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class="ui-ncbimenu-first-link-has-submenu ui-ncbimenu-link-first topanchor" href="/web/20111229220512/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/guide/all/">Resources</a><ul id="resources-submenu"><li><a href="/web/20111229220512/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/guide/all/">All Resources</a></li><li><a href="#chemicals-bioassays">Chemicals & Bioassays</a><ul class="actual-resources-submenu chemicals-bioassays"><li><a href="/web/20111229220512/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/biosystems/" title=" Database that groups biomedical literature, small molecules, and sequence data in terms of biological relationships. ">BioSystems</a></li><li><a href="/web/20111229220512/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pcassay" title=" Contributed bioactivity data for PubChem Substances ">PubChem BioAssay</a></li><li><a href="/web/20111229220512/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pccompound" title=" Unique, standardized chemical structures ">PubChem Compound</a></li><li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111229220512/http://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/search/search.cgi" title=" Searches PubChem Compound by chemical structure ">PubChem Structure Search</a></li><li><a href="/web/20111229220512/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pcsubstance" title=" Provides information on the biological activities of small molecules. ">PubChem Substance</a></li><li><a href="/web/20111229220512/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/guide/chemicals-bioassays/">All Chemicals & Bioassays Resources...</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="#dna-rna">DNA & RNA</a><ul class="actual-resources-submenu dna-rna"><li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111229220512/http://blast.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/" title=" Tool for finding local regions of sequence similarity ">BLAST (Basic Local Alignment Search Tool)</a></li><li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111229220512/http://blast.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Blast.cgi?CMD=Web&PAGE_TYPE=BlastDocs&DOC_TYPE=Download" title=" BLAST programs for a local computer ">BLAST (Stand-alone)</a></li><li><a href="/web/20111229220512/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK25501/ " title=" URL application programming interface for searching, linking and downloading data within NCBI's Entrez system ">E-Utilities</a></li><li><a href="/web/20111229220512/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genbank/" title=" DNA and RNA sequences submitted to NCBI ">GenBank</a></li><li><a href="/web/20111229220512/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/WebSub/?tool=genbank" title=" Web tool for simple submissions of nucleotide sequences ">GenBank: BankIt</a></li><li><a href="/web/20111229220512/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/projects/Sequin" title=" Software tool for complex submissions of nucleotide sequences ">GenBank: Sequin</a></li><li><a href="/web/20111229220512/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genbank/tbl2asn2.html" title=" Command-line program for submitting sequence data ">GenBank: tbl2asn</a></li><li><a href="/web/20111229220512/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/projects/gbench/" title=" Stand-alone application for analyzing sequence data ">Genome Workbench</a></li><li><a href="/web/20111229220512/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genomes/FLU/" title=" Data from the NIAID Influenza Genome Sequencing Project ">Influenza Virus</a></li><li><a href="/web/20111229220512/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore" title=" Nucleotide sequence data in GenBank and RefSeq ">Nucleotide Database</a></li><li><a href="/web/20111229220512/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/popset" title=" Sets of nucleotide sequences representing a population ">PopSet</a></li><li><a href="/web/20111229220512/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/tools/primer-blast" title=" Designs PCR primers and analyzes them for target specificity using BLAST. ">Primer-BLAST</a></li><li><a href="/web/20111229220512/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sutils/static/prosplign/prosplign.html" title=" Tool for aligning proteins to genomic DNA ">ProSplign</a></li><li><a href="/web/20111229220512/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/RefSeq/" title=" Curated nucleotide and protein sequences produced by NCBI ">Reference Sequence (RefSeq)</a></li><li><a href="/web/20111229220512/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/refseq/rsg/" title=" RefSeqGene reference standards for genomic sequences of well-characterized genes ">RefSeqGene</a></li><li><a href="/web/20111229220512/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Traces/sra/sra.cgi" title=" Database of sequences reads from next generation sequencing technologies ">Sequence Read Archive (SRA)</a></li><li><a href="/web/20111229220512/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sutils/splign" title=" Tool for aligning transcripts to genomic DNA ">Splign</a></li><li><a href="/web/20111229220512/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Traces/trace.cgi" title=" DNA chromatograms, base calls, and quality estimates for single-pass reads. ">Trace Archive</a></li><li><a href="/web/20111229220512/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/unigene" title=" Gene-centered clusters of transcripts and ESTs ">UniGene</a></li><li><a href="/web/20111229220512/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/unists" title=" Database of Sequence Tagged Sites ">UniSTS</a></li><li><a href="/web/20111229220512/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/guide/dna-rna/">All DNA & RNA Resources...</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="#data-software">Data & Software</a><ul class="actual-resources-submenu data-software"><li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111229220512/http://blast.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/" title=" Tool for finding local regions of sequence similarity ">BLAST (Basic Local Alignment Search Tool)</a></li><li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111229220512/http://blast.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Blast.cgi?CMD=Web&PAGE_TYPE=BlastDocs&DOC_TYPE=Download" title=" BLAST programs for a local computer ">BLAST (Stand-alone)</a></li><li><a href="/web/20111229220512/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Structure/CN3D/cn3d.shtml" title=" Program for viewing 3D structures and alignments ">Cn3D</a></li><li><a href="/web/20111229220512/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Structure/cdd/wrpsb.cgi" title=" Locates conserved domains within a protein sequence ">Conserved Domain Search Service (CD Search)</a></li><li><a href="/web/20111229220512/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK25501/ " title=" URL application programming interface for searching, linking and downloading data within NCBI's Entrez system ">E-Utilities</a></li><li><a href="/web/20111229220512/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/WebSub/?tool=genbank" title=" Web tool for simple submissions of nucleotide sequences ">GenBank: BankIt</a></li><li><a href="/web/20111229220512/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/projects/Sequin" title=" Software tool for complex submissions of nucleotide sequences ">GenBank: Sequin</a></li><li><a href="/web/20111229220512/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genbank/tbl2asn2.html" title=" Command-line program for submitting sequence data ">GenBank: tbl2asn</a></li><li><a href="/web/20111229220512/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sutils/protmap.cgi" title=" Maps proteins from a COG/VOG back to its genome ">Genome ProtMap</a></li><li><a href="/web/20111229220512/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/projects/gbench/" title=" Stand-alone application for analyzing sequence data ">Genome Workbench</a></li><li><a href="/web/20111229220512/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/tools/primer-blast" title=" Designs PCR primers and analyzes them for target specificity using BLAST. ">Primer-BLAST</a></li><li><a href="/web/20111229220512/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sutils/static/prosplign/prosplign.html" title=" Tool for aligning proteins to genomic DNA ">ProSplign</a></li><li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111229220512/http://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/search/search.cgi" title=" Searches PubChem Compound by chemical structure ">PubChem Structure Search</a></li><li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111229220512/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/projects/SNP" title=" The SNP database tools page provides links to the general submission guidelines and to the submission handle request. ">SNP Submission Tool</a></li><li><a href="/web/20111229220512/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sutils/splign" title=" Tool for aligning transcripts to genomic DNA ">Splign</a></li><li><a href="/web/20111229220512/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Structure/VAST/vast.html" title=" Tool that generates 3D structural alignments ">Vector Alignment Search Tool (VAST)</a></li><li><a href="/web/20111229220512/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/guide/data-software/">All Data & Software Resources...</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="#domains-structures">Domains & Structures</a><ul class="actual-resources-submenu domains-structures"><li><a href="/web/20111229220512/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/biosystems/" title=" Database that groups biomedical literature, small molecules, and sequence data in terms of biological relationships. ">BioSystems</a></li><li><a href="/web/20111229220512/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Structure/CN3D/cn3d.shtml" title=" Program for viewing 3D structures and alignments ">Cn3D</a></li><li><a href="/web/20111229220512/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/cdd" title=" Database of conserved protein domains represented by multiple sequence alignments ">Conserved Domain Database (CDD)</a></li><li><a href="/web/20111229220512/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Structure/cdd/wrpsb.cgi" title=" Locates conserved domains within a protein sequence ">Conserved Domain Search Service (CD Search)</a></li><li><a href="/web/20111229220512/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=structure" title=" Database of 3D macromolecular structures derived from PDB ">Structure (Molecular Modeling Database)</a></li><li><a href="/web/20111229220512/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Structure/VAST/vast.html" title=" Tool that generates 3D structural alignments ">Vector Alignment Search Tool (VAST)</a></li><li><a href="/web/20111229220512/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/guide/domains-structures/">All Domains & Structures Resources...</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="#genes-expression">Genes & Expression</a><ul class="actual-resources-submenu genes-expression"><li><a href="/web/20111229220512/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/biosystems/" title=" Database that groups biomedical literature, small molecules, and sequence data in terms of biological relationships. ">BioSystems</a></li><li><a href="/web/20111229220512/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gap" title=" Genotype/Phenotype association studies ">Database of Genotypes and Phenotypes (dbGaP)</a></li><li><a href="/web/20111229220512/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK25501/ " title=" URL application programming interface for searching, linking and downloading data within NCBI's Entrez system ">E-Utilities</a></li><li><a href="/web/20111229220512/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene" title=" Database of gene loci and associated transcripts and proteins ">Gene</a></li><li><a href="/web/20111229220512/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/" title=" Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) Database ">Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) Database </a></li><li><a href="/web/20111229220512/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gds" title=" Curated collections of gene expression data sets ">Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) Datasets</a></li><li><a href="/web/20111229220512/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geoprofiles/" title=" Database of gene expression Profiles for individual sequences ">Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) Profiles</a></li><li><a href="/web/20111229220512/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/projects/gbench/" title=" Stand-alone application for analyzing sequence data ">Genome Workbench</a></li><li><a href="/web/20111229220512/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/homologene" title=" Sets of homologous eukaryotic genes ">HomoloGene</a></li><li><a href="/web/20111229220512/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mapview/" title=" Tool for searching, viewing and downloading genomic maps and related data ">Map Viewer</a></li><li><a href="/web/20111229220512/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/omim" title=" Database of human genes and genetic disorders ">Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM)</a></li><li><a href="/web/20111229220512/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/refseq/rsg/" title=" RefSeqGene reference standards for genomic sequences of well-characterized genes ">RefSeqGene</a></li><li><a href="/web/20111229220512/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/unigene" title=" Gene-centered clusters of transcripts and ESTs ">UniGene</a></li><li><a href="/web/20111229220512/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/guide/genes-expression/">All Genes & Expression Resources...</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="#genetics-medicine">Genetics & Medicine</a><ul class="actual-resources-submenu genetics-medicine"><li><a href="/web/20111229220512/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books" title=" Online biomedical books ">Bookshelf</a></li><li><a href="/web/20111229220512/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gap" title=" Genotype/Phenotype association studies ">Database of Genotypes and Phenotypes (dbGaP)</a></li><li><a href="/web/20111229220512/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genomes/FLU/" title=" Data from the NIAID Influenza Genome Sequencing Project ">Influenza Virus</a></li><li><a href="/web/20111229220512/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mapview/" title=" Tool for searching, viewing and downloading genomic maps and related data ">Map Viewer</a></li><li><a href="/web/20111229220512/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/omim" title=" Database of human genes and genetic disorders ">Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM)</a></li><li><a href="/web/20111229220512/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed" title=" Biomedical literature abstracts ">PubMed</a></li><li><a href="/web/20111229220512/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/" title=" Free, full-text articles ">PubMed Central (PMC)</a></li><li><a href="/web/20111229220512/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/clinical " title=" Directory of PubMed queries about clinical topics ">PubMed Clinical Queries</a></li><li><a href="/web/20111229220512/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/refseq/rsg/" title=" RefSeqGene reference standards for genomic sequences of well-characterized genes ">RefSeqGene</a></li><li><a href="/web/20111229220512/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/guide/genetics-medicine/">All Genetics & Medicine Resources...</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="#genomes-maps">Genomes & Maps</a><ul class="actual-resources-submenu genomes-maps"><li><a href="/web/20111229220512/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/dbvar" title=" A database of genomic structural variation ">Database of Genomic Structural Variation (dbVar)</a></li><li><a href="/web/20111229220512/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genbank/tbl2asn2.html" title=" Command-line program for submitting sequence data ">GenBank: tbl2asn</a></li><li><a href="/web/20111229220512/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/genome" title=" Curated genomic DNA sequences ">Genome</a></li><li><a href="/web/20111229220512/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genomeprj" title=" Central status pages for genome sequencing projects ">Genome Project</a></li><li><a href="/web/20111229220512/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sutils/protmap.cgi" title=" Maps proteins from a COG/VOG back to its genome ">Genome ProtMap</a></li><li><a href="/web/20111229220512/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/projects/gbench/" title=" Stand-alone application for analyzing sequence data ">Genome Workbench</a></li><li><a href="/web/20111229220512/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genomes/FLU/" title=" Data from the NIAID Influenza Genome Sequencing Project ">Influenza Virus</a></li><li><a href="/web/20111229220512/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mapview/" title=" Tool for searching, viewing and downloading genomic maps and related data ">Map Viewer</a></li><li><a href="/web/20111229220512/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore" title=" Nucleotide sequence data in GenBank and RefSeq ">Nucleotide Database</a></li><li><a href="/web/20111229220512/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/popset" title=" Sets of nucleotide sequences representing a population ">PopSet</a></li><li><a href="/web/20111229220512/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sutils/static/prosplign/prosplign.html" title=" Tool for aligning proteins to genomic DNA ">ProSplign</a></li><li><a href="/web/20111229220512/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Traces/sra/sra.cgi" title=" Database of sequences reads from next generation sequencing technologies ">Sequence Read Archive (SRA)</a></li><li><a href="/web/20111229220512/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sutils/splign" title=" Tool for aligning transcripts to genomic DNA ">Splign</a></li><li><a href="/web/20111229220512/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Traces/trace.cgi" title=" DNA chromatograms, base calls, and quality estimates for single-pass reads. ">Trace Archive</a></li><li><a href="/web/20111229220512/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/unists" title=" Database of Sequence Tagged Sites ">UniSTS</a></li><li><a href="/web/20111229220512/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/guide/genomes-maps/">All Genomes & Maps Resources...</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="#homology">Homology</a><ul class="actual-resources-submenu homology"><li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111229220512/http://blast.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/" title=" Tool for finding local regions of sequence similarity ">BLAST (Basic Local Alignment Search Tool)</a></li><li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111229220512/http://blast.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Blast.cgi?CMD=Web&PAGE_TYPE=BlastDocs&DOC_TYPE=Download" title=" BLAST programs for a local computer ">BLAST (Stand-alone)</a></li><li><a href="/web/20111229220512/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sutils/blink.cgi?mode=query" title=" Pre-computed reports showing proteins with similar sequences ">BLAST Link (BLink)</a></li><li><a href="/web/20111229220512/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/cdd" title=" Database of conserved protein domains represented by multiple sequence alignments ">Conserved Domain Database (CDD)</a></li><li><a href="/web/20111229220512/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Structure/cdd/wrpsb.cgi" title=" Locates conserved domains within a protein sequence ">Conserved Domain Search Service (CD Search)</a></li><li><a href="/web/20111229220512/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sutils/protmap.cgi" title=" Maps proteins from a COG/VOG back to its genome ">Genome ProtMap</a></li><li><a href="/web/20111229220512/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/homologene" title=" Sets of homologous eukaryotic genes ">HomoloGene</a></li><li><a href="/web/20111229220512/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/proteinclusters" title=" Clusters of related proteins from prokaryotes and organelles ">Protein Clusters</a></li><li><a href="/web/20111229220512/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/guide/homology/">All Homology Resources...</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="#literature">Literature</a><ul class="actual-resources-submenu literature"><li><a href="/web/20111229220512/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books" title=" Online biomedical books ">Bookshelf</a></li><li><a href="/web/20111229220512/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK25501/ " title=" URL application programming interface for searching, linking and downloading data within NCBI's Entrez system ">E-Utilities</a></li><li><a href="/web/20111229220512/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nlmcatalog/journals" title=" Information on journals cited by NCBI records ">Journals in NCBI Databases</a></li><li><a href="/web/20111229220512/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh" title=" Controlled vocabulary for MEDLINE ">MeSH Database</a></li><li><a href="/web/20111229220512/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK21101/" title=" Introductory articles about NCBI resources ">NCBI Handbook</a></li><li><a href="/web/20111229220512/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK3831/" title=" Online, searchable help documentation ">NCBI Help Manual</a></li><li><a href="/web/20111229220512/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK1969/" title=" NCBI's monthly newsletter ">NCBI News</a></li><li><a href="/web/20111229220512/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed" title=" Biomedical literature abstracts ">PubMed</a></li><li><a href="/web/20111229220512/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/" title=" Free, full-text articles ">PubMed Central (PMC)</a></li><li><a href="/web/20111229220512/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/clinical " title=" Directory of PubMed queries about clinical topics ">PubMed Clinical Queries</a></li><li><a href="/web/20111229220512/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/guide/literature/">All Literature Resources...</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="#proteins">Proteins</a><ul class="actual-resources-submenu proteins"><li><a href="/web/20111229220512/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/biosystems/" title=" Database that groups biomedical literature, small molecules, and sequence data in terms of biological relationships. ">BioSystems</a></li><li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111229220512/http://blast.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/" title=" Tool for finding local regions of sequence similarity ">BLAST (Basic Local Alignment Search Tool)</a></li><li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111229220512/http://blast.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Blast.cgi?CMD=Web&PAGE_TYPE=BlastDocs&DOC_TYPE=Download" title=" BLAST programs for a local computer ">BLAST (Stand-alone)</a></li><li><a href="/web/20111229220512/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sutils/blink.cgi?mode=query" title=" Pre-computed reports showing proteins with similar sequences ">BLAST Link (BLink)</a></li><li><a href="/web/20111229220512/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/cdd" title=" Database of conserved protein domains represented by multiple sequence alignments ">Conserved Domain Database (CDD)</a></li><li><a href="/web/20111229220512/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Structure/cdd/wrpsb.cgi" title=" Locates conserved domains within a protein sequence ">Conserved Domain Search Service (CD Search)</a></li><li><a href="/web/20111229220512/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK25501/ " title=" URL application programming interface for searching, linking and downloading data within NCBI's Entrez system ">E-Utilities</a></li><li><a href="/web/20111229220512/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sutils/static/prosplign/prosplign.html" title=" Tool for aligning proteins to genomic DNA ">ProSplign</a></li><li><a href="/web/20111229220512/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/proteinclusters" title=" Clusters of related proteins from prokaryotes and organelles ">Protein Clusters</a></li><li><a href="/web/20111229220512/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/protein" title=" Protein sequence data ">Protein Database</a></li><li><a href="/web/20111229220512/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/RefSeq/" title=" Curated nucleotide and protein sequences produced by NCBI ">Reference Sequence (RefSeq)</a></li><li><a href="/web/20111229220512/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/guide/proteins/">All Proteins Resources...</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="#sequence-analysis">Sequence Analysis</a><ul class="actual-resources-submenu sequence-analysis"><li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111229220512/http://blast.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/" title=" Tool for finding local regions of sequence similarity ">BLAST (Basic Local Alignment Search Tool)</a></li><li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111229220512/http://blast.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Blast.cgi?CMD=Web&PAGE_TYPE=BlastDocs&DOC_TYPE=Download" title=" BLAST programs for a local computer ">BLAST (Stand-alone)</a></li><li><a href="/web/20111229220512/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sutils/blink.cgi?mode=query" title=" Pre-computed reports showing proteins with similar sequences ">BLAST Link (BLink)</a></li><li><a href="/web/20111229220512/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Structure/cdd/wrpsb.cgi" title=" Locates conserved domains within a protein sequence ">Conserved Domain Search Service (CD Search)</a></li><li><a href="/web/20111229220512/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sutils/protmap.cgi" title=" Maps proteins from a COG/VOG back to its genome ">Genome ProtMap</a></li><li><a href="/web/20111229220512/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/projects/gbench/" title=" Stand-alone application for analyzing sequence data ">Genome Workbench</a></li><li><a href="/web/20111229220512/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genomes/FLU/" title=" Data from the NIAID Influenza Genome Sequencing Project ">Influenza Virus</a></li><li><a href="/web/20111229220512/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/tools/primer-blast" title=" Designs PCR primers and analyzes them for target specificity using BLAST. 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value=""/></div></div> <div id="messagearea" class="empty"> <ul id="msgportlet" class="messages"></ul> <div> </div> </div> <div class=""> <div><span id="result_sel" class="nowrap"></span><input name="EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_ResultsController.ResultCount" sid="1" type="hidden" value="1"/><input name="EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_ResultsController.RunLastQuery" sid="1" type="hidden"/></div> </div> <div class="rprt_all"><div class="rprt abstract"><div class="cit"><a href="#" title="Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology." abstractlink="yes" alsec="jour" alterm="J Clin Oncol.">J Clin Oncol.</a> 2009 Aug 10;27(23):3742-8. Epub 2009 May 26.</div><h1>Selective inhibition of CYP17 with abiraterone acetate is highly active in the treatment of castration-resistant prostate cancer.</h1><div class="auths"><a href="/web/20111229220512/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=%22Attard%20G%22%5BAuthor%5D">Attard G</a>, <a href="/web/20111229220512/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=%22Reid%20AH%22%5BAuthor%5D">Reid AH</a>, <a href="/web/20111229220512/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=%22A'Hern%20R%22%5BAuthor%5D">A'Hern R</a>, <a href="/web/20111229220512/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=%22Parker%20C%22%5BAuthor%5D">Parker C</a>, <a href="/web/20111229220512/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=%22Oommen%20NB%22%5BAuthor%5D">Oommen NB</a>, <a href="/web/20111229220512/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=%22Folkerd%20E%22%5BAuthor%5D">Folkerd E</a>, <a href="/web/20111229220512/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=%22Messiou%20C%22%5BAuthor%5D">Messiou C</a>, <a href="/web/20111229220512/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=%22Molife%20LR%22%5BAuthor%5D">Molife LR</a>, <a href="/web/20111229220512/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=%22Maier%20G%22%5BAuthor%5D">Maier G</a>, <a href="/web/20111229220512/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=%22Thompson%20E%22%5BAuthor%5D">Thompson E</a>, <a href="/web/20111229220512/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=%22Olmos%20D%22%5BAuthor%5D">Olmos D</a>, <a href="/web/20111229220512/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=%22Sinha%20R%22%5BAuthor%5D">Sinha R</a>, <a href="/web/20111229220512/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=%22Lee%20G%22%5BAuthor%5D">Lee G</a>, <a href="/web/20111229220512/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=%22Dowsett%20M%22%5BAuthor%5D">Dowsett M</a>, <a href="/web/20111229220512/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=%22Kaye%20SB%22%5BAuthor%5D">Kaye SB</a>, <a href="/web/20111229220512/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=%22Dearnaley%20D%22%5BAuthor%5D">Dearnaley D</a>, <a href="/web/20111229220512/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=%22Kheoh%20T%22%5BAuthor%5D">Kheoh T</a>, <a href="/web/20111229220512/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=%22Molina%20A%22%5BAuthor%5D">Molina A</a>, <a href="/web/20111229220512/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=%22de%20Bono%20JS%22%5BAuthor%5D">de Bono JS</a>.</div><div class="aff"><h3 class="label">Source</h3><p>Royal Marsden National Health Service Foundation Trust, Sutton, Surrey, United Kingdom.</p></div><div class="abstr"><h3>Abstract</h3><h4>PURPOSE: </h4><p>It has been postulated that castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) commonly remains hormone dependent. Abiraterone acetate is a potent, selective, and orally available inhibitor of CYP17, the key enzyme in androgen and estrogen biosynthesis.</p><h4>PATIENTS AND METHODS: </h4><p>This was a phase I/II study of abiraterone acetate in castrate, chemotherapy-naive CRPC patients (n = 54) with phase II expansion at 1,000 mg (n = 42) using a two-stage design to reject the null hypothesis if more than seven patients had a prostate-specific antigen (PSA) decline of > or = 50% (null hypothesis = 0.1; alternative hypothesis = 0.3; alpha = .05; beta = .14). Computed tomography scans every 12 weeks and circulating tumor cell (CTC) enumeration were performed. Prospective reversal of resistance at progression by adding dexamethasone 0.5 mg/d to suppress adrenocorticotropic hormone and upstream steroids was pursued.</p><h4>RESULTS: </h4><p>A decline in PSA of > or = 50% was observed in 28 (67%) of 42 phase II patients, and declines of > or = 90% were observed in eight (19%) of 42 patients. Independent radiologic evaluation reported partial responses (Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors) in nine (37.5%) of 24 phase II patients with measurable disease. Decreases in CTC counts were also documented. The median time to PSA progression (TTPP) on abiraterone acetate alone for all phase II patients was 225 days (95% CI, 162 to 287 days). Exploratory analyses were performed on all 54 phase I/II patients; the addition of dexamethasone at disease progression reversed resistance in 33% of patients regardless of prior treatment with dexamethasone, and pretreatment serum androgen and estradiol levels were associated with a probability of > or = 50% PSA decline and TTPP on abiraterone acetate and dexamethasone.</p><h4>CONCLUSION: </h4><p>CYP17 blockade by abiraterone acetate results in declines in PSA and CTC counts and radiologic responses, confirming that CRPC commonly remains hormone driven.</p></div><div class="err"><h3>Comment in</h3><ul><li><a href="/web/20111229220512/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19995526" ref="ncbi_uid=19470933&link_uid=19995526&commcorr_type=commentin">Eur Urol. 2009 Oct;56(4):744-5. </a></li></ul></div><div class="aux"><div class="resc"><dl class="rprtid"><dt>PMID:</dt> <dd>19470933</dd> <dd> [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] </dd><dd> </dd></dl></div><div class="links"></div></div><div class="morecit"><h3><a title="Supplemental information" class="jig-ncbitoggler ui-ncbitoggler" href="#"><span class="ui-ncbitoggler-master-text">Publication Types, MeSH Terms, Substances, Grant Support</span><span class="ui-icon ui-icon-triangle-1-e"></span></a></h3><div class="ui-ncbi-toggler-slave"><h4>Publication Types</h4><ul><li><a href="#" abstractlink="yes" alsec="ptyp" alterm="Clinical Trial, Phase I">Clinical Trial, Phase I</a></li><li><a href="#" abstractlink="yes" alsec="ptyp" alterm="Clinical Trial, Phase II">Clinical Trial, Phase II</a></li><li><a href="#" abstractlink="yes" alsec="ptyp" alterm="Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't">Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't</a></li></ul><h4>MeSH Terms</h4><ul><li><a href="#" abstractlink="yes" alsec="mesh" alterm="Adrenal Cortex Hormones/administration & dosage">Adrenal Cortex Hormones/administration & dosage</a></li><li><a href="#" abstractlink="yes" alsec="mesh" alterm="Aged">Aged</a></li><li><a href="#" abstractlink="yes" alsec="mesh" alterm="Aged, 80 and over">Aged, 80 and over</a></li><li><a href="#" abstractlink="yes" alsec="mesh" alterm="Androgen Antagonists/administration & dosage">Androgen Antagonists/administration & dosage</a></li><li><a href="#" abstractlink="yes" alsec="mesh" alterm="Androgen Antagonists/pharmacology">Androgen Antagonists/pharmacology</a></li><li><a href="#" abstractlink="yes" alsec="mesh" alterm="Androgen Antagonists/therapeutic use*">Androgen Antagonists/therapeutic use*</a></li><li><a href="#" abstractlink="yes" alsec="mesh" alterm="Androstenols/administration & dosage">Androstenols/administration & dosage</a></li><li><a href="#" abstractlink="yes" alsec="mesh" alterm="Androstenols/pharmacology">Androstenols/pharmacology</a></li><li><a href="#" abstractlink="yes" alsec="mesh" alterm="Androstenols/therapeutic use*">Androstenols/therapeutic use*</a></li><li><a href="#" abstractlink="yes" alsec="mesh" alterm="Antineoplastic Agents, Hormonal/administration & dosage">Antineoplastic Agents, Hormonal/administration & dosage</a></li><li><a href="#" abstractlink="yes" alsec="mesh" alterm="Antineoplastic Agents, Hormonal/pharmacology">Antineoplastic Agents, Hormonal/pharmacology</a></li><li><a href="#" abstractlink="yes" alsec="mesh" alterm="Antineoplastic Agents, Hormonal/therapeutic use*">Antineoplastic Agents, Hormonal/therapeutic use*</a></li><li><a href="#" abstractlink="yes" alsec="mesh" alterm="Disease Progression">Disease Progression</a></li><li><a href="#" abstractlink="yes" alsec="mesh" alterm="Drug Administration Schedule">Drug Administration Schedule</a></li><li><a href="#" abstractlink="yes" alsec="mesh" alterm="Drug Resistance, Neoplasm*">Drug Resistance, Neoplasm*</a></li><li><a href="#" abstractlink="yes" alsec="mesh" alterm="Enzyme Inhibitors/administration & dosage">Enzyme Inhibitors/administration & dosage</a></li><li><a href="#" abstractlink="yes" alsec="mesh" alterm="Enzyme Inhibitors/pharmacology">Enzyme Inhibitors/pharmacology</a></li><li><a href="#" abstractlink="yes" alsec="mesh" alterm="Enzyme Inhibitors/therapeutic use*">Enzyme Inhibitors/therapeutic use*</a></li><li><a href="#" abstractlink="yes" alsec="mesh" alterm="Humans">Humans</a></li><li><a href="#" abstractlink="yes" alsec="mesh" alterm="Kaplan-Meier Estimate">Kaplan-Meier Estimate</a></li><li><a href="#" abstractlink="yes" alsec="mesh" alterm="Male">Male</a></li><li><a href="#" abstractlink="yes" alsec="mesh" alterm="Middle Aged">Middle Aged</a></li><li><a href="#" abstractlink="yes" alsec="mesh" alterm="Neoplasms, Hormone-Dependent/drug therapy*">Neoplasms, Hormone-Dependent/drug therapy*</a></li><li><a href="#" abstractlink="yes" alsec="mesh" alterm="Neoplasms, Hormone-Dependent/immunology">Neoplasms, Hormone-Dependent/immunology</a></li><li><a href="#" abstractlink="yes" alsec="mesh" alterm="Neoplasms, Hormone-Dependent/pathology">Neoplasms, Hormone-Dependent/pathology</a></li><li><a href="#" abstractlink="yes" alsec="mesh" alterm="Prospective Studies">Prospective Studies</a></li><li><a href="#" abstractlink="yes" alsec="mesh" alterm="Prostate-Specific Antigen/blood">Prostate-Specific Antigen/blood</a></li><li><a href="#" abstractlink="yes" alsec="mesh" alterm="Prostatic Neoplasms/drug therapy*">Prostatic Neoplasms/drug therapy*</a></li><li><a href="#" abstractlink="yes" alsec="mesh" alterm="Prostatic Neoplasms/immunology">Prostatic Neoplasms/immunology</a></li><li><a href="#" abstractlink="yes" alsec="mesh" alterm="Prostatic Neoplasms/pathology">Prostatic Neoplasms/pathology</a></li><li><a href="#" abstractlink="yes" alsec="mesh" alterm="Steroid 17-alpha-Hydroxylase/antagonists & inhibitors*">Steroid 17-alpha-Hydroxylase/antagonists & inhibitors*</a></li><li><a href="#" abstractlink="yes" alsec="mesh" alterm="Testosterone/blood">Testosterone/blood</a></li></ul><h4>Substances</h4><ul><li><a href="#" abstractlink="yes" alsec="subs" alterm="Adrenal Cortex Hormones">Adrenal Cortex Hormones</a></li><li><a href="#" abstractlink="yes" alsec="subs" alterm="Androgen Antagonists">Androgen Antagonists</a></li><li><a href="#" abstractlink="yes" alsec="subs" alterm="Androstenols">Androstenols</a></li><li><a href="#" abstractlink="yes" alsec="subs" alterm="Antineoplastic Agents, Hormonal">Antineoplastic Agents, Hormonal</a></li><li><a href="#" abstractlink="yes" alsec="subs" alterm="Enzyme Inhibitors">Enzyme Inhibitors</a></li><li><a href="#" abstractlink="yes" alsec="subs" alterm="abiraterone">abiraterone</a></li><li><a href="#" abstractlink="yes" alsec="subs" alterm="Testosterone">Testosterone</a></li><li><a href="#" abstractlink="yes" alsec="subs" alterm="Steroid 17-alpha-Hydroxylase">Steroid 17-alpha-Hydroxylase</a></li><li><a href="#" abstractlink="yes" alsec="subs" alterm="Prostate-Specific Antigen">Prostate-Specific Antigen</a></li></ul><h4>Grant Support</h4><ul><li><a href="#" abstractlink="yes" alsec="grnt" alterm="C51/A7401/Department of Health/United Kingdom">C51/A7401/Department of Health/United Kingdom</a></li><li><a href="#" abstractlink="yes" alsec="grnt" alterm="Cancer Research UK/United Kingdom">Cancer Research UK/United Kingdom</a></li><li><a href="#" abstractlink="yes" alsec="grnt" alterm="Medical Research Council/United Kingdom">Medical Research Council/United Kingdom</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="morecit"><h3><a title="Links to resources such as full text articles and biological data" class="jig-ncbitoggler ui-ncbitoggler" href="#"><span class="ui-ncbitoggler-master-text">LinkOut - more resources</span><span class="ui-icon ui-icon-triangle-1-e"></span></a></h3><div class="ui-ncbi-toggler-slave"><div class="linkoutlist"><h4>Full Text Sources</h4><ul><li><a title="Full text at publisher's site" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111229220512/http://www.jco.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=19470933" ref="itool=Abstract&PrId=3051&uid=19470933&db=pubmed&log$=linkoutlink&nlmid=8309333" target="_blank">HighWire 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