siRNA Knockdown | Proteintech Group

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<li class="search__dropdown__item"> <div class="form-check"> <input class="form-check-input" type="checkbox" name="species-reactivity" value="Rabbit" id="species-reactivity-Rabbit"> <label class="form-check-label" for="species-reactivity-Rabbit"> Rabbit </label> </div> </li> <li class="search__dropdown__item"> <div class="form-check"> <input class="form-check-input" type="checkbox" name="species-reactivity" value="Rat" id="species-reactivity-Rat"> <label class="form-check-label" for="species-reactivity-Rat"> Rat </label> </div> </li> <li class="search__dropdown__item"> <div class="form-check"> <input class="form-check-input" type="checkbox" name="species-reactivity" value="Sheep" id="species-reactivity-Sheep"> <label class="form-check-label" for="species-reactivity-Sheep"> Sheep </label> </div> </li> <li class="search__dropdown__item"> <div class="form-check"> <input class="form-check-input" type="checkbox" name="species-reactivity" value="Swine" id="species-reactivity-Swine"> <label class="form-check-label" for="species-reactivity-Swine"> Swine </label> </div> </li> </ul> <div class="search__dropdown__actions"> <button type="button" class="btn btn-sm btn-text search__dropdown__actions__clear">Clear</button> <button type="button" class="btn btn-sm btn-primary search__dropdown__actions__confirm">Confirm</button> </div> </div> </div> <div class="search__params" tabindex="0" data-search-field="species-reactivity"> <div class="search__params__container"> <div class="search-term-layout"> <div class="search-term-layout__term">Species Reactivity</div> <div class="search-term-layout__count">0</div> </div> </div> <div class="search__dropdown"> <ul class="list-unstyled m-0"> <li class="search__dropdown__item"> <div class="form-check"> <input class="form-check-input" type="checkbox" name="species-reactivity" value="Human" id="species-reactivity-Human"> <label class="form-check-label" for="species-reactivity-Human"> Human </label> </div> </li> <li class="search__dropdown__item"> <div class="form-check"> <input class="form-check-input" type="checkbox" name="species-reactivity" value="Mouse" id="species-reactivity-Mouse"> <label class="form-check-label" for="species-reactivity-Mouse"> Mouse </label> </div> </li> <li class="search__dropdown__item"> <div class="form-check"> <input class="form-check-input" type="checkbox" name="species-reactivity" value="Rat" id="species-reactivity-Rat"> <label class="form-check-label" for="species-reactivity-Rat"> Rat </label> </div> </li> <li class="search__dropdown__item"> <div class="form-check"> <input class="form-check-input" type="checkbox" name="species-reactivity" value="Pig" id="species-reactivity-Pig"> <label class="form-check-label" for="species-reactivity-Pig"> Pig </label> </div> </li> <li class="search__dropdown__item"> <div class="form-check"> <input class="form-check-input" type="checkbox" name="species-reactivity" value="Bovine" id="species-reactivity-Bovine"> <label class="form-check-label" for="species-reactivity-Bovine"> Bovine </label> </div> </li> <li class="search__dropdown__item"> <div class="form-check"> <input class="form-check-input" type="checkbox" name="species-reactivity" value="Chicken" id="species-reactivity-Chicken"> <label class="form-check-label" for="species-reactivity-Chicken"> Chicken </label> </div> </li> <li class="search__dropdown__item"> <div class="form-check"> <input class="form-check-input" type="checkbox" name="species-reactivity" value="Zebrafish" id="species-reactivity-Zebrafish"> <label class="form-check-label" for="species-reactivity-Zebrafish"> Zebrafish </label> </div> </li> <li class="search__dropdown__item"> <div class="form-check"> <input class="form-check-input" type="checkbox" name="species-reactivity" value="Hamster" id="species-reactivity-Hamster"> <label class="form-check-label" for="species-reactivity-Hamster"> Hamster </label> </div> </li> <li class="search__dropdown__item"> <div class="form-check"> <input class="form-check-input" type="checkbox" name="species-reactivity" value="Monkey" id="species-reactivity-Monkey"> <label class="form-check-label" for="species-reactivity-Monkey"> Monkey </label> </div> </li> <li class="search__dropdown__item"> <div class="form-check"> <input class="form-check-input" type="checkbox" name="species-reactivity" value="Drosophila" id="species-reactivity-Drosophila"> <label class="form-check-label" for="species-reactivity-Drosophila"> Drosophila </label> </div> </li> </ul> <div class="search__dropdown__actions"> <button type="button" class="btn btn-sm btn-text search__dropdown__actions__clear">Clear</button> <button type="button" class="btn btn-sm btn-primary search__dropdown__actions__confirm">Confirm</button> </div> </div> </div> <div class="search__params" tabindex="0" data-search-field="conjugate"> <div class="search__params__container"> <div class="search-term-layout"> <div class="search-term-layout__term">Conjugate</div> <div class="search-term-layout__count">0</div> </div> </div> <div class="search__dropdown"> <ul class="list-unstyled m-0"> <li class="search__dropdown__item"> <div class="form-check"> <input class="form-check-input" type="checkbox" name="conjugate" value="APC" id="conjugate-APC"> <label class="form-check-label" for="conjugate-APC"> APC </label> </div> </li> <li class="search__dropdown__item"> <div class="form-check"> <input class="form-check-input" type="checkbox" name="conjugate" value="Atlantic Blue™" id="conjugate-Atlantic-Blue™"> <label class="form-check-label" for="conjugate-Atlantic-Blue™"> Atlantic Blue™ </label> </div> </li> <li class="search__dropdown__item"> <div class="form-check"> <input class="form-check-input" type="checkbox" name="conjugate" value="Biotin" id="conjugate-Biotin"> <label class="form-check-label" for="conjugate-Biotin"> Biotin </label> </div> </li> <li class="search__dropdown__item"> <div class="form-check"> <input class="form-check-input" type="checkbox" name="conjugate" value="Cardinal Red™" id="conjugate-Cardinal-Red™"> <label class="form-check-label" for="conjugate-Cardinal-Red™"> Cardinal Red™ </label> </div> </li> <li class="search__dropdown__item"> <div class="form-check"> <input class="form-check-input" type="checkbox" name="conjugate" value="CoraLite® Plus 405" id="conjugate-CoraLite®-Plus-405"> <label class="form-check-label" for="conjugate-CoraLite®-Plus-405"> CoraLite® Plus 405 </label> </div> </li> <li class="search__dropdown__item"> <div class="form-check"> <input class="form-check-input" type="checkbox" name="conjugate" value="CoraLite® Plus 488" id="conjugate-CoraLite®-Plus-488"> <label class="form-check-label" for="conjugate-CoraLite®-Plus-488"> CoraLite® Plus 488 </label> </div> </li> <li class="search__dropdown__item"> <div class="form-check"> <input class="form-check-input" type="checkbox" name="conjugate" value="CoraLite® Plus 647" id="conjugate-CoraLite®-Plus-647"> <label class="form-check-label" for="conjugate-CoraLite®-Plus-647"> CoraLite® Plus 647 </label> </div> </li> <li class="search__dropdown__item"> <div class="form-check"> <input class="form-check-input" type="checkbox" name="conjugate" value="CoraLite® Plus 750" id="conjugate-CoraLite®-Plus-750"> <label class="form-check-label" for="conjugate-CoraLite®-Plus-750"> CoraLite® Plus 750 </label> </div> </li> <li class="search__dropdown__item"> <div class="form-check"> <input class="form-check-input" type="checkbox" name="conjugate" value="CoraLite®488" id="conjugate-CoraLite-488"> <label class="form-check-label" for="conjugate-CoraLite-488"> CoraLite®488 </label> </div> </li> <li class="search__dropdown__item"> <div class="form-check"> <input class="form-check-input" type="checkbox" name="conjugate" value="CoraLite®532" id="conjugate-CoraLite-532"> <label class="form-check-label" for="conjugate-CoraLite-532"> CoraLite®532 </label> </div> </li> <li class="search__dropdown__item"> <div class="form-check"> <input class="form-check-input" type="checkbox" name="conjugate" value="CoraLite®555" id="conjugate-CoraLite-555"> <label class="form-check-label" for="conjugate-CoraLite-555"> CoraLite®555 </label> </div> </li> <li class="search__dropdown__item"> <div class="form-check"> <input class="form-check-input" type="checkbox" name="conjugate" value="CoraLite®568" id="conjugate-CoraLite-568"> <label class="form-check-label" for="conjugate-CoraLite-568"> CoraLite®568 </label> </div> </li> <li class="search__dropdown__item"> <div class="form-check"> <input class="form-check-input" type="checkbox" name="conjugate" value="CoraLite®594" id="conjugate-CoraLite-594"> <label class="form-check-label" for="conjugate-CoraLite-594"> CoraLite®594 </label> </div> </li> <li class="search__dropdown__item"> <div class="form-check"> <input class="form-check-input" type="checkbox" name="conjugate" value="FITC" id="conjugate-FITC"> <label class="form-check-label" for="conjugate-FITC"> FITC </label> </div> </li> <li class="search__dropdown__item"> <div class="form-check"> <input class="form-check-input" type="checkbox" name="conjugate" value="FITC Plus" id="conjugate-FITC-Plus"> <label class="form-check-label" for="conjugate-FITC-Plus"> FITC Plus </label> </div> </li> <li class="search__dropdown__item"> <div class="form-check"> <input class="form-check-input" type="checkbox" name="conjugate" value="HRP" id="conjugate-HRP"> <label class="form-check-label" for="conjugate-HRP"> HRP </label> </div> </li> <li class="search__dropdown__item"> <div class="form-check"> <input class="form-check-input" type="checkbox" name="conjugate" value="PE" id="conjugate-PE"> <label class="form-check-label" for="conjugate-PE"> PE </label> </div> </li> </ul> <div class="search__dropdown__actions"> <button type="button" class="btn btn-sm btn-text search__dropdown__actions__clear">Clear</button> <button type="button" class="btn btn-sm btn-primary search__dropdown__actions__confirm">Confirm</button> </div> </div> </div> <div class="search__params" tabindex="0" data-search-field="secondaryab-conjugate"> <div class="search__params__container"> <div class="search-term-layout"> <div class="search-term-layout__term">Conjugate</div> <div class="search-term-layout__count">0</div> </div> </div> <div class="search__dropdown"> <ul class="list-unstyled m-0"> <li class="search__dropdown__item"> <div class="form-check"> <input class="form-check-input" type="checkbox" name="conjugate" value="Alexa Fluor® 488" id="conjugate-alexa-fluor-488"> <label class="form-check-label" for="conjugate-Alexa-Fluor-488"> Alexa Fluor® 488 </label> </div> </li> <li class="search__dropdown__item"> <div class="form-check"> <input class="form-check-input" type="checkbox" name="conjugate" value="Alexa Fluor® 568" id="conjugate-alexa-fluor-568"> <label class="form-check-label" for="conjugate-Alexa-Fluor-568"> Alexa Fluor® 568 </label> </div> </li> <li class="search__dropdown__item"> <div class="form-check"> <input class="form-check-input" type="checkbox" name="conjugate" value="Alexa Fluor® 647" id="conjugate-alexa-fluor-647"> <label class="form-check-label" for="conjugate-Alexa-Fluor-647"> Alexa Fluor® 647 </label> </div> </li> <li class="search__dropdown__item"> <div class="form-check"> <input class="form-check-input" type="checkbox" name="conjugate" value="Alkaline phosphatase" id="conjugate-alkaline-phosphatase"> <label class="form-check-label" for="conjugate-Alkaline-phosphatase"> AP </label> </div> </li> <li class="search__dropdown__item"> <div class="form-check"> <input class="form-check-input" type="checkbox" name="conjugate" value="Biotin" id="conjugate-biotin"> <label class="form-check-label" for="conjugate-Biotin"> Biotin </label> </div> </li> <li class="search__dropdown__item"> <div class="form-check"> <input class="form-check-input" type="checkbox" name="conjugate" value="CoraLite®488" id="conjugate-CoraLite-488"> <label class="form-check-label" for="conjugate-CoraLite-488"> CoraLite®488 </label> </div> </li> <li class="search__dropdown__item"> <div class="form-check"> <input class="form-check-input" type="checkbox" name="conjugate" value="CoraLite®594" id="conjugate-CoraLite-594"> <label class="form-check-label" for="conjugate-CoraLite-594"> CoraLite®594 </label> </div> </li> <li class="search__dropdown__item"> <div class="form-check"> <input class="form-check-input" type="checkbox" name="conjugate" value="CoraLite®647" id="conjugate-CoraLite-647"> <label class="form-check-label" for="conjugate-CoraLite-647"> CoraLite®647 </label> </div> </li> <li class="search__dropdown__item"> <div class="form-check"> <input class="form-check-input" type="checkbox" name="conjugate" value="cy3" id="conjugate-cy3"> <label class="form-check-label" for="conjugate-Cy3"> Cy3 </label> </div> </li> <li class="search__dropdown__item"> <div class="form-check"> <input class="form-check-input" type="checkbox" name="conjugate" value="FITC" id="conjugate-FITC"> <label class="form-check-label" for="conjugate-FITC"> FITC </label> </div> </li> <li class="search__dropdown__item"> <div class="form-check"> <input class="form-check-input" type="checkbox" name="conjugate" value="HRP" id="conjugate-HRP"> <label class="form-check-label" for="conjugate-HRP"> HRP </label> </div> </li> <li class="search__dropdown__item"> <div class="form-check"> <input class="form-check-input" type="checkbox" name="conjugate" value="Rhodamine" id="conjugate-rhodamine"> <label class="form-check-label" for="conjugate-Rhodamine"> Rhodamine </label> </div> </li> <li class="search__dropdown__item"> <div class="form-check"> <input class="form-check-input" type="checkbox" name="conjugate" value="R-PE" id="conjugate-r-pe"> <label class="form-check-label" for="conjugate-R-PE"> R-PE </label> </div> </li> </ul> <div class="search__dropdown__actions"> <button type="button" class="btn btn-sm btn-text search__dropdown__actions__clear">Clear</button> <button type="button" class="btn btn-sm btn-primary search__dropdown__actions__confirm">Confirm</button> </div> </div> </div> <div class="search__params" tabindex="0" data-search-field="compatible-species"> <div class="search__params__container"> <div class="search-term-layout"> <div class="search-term-layout__term">Compatible Species</div> <div class="search-term-layout__count">0</div> </div> </div> <div class="search__dropdown"> <ul class="list-unstyled m-0"> <li class="search__dropdown__item"> <div class="form-check"> <input class="form-check-input" type="checkbox" name="species-reactivity" value="anti rabbit" id="compatible-species-Rabbit"> <label class="form-check-label" for="compatible-species-Rabbit"> Rabbit </label> </div> </li> <li class="search__dropdown__item"> <div class="form-check"> <input class="form-check-input" type="checkbox" name="species-reactivity" value="anti mouse" id="compatible-species-Mouse"> <label class="form-check-label" for="compatible-species-Mouse"> Mouse </label> </div> </li> <li class="search__dropdown__item"> <div class="form-check"> <input class="form-check-input" type="checkbox" name="species-reactivity" value="anti human" id="compatible-species-Human"> <label class="form-check-label" for="compatible-species-Human"> Human </label> </div> </li> </ul> <div class="search__dropdown__actions"> <button type="button" class="btn btn-sm btn-text search__dropdown__actions__clear">Clear</button> <button type="button" class="btn btn-sm btn-primary search__dropdown__actions__confirm">Confirm</button> </div> </div> </div> <div class="search__params" tabindex="0" data-search-field="flexable-conjugate"> <div class="search__params__container"> <div class="search-term-layout"> <div class="search-term-layout__term">Conjugate</div> <div class="search-term-layout__count">0</div> </div> </div> <div class="search__dropdown"> <ul class="list-unstyled m-0"> <li class="search__dropdown__item"> <div class="form-check"> <input class="form-check-input" type="checkbox" name="conjugate" value="CoraLite405" id="conjugate-CoraLite-Plus-405"> <label class="form-check-label" for="conjugate-CoraLite-Plus-405"> CoraLite Plus 405 </label> </div> </li> <li class="search__dropdown__item"> <div class="form-check"> <input class="form-check-input" type="checkbox" name="conjugate" value="FITC" id="conjugate-FITC"> <label class="form-check-label" for="conjugate-FITC"> FITC Plus<sup style="color:red"> NEW</sup> </label> </div> </li> <li class="search__dropdown__item"> <div class="form-check"> <input class="form-check-input" type="checkbox" name="conjugate" value="CoraLite488" id="conjugate-CoraLite-488"> <label class="form-check-label" for="conjugate-CoraLite-488"> CoraLite Plus 488 </label> </div> </li> <li class="search__dropdown__item"> <div class="form-check"> <input class="form-check-input" type="checkbox" name="conjugate" value="CoraLite555" id="conjugate-CoraLite-Plus-555"> <label class="form-check-label" for="conjugate-CoraLite-Plus-555"> CoraLite Plus 555 </label> </div> </li> <li class="search__dropdown__item"> <div class="form-check"> <input class="form-check-input" type="checkbox" name="conjugate" value="CoraLite647" id="conjugate-CoraLite-Plus-647"> <label class="form-check-label" for="conjugate-CoraLite-Plus-647"> CoraLite Plus 647 </label> </div> </li> <li class="search__dropdown__item"> <div class="form-check"> <input class="form-check-input" type="checkbox" name="conjugate" value="CoraLite750" id="conjugate-CoraLite-Plus-750"> <label class="form-check-label" for="conjugate-CoraLite-Plus-750"> CoraLite Plus 750 </label> </div> </li> </ul> <div class="search__dropdown__actions"> <button type="button" class="btn btn-sm btn-text search__dropdown__actions__clear">Clear</button> <button type="button" class="btn btn-sm btn-primary search__dropdown__actions__confirm">Confirm</button> </div> </div> </div> <div class="search__actions"> <button class="button" type="submit"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="16" height="16" fill="currentColor"> <path d="M11.742 10.344a6.5 6.5 0 1 0-1.397 1.398h-.001c.03.04.062.078.098.115l3.85 3.85a1 1 0 0 0 1.415-1.414l-3.85-3.85a1.007 1.007 0 0 0-.115-.1zM12 6.5a5.5 5.5 0 1 1-11 0 5.5 5.5 0 0 1 11 0z" /> </svg> <span>Search</span> </button> </div> </div> </form> </div> </div> </div> </section> <script src="https://ajax.aspnetcdn.com/ajax/jquery.validate/1.16.0/jquery.validate.min.js"></script> <script src="https://ajax.aspnetcdn.com/ajax/mvc/5.2.3/jquery.validate.unobtrusive.min.js"></script> <section> <div class="container-xl"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-12 col-lg-12"> </div> <div class="col-12 col-lg-12"> <div class="accordion" id="accordionProtocol"> <div class="accordion-item"> <h2 class="accordion-header" id="heading-1"> <button class="accordion-button " type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapse-1" aria-expanded="true" aria-controls="collapse-1"> Leading the Industry in Knockdown Validation </button> </h2> <div id="collapse-1" class="accordion-collapse collapse show" aria-labelledby="heading-1" data-bs-parent="#accordionProtocol"> <div class="accordion-body"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-12 ms-4"> <p><h4><span>Validation Highlights and Progress</span></h4> <p><span>Proteintech is a pioneer in implementing genetic knockdown and knockout to validate their antibodies. They were the first in the industry to actively test their antibodies by this approach and were honored by CiteAb’s “<a href="https://www.citeab.com/awards-2016/most_exciting_antibody_validation_initiative.html">Most exciting antibody validation initiative</a>” award in 2016.</span></p> <p><span><img style="width: 500px; height: 308.36px; display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" src="/media/1781/citeab-awards.png?width=500&height=308.3596214511041" alt=""></span></p> <p> </p> <p><span>Proteintech understands that validation is a continual process. Since implementing knockdown and knockout validation, Proteintech has continued to lead the industry in target coverage validated by this method with over 2500+ targets and counting.</span></p> <p><span><img style="width: 750px; height: 132px; display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" src="/media/5190/sirna-kd-ko-validation.jpeg?width=750px&height=132px" alt=""></span></p></p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="accordion-item"> <h2 class="accordion-header" id="heading-2"> <button class="accordion-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapse-2" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapse-2"> RNA Interference Introduction </button> </h2> <div id="collapse-2" class="accordion-collapse collapse " aria-labelledby="heading-2" data-bs-parent="#accordionProtocol"> <div class="accordion-body"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-12 ms-4"> <p><p><strong>Antibody specificity has been cited as a major cause of concern among users in independent literature (1-3) and is ranked as the most important factor for choosing a new antibody supplier. (4).</strong></p> <p>RNA interference (or RNAi) is the most definitive test of antibody specificity short of using knockdown animal models, yet has not been applied to the routine testing of antibodies in the antibody industry at present. Proteintech's RNAi procedure will be routine for all new products in the future and has already been retrospectively applied to existing products in several stages.</p> <p>In rolling out its own RNAi testing, Proteintech will make a gold standard of antibody validation more accessible to all life scientists at a crucial stage: before they commit valuable time and resources to antibody-based experiments. This move sets a new industry benchmark, with perhaps the further-reaching implications of raising validation standards of commercial antibodies on the whole.</p> <p><strong>Proteintech siRNA validation showcase</strong></p> <p><strong><img style="width: 270px; height: 200px;" src="/media/1631/rsz_akt-antibody-10176-2-ap-a70wb_1-resized-270x200.jpg?width=270&height=200" alt=""><img style="width: 218px; height: 178px;" src="/media/1630/tardbp-antibody-10782-2-ap-wb-40016.jpg?width=218px&height=178px" alt=""></strong></p> <p> siRNA AKT1 result from Dr. Eva Martinez-Balibrea. Green:tubulin. Red:10176-2-AP, AKT1</p> <p>A549 cells (shcontrol and shRNA of TDP43) were subjected to SDS PAGE followed by Western blot with 10782-2-AP (TARDBP antibody) at dilution of 1:1000.</p> <table border="1"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="text-align: right;"><strong>Antigen name </strong></td> <td style="text-align: right;"><strong>Cat No. </strong></td> <td><strong>Application </strong></td> <td><strong>Type </strong></td> </tr> <tr> <td> AKT antibody</td> <td> 10176-2-AP</td> <td> ELISA,WB,IHC,IP,FC</td> <td> Rabbit poly</td> </tr> <tr> <td> TDP-43 antibody</td> <td> 10782-2-AP</td> <td> ELISA,IF,WB,IHC,IP,FC</td> <td> Rabbit poly</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>Look out for this icon on our datasheets, which indicates when our antibodies have been tested in siRNA-treated samples.</p> <p><img style="width: 140px; height: 28px;" src="/media/2913/ko.png?width=140px&height=28px" alt=""></p> <hr> <p> <strong>References</strong></p> <p><a>(1) Couchman JR. Commercial antibodies: <em>the good, bad and really ugly.</em> J Histochem Cytochem.2009;15(1):7-8</a></p> <p><a>(2) Kalyuzhny AE. <em>The dark side of the immunohistochemical moon</em>:industry. J Histochem Cytochem.2009;15(12):1099-1101.</a></p> <p><a>(3) Pradidarcheep W, Labruyere WT, Dabhoiwala NF,Lamers WH.<em>Lack of specificity of commercially available antisera</em>:better specifications needed.J Histochem Cytochem.2008;15(12)1099-111</a></p> <p><a>(4) Christi Bird. Antibody user survey. The Scientist magazine.2012 May 1, www.the-scientist.com</a></p></p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="accordion-item"> <h2 class="accordion-header" id="heading-3"> <button class="accordion-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapse-3" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapse-3"> RNA Interference 101 </button> </h2> <div id="collapse-3" class="accordion-collapse collapse " aria-labelledby="heading-3" data-bs-parent="#accordionProtocol"> <div class="accordion-body"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-12 ms-4"> <p><p class="p1"><strong><span class="s1">Excerpted from F1000 paper: “</span><span class="s2">siRNA k</span><span class="s1">nockdown validation 101: Incorporating negative controls in antibody research” (<a href="https://f1000research.com/articles/5-308/v1"><span class="s3">PMID: 26998240</span></a>)</span></strong></p> <hr> <h4 class="p1">siRNA knockdown validation 101: Incorporating negative controls in antibody research</h4> <p>By Dr. W Olds and Dr. J Li</p> <h5><strong>Abstract </strong></h5> <p>More antibody validation protocols would identify non-specific reagents – a major source of irreproducible research – with the inclusion of negative controls. This article presents an overview of one such method: siRNA knockdown. The authors outline a general protocol, the knockdown mechanism, and tips for evaluating knockdown experiments.</p> <p><strong>Keywords </strong></p> <p>knockdown, siRNA, negative control, specificity, Western Blot, shRNA, transfection, vector</p> <h5 id="d16682e149" class="main-title"><strong>Introduction</strong></h5> <p id="d16682e152">Poor quality, unverified antibodies are a major factor underlying the crisis of reproducibility in research<sup><a href="https://f1000research.com/articles/5-308/v1#ref-1">1</a></sup>, resulting in an estimated $800 million of waste each year<sup><a href="https://f1000research.com/articles/5-308/v1#ref-2">2</a></sup><span> </span>and a ten-fold spike in retractions over the past decade<sup><a href="https://f1000research.com/articles/5-308/v1#ref-3">3</a></sup>. Behind those numbers are researchers with mounting frustration each time a new batch of reagents fails to reproduce their previous work. If we as a scientific community are to eliminate this problem plaguing our research, we must develop new and more thorough validation methods to fortify and standardize routine studies.</p> <p id="d16682e167">We invite industry to respond to the need for more rigorous validation by incorporating negative controls, an essential part of experimental design that has nonetheless been overlooked historically by antibody manufacturers and distributors. Companies typically validate with Western blots but seldom test routinely whether antibodies still produce a signal when the target protein is suppressed or removed.</p> <p id="d16682e170">Short interfering RNA (siRNA) knockdown is a technology that makes routine use of this strategy more feasible. This technology degrades target messenger RNA to ‘knock down’ the production of a protein in the cell. The combination of siRNA-treated cells and a specific antibody will result in a significant drop in signal compared to an untreated sample by Western blot (<a href="https://f1000research.com/articles/5-308/v1#f1">Figure 1</a>).</p> <table border="0" width="577" height="22" style="width: 666px; height: 22px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td><img style="width: 224px; height: 215px;" src="/media/5179/screen-shot-2020-05-18-at-141042.png?width=224px&height=215px" alt=""></td> <td>Figure 1. siRNA result of AKT1 antibody (10176-2-AP) with siRNA control, HEK293 control and siRNA AKT1.</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <div id="article1-body" class="generated-article-body"> <p id="d16682e191">siRNA knockdown has not been the only validation initiative put forward to identify non-specific antibodies<sup><a href="https://f1000research.com/articles/5-308/v1#ref-4">4</a></sup>. CRISPR and other gene editing methods knock out a gene from DNA, preventing the associated protein from ever being produced. By default, an antibody binding to any protein in this environment is binding to the wrong protein. Knock-out is a powerful negative control, however one concern with this method is the risk of cell death when a target protein is vital to cell survival. Other initiatives dispense with negative controls and verify positive identification instead. Mass spectrometry, for example, yields unique spectra that differentiate an antibody-bound protein of interest from any other bound molecule but is limited only to those proteins that can be immunoprecipitated.</p> <p id="d16682e198">While all of these approaches sound simple, their methodologies can be complex. Anyone seeking a deeper understanding of siRNA knockdown validation studies, or considering their own validation protocol, may find the following overview useful. These steps are based on Proteintech methods, which have been tested and refined over years. However, they are by no means the only way to perform this validation.</p> </div> <div id="article1-body" class="generated-article-body"> <h5 id="d16682e204" class="main-title">Design and engineer a vector</h5> <p id="d16682e207">Selecting a target and designing an appropriate vector to transfect into cells is a relatively straightforward process, with an abundance of literature and online resources available to guide the process (<a id="d16682e209" href="http://www.broadinstitute.org/rnai/public/seq/search" target="xrefwindow">RNAi Consortium</a>, <a id="d16682e212" href="http://dharmacon.gelifesciences.com/design-center/" target="xrefwindow">Dharmacon</a>, <a id="d16682e215" href="http://sidirect2.rnai.jp/" target="xrefwindow">Ui-Tei</a>, and <a id="d16682e218" href="http://www.genelink.com/sirna/shRNAi.asp" target="xrefwindow">Genelink</a>). The actual engineering, of course, requires a bit more hands-on finesse to create the short hairpin RNA that is the precursor form of the siRNA. The ultimate aim is to design two single-stranded 19-22mer DNA oligonucleotides (one sense strand, one antisense strand) whose transcription products will eventually anneal together, linked at one end by a short loop sequence. Proteintech uses the loop sequence<span> </span>TTCAAGACG.</p> </div> <div id="article1-body" class="generated-article-body"> <h5 id="d16682e228" class="main-title">Transfect and culture</h5> <p id="d16682e231">Once the vector has been generated and produced in sufficient quantity, scientists need to determine an appropriate transfection method for delivery into cells. Upon successful transfection, the cells transcribe the foreign DNA to generate the shRNA described above (<a href="https://f1000research.com/articles/5-308/v1#f2">Figure 2</a>). Afterward, Dicer processes the shRNA into siRNA by removing the loop sequence. The resulting siRNA binds with RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex), which separates the two strands of the RNA and activates the complex. RISC remains bound to one strand, that complementarily binds to a target mRNA and cleaves it. This suppresses production of the associated protein. Scientists need to allow time for the biological processes to be carried out, while culturing the cells to produce enough sample for a Western blot.</p> <table border="0" width="614" height="33"> <tbody> <tr> <td><img style="width: auto; height: auto;" src="/media/5182/1503284_sirna-diagram.jpg?widthx=700px&heightx=493px" alt=""></td> </tr> <tr> <td>Figure 2. An overview of the biological pathway of siRNA knockdown.</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <div id="article1-body" class="generated-article-body"> <p id="d16682e251">Cell death can be a major source of frustration, particularly if the target protein is vital to cell survival. Fortunately, most cells can propagate normally if the protein is suppressed, but not completely eliminated. In such cases, knockdown methods can be fine tuned and are likely a preferred alternative to knock out validation, which prevents any transcription through gene editing.</p> </div> <div id="article1-body" class="generated-article-body"> <h5 id="d16682e257" class="main-title">Test and evaluate</h5> <p id="d16682e260">A strong signal for the empty-vector cells next to a weak signal for the siRNA-transfected cells in a Western blot means that the antibody is specific and that the knockdown experiment was successful. Any nonspecific bands should raise questions, as these could indicate that the antibodies themselves are nonspecific. Bands should also be consistent across all lanes of the Western blot membrane. If not, something may have gone wrong in the experiment, and protocol and experimental design should be reviewed.</p> <p id="d16682e263">While the value of negative controls to antibody validation protocols should not be understated, it is also understood that such validation is not widely available and that it consumes time and resources to perform in individual labs. Thorough Western blot validation with only positive controls can be a second-best alternative, provided that there is a sufficient quantity of data, and corroborated by published studies that reference the reagent catalog number and manufacturer. We encourage the development and use of negative controls such as siRNA knockdown as the new standard in antibody validation. Doing so will elevate reproducible research and accelerate scientific progress.</p> <h5>References</h5> </div> <div id="article1-back" class="generated-article-footer"> <div class="back-section"> <ul> <li><a name="ref-1" class="n-a"></a><span class="label">1.</span> <span class="citation"><a name="d16682e277" class="n-a"></a>Baker M: Reproducibility crisis: Blame it on the antibodies.<span> </span>Nature.<span> </span>2015;<span> </span>521(7552): 274–276.<span> </span><a id="d16682e285" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25993940" target="xrefwindow">PubMed Abstract<span> </span></a>|<span> </span><a id="d16682e288" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/521274a" target="xrefwindow">Publisher Full Text</a></span></li> <li><a name="ref-2" class="n-a"></a><span class="label">2.</span> <span class="citation"><a name="d16682e297" class="n-a"></a>Baker M: Antibody anarchy: A call to order.<span> </span>Nature.<span> </span>2015;<span> </span>527(7579): 545–551.<span> </span><a id="d16682e305" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26607547" target="xrefwindow">PubMed Abstract<span> </span></a>|<span> </span><a id="d16682e308" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/527545a" target="xrefwindow">Publisher Full Text</a></span></li> <li><a name="ref-3" class="n-a"></a><span class="label">3.</span> <span class="citation"><a name="d16682e317" class="n-a"></a>McLeod J, Ferrigno PK: Antibody Alternatives.<span> </span>The Scientist.<span> </span>2016.<span> </span><a id="d16682e322" href="http://www.the-scientist.com/?articles.view/articleNo/45134/title/Antibody-Alternatives/" target="xrefwindow">Reference Source</a></span></li> <li><a name="ref-4" class="n-a"></a><span class="label">4.</span> <span class="citation"><a name="d16682e331" class="n-a"></a>Dance A: Exercises for Your Abs.<span> </span>The Scientist.<span> </span>2016.<span> </span><a id="d16682e336" href="http://www.the-scientist.com/?articles.view/articleNo/45108/title/Exercises-for-Your-Abs/" target="xrefwindow">Reference Source</a></span></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div></p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="accordion-item"> <h2 class="accordion-header" id="heading-4"> <button class="accordion-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapse-4" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapse-4"> When should you use KD vs KO? </button> </h2> <div id="collapse-4" class="accordion-collapse collapse " aria-labelledby="heading-4" data-bs-parent="#accordionProtocol"> <div class="accordion-body"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-12 ms-4"> <p><div class="OutlineElement Ltr BCX0 SCXW112248831"> <p class="Paragraph SCXW112248831 BCX0"><span class="TextRun SCXW112248831 BCX0" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW112248831 BCX0">Genetic knockdown and knockout are complementary tools for assessing antibody specificity. Before build</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW112248831 BCX0" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW112248831 BCX0">ing constructs a</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW112248831 BCX0" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW112248831 BCX0">nd ordering reagents, consider which one is best for your situation. Each method has its advantages and limitations:</span></span><span class="EOP SCXW112248831 BCX0" data-ccp-props="{"201341983":0,"335559739":160,"335559740":259}"> </span></p> </div> <div class="OutlineElement Ltr BCX0 SCXW112248831"> <div class="TableContainer SCXW112248831 BCX0"> <table border="1" class="Table TableWordWrap SCXW112248831 BCX0" data-tablestyle="MsoNormalTable" data-tablelook="1184"> <tbody class="SCXW112248831 BCX0"> <tr class="TableRow TableRowSelected SCXW112248831 BCX0"> <td class="SCXW112248831 BCX0" style="text-align: center;" data-celllook="69905"> <div class="TableCellContent SCXW112248831 BCX0"> <div class="OutlineElement Ltr BCX0 SCXW112248831"> <p class="Paragraph SCXW112248831 BCX0"><strong><span class="TextRun SCXW112248831 BCX0" data-contrast="none"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW112248831 BCX0">Method</span></span><span class="EOP SCXW112248831 BCX0" data-ccp-props="{"201341983":0,"335559740":240}"> </span></strong></p> </div> </div> </td> <td class="SCXW112248831 BCX0" style="text-align: center;" data-celllook="69905"> <div class="TableCellContent SCXW112248831 BCX0"> <div class="OutlineElement Ltr BCX0 SCXW112248831"> <p class="Paragraph SCXW112248831 BCX0"><strong><span class="TextRun SCXW112248831 BCX0" data-contrast="none"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW112248831 BCX0">Best for</span></span><span class="EOP SCXW112248831 BCX0" data-ccp-props="{"201341983":0,"335559740":240}"> </span></strong></p> </div> </div> </td> <td class="SCXW112248831 BCX0" style="text-align: center;" data-celllook="69905"> <div class="TableCellContent SCXW112248831 BCX0"> <div class="OutlineElement Ltr BCX0 SCXW112248831"> <p class="Paragraph SCXW112248831 BCX0"><strong><span class="TextRun SCXW112248831 BCX0" data-contrast="none"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW112248831 BCX0">Limitations and considerations</span></span></strong></p> </div> </div> </td> </tr> <tr class="TableRow TableRowSelected SCXW112248831 BCX0"> <td class="SCXW112248831 BCX0" data-celllook="69905"> <div class="TableCellContent SCXW112248831 BCX0"> <div class="OutlineElement Ltr BCX0 SCXW112248831"> <p class="Paragraph SCXW112248831 BCX0"><strong><span class="TextRun SCXW112248831 BCX0" data-contrast="none"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW112248831 BCX0">Knockdown</span></span></strong><span class="EOP SCXW112248831 BCX0" data-ccp-props="{"201341983":0,"335559740":240}"> </span></p> </div> </div> </td> <td class="SCXW112248831 BCX0" data-celllook="69905"> <div class="TableCellContent SCXW112248831 BCX0"> <div class="ListContainerWrapper SCXW112248831 BCX0"> <ul class="BulletListStyle1 SCXW112248831 BCX0"> <li class="OutlineElement Ltr BCX0 SCXW112248831" data-leveltext="" data-font="Symbol" data-listid="1" data-aria-posinset="1" data-aria-level="1"> <p class="Paragraph SCXW112248831 BCX0"><span class="TextRun SCXW112248831 BCX0" data-contrast="none"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW112248831 BCX0">Essential genes</span></span><span class="EOP SCXW112248831 BCX0" data-ccp-props="{"134233279":true,"201341983":0,"335559739":160,"335559740":240}"> </span></p> </li> <li class="OutlineElement Ltr BCX0 SCXW112248831" data-leveltext="" data-font="Symbol" data-listid="1" data-aria-posinset="2" data-aria-level="1"> <p class="Paragraph SCXW112248831 BCX0"><span class="TextRun SCXW112248831 BCX0" data-contrast="none"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW112248831 BCX0">Genes with pre-designed RNAi reagents </span></span><span class="EOP SCXW112248831 BCX0" data-ccp-props="{"134233279":true,"201341983":0,"335559739":160,"335559740":240}"> </span></p> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </td> <td class="SCXW112248831 BCX0" data-celllook="69905"> <div class="TableCellContent SCXW112248831 BCX0"> <div class="ListContainerWrapper SCXW112248831 BCX0"> <ul class="BulletListStyle1 SCXW112248831 BCX0"> <li class="OutlineElement Ltr BCX0 SCXW112248831" data-leveltext="" data-font="Symbol" data-listid="1" data-aria-posinset="1" data-aria-level="1"> <p class="Paragraph SCXW112248831 BCX0"><span class="TextRun SCXW112248831 BCX0" data-contrast="none"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW112248831 BCX0">Efficiency can be an issue</span></span><span class="EOP SCXW112248831 BCX0" data-ccp-props="{"134233279":true,"201341983":0,"335559739":160,"335559740":240}"> </span></p> </li> <li class="OutlineElement Ltr BCX0 SCXW112248831" data-leveltext="" data-font="Symbol" data-listid="1" data-aria-posinset="2" data-aria-level="1"> <p class="Paragraph SCXW112248831 BCX0"><span class="TextRun SCXW112248831 BCX0" data-contrast="none"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW112248831 BCX0">Off-target effects</span></span><span class="EOP SCXW112248831 BCX0" data-ccp-props="{"134233279":true,"201341983":0,"335559739":160,"335559740":240}"> </span></p> </li> <li class="OutlineElement Ltr BCX0 SCXW112248831" data-leveltext="" data-font="Symbol" data-listid="1" data-aria-posinset="3" data-aria-level="1"> <p class="Paragraph SCXW112248831 BCX0"><span class="TextRun SCXW112248831 BCX0" data-contrast="none"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW112248831 BCX0">Residual signal may still reflect non-specific binding</span></span><span class="EOP SCXW112248831 BCX0" data-ccp-props="{"134233279":true,"201341983":0,"335559739":160,"335559740":240}"> </span></p> </li> <li class="OutlineElement Ltr BCX0 SCXW112248831" data-leveltext="" data-font="Symbol" data-listid="1" data-aria-posinset="4" data-aria-level="1"> <p class="Paragraph SCXW112248831 BCX0"><span class="TextRun SCXW112248831 BCX0" data-contrast="none"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW112248831 BCX0">May not see effect on very highly expressed proteins</span></span><span class="EOP SCXW112248831 BCX0" data-ccp-props="{"134233279":true,"201341983":0,"335559739":160,"335559740":240}"> </span></p> </li> <li class="OutlineElement Ltr BCX0 SCXW112248831" data-leveltext="" data-font="Symbol" data-listid="1" data-aria-posinset="5" data-aria-level="1"> <p class="Paragraph SCXW112248831 BCX0"><span class="TextRun SCXW112248831 BCX0" data-contrast="none"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW112248831 BCX0">If protein turnover is low, effect may be hard to see</span></span><span class="EOP SCXW112248831 BCX0" data-ccp-props="{"134233279":true,"201341983":0,"335559739":160,"335559740":240}"> </span></p> </li> <li class="OutlineElement Ltr BCX0 SCXW112248831" data-leveltext="" data-font="Symbol" data-listid="1" data-aria-posinset="6" data-aria-level="1"> <p class="Paragraph SCXW112248831 BCX0"><span class="TextRun SCXW112248831 BCX0" data-contrast="none"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW112248831 BCX0">Usually transient effect</span></span><span class="EOP SCXW112248831 BCX0" data-ccp-props="{"134233279":true,"201341983":0,"335559739":160,"335559740":240}"> </span></p> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </td> </tr> <tr class="TableRow TableRowSelected SCXW112248831 BCX0"> <td class="SCXW112248831 BCX0" data-celllook="69905"> <div class="TableCellContent SCXW112248831 BCX0"> <div class="OutlineElement Ltr BCX0 SCXW112248831"> <p class="Paragraph SCXW112248831 BCX0"><strong><span class="TextRun SCXW112248831 BCX0" data-contrast="none"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW112248831 BCX0">Knockout</span></span></strong><span class="EOP SCXW112248831 BCX0" data-ccp-props="{"201341983":0,"335559740":240}"> </span></p> </div> </div> </td> <td class="SCXW112248831 BCX0" data-celllook="69905"> <div class="TableCellContent SCXW112248831 BCX0"> <div class="ListContainerWrapper SCXW112248831 BCX0"> <ul class="BulletListStyle1 SCXW112248831 BCX0"> <li class="OutlineElement Ltr BCX0 SCXW112248831" data-leveltext="" data-font="Symbol" data-listid="1" data-aria-posinset="1" data-aria-level="1"> <p class="Paragraph SCXW112248831 BCX0"><span class="TextRun SCXW112248831 BCX0" data-contrast="none"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW112248831 BCX0">High expression genes</span></span><span class="EOP SCXW112248831 BCX0" data-ccp-props="{"134233279":true,"201341983":0,"335559739":160,"335559740":240}"> </span></p> </li> <li class="OutlineElement Ltr BCX0 SCXW112248831" data-leveltext="" data-font="Symbol" data-listid="1" data-aria-posinset="2" data-aria-level="1"> <p class="Paragraph SCXW112248831 BCX0"><span class="TextRun SCXW112248831 BCX0" data-contrast="none"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW112248831 BCX0">High precision necessary</span></span><span class="EOP SCXW112248831 BCX0" data-ccp-props="{"134233279":true,"201341983":0,"335559739":160,"335559740":240}"> </span></p> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </td> <td class="SCXW112248831 BCX0" data-celllook="69905"> <div class="TableCellContent SCXW112248831 BCX0"> <div class="ListContainerWrapper SCXW112248831 BCX0"> <ul class="BulletListStyle1 SCXW112248831 BCX0"> <li class="OutlineElement Ltr BCX0 SCXW112248831" data-leveltext="" data-font="Symbol" data-listid="1" data-aria-posinset="1" data-aria-level="1"> <p class="Paragraph SCXW112248831 BCX0"><span class="TextRun SCXW112248831 BCX0" data-contrast="none"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW112248831 BCX0">Some genes cannot be targeted b</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW112248831 BCX0" data-contrast="none"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW112248831 BCX0">y CRISPR, TALENs, etc.</span></span><span class="EOP SCXW112248831 BCX0" data-ccp-props="{"134233279":true,"201341983":0,"335559739":160,"335559740":240}"> </span></p> </li> <li class="OutlineElement Ltr BCX0 SCXW112248831" data-leveltext="" data-font="Symbol" data-listid="1" data-aria-posinset="2" data-aria-level="1"> <p class="Paragraph SCXW112248831 BCX0"><span class="TextRun SCXW112248831 BCX0" data-contrast="none"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW112248831 BCX0">Essential genes cannot be knocked out</span></span><span class="EOP SCXW112248831 BCX0" data-ccp-props="{"134233279":true,"201341983":0,"335559739":160,"335559740":240}"> </span></p> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> </div></p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="accordion-item"> <h2 class="accordion-header" id="heading-5"> <button class="accordion-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapse-5" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapse-5"> Downloadable Resources </button> </h2> <div id="collapse-5" class="accordion-collapse collapse " aria-labelledby="heading-5" data-bs-parent="#accordionProtocol"> <div class="accordion-body"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-12 ms-4"> <p></p> </div> <div class="ms-4 download"> <h4 class="ms-4">Downloads</h4> <ul> <li> <a href="/media/afidbryb/1503339_knockdown-slideshow_for-web.pdf" class="text-decoration-none d-flex align-items-start gap-2" target="_blank"> <div> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="16" height="16" fill="currentColor" class="bi bi-download" viewBox="0 0 16 16"> <path d="M.5 9.9a.5.5 0 0 1 .5.5v2.5a1 1 0 0 0 1 1h12a1 1 0 0 0 1-1v-2.5a.5.5 0 0 1 1 0v2.5a2 2 0 0 1-2 2H2a2 2 0 0 1-2-2v-2.5a.5.5 0 0 1 .5-.5z"></path> <path d="M7.646 11.854a.5.5 0 0 0 .708 0l3-3a.5.5 0 0 0-.708-.708L8.5 10.293V1.5a.5.5 0 0 0-1 0v8.793L5.354 8.146a.5.5 0 1 0-.708.708l3 3z"></path> </svg> </div> <div> <p> <span>siRNA technical slideshow</span> Overview and technical tips </p> </div> </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </section>  <div class="modal fade" id="myIframModal" data-bs-backdrop="static" data-bs-keyboard="false" tabindex="-1" aria-labelledby="staticBackdropLabel" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="modal-dialog modal-lg"> <div class="modal-content"> <div class="modal-header"> <button type="button" class="btn-close" data-bs-dismiss="modal" aria-label="Close"></button> </div> <div class="modal-body"> <span role="img" aria-label="loading" class="anticon-loading"> <svg viewBox="0 0 1024 1024" focusable="false" data-icon="loading" width="1em" height="1em" fill="currentColor" aria-hidden="true"> <path d="M988 548c-19.9 0-36-16.1-36-36 0-59.4-11.6-117-34.6-171.3a440.45 440.45 0 00-94.3-139.9 437.71 437.71 0 00-139.9-94.3C629 83.6 571.4 72 512 72c-19.9 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