id="export"></a></p> </div></div></div></div> </div></div></div></div></div></div> </div></div><div class="field-item odd"><div class="field-collection-view clearfix view-mode-full"><div about="/field-collection/field-section-collection/16280" typeof="" class="ds-1col entity entity-field-collection-item field-collection-item-field-section-collection view-mode-full clearfix"> <h2><a href="https://your.yale.edu/research-support/export-controls">Export Controls</a></h2><div class="field field-label-hidden field--section-description"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even"><p>In order to ensure compliance with Export Controls, Yale faculty and staff need to identify when their activities may trigger such regulations. When Export Controls do apply, individuals must take the appropriate steps to obtain any required governmental licenses, monitor and control access to restricted information, and safeguard all controlled materials. The office of Export Controls helps you understand and comply with export control regulations.</p> </div></div></div><div class="field-collection-container clearfix"><div class="field field-label-hidden field--content-listing"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even"><div class="field-collection-view clearfix view-mode-landing-page-section"><div about="/field-collection/field-content-listing/16281" typeof="" class="ds-1col entity entity-field-collection-item field-collection-item-field-content-listing view-mode-landing_page_section clearfix"> <h3><a href="https://your.yale.edu/research-support/export-controls/guidelines-export-controls">Guidelines on Export Controls</a></h3><div class="field field-label-hidden field--listing-description"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even"><p>The University may be required to obtain prior approval before allowing foreign nationals to participate in research, collaborate with a foreign company, or share research results with foreign nationals.</p> </div></div></div></div> </div></div><div class="field-item odd"><div class="field-collection-view clearfix view-mode-landing-page-section field-collection-view-final"><div about="/field-collection/field-content-listing/16282" typeof="" class="ds-1col entity entity-field-collection-item field-collection-item-field-content-listing view-mode-landing_page_section clearfix"> <h3><a href="https://your.yale.edu/research-support/export-controls/government-regulations">Government Regulations</a></h3><div class="field field-label-hidden field--listing-description"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even"><p>Various regulations govern export controls.</p> </div></div></div></div> </div></div></div></div></div></div> </div></div><div class="field-item even"><div class="field-collection-view clearfix view-mode-full field-collection-view-final"><div about="/field-collection/field-section-collection/17955" typeof="" class="ds-1col entity entity-field-collection-item field-collection-item-field-section-collection view-mode-full clearfix"> <h2><a href="https://your.yale.edu/research-support/research-integrity-security-office">Research Integrity & Security Office</a></h2><div class="field field-label-hidden field--section-description"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even"><p>The Research Integrity & Security Office provides support and guidance to the research community with information and resources regarding international collaborations, research security, and research misconduct issues.</p> </div></div></div></div> </div></div></div></div></div><div class="field field-label-hidden field--tags-view"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even"></div></div></div> </article> </div> </div> <div id="secondary-content" class="secondary-content"> </div> <footer id="footer" class="region region-footer clearfix"> <div class="footer__inner"> <div id="block-block-258" class="block footer-menu__column block--block block--block-258 first odd"> <h2 class="block__title block__title block-title">Helpful Links</h2> <ul> <li><a href="/operations">Operations</a></li> <li><a href="https://yaleedu.sharepoint.com/sites/inside-your-yale" target="_blank">Inside Your Yale</a></li> <li><a href="https://statusboard.apps.yale.edu/" target="_blank">Yale Status Board</a></li> <li><a href="/work-yale/support">Support</a></li> </ul> </div> <div id="block-block-259" class="block footer-menu__column block--block block--block-259 even"> <h2 class="block__title block__title block-title">Required Information</h2> <ul> <li><a href="https://usability.yale.edu/web-accessibility/accessibility-yale">Accessibility at Yale</a></li> <li><a href="/federal-and-state-notice-requirements">Federal and State Notice Requirements</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.yale.edu/nondiscrimination">Nondiscrimination/Title IX</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.yale.edu/privacy-policy">Privacy Policy</a></li> </ul> </div> <div id="block-block-250" class="block footer-menu__column block--block block--block-250 odd"> <h2 class="block__title block__title block-title">Yale Shuttle</h2> <p><a href="/work-yale/campus-services/yale-transit/shuttle"><img alt="Yale Shuttle Map" src="/sites/default/files/images/shuttle-routes-web.png" style="width:185px; height:123px" width="185" height="123" /></a></p> </div> <div id="block-block-6" class="block block--footer-copyright block--block block--block-6 last even"> <div class="footer-copyright__logo"><a class="icon-yale" href="http://www.yale.edu"><span class="element-invisible">Yale</span></a></div> <div class="footer-copyright__links">Copyright © 2025 Yale University <span class="link-segment first">All Rights Reserved</span> <a href="/contact-us" class="link-segment">Contact Internal Communications</a></div> </div> </div> </footer> </div> <script src="https://your.yale.edu/sites/default/files/js/js_OolvlotAkDBzF3Ryz2uN24wmwGGhm89rPlIemytlzkI.js"></script> <script> (function() { var sz = document.createElement('script'); sz.type = 'text/javascript'; sz.async = true; sz.src = '//siteimproveanalytics.com/js/siteanalyze_66356571.js'; var s = document.getElementsByTagName('script')[0]; s.parentNode.insertBefore(sz, s); })(); </script> <script type="text/javascript">window.NREUM||(NREUM={});NREUM.info={"beacon":"bam.nr-data.net","licenseKey":"6ac5e27a90","applicationID":"168632476","transactionName":"NFAAZ0RQW0MAU0EKCw0aN0FfHhpZD1RQG0oTXRI=","queueTime":0,"applicationTime":519,"atts":"GBcDEQxKSE0=","errorBeacon":"bam.nr-data.net","agent":""}</script></body> </html>