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id="toc-Paragraph_B_2_(d)_of_Karachi_Agreement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Paragraph_B_2_(d)_of_Karachi_Agreement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Paragraph B 2 (d) of Karachi Agreement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Paragraph_B_2_(d)_of_Karachi_Agreement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-U.N._map_of_ceasefire_line" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#U.N._map_of_ceasefire_line"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.1</span> <span>U.N. map of ceasefire line</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-U.N._map_of_ceasefire_line-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oropolitics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oropolitics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Oropolitics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oropolitics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historic_maps_of_Siachen_Glacier" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historic_maps_of_Siachen_Glacier"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Historic maps of Siachen Glacier</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historic_maps_of_Siachen_Glacier-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military_expeditions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military_expeditions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Military expeditions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military_expeditions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Major_combat_operations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Major_combat_operations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Major combat operations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Major_combat_operations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ground_situation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ground_situation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Ground situation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ground_situation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reception" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reception"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Reception</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reception-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Severe_conditions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Severe_conditions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Severe conditions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Severe_conditions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kargil_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kargil_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Kargil War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kargil_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Visits" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Visits"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Visits</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Visits-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>In popular culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-List_of_post-ceasefire_avalanches_and_landslides" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_post-ceasefire_avalanches_and_landslides"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>List of post-ceasefire avalanches and landslides</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-List_of_post-ceasefire_avalanches_and_landslides-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle List of post-ceasefire avalanches and landslides subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-List_of_post-ceasefire_avalanches_and_landslides-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-2010–2011" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2010–2011"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>2010–2011</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2010–2011-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2012–2014" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2012–2014"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>2012–2014</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2012–2014-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2015" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2015"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.3</span> <span>2015</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2015-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2016" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2016"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.4</span> <span>2016</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2016-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2018_–_2019" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2018_–_2019"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.5</span> <span>2018 – 2019</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2018_–_2019-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.2</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Siachen conflict</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 23 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-23" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">23 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%B9_%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B4%D9%86" title="نزاع سياشن – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="نزاع سياشن" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9A%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC" title="সিয়াচেন দ্বন্দ্ব – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সিয়াচেন দ্বন্দ্ব" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conflicte_de_Siachen" title="Conflicte de Siachen – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Conflicte de Siachen" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siachen-Konflikt" title="Siachen-Konflikt – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Siachen-Konflikt" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conflicto_de_Siachen" title="Conflicto de Siachen – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Conflicto de Siachen" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%B1%DA%AF%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A7%DA%86%D9%86" title="درگیری سیاچن – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="درگیری سیاچن" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6" title="सियाचिन विवाद – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="सियाचिन विवाद" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konflik_Siachen" title="Konflik Siachen – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Konflik Siachen" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conflitto_del_Siachen" title="Conflitto del Siachen – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Conflitto del Siachen" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%9B%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%9A_%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%90%D7%A6%27%D7%9F" title="סכסוך סיאצ'ן – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="סכסוך סיאצ'ן" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siachenconflict" title="Siachenconflict – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Siachenconflict" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siachenkonflikten" title="Siachenkonflikten – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Siachenkonflikten" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siachen_mojarosi" title="Siachen mojarosi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Siachen mojarosi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%9A%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%A8_%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%96%E0%A9%87%E0%A9%9C%E0%A8%BE" title="ਸਿਆਚਿਨ ਬਖੇੜਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਸਿਆਚਿਨ ਬਖੇੜਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A7%DA%86%D9%86_%D8%A8%DA%A9%DA%BE%DB%8C%DA%91%D8%A7" title="سیاچن بکھیڑا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="سیاچن بکھیڑا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conflito_de_Siachen" title="Conflito de Siachen – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Conflito de Siachen" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%82" title="Сиаченский конфликт – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Сиаченский конфликт" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siachenin_konflikti" title="Siachenin konflikti – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Siachenin konflikti" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A3%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81" title="சியாச்சின் பிணக்கு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சியாச்சின் பிணக்கு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%9A%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%98%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B7%E0%B0%A3" title="సియాచెన్ ఘర్షణ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="సియాచెన్ ఘర్షణ" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%96%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%82" title="Сіаченський конфлікт – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Сіаченський конфлікт" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A7%DA%86%D9%86_%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B2%D8%B9%DB%81" title="سیاچن تنازعہ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="سیاچن تنازعہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%94%A1%E4%BA%9A%E7%90%B4%E5%86%B0%E5%B7%9D%E5%86%B2%E7%AA%81" title="锡亚琴冰川冲突 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="锡亚琴冰川冲突" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q2000527#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div 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.desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1034237262">.mw-parser-output .stack{box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .stack>div{margin:1px;overflow:hidden}@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-left{float:left;clear:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-right{float:right;clear:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-left{float:left;clear:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-right{float:right;clear:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-left{float:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-right{float:right;margin-left:1em}}</style><div class="stack mw-stack stack-clear-right"><div><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Siachen conflict</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Kashmir_conflict" title="Kashmir conflict">Kashmir conflict</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kashmir_map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Kashmir_map.svg/300px-Kashmir_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="236" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Kashmir_map.svg/450px-Kashmir_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Kashmir_map.svg/600px-Kashmir_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2160" data-file-height="1696" /></a></span><br />Labelled map of the greater <a href="/wiki/Kashmir" title="Kashmir">Kashmir</a> region; the Siachen Glacier lies in the <a href="/wiki/Karakoram" title="Karakoram">Karakoram Range</a> and its snout is situated less than 50 km (31 mi) north of the <a href="/wiki/Ladakh_Range" title="Ladakh Range">Ladakh Range</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>13 April 1984<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1984-04-13</span>)</span> – 25 November 2003<span style="display:none"> (<span class="dtend itvend">2003-11-25</span>)</span><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />(19 years, 7 months, 1 week and 5 days)</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location"><a href="/wiki/Siachen_Glacier" title="Siachen Glacier">Siachen Glacier</a>, Kashmir</div></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> Indian victory</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Territorial<br />changes</th><td> India gains control of 2,500 km<sup>2</sup> (970 sq mi)<sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of territory in the glacier region, incorporates it into the <a href="/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir_(state)" title="Jammu and Kashmir (state)">state of Jammu and Kashmir</a> (now <a href="/wiki/Ladakh" title="Ladakh">Ladakh</a>)</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/India" title="India"><img alt="India" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Flag_of_Indian_Army.svg/23px-Flag_of_Indian_Army.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Flag_of_Indian_Army.svg/35px-Flag_of_Indian_Army.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Flag_of_Indian_Army.svg/46px-Flag_of_Indian_Army.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="450" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Colonel_(India)" title="Colonel (India)">Col.</a> <a href="/wiki/Narendra_Kumar_(mountaineer)" title="Narendra Kumar (mountaineer)">Narendra Kumar</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/India" title="India"><img alt="India" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Flag_of_Indian_Army.svg/23px-Flag_of_Indian_Army.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Flag_of_Indian_Army.svg/35px-Flag_of_Indian_Army.svg.png 1.5x, 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Gen.</a> <a href="/wiki/Prem_Nath_Hoon" title="Prem Nath Hoon">P. N. Hoon</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/India" title="India"><img alt="India" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Flag_of_Indian_Army.svg/23px-Flag_of_Indian_Army.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Flag_of_Indian_Army.svg/35px-Flag_of_Indian_Army.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Flag_of_Indian_Army.svg/46px-Flag_of_Indian_Army.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="450" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_general_(India)" title="Lieutenant general (India)">Lt. Gen.</a> <a href="/wiki/Manohar_Lal_Chibber" title="Manohar Lal Chibber">M. L. Chibber</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/India" title="India"><img alt="India" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Flag_of_Indian_Army.svg/23px-Flag_of_Indian_Army.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Flag_of_Indian_Army.svg/35px-Flag_of_Indian_Army.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Flag_of_Indian_Army.svg/46px-Flag_of_Indian_Army.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="450" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_general_(India)" title="Lieutenant general (India)">Lt. Gen.</a> Ramesh Kulkarni <sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/India" title="India"><img alt="India" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Flag_of_Indian_Army.svg/23px-Flag_of_Indian_Army.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Flag_of_Indian_Army.svg/35px-Flag_of_Indian_Army.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Flag_of_Indian_Army.svg/46px-Flag_of_Indian_Army.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="450" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Major_general_(India)" title="Major general (India)">Maj. Gen.</a> Shiv Sharma</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/India" title="India"><img alt="India" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Flag_of_Indian_Army.svg/23px-Flag_of_Indian_Army.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Flag_of_Indian_Army.svg/35px-Flag_of_Indian_Army.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Flag_of_Indian_Army.svg/46px-Flag_of_Indian_Army.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="450" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Brigadier" title="Brigadier">Brig.</a> <a href="/wiki/V._R._Raghavan" title="V. R. Raghavan">V. R. Raghavan</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/India" title="India"><img alt="India" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Flag_of_Indian_Army.svg/23px-Flag_of_Indian_Army.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Flag_of_Indian_Army.svg/35px-Flag_of_Indian_Army.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Flag_of_Indian_Army.svg/46px-Flag_of_Indian_Army.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="450" /></a></span></span> Brig. C. S. Nugyal</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/India" title="India"><img alt="India" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Flag_of_Indian_Army.svg/23px-Flag_of_Indian_Army.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Flag_of_Indian_Army.svg/35px-Flag_of_Indian_Army.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Flag_of_Indian_Army.svg/46px-Flag_of_Indian_Army.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="450" /></a></span></span> Brig. R. K. Nanavatty</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/India" title="India"><img alt="India" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Flag_of_Indian_Army.svg/23px-Flag_of_Indian_Army.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Flag_of_Indian_Army.svg/35px-Flag_of_Indian_Army.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Flag_of_Indian_Army.svg/46px-Flag_of_Indian_Army.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="450" /></a></span></span> Brig. V. K. Jaitley</li></ul> </div></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan"><img alt="Pakistan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_the_Pakistani_Army.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Pakistani_Army.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_the_Pakistani_Army.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Pakistani_Army.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_the_Pakistani_Army.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Pakistani_Army.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="324" data-file-height="216" /></a></span></span> Brig. <a href="/wiki/Pervez_Musharraf" title="Pervez Musharraf">Pervez Musharraf</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan"><img alt="Pakistan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_the_Pakistani_Army.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Pakistani_Army.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_the_Pakistani_Army.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Pakistani_Army.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_the_Pakistani_Army.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Pakistani_Army.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="324" data-file-height="216" /></a></span></span> Brig. T. M. Shaheed</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan"><img alt="Pakistan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_the_Pakistani_Army.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Pakistani_Army.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_the_Pakistani_Army.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Pakistani_Army.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_the_Pakistani_Army.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Pakistani_Army.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="324" data-file-height="216" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Major_(rank)" title="Major (rank)">Maj.</a> Muhammad A. K. Bangash</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Strength</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> 3,000+<sup id="cite_ref-story_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-story-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> 3,000<sup id="cite_ref-story_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-story-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Casualties and losses</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>36 casualties during initial conflict<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-weekley_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-weekley-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1,100+ dead (including non-combat fatalities) after initial conflict<sup id="cite_ref-supreme_sacrifice_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-supreme_sacrifice-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-supreme_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-supreme-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </div></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>200 casualties during initial conflict<sup id="cite_ref-weekley_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-weekley-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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.navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Indo-Pakistani_Wars" title="Template:Campaignbox Indo-Pakistani Wars"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Indo-Pakistani_Wars" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Indo-Pakistani Wars"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Indo-Pakistani_Wars" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Indo-Pakistani Wars"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Indo-Pakistani_conflicts" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em"><a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_wars_and_conflicts" title="Indo-Pakistani wars and conflicts"><span class="wrap">Indo-Pakistani conflicts</span></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b><a href="/wiki/Kashmir_conflict" title="Kashmir conflict">Kashmir conflict</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_war_of_1947%E2%80%931948" title="Indo-Pakistani war of 1947–1948">War of 1947–48</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_war_of_1965" title="Indo-Pakistani war of 1965">War of 1965</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_war_of_1971" title="Indo-Pakistani war of 1971">War of 1971</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Siachen conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kargil_War" title="Kargil War">Kargil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2001%E2%80%932002_India%E2%80%93Pakistan_standoff" title="2001–2002 India–Pakistan standoff">2001–02 standoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_India%E2%80%93Pakistan_standoff" title="2008 India–Pakistan standoff">2008 standoff</a></li></ul> <p><b>Other conflicts</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Liberation_War" title="Bangladesh Liberation War">Bangladesh Liberation War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1959_Canberra_shootdown" title="1959 Canberra shootdown">1959 Canberra shootdown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1999_Pakistan_Breguet_1150_Atlantic_shootdown" class="mw-redirect" title="1999 Pakistan Breguet 1150 Atlantic shootdown">1999 Pakistan Breguet 1150 Atlantic shootdown</a></li></ul> <p><b>Border skirmishes</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2011_India%E2%80%93Pakistan_border_skirmish" title="2011 India–Pakistan border skirmish">2011</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_India%E2%80%93Pakistan_border_skirmishes" title="2013 India–Pakistan border skirmishes">2013</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014%E2%80%932015_India%E2%80%93Pakistan_border_skirmishes" title="2014–2015 India–Pakistan border skirmishes">2014–15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016%E2%80%932018_India%E2%80%93Pakistan_border_skirmishes" title="2016–2018 India–Pakistan border skirmishes">2016–18</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_India%E2%80%93Pakistan_border_skirmishes" title="2019 India–Pakistan border skirmishes">2019</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020%E2%80%9321_India%E2%80%93Pakistan_border_skirmishes" title="2020–21 India–Pakistan border skirmishes">2020–21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_India-Pakistan_border_skirmishes" title="2023 India-Pakistan border skirmishes">2023</a></li></ul> <p><b>Strikes</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2016_Indian_Line_of_Control_strike" title="2016 Indian Line of Control strike">LoC 2016</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Balakot_airstrike" title="2019 Balakot airstrike">Balakot 2019</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Jammu_and_Kashmir_airstrikes" title="2019 Jammu and Kashmir airstrikes">J&K 2019</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></div> <p>The <b>Siachen conflict</b>, sometimes referred to as the <b>Siachen Glacier conflict</b> or the <b>Siachen War</b>, was a military conflict <a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_wars_and_conflicts" title="Indo-Pakistani wars and conflicts">between India and Pakistan</a> over the disputed 1,000-square-mile (2,600 km<sup>2</sup>)<sup id="cite_ref-Time_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Time-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Siachen_Glacier" title="Siachen Glacier">Siachen Glacier</a> region in <a href="/wiki/Kashmir" title="Kashmir">Kashmir</a>. The conflict was started in 1984 by India's successful capture of the Siachen Glacier as part of <a href="/wiki/Operation_Meghdoot" title="Operation Meghdoot">Operation Meghdoot</a>, and continued with <a href="/wiki/Operation_Rajiv" title="Operation Rajiv">Operation Rajiv</a> in 1987. India took control of the 70-kilometre-long (43 mi) Siachen Glacier and its tributary glaciers, as well as all the main passes and heights of the <a href="/wiki/Saltoro_Mountains" title="Saltoro Mountains">Saltoro Ridge</a> immediately west of the glacier, including <a href="/wiki/Sia_La" title="Sia La">Sia La</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bilafond_La" title="Bilafond La">Bilafond La</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gyong_La" title="Gyong La">Gyong La</a>. Pakistan controls the glacial valleys immediately west of the Saltoro Ridge.<sup id="cite_ref-Wirsing_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wirsing-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Child_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Child-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (April 2021)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> A cease-fire went into effect in 2003,<sup id="cite_ref-Watson_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Watson-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but both sides maintain a heavy military presence in the area. The conflict has resulted in thousands of deaths, mostly due to natural hazards.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> External commentators have characterized it as pointless, given the perceived uselessness of the territory, and indicative of bitter stubbornness on both sides.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Causes">Causes</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Un-kashmir-jammu.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Un-kashmir-jammu.png/220px-Un-kashmir-jammu.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="277" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Un-kashmir-jammu.png/330px-Un-kashmir-jammu.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Un-kashmir-jammu.png/440px-Un-kashmir-jammu.png 2x" data-file-width="2302" data-file-height="2901" /></a><figcaption>UN map of Siachen</figcaption></figure> <p>The Siachen Glacier is the highest battleground on earth,<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> have fought intermittently since 13 April 1984. Both countries maintain a permanent military presence in the region at a height of over 6,000 metres (20,000 ft). More than 2000 people have died in this inhospitable terrain, mostly due to weather extremes and the natural hazards of <a href="/wiki/Mountain_warfare" title="Mountain warfare">mountain warfare</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The conflict in Siachen stems from the incompletely demarcated territory on the map beyond the map coordinate known as <a href="/wiki/NJ9842" title="NJ9842">NJ9842</a> (<span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Siachen_conflict&params=35.008371_N_77.008805_E_"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">35°00′30″N</span> <span class="longitude">77°00′32″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">35.008371°N 77.008805°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">35.008371; 77.008805</span></span></span></a></span></span>). The 1949 <a href="/wiki/Karachi_Agreement" title="Karachi Agreement">Karachi Agreement</a> and 1972 <a href="/wiki/Simla_Agreement" title="Simla Agreement">Simla Agreement</a> did not clearly mention who controlled the glacier, merely stating that the Cease Fire Line (CFL) terminated at NJ9842.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> UN officials presumed there would be no dispute between India and Pakistan over such a cold and barren region.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (April 2021)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Paragraph_B_2_(d)_of_Karachi_Agreement"><span id="Paragraph_B_2_.28d.29_of_Karachi_Agreement"></span>Paragraph B 2 (d) of Karachi Agreement</h3></div> <p>Following the UN-mediated ceasefire in 1949, the line between India and Pakistan was demarcated up to point NJ9842 at the foot of the Siachen Glacier. The largely inaccessible terrain beyond this point was not demarcated,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but delimited as <b>thence north to the glaciers</b> in paragraph B 2 (d) of the Karachi Agreement. </p><p>Paragraph B 2 (d) of 1949 <a href="/wiki/Karachi_Agreement" title="Karachi Agreement">Karachi Agreement</a> states: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p> (d) From Dalunang eastwards the cease-fire line will follow the general line point 15495, Ishman, Manus, Gangam, Gunderman, Point 13620, Funkar (Point 17628), Marmak, Natsara, Shangruti (Point 1,531), Chorbat La (Point 16700), Chalunka (on the Shyok River), Khor, <b>thence north to the glaciers</b>. This portion of the cease-fire line shall be demarcated in detail on the basis of the factual position as of 27 July 1949, by the local commanders assisted by United Nations military observers.</p></blockquote> <p>Later, following the <a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_War_of_1971" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Pakistani War of 1971">Indo-Pakistani War of 1971</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Simla_Agreement" title="Simla Agreement">Simla Agreement</a> in July 1972, the ceasefire line was converted into the "Line of Control" extending from the "<i>Chhamb sector on the international border [to] the Turtok-Partapur sector in the north.</i>"<sup id="cite_ref-:0_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The detailed description of its northern end stated that from Chimbatia in the Turtok sector <i>"the line of control runs north-eastwards to Thang (inclusive to India), thence eastwards joining the glaciers."</i> This vague formulation further sowed the seed for the bitter dispute to follow.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_20-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">UN</a> document number S/1430/Add.2.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is the second <a href="/wiki/Addendum" title="Addendum">addendum</a> to the 1949 Karachi Agreement, and shows the CFL marked on the Map of the State of <a href="/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir_(princely_state)" title="Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)">Jammu and Kashmir</a> as per the explanation of CFL in paragraph 'B' 2 (d) of the Karachi Agreement. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="U.N._map_of_ceasefire_line">U.N. map of ceasefire line</h4></div> <p>Title of UN document number S/1430/Add.2 which illustrates the CFL as per the Karachi Agreement reads: </p> <blockquote><p>Map of the State of Jammu and Kashmir showing the Cease Fire Line as Agreed Upon in the Karachi Agreement, Ratified by the Governments of India and Pakistan on 29 and 30 July Respectively. (See Annex 26 to the third Interim Report of the United Nation Commission for India and Pakistan)<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <table style="margin: 0 auto;"> <tbody><tr> <td><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Page_1_-_CFL_as_shown_on_UN_Map_to_Karachi_Agreement_1949.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Page_1_-_CFL_as_shown_on_UN_Map_to_Karachi_Agreement_1949.JPG/220px-Page_1_-_CFL_as_shown_on_UN_Map_to_Karachi_Agreement_1949.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Page_1_-_CFL_as_shown_on_UN_Map_to_Karachi_Agreement_1949.JPG/330px-Page_1_-_CFL_as_shown_on_UN_Map_to_Karachi_Agreement_1949.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Page_1_-_CFL_as_shown_on_UN_Map_to_Karachi_Agreement_1949.JPG/440px-Page_1_-_CFL_as_shown_on_UN_Map_to_Karachi_Agreement_1949.JPG 2x" data-file-width="764" data-file-height="728" /></a><figcaption>Page-1 of U.N. Map Number S/1430/Add.2 to Karachi Agreement 1949</figcaption></figure> </td> <td><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Page_2_-_CFL_as_shown_on_UN_Map_to_Karachi_Agreement_1949.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Page_2_-_CFL_as_shown_on_UN_Map_to_Karachi_Agreement_1949.JPG/220px-Page_2_-_CFL_as_shown_on_UN_Map_to_Karachi_Agreement_1949.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Page_2_-_CFL_as_shown_on_UN_Map_to_Karachi_Agreement_1949.JPG/330px-Page_2_-_CFL_as_shown_on_UN_Map_to_Karachi_Agreement_1949.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Page_2_-_CFL_as_shown_on_UN_Map_to_Karachi_Agreement_1949.JPG/440px-Page_2_-_CFL_as_shown_on_UN_Map_to_Karachi_Agreement_1949.JPG 2x" data-file-width="918" data-file-height="797" /></a><figcaption>Page-2 of U.N. Map Number S/1430/Add.2 showing the CFL</figcaption></figure> </td> <td><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Page_3_-_CFL_as_shown_on_UN_Map_to_Karachi_Agreement_1949.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Page_3_-_CFL_as_shown_on_UN_Map_to_Karachi_Agreement_1949.JPG/220px-Page_3_-_CFL_as_shown_on_UN_Map_to_Karachi_Agreement_1949.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="245" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Page_3_-_CFL_as_shown_on_UN_Map_to_Karachi_Agreement_1949.JPG/330px-Page_3_-_CFL_as_shown_on_UN_Map_to_Karachi_Agreement_1949.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Page_3_-_CFL_as_shown_on_UN_Map_to_Karachi_Agreement_1949.JPG/440px-Page_3_-_CFL_as_shown_on_UN_Map_to_Karachi_Agreement_1949.JPG 2x" data-file-width="712" data-file-height="793" /></a><figcaption>Page-3 U.N. Map Number S/1430/Add.2 showing the CFL up to Point NJ 9842</figcaption></figure> </td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:India_Ladakh_location_map_UN_view.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/India_Ladakh_location_map_UN_view.svg/220px-India_Ladakh_location_map_UN_view.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/India_Ladakh_location_map_UN_view.svg/330px-India_Ladakh_location_map_UN_view.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/India_Ladakh_location_map_UN_view.svg/440px-India_Ladakh_location_map_UN_view.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1588" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Present Map of Indian territory of Ladakh including entire Siachen glacier</figcaption></figure> <p>A UN map showing CFL alignment superimposed on a satellite image depicts the CFL terminating at NJ9842.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The extension of this line "thence north to the glaciers" never appeared on any authoritative map associated with either the 1948 or 1972 agreements, just in the text. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oropolitics">Oropolitics</h3></div> <p>In 1949, a Cease-Fire Line Agreement (CFL) was signed and ratified by India, Pakistan and the UN Military Observer Group that delineated the entire CFL. In 1956–58, a scientific team led by the <a href="/wiki/Geological_Survey_of_India" title="Geological Survey of India">Geological Survey of India</a> recorded its findings publicly including information about the Siachen and other glaciers.<sup id="cite_ref-tribune_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tribune-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After Pakistan ceded the 5,180 km<sup>2</sup> (2,000 sq mi) <a href="/wiki/Shaksgam_Valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Shaksgam Valley">Shaksgam Valley</a> to China in a boundary agreement in 1963, Pakistan started giving approval to western expeditions to the east of <a href="/wiki/K2" title="K2">mountain K2</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-tribune_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tribune-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1957 Pakistan permitted a British expedition under <a href="/wiki/Eric_Shipton" title="Eric Shipton">Eric Shipton</a> to approach the Siachen glacier through the Bilafond La, and recce <a href="/wiki/Saltoro_Kangri" title="Saltoro Kangri">Saltoro Kangri</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (April 2021)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Five years later a Japanese-Pakistani expedition put two Japanese and a Pakistani Army climber on top of <a href="/wiki/Saltoro_Kangri" title="Saltoro Kangri">Saltoro Kangri</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (April 2021)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> These were early moves in this particular game of <a href="/wiki/Oropolitics" title="Oropolitics">oropolitics</a>. </p><p>In June 1958, first <a href="/wiki/Geological_Survey_of_India" title="Geological Survey of India">Geological Survey of India</a> expedition went to the Siachen glacier.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was the first official Indian survey of Siachen Glacier by Geological Survey of India post-1947 and that was undertaken to commemorate the <a href="/wiki/International_Geophysical_Year" title="International Geophysical Year">International Geophysical Year</a> in 1958. The study included snout surveying of five glaciers namely Siachen, <a href="/wiki/Mamostong_Kangri" title="Mamostong Kangri">Mamostong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chong_Kumdang_Ri" title="Chong Kumdang Ri">Chong Kumdan</a>, Kichik Kumdan and Aktash Glaciers in Ladakh region. 5Q 131 05 084 was the number assigned to the Siachen glacier by the expedition. In the 1970s and early 1980s several <a href="/wiki/Mountaineering" title="Mountaineering">mountaineering</a> expeditions applied to Pakistan to climb high peaks in the Siachen area due in part to US Defense Mapping Agency and most other maps and atlases showing it on the Pakistani side of the line. Pakistan granted a number of permits. This, in turn, reinforced the Pakistani claim on the area, as these expeditions arrived on the glacier with a permit obtained from the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Pakistan" title="Government of Pakistan">Government of Pakistan</a>. <a href="/wiki/Teram_Kangri" title="Teram Kangri">Teram Kangri</a> I (7,465 m or 24,491 ft) and <a href="/wiki/Teram_Kangri" title="Teram Kangri">Teram Kangri</a> II (7,406 m or 24,298 ft) were climbed in 1975 by a Japanese expedition led by H. Katayama, which approached through Pakistan via the Bilafond La.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (April 2021)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In 1978 a German Siachen-Kondus Expedition under the leadership of Jaroslav Poncar (further members Volker Stallbohm and Wolfgang Kohl, liaison officer major Asad Raza) entered Siachen via Bilafond La and established the base camp on the confluence of Siachen and Teram Shehr. The documentary "Expedition to the longest glacier" was shown on the 3rd channel of WDR (German TV) in 1979.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Prior to 1984 neither India nor Pakistan had any permanent presence in the area. Having become aware of US military maps and the permit incidents, <a href="/wiki/Colonel_Narendra_Kumar" class="mw-redirect" title="Colonel Narendra Kumar">Colonel Narendra Kumar</a>, then commanding officer of the Indian Army's <a href="/wiki/High_Altitude_Warfare_School" title="High Altitude Warfare School">High Altitude Warfare School</a>, mounted an Army expedition to the Siachen area as a counter-exercise. In 1978 this expedition climbed <a href="/wiki/Teram_Kangri" title="Teram Kangri">Teram Kangri</a> II, claiming it as a first ascent in a typical "oropolitical" riposte. Unusually for the normally secretive Indian Army, the news and photographs of this expedition were published in <a href="/wiki/The_Illustrated_Weekly_of_India" title="The Illustrated Weekly of India">The Illustrated Weekly of India</a>, a widely circulated popular magazine.<sup id="cite_ref-Outsideonline.com_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Outsideonline.com-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first public acknowledgment of the maneuvers and the developing conflict situation in the Siachen was an abbreviated article titled "High Politics in the Karakoram" by <a href="/wiki/Joydeep_Sircar" title="Joydeep Sircar">Joydeep Sircar</a> in <i>The Telegraph</i> newspaper of <a href="/wiki/Calcutta" class="mw-redirect" title="Calcutta">Calcutta</a> in 1982.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The full text was re-printed as "Oropolitics" in the Alpine Journal, <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>, in 1984.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (April 2021)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historic_maps_of_Siachen_Glacier">Historic maps of Siachen Glacier</h3></div> <p>Maps from Pakistan, the United Nations and various global atlases depicted the CFL ending at NJ9842 until the mid 1960s.<sup id="cite_ref-tribune_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tribune-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> United States Defense Mapping Agency (now <a href="/wiki/National_Geospatial-Intelligence_Agency" title="National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency">National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency</a>) began in about 1967 to show a boundary on their Tactical Pilotage Charts as proceeding from NJ9842 east-northeast to the <a href="/wiki/Karakoram_Pass" title="Karakoram Pass">Karakoram Pass</a> at 5,534 m (18,136 ft) on the China border.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This line was replicated on US, Pakistani and other maps in the 1970s and 1980s,<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which India believed to be a <a href="/wiki/Cartography#Cartographic_errors" title="Cartography">cartographic error</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Outsideonline.com_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Outsideonline.com-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table style="margin: 0 auto;"> <tbody><tr> <td><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Old_Map_Showing_Siachen_as_Part_of_Pakistan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b7/Old_Map_Showing_Siachen_as_Part_of_Pakistan.jpg/220px-Old_Map_Showing_Siachen_as_Part_of_Pakistan.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b7/Old_Map_Showing_Siachen_as_Part_of_Pakistan.jpg/330px-Old_Map_Showing_Siachen_as_Part_of_Pakistan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/b/b7/Old_Map_Showing_Siachen_as_Part_of_Pakistan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="365" data-file-height="273" /></a><figcaption>Map showing Siachen Glacier as part of Pakistan</figcaption></figure> </td> <td><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Trekker%27s_Guide_to_the_Himalaya_and_Karakoram_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/cf/The_Trekker%27s_Guide_to_the_Himalaya_and_Karakoram_2.jpg/220px-The_Trekker%27s_Guide_to_the_Himalaya_and_Karakoram_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/cf/The_Trekker%27s_Guide_to_the_Himalaya_and_Karakoram_2.jpg/330px-The_Trekker%27s_Guide_to_the_Himalaya_and_Karakoram_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/cf/The_Trekker%27s_Guide_to_the_Himalaya_and_Karakoram_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="365" data-file-height="273" /></a><figcaption>Map showing Siachen Glacier as part of Pakistan</figcaption></figure> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Military_expeditions">Military expeditions</h2></div> <p>In 1977, an Indian colonel named <a href="/wiki/Narendra_Kumar_(mountaineer)" title="Narendra Kumar (mountaineer)">Narendra Kumar</a>, offended by international expeditions venturing onto the glacier from the Pakistani side, persuaded his superiors to allow him to lead a 70-man team of climbers and porters to the glacier.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They returned in or around 1981, climbed several peaks and walked the length of Siachen. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Major_combat_operations">Major combat operations</h2></div><p> At army headquarters in Rawalpindi, the discovery of repeated Indian military expeditions to the glacier drove Pakistani generals to the idea of securing Siachen before India did. This operation was called Operation Ababeel. In the haste to pull together operational resources, Pakistan planners made a tactical error, according to a now-retired Pakistani army colonel. "They ordered Arctic-weather gear from a London outfitter who also supplied the Indians," says the colonel. "Once the Indians got wind of it, they ordered 300 outfits—twice as many as we had—and rushed their men up to Siachen". The acquisition of key supplies needed for operations in glaciated zones marked the start of major combat operations on the glacier.<sup id="cite_ref-story_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-story-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dogra_Siachen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Dogra_Siachen.jpg/220px-Dogra_Siachen.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Dogra_Siachen.jpg/330px-Dogra_Siachen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Dogra_Siachen.jpg/440px-Dogra_Siachen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1944" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>A memorial at the headquarters of the <a href="/wiki/Dogra_Regiment" title="Dogra Regiment">Dogra Regiment</a> of the Indian Army in remembrance of members of the regiment who died or served in the Siachen Conflict.</figcaption></figure> <p>April 1984 <a href="/wiki/Operation_Meghdoot" title="Operation Meghdoot">Operation Meghdoot</a>: Indian Army under the leadership of Lt. Gen. <a href="/wiki/Manohar_Lal_Chibber" title="Manohar Lal Chibber">Manohar Lal Chibber</a>, Maj. Gen. Shiv Sharma, and Lt. Gen. <a href="/wiki/Prem_Nath_Hoon" title="Prem Nath Hoon">P. N. Hoon</a> learned of the plan by Pakistan Army to seize Sia La, and Bilafond La, on the glacier. Indian Army launched an operation to preempt the seizure of the passes by the Pakistan Army. Men of the Ladakh Scouts and <a href="/wiki/Kumaon_Regiment" title="Kumaon Regiment">Kumaon Regiment</a> occupy Bilafond La on 13 April and Sia La on 17 April 1984 with the help of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Air_Force" title="Indian Air Force">Indian Air Force</a>. Pakistan Army, in turn, learned of the presence of Ladakh Scouts on the passes during a helicopter recon mission. In response to these developments, Pakistan Army initiated an operation using troops from the Special Services Group and Northern Light Infantry to displace the three hundred or so Indian troops on the key passes. This operation led by the Pakistan Army led to the first armed clash on the glacier on 25 April 1984.<sup id="cite_ref-India_Defence_Review_D.P._Ramachandran_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-India_Defence_Review_D.P._Ramachandran-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>June – July 1987: <a href="/wiki/Operation_Rajiv" title="Operation Rajiv">Operation Rajiv</a>: Over the next three years, with Indian troops positioned at the critical passes, Pakistan Army attempted to seize heights overlooking the passes. One of the biggest successes achieved by Pakistan in this period was the seizure of a feature overlooking Bilafond La. This feature was named "Qaid Post" and for three years it dominated Indian positions on the glacier. Pakistani Army held Qaid post overlooked Bilafond La area and offered an excellent vantage point to view Indian Army activities. On 25 June 1987 Indian Army under the leadership of Brig. Gen. Chandan Nugyal, Major Varinder Singh, Lt. Rajiv Pande and Naib Subedar <a href="/wiki/Bana_Singh" title="Bana Singh">Bana Singh</a> launched a successful strike on Qaid Post and captured it from Pakistani forces.<sup id="cite_ref-Kunal2012_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kunal2012-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For his role in the assault, Subedar Bana Singh was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Param_Vir_Chakra" title="Param Vir Chakra">Param Vir Chakra</a> – India's highest gallantry award. The post was renamed Bana Post in his honour.<sup id="cite_ref-Samir2014_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Samir2014-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>September 1987: <a href="/wiki/Operation_Vajrasakti_/_Qaidat" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Vajrasakti / Qaidat">Operation Vajrashakti /Operation Qaidat</a>: The Pakistan Army under Brig. Gen. <a href="/wiki/Pervez_Musharraf" title="Pervez Musharraf">Pervez Musharraf</a> (later <a href="/wiki/President_of_Pakistan" title="President of Pakistan">President of Pakistan</a>) launched Operation Qaidat to retake Qaid peak. For this purpose units from Pakistan Army <a href="/wiki/Special_Services_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Special Services Group">SSG</a> (1st and 3rd battalions) assembled a major task force at the newly constructed Khaplu garrison.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Having detected Pakistani movements ahead of Operation Qaidat, the Indian Army initiated Op Vajrashakti to secure the now renamed Bana Post from Pakistani attack.<sup id="cite_ref-Naveen_(Retired)_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Naveen_(Retired)-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BaghelNusser_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BaghelNusser-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Feb – May 1989: <a href="/wiki/Operation_Chumik/Operation_Ibex" title="Operation Chumik/Operation Ibex">Operation Chumik/Operation Ibex</a> : In February Indian troops launched an attack on Pakistani positions and in response Pakistan started operation Chumik successfully capturing Kamran top and destroying an Indian military base <sup id="cite_ref-bol_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bol-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>.In March 1989 Operation Ibex by the Indian Army attempted to seize the Pakistani post overlooking the Chumik Glacier. The operation was unsuccessful at dislodging Pakistani troops from their positions. Indian Army under Brig. R. K. Nanavatty launched an artillery attack on Kauser Base, the Pakistani logistical node in Chumik and successfully destroyed it. The destruction of Kauser Base induced Pakistani troops to vacate Chumik posts concluding Operation Ibex.<sup id="cite_ref-Brig._Javed_Hassan_(Retired)_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brig._Javed_Hassan_(Retired)-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>28 July – 3 August 1992: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bahadur_post" title="Battle of Bahadur post">Battle of Bahadur post</a>: Indian Army launched <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bahadur_post" title="Battle of Bahadur post">Operation Trishul Shakti</a> to protect the Bahadur post in Chulung when it was attacked by a large Pakistani assault team. On 1 August 1992, Pakistani helicopters were attacked by an Indian <a href="/wiki/9K38_Igla" title="9K38 Igla">Igla missile</a> and Brig. Masood Navid Anwari (PA 10117) then Force Commander Northern Areas and other accompanying troops were killed. This led to a loss of momentum on the Pakistani side and the assault stalled.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>May 1995: Battle of Tyakshi Post: Pakistan Army NLI units attacked Tyakshi post at the very southern edge of the Saltoro defense line. The attack was repulsed by Indian troops.<sup id="cite_ref-Lt._Gen._P._N._Hoon_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lt._Gen._P._N._Hoon-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>June 1999: Indian Army under Brig. P. C. Katoch, Col. Konsam Himalaya Singh seized control of pt 5770 (Naveed Top/Cheema Top/Bilal Top) in the southern edge of the Saltoro defense line from Pakistan troops.<sup id="cite_ref-Maj._Gen._Raj_Mehta_(Retired)_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Maj._Gen._Raj_Mehta_(Retired)-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ground_situation">Ground situation</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shyok2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Shyok2.svg/220px-Shyok2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Shyok2.svg/330px-Shyok2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Shyok2.svg/440px-Shyok2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1630" data-file-height="1044" /></a><figcaption>Red dotted line is AGPL, right of which is <a href="/wiki/Siachen_Glacier" title="Siachen Glacier">Siachen Glacier</a> controlled by Indian army.</figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/In_the_Line_of_Fire:_A_Memoir" title="In the Line of Fire: A Memoir">his memoirs</a>, former <a href="/wiki/President_of_Pakistan" title="President of Pakistan">Pakistani president</a> General <a href="/wiki/Pervez_Musharraf" title="Pervez Musharraf">Pervez Musharraf</a> states that Pakistan lost almost 986 square miles (2,550 km<sup>2</sup>) of territory that it claimed.<sup id="cite_ref-Memoirs_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Memoirs-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/TIME" class="mw-redirect" title="TIME">TIME</a></i> states that the Indian advance captured nearly 1,000 square miles (2,600 km<sup>2</sup>) of territory claimed by Pakistan.<sup id="cite_ref-Time_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Time-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Further attempts to reclaim positions were launched by Pakistan in 1990, 1995, 1996 and even in early 1999, just prior to the <a href="/wiki/Lahore_Declaration" title="Lahore Declaration">Lahore Summit</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The Indian army controls all of the 76 kilometres (47 mi) and 2553sq km area long Siachen Glacier and all of its tributary glaciers, as well as all the main passes and heights of the <a href="/wiki/Saltoro_Mountains" title="Saltoro Mountains">Saltoro Ridge</a><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> immediately west of the glacier, including <a href="/wiki/Sia_La" title="Sia La">Sia La</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bilafond_La" title="Bilafond La">Bilafond La</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gyong_La" title="Gyong La">Gyong La</a>—thus holding onto the tactical advantage of high ground.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-fronltine_hindu_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fronltine_hindu-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Indians have been able to hold on to the tactical advantage of the high ground... Most of India's many outposts are west of the Siachen Glacier along the <a href="/wiki/Saltoro_Ridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Saltoro Ridge">Saltoro Range</a>. In an academic study with detailed maps and satellite images, co-authored by brigadiers from both the Pakistani and Indian military, pages 16 and 27: "Since 1984, the Indian army has been in physical possession of most of the heights on the Saltoro Range west of the Siachen Glacier, while the Pakistan army has held posts at lower elevations of western slopes of the spurs emanating from the Saltoro ridgeline. The Indian army has secured its position on the ridgeline."<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Inline_citation#When_you_must_use_inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Inline citation"><span title="The text near this tag needs a citation. (April 2018)">This quote needs a citation</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The line between where Indian and Pakistani troops are presently holding onto their respective posts is being increasingly referred to as the <a href="/wiki/Actual_Ground_Position_Line" title="Actual Ground Position Line">Actual Ground Position Line</a> (AGPL).<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reception">Reception</h2></div> <p>Despite the high cost India maintains presence, as Pakistani control of Siachen would allow them to put radar and monitor all Indian airforce activity in Ladakh. It would also unite the Chinese and Pakistani front and allow them to launch a combined attack on India in case of a conflict. It saves Indian army from heavy cost of building defence infrastructure in the <a href="/wiki/Nubra_valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Nubra valley">Nubra valley</a>. While stakes are high for India, Pakistan cannot be threatened with Indian control of Siachen as the terrain does not allow India to launch an offensive on Pakistan but is a big question on Pakistan's ability to defend its territory claims. 1999 Kargil war was also an attempt to restrict supply route to Ladakh and Siachen. </p><p>Both sides have shown desire to vacate the glacier as there are environmental and cost concerns. There are numerous negotiations between both parties but have shown no significant progress, the process was further complicated when Pakistan violated ceasefire line in 1999 and built bunkers on Indian side and started artillery fire on Indian strategic highways resulting in 1999 Kargil War. Even if both sides agree to demilitarize a Pakistani occupation similar to 1999 will make it extremely difficult and expensive for India to reoccupy the glacier. The steady Chinese advancement in Himalayas is also a concern since 2020 Galwan Incident as the border understanding was violated and a similar incident, though unlikely is possible inflicting heavy cost on India. </p><p>Siachen is seen as a major military setback by the Pakistani Army.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMalik200654_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalik200654-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGokhale2015148_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGokhale2015148-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pakistani generals view the Siachen glacier as their land, which has been stolen by India.<sup id="cite_ref-India_Changes_Course_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-India_Changes_Course-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When India occupied the Saltoro Ridge in April 1984, <a href="/wiki/Benazir_Bhutto" title="Benazir Bhutto">Benazir Bhutto</a> publicly taunted the Pakistan Army as "fit only to fight its own citizens".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMalik200653_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalik200653-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When, in June 1987, the Indian Army captured the 21,153 foot high "<a href="/wiki/Operation_Rajiv" title="Operation Rajiv">Quaid Post</a>" and renamed it to "Bana Top", in honour of <a href="/wiki/Naib_Subedar" class="mw-redirect" title="Naib Subedar">Naib Subedar</a> <a href="/wiki/Bana_Singh" title="Bana Singh">Bana Singh</a>, Bhutto once again publicly taunted the Pakistani generals, telling them to wear bangles if they cannot fight on the Siachen.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMalik200653_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalik200653-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Into_the_Untravelled_Himalaya_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Into_the_Untravelled_Himalaya-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELavoy200976_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELavoy200976-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>American observers say that the military conflict between India and Pakistan over the Siachen Glacier "made no military or political sense".<sup id="cite_ref-India_Changes_Course_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-India_Changes_Course-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An article in the <a href="/wiki/Minneapolis_Star_Tribune" class="mw-redirect" title="Minneapolis Star Tribune">Minneapolis Star Tribune</a> stated: "Their combat over a barren, uninhabited world of questionable value is a forbidding symbol of their lingering, irreconcilability."<sup id="cite_ref-India_Changes_Course_61-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-India_Changes_Course-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Stephen_P._Cohen" title="Stephen P. Cohen">Stephen P. Cohen</a> compared the conflict to "a struggle between two bald men over a comb. Siachen is a symbol of the worst aspects of their relationship."<sup id="cite_ref-India_Changes_Course_61-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-India_Changes_Course-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> In the book <i>Asymmetric Warfare in South Asia: The Causes and Consequences of the Kargil Conflict</i>, Khan, Lavoy and Clary wrote: </p><blockquote><p>The Pakistan army sees India's 1984 occupation of the Siachen Glacier as a major scar, outweighed only by Dhaka's fall in 1971. The event underscored the dilution of the Simla Agreement and became a domestic issue as political parties, led by Benazir Bhutto's Peoples Party, blamed an incompetent military government under Zia ul-Haq for failing to defend Pakistani-held territory — while Zia downplayed the significance of the loss.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELavoy200975_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELavoy200975-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p> General <a href="/wiki/Ved_Prakash_Malik" title="Ved Prakash Malik">Ved Prakash Malik</a>, in his book <i>Kargil from Surprise to Victory</i>, wrote: </p><blockquote><p>Siachen is considered a military setback by the Pakistan Army. That the Indians dominate the area from the Saltoro Ridge and Pakistani troops are nowhere near the Siachen Glacier is a fact never mentioned in public. The perceived humiliation at Siachen manifests itself in many ways. It is synonymous with Indian perfidy and a violation of the <a href="/wiki/Shimla_Agreement" class="mw-redirect" title="Shimla Agreement">Shimla Agreement</a>... In Pakistan, Siachen is a subject that hurts, just like a thorn in its flesh; it is also a psychological drain on the Pakistani Army. <a href="/wiki/Pervez_Musharraf" title="Pervez Musharraf">Pervez Musharraf</a> had himself once commanded the <a href="/wiki/Special_Services_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Special Services Group">Special Services Group</a> (SSG) troops in this area and made several futile attempts to capture Indian posts.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMalik200654_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalik200654-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The cost of presence on glacier is heavy for both countries but it account for a larger portion of Pakistan's economy. India over the years has built permanent positions on ground. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Severe_conditions">Severe conditions</h2></div> <p>A cease-fire went into effect in 2003. Even before then, more soldiers were killed every year due to severe weather conditions than enemy fire. The two sides by 2003 had lost an estimated 2,000 personnel primarily due to <a href="/wiki/Frostbite" title="Frostbite">frostbite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Avalanches" class="mw-redirect" title="Avalanches">avalanches</a> and other complications. Together, the nations have about 150 manned outposts along the glacier, with some 3,000 troops each. Official figures for maintaining these outposts are put at ~$300 and ~$200 million for India and Pakistan respectively. India built the world's highest <a href="/wiki/Helipad" title="Helipad">helipad</a> on the glacier at <a href="/w/index.php?title=Point_Sonam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Point Sonam (page does not exist)">Point Sonam</a>, 21,000 feet (6,400 m) above the sea level, to supply its troops. The problems of reinforcing or evacuating the high-altitude ridgeline have led to India's development of the <a href="/wiki/Advanced_Light_Helicopter" class="mw-redirect" title="Advanced Light Helicopter">Dhruv</a> Mk III helicopter, powered by the <a href="/wiki/Shakti_engine" class="mw-redirect" title="Shakti engine">Shakti engine</a>, which was flight-tested to lift and land personnel and stores from the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sonam_post&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sonam post (page does not exist)">Sonam post</a>, the highest permanently manned post in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> India also installed the world's highest <a href="/wiki/Telephone_booth" title="Telephone booth">telephone booth</a> on the glacier.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to some estimates, 97% of the casualties in Siachen have been due to weather and altitude, rather than actual fighting.<sup id="cite_ref-Jack_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jack-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (April 2021)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In 2012, an avalanche <a href="/wiki/2012_Siachen_Glacier_avalanche" class="mw-redirect" title="2012 Siachen Glacier avalanche">hit Pakistan's Gayari military base, killing 129 soldiers and 11 civilians</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kargil_War">Kargil War</h2></div> <p>One of the factors behind the <a href="/wiki/Kargil_War" title="Kargil War">Kargil War</a> in 1999 when Pakistan sent infiltrators to occupy vacated Indian posts across the <a href="/wiki/Line_of_Control" title="Line of Control">Line of Control</a> was their belief that India would be forced to withdraw from Siachen in exchange of a Pakistani withdrawal from Kargil.<sup id="cite_ref-India,_Pakistan,_and_the_Bomb:_Debating_Nuclear_Stability_in_South_Asia_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-India,_Pakistan,_and_the_Bomb:_Debating_Nuclear_Stability_in_South_Asia-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the Kargil War, India decided to maintain its military outposts on the glacier, wary of further Pakistani incursions into Kashmir if they vacate from the Siachen Glacier posts.<sup id="cite_ref-Defeat_Is_an_Orphan:_How_Pakistan_Lost_the_Great_South_Asian_War_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Defeat_Is_an_Orphan:_How_Pakistan_Lost_the_Great_South_Asian_War-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (April 2021)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Visits">Visits</h2></div> <p>On 12 June 2005, <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister" class="mw-redirect" title="Prime Minister">Prime Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Manmohan_Singh" title="Manmohan Singh">Manmohan Singh</a> became the first <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_India" title="Prime Minister of India">Indian Prime Minister</a> to visit the area, calling for a peaceful resolution of the problem. In 2007, the <a href="/wiki/President_of_India" title="President of India">President of India</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Kalam" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdul Kalam">Abdul Kalam</a> became the first <a href="/wiki/Head_of_state" title="Head of state">head of state</a> to visit the area. Indian Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Narendra_Modi" title="Narendra Modi">Narendra Modi</a> visited Siachen on 23 October 2014 to celebrate Diwali with the troops and boost their morale.<sup id="cite_ref-modivisits_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-modivisits-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Chief of Staff of US Army, General <a href="/wiki/George_W._Casey_Jr." title="George W. Casey Jr.">George Casey</a> on 17 October 2008 visited the Siachen Glacier along with Indian Army Chief, General <a href="/wiki/Deepak_Kapoor" title="Deepak Kapoor">Deepak Kapoor</a>. US General visited for the purpose of "developing concepts and medical aspects of fighting in severe cold conditions and high altitude".<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since September 2007, India has welcomed mountaineering and trekking expeditions to the forbidding glacial heights. The expeditions have been meant to show the international audience that Indian troops hold "almost all dominating heights" on the important Saltoro Ridge west of Siachen Glacier, and to show that Pakistani troops are nowhere near the 43.5-mile (70 km) Siachen Glacier and from 2019 the Indian Army And The Indian Government has allowed the tourists to visit the Siachen Glacier's Indian Army Post.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2></div> <ul><li>The Siachen glacier and its conflict was depicted in a 48-page comic book, <i>Siachen: The Cold War</i>, released in August 2012. Later its sequel, <i>Battlefield Siachen</i>, was released in January 2013.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The TV show <a href="/wiki/Alpha_Bravo_Charlie" title="Alpha Bravo Charlie">Alpha Bravo Charlie</a> had an extended multi-episode arc about one of the main characters being deployed to Siachen and losing his leg.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="List_of_post-ceasefire_avalanches_and_landslides">List of post-ceasefire avalanches and landslides</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2010–2011"><span id="2010.E2.80.932011"></span>2010–2011</h3></div> <p>On 11 February 2010, an avalanche struck an Indian army post in the Southern Glacier, killing one soldier. A base camp was also struck, that killed two Ladakh scouts. The same day, a single avalanche hit a Pakistani military camp in Bevan sector, killing 8 soldiers.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2011, 24 Indian soldiers died on the Siachen glacier from the climate and accidents.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 22 July, two Indian officers burned to death when a fire caught on their shelter.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2012–2014"><span id="2012.E2.80.932014"></span>2012–2014</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/2012_Gayari_Sector_avalanche" title="2012 Gayari Sector avalanche">2012 Gayari Sector avalanche</a></div> <p>In the early morning of 7 April 2012, an <a href="/wiki/2012_Gayari_Sector_avalanche" title="2012 Gayari Sector avalanche">avalanche hit a Pakistani military headquarters</a> in the Gayari Sector, burying 129 soldiers of the 6th <a href="/wiki/Northern_Light_Infantry" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Light Infantry">Northern Light Infantry</a> battalion and 11 civilian contractors.<sup id="cite_ref-bbc_avalanche_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc_avalanche-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-aljazeera1_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aljazeera1-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the aftermath of the disaster, Pakistan's army chief General <a href="/wiki/Ashfaq_Parvez_Kayani" title="Ashfaq Parvez Kayani">Ashfaq Parvez Kayani</a> suggested India and Pakistan should withdraw all troops from the contested glacier.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 29 May, two Pakistani soldiers were killed in a landslide in the Chorbat Sector.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 12 December, an avalanche killed 6 Indian soldiers in the Sub Sector Hanif in <a href="/wiki/Turtuk" title="Turtuk">Turtuk</a> area, when troops of the 1st Assam regiment were moving between posts.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2012, a total of 12 Indian soldiers died of hostile weather conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_84-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2013, 10 Indian soldiers died due to weather conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_84-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2015">2015</h3></div> <p>On 14 November 2015, an Indian captain from the Third Ladakh scouts died in an avalanche in the Southern Glacier while 15 others were rescued.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2016">2016</h3></div> <p>On 4 January 2016, four Indian soldiers of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Third_Ladakh_Scouts&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Third Ladakh Scouts (page does not exist)">Ladakh Scouts</a>, were killed in an avalanche on the Southern Glacier while on patrol duty in Nobra Valley.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On the morning of 3 February 2016, ten Indian soldiers including one <a href="/wiki/Junior_commissioned_officer" title="Junior commissioned officer">Junior commissioned officer</a> of the 6th Madras battalion were buried under the snow when a massive avalanche struck their post in the Northern Glacier at a height of 19,600 feet, on the <a href="/wiki/Actual_Ground_Position_Line" title="Actual Ground Position Line">Actual Ground Position Line</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pakistani officials offered their help in search and rescue operations 30 hours after the incident, although it was declined by Indian military authorities.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the rescue operations, the Indian army found Lance Naik Hanumanthappa alive, though in a critical condition, after being buried under 25 feet snow for 6 days. He was taken to Army Research and Referral Hospital in Delhi. His condition became critical later on due to multiple organ failure and lack of oxygen to brain and he died 11 February 2016.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 27 February, a civilian porter working with the Indian army in the Northern Glacier, fell to his death in a 130-foot crevasse.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 17 March, two Indian soldiers from the Chennai-21 regiment were killed, and bodies recovered in 12-feet deep ice.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 25 March, two Indian <a href="/wiki/Jawans" class="mw-redirect" title="Jawans">jawans</a> died after they were buried in an avalanche in the Turtuk sector while on patrol.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 1 April, Indian General <a href="/wiki/Dalbir_Singh" class="mw-redirect" title="Dalbir Singh">Dalbir Singh</a> and General <a href="/w/index.php?title=D._S._Hooda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="D. S. Hooda (page does not exist)">D. S. Hooda</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Command_(India)" title="Northern Command (India)">Northern Command</a> visited the Siachen glacier in order to boost morale after 17 of its soldiers died in 2016.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2018_–_2019"><span id="2018_.E2.80.93_2019"></span>2018 – 2019</h3></div> <p>On 14 July 2018, 10 Indian Army soldiers were killed as result of Avalanche in Siachen.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 19 January 2019, 7 Indian Army soldiers were killed as result of an avalanche in Siachen.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 3 June 2019, Indian defense minister <a href="/wiki/Rajnath_Singh" title="Rajnath Singh">Rajnath Singh</a> visited the Indian army's forward posts and base camp in Siachen. He interacted with the Indian soldiers deployed in Siachen and commended their courage. He claimed that more than 1,100 Indian soldiers have died defending the Siachen glacier.<sup id="cite_ref-supreme_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-supreme-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-supreme_sacrifice_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-supreme_sacrifice-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From 18 to 30 November 2019, 6 Indian soldiers and 2 Indian civilians porters were killed as result of an avalanche in the northern and southern part of Siachen glacier.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBaruah" class="citation news cs1">Baruah, Amit. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161124092845/http://www.thehindu.com/2003/11/26/stories/2003112604940100.htm">"India, Pak. ceasefire comes into being"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Hindu" title="The Hindu">The Hindu</a></i>. 26 November 2003. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thehindu.com/2003/11/26/stories/2003112604940100.htm">the original</a> on 24 November 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=India%2C+Pak.+ceasefire+comes+into+being&rft.aulast=Baruah&rft.aufirst=Amit&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2F2003%2F11%2F26%2Fstories%2F2003112604940100.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiachen+conflict" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_news" title="Template:Cite news">cite news</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location" title="Category:CS1 maint: location">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFP._HoontrakulC._BaldingR._Marwah2014" class="citation book cs1">P. Hoontrakul; C. Balding; R. Marwah, eds. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RrKYBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA37"><i>The Global Rise of Asian Transformation: Trends and Developments in Economic Growth Dynamics</i></a> (illustrated ed.). Springer. p. 37. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781137412362" title="Special:BookSources/9781137412362"><bdi>9781137412362</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230207231144/https://books.google.com/books?id=RrKYBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA37">Archived</a> from the original on 7 February 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 April</span> 2018</span>. <q>Siachen conflict (1984—2003)<br />Victorious: India / Defeated: Pakistan</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Global+Rise+of+Asian+Transformation%3A+Trends+and+Developments+in+Economic+Growth+Dynamics&rft.pages=37&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9781137412362&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRrKYBgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA37&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiachen+conflict" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDesmond/Kashmir1989" class="citation magazine cs1">Desmond/Kashmir, Edward W. (31 July 1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090114104526/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0%2C9171%2C958254-2%2C00.html">"The Himalayas War at the Top Of the World"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,958254-2,00.html">the original</a> on 14 January 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 October</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=The+Himalayas+War+at+the+Top+Of+the+World&rft.date=1989-07-31&rft.aulast=Desmond%2FKashmir&rft.aufirst=Edward+W.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fmagazine%2Farticle%2F0%2C9171%2C958254-2%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiachen+conflict" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKulkarniKarpe2022" class="citation book cs1">Kulkarni, Ramesh; Karpe, Anjali (26 October 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=66uJEAAAQBAJ"><i>Siachen, 1987: Battle for the Frozen Frontier</i></a>. Harper Collins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-93-5629-473-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-93-5629-473-8"><bdi>978-93-5629-473-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Siachen%2C+1987%3A+Battle+for+the+Frozen+Frontier&rft.pub=Harper+Collins&rft.date=2022-10-26&rft.isbn=978-93-5629-473-8&rft.aulast=Kulkarni&rft.aufirst=Ramesh&rft.au=Karpe%2C+Anjali&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D66uJEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiachen+conflict" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-story-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-story_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-story_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-story_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120412045808/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1079528-1,00.html">"War at the Top of the World"</a>. <i>Time</i>. 7 November 2005. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1079528-1,00.html">the original</a> on 12 April 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 October</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=War+at+the+Top+of+the+World&rft.date=2005-11-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fmagazine%2Farticle%2F0%2C9171%2C1079528-1%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiachen+conflict" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/army-chief-to-visit-siachen-this-week/articleshow/73147134.cms">"Army chief to visit Siachen this week"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Times_of_India" title="The Times of India">The Times of India</a></i>. 8 January 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200108032043/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/army-chief-to-visit-siachen-this-week/articleshow/73147134.cms">Archived</a> from the original on 8 January 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 January</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=Army+chief+to+visit+Siachen+this+week&rft.date=2020-01-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Findia%2Farmy-chief-to-visit-siachen-this-week%2Farticleshow%2F73147134.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiachen+conflict" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-weekley-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-weekley_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-weekley_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>The Illustrated Weekly of India – Volume 110, Issues 14–26</i>. Times of India. <q>Pakistani troops were forced out with over 200 casualties as against 36 Indian fatalities</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Illustrated+Weekly+of+India+%E2%80%93+Volume+110%2C+Issues+14%E2%80%9326&rft.pub=Times+of+India&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiachen+conflict" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-supreme_sacrifice-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-supreme_sacrifice_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-supreme_sacrifice_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/rajnath-singh-flies-to-siachen-today-his-first-visit-as-defence-minister-2046948">"Defence Minister Rajnath Singh Bonds With Soldiers At Siachen Over Jalebi"</a>. NDTV. 4 June 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190812021002/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/rajnath-singh-flies-to-siachen-today-his-first-visit-as-defence-minister-2046948">Archived</a> from the original on 12 August 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 June</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Defence+Minister+Rajnath+Singh+Bonds+With+Soldiers+At+Siachen+Over+Jalebi&rft.pub=NDTV&rft.date=2019-06-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ndtv.com%2Findia-news%2Frajnath-singh-flies-to-siachen-today-his-first-visit-as-defence-minister-2046948&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiachen+conflict" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-supreme-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-supreme_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-supreme_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.timesnownews.com/india/article/rajnath-singh-visits-siachen-to-review-security-situation-pays-tribute-to-martyrs-pics/430401">"Rajnath Singh visits Siachen to review security situation, pays tribute to martyrs – PICS"</a>. <i>Times Now News</i>. 3 June 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190607142905/https://www.timesnownews.com/india/article/rajnath-singh-visits-siachen-to-review-security-situation-pays-tribute-to-martyrs-pics/430401">Archived</a> from the original on 7 June 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 June</span> 2019</span>. <q>Rajnath Singh also paid tribute to the martyred soldiers who sacrificed their lives while serving in Siachen. He went on to say, "More than 1,100 soldiers have made supreme sacrifice defending the Siachen glacier. The nation will always remain indebted to their service and sacrifice."<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Times+Now+News&rft.atitle=Rajnath+Singh+visits+Siachen+to+review+security+situation%2C+pays+tribute+to+martyrs+%E2%80%93+PICS&rft.date=2019-06-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.timesnownews.com%2Findia%2Farticle%2Frajnath-singh-visits-siachen-to-review-security-situation-pays-tribute-to-martyrs-pics%2F430401&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiachen+conflict" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rediff.com/news/slide-show/slide-show-1-indian-soldiers-have-died-in-siachen-since-1984/20120828.htm">846 Indian soldiers have died in Siachen since 1984 – Rediff.com News</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120912045935/http://www.rediff.com/news/slide-show/slide-show-1-indian-soldiers-have-died-in-siachen-since-1984/20120828.htm">Archived</a> 12 September 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Rediff.com. Retrieved 12 July 2013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/six-feared-dead-after-avalanche-hits-army-positions-in-northern-siachen/articleshow/72114684.cms">"Six dead after avalanche hits Army positions in Northern Siachen"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Times_of_India" title="The Times of India">The Times of India</a> (TOI)</i>. 19 November 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191120134647/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/six-feared-dead-after-avalanche-hits-army-positions-in-northern-siachen/articleshow/72114684.cms">Archived</a> from the original on 20 November 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 November</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India+%28TOI%29&rft.atitle=Six+dead+after+avalanche+hits+Army+positions+in+Northern+Siachen&rft.date=2019-11-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Findia%2Fsix-feared-dead-after-avalanche-hits-army-positions-in-northern-siachen%2Farticleshow%2F72114684.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiachen+conflict" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://m.thehindu.com/news/national/in-siachen-869-army-men-died-battling-the-elements/article7978149.ece">"In Siachen 869 army men died battling the elements"</a>. <i>The Hindu</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160219195609/http://m.thehindu.com/news/national/in-siachen-869-army-men-died-battling-the-elements/article7978149.ece">Archived</a> from the original on 19 February 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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(31 July 1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090114104526/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0%2C9171%2C958254-2%2C00.html">"The Himalayas War at the Top Of the World"</a>. <i>Time</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,958254-2,00.html">the original</a> on 14 January 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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(April 2021)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Watson-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Watson_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWatson2003" class="citation news cs1">Watson, Paul (26 November 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2003-nov-26-fg-ceasefire26-story.html">"India and Pakistan Agree to Cease-Fire in Kashmir"</a>. <i>Los Angeles Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170427193640/http://articles.latimes.com/2003/nov/26/world/fg-ceasefire26">Archived</a> from the original on 27 April 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Peering Over the Edge: The Philosophy of Mountaineering, p. 194.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">CHILD, Greg. Mixed Emotions: Mountaineering Writings, p. 147.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_20-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_20-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFP_R_ChariPervaiz_Iqbal_CheemaStephen_P_Cohen2003" class="citation book cs1">P R Chari; Pervaiz Iqbal Cheema; Stephen P Cohen (2 September 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AW3zXB85gNoC&q=none+of+these+explanations+are+mutually+exclusive+and+none+seem+to+fully+explain+the+onset&pg=PA53"><i>Perception, Politics and Security in South Asia: The Compound Crisis of 1990 (2003)</i></a> (2003 ed.). Routledge (London); 1 edition (16 May 2003). p. 53. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0415307970" title="Special:BookSources/978-0415307970"><bdi>978-0415307970</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230207231144/https://books.google.com/books?id=AW3zXB85gNoC&q=none+of+these+explanations+are+mutually+exclusive+and+none+seem+to+fully+explain+the+onset&pg=PA53">Archived</a> from the original on 7 February 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 May</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dag+Digital+Library&rft.atitle=UN+Map+showing+CFL+%E2%80%93+UN+document+number+S%2F1430%2FAdd.2&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frepository.un.org%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F11176%2F87063%2FS_1430_Add.2-EN.pdf%3Fsequence%3D2%26isAllowed%3Dy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiachen+conflict" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Document_symbol:_S/1430/Add.1" class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://repository.un.org/bitstream/handle/11176/87062/S_1430_Add.1-EN.pdf?sequence=2&isAllowed=y"><i>U.N. Commission for India and Pakistan: annexes to the interim report</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Dag Digital Library – the United Nations. p. 83. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160118155050/http://repository.un.org/bitstream/handle/11176/87062/S_1430_Add.1-EN.pdf?sequence=2&isAllowed=y">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 18 January 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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United Nations Treaty Collection. p. 274. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150912102155/https://treaties.un.org/doc/Publication/UNTS/Volume%2081/v81.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 12 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 June</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Treaty+Series&rft.pages=274&rft.edition=Volume+81&rft.pub=United+Nations+Treaty+Collection&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftreaties.un.org%2Fdoc%2FPublication%2FUNTS%2FVolume%252081%2Fv81.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiachen+conflict" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://defence.pk/threads/a-few-siachen-facts-and-bluffs.377260/page-19#post-7201813">"CFL marked on U.N. Map superimposed on satellite image"</a>. <i>Pakistan Defence</i>. 24 May 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150529172135/http://defence.pk/threads/a-few-siachen-facts-and-bluffs.377260/page-19#post-7201813">Archived</a> from the original on 29 May 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 May</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pakistan+Defence&rft.atitle=CFL+marked+on+U.N.+Map+superimposed+on+satellite+image&rft.date=2015-05-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdefence.pk%2Fthreads%2Fa-few-siachen-facts-and-bluffs.377260%2Fpage-19%23post-7201813&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiachen+conflict" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tribune-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-tribune_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tribune_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tribune_26-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tribuneindia.com/2012/20120421/edit.htm">Facts vs bluff on Siachen, Kayani's suggestion worth pursuing</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120422175121/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2012/20120421/edit.htm">Archived</a> 22 April 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, B.G. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 April</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph+%28India%29&rft.atitle=The+Telegraph+Calcutta+%3A+Nation&rft.date=2006-05-15&rft.aulast=Dutta&rft.aufirst=Sujan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraphindia.com%2F1060515%2Fasp%2Fnation%2Fstory_6221947.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiachen+conflict" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alpine Journal, 1984</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://legacy.lib.utexas.edu/maps/tpc/txu-pclmaps-oclc-22834566_g-7d.jpg">"TPC G-7D"</a>. US Defense Mapping Agency. 1967. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191226131834/https://legacy.lib.utexas.edu/maps/tpc/txu-pclmaps-oclc-22834566_g-7d.jpg">Archived</a> from the original on 26 December 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=TPC+G-7D&rft.pub=US+Defense+Mapping+Agency&rft.date=1967&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flegacy.lib.utexas.edu%2Fmaps%2Ftpc%2Ftxu-pclmaps-oclc-22834566_g-7d.jpg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiachen+conflict" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theprint.in/opinion/kumars-line-vs-hodgsons-line-the-lakshman-rekha-that-started-an-india-pakistan-fight/791557/">"Kumar's line vs Hodgson's line: The 'Lakshman rekha' that started an India-Pakistan fight"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/ThePrint" title="ThePrint">ThePrint</a></i>. 31 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ThePrint&rft.atitle=Kumar%27s+line+vs+Hodgson%27s+line%3A+The+%27Lakshman+rekha%27+that+started+an+India-Pakistan+fight&rft.date=2021-12-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftheprint.in%2Fopinion%2Fkumars-line-vs-hodgsons-line-the-lakshman-rekha-that-started-an-india-pakistan-fight%2F791557%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiachen+conflict" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deccanchronicle.com/lifestyle/books-and-art/151022/how-india-got-hodgsons-line-erased-and-won-the-race-to-siachen.html">"How India got Hodgson's Line erased and won the race to Siachen"</a>. 15 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=How+India+got+Hodgson%27s+Line+erased+and+won+the+race+to+Siachen&rft.date=2022-10-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.deccanchronicle.com%2Flifestyle%2Fbooks-and-art%2F151022%2Fhow-india-got-hodgsons-line-erased-and-won-the-race-to-siachen.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiachen+conflict" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210218093527/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/magazine/graphics/the-cartographic-nightmare-of-the-kashmir-region-explained-feature">"The 'cartographic nightmare' of the Kashmir region, explained"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/National_Geographic_Society" title="National Geographic Society">National Geographic Society</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nationalgeographic.com/magazine/graphics/the-cartographic-nightmare-of-the-kashmir-region-explained-feature">the original</a> on 18 February 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Geographic+Society&rft.atitle=The+%27cartographic+nightmare%27+of+the+Kashmir+region%2C+explained&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalgeographic.com%2Fmagazine%2Fgraphics%2Fthe-cartographic-nightmare-of-the-kashmir-region-explained-feature&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiachen+conflict" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-India_Defence_Review_D.P._Ramachandran-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-India_Defence_Review_D.P._Ramachandran_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.indiandefencereview.com/spotlights/siachen-glacier-battling-on-the-roof-of-the-world/">"Siachen Glacier: Battling on the roof of the world"</a>. <i>Indian Defence Review</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150621194011/http://www.indiandefencereview.com/spotlights/siachen-glacier-battling-on-the-roof-of-the-world/">Archived</a> from the original on 21 June 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 July</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Indian+Defence+Review&rft.atitle=Siachen+Glacier%3A+Battling+on+the+roof+of+the+world&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.indiandefencereview.com%2Fspotlights%2Fsiachen-glacier-battling-on-the-roof-of-the-world%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiachen+conflict" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kunal2012-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kunal2012_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKunal_Verma2012" class="citation book cs1">Kunal Verma (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=O9-bAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT421">"XIV Op Rajiv"</a>. <i>The Long Road to Siachen</i>. Rupa. pp. 415–421. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-291-2704-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-291-2704-4"><bdi>978-81-291-2704-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=XIV+Op+Rajiv&rft.btitle=The+Long+Road+to+Siachen&rft.pages=415-421&rft.pub=Rupa&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-81-291-2704-4&rft.au=Kunal+Verma&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DO9-bAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT421&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiachen+conflict" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Samir2014-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Samir2014_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSamir_Bhattacharya2014" class="citation book cs1">Samir Bhattacharya (January 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7GrAAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA146"><i>Nothing But!</i></a>. Partridge Publishing (Authorsolutions). pp. 146–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4828-1732-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4828-1732-4"><bdi>978-1-4828-1732-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nothing+But%21&rft.pages=146-&rft.pub=Partridge+Publishing+%28Authorsolutions%29&rft.date=2014-01&rft.isbn=978-1-4828-1732-4&rft.au=Samir+Bhattacharya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7GrAAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA146&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiachen+conflict" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJ._N._Dixit2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/J._N._Dixit" class="mw-redirect" title="J. N. Dixit">J. N. Dixit</a> (2002). <i>India-Pakistan in war & peace</i>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-30472-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-30472-5"><bdi>0-415-30472-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=India-Pakistan+in+war+%26+peace&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-415-30472-5&rft.au=J.+N.+Dixit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiachen+conflict" class="Z3988"></span>(pp. 39)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Naveen_(Retired)-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Naveen_(Retired)_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cosmicwarrior.wordpress.com/2007/09/18/op-rajiv-a-battle-that-broke-pakistans-adventurism-on-the-glacier/">Op Rajeev</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150713163003/https://cosmicwarrior.wordpress.com/2007/09/18/op-rajiv-a-battle-that-broke-pakistans-adventurism-on-the-glacier/">Archived</a> 13 July 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, 18 September 2007</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BaghelNusser-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BaghelNusser_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaghel,_RaviNusser,_Marcus2015" class="citation journal cs1">Baghel, Ravi; Nusser, Marcus (17 June 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.polgeo.2015.05.001">"Securing the heights; The vertical dimension of the Siachen conflict between India and Pakistan in the Eastern Karakoram"</a>. <i>Political Geography</i>. <b>48</b>. Elsevier: 31–32. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.polgeo.2015.05.001">10.1016/j.polgeo.2015.05.001</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Political+Geography&rft.atitle=Securing+the+heights%3B+The+vertical+dimension+of+the+Siachen+conflict+between+India+and+Pakistan+in+the+Eastern+Karakoram&rft.volume=48&rft.pages=31-32&rft.date=2015-06-17&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.polgeo.2015.05.001&rft.au=Baghel%2C+Ravi&rft.au=Nusser%2C+Marcus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.polgeo.2015.05.001&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiachen+conflict" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bol-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bol_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bolnews.com/latest/2021/12/the-chumik-operation/">"the chumik operation"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=the+chumik+operation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bolnews.com%2Flatest%2F2021%2F12%2Fthe-chumik-operation%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiachen+conflict" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brig._Javed_Hassan_(Retired)-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Brig._Javed_Hassan_(Retired)_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tribune.com.pk/story/368394/the-fight-for-siachen/">The fight for Siachen</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150702235210/http://tribune.com.pk/story/368394/the-fight-for-siachen/">Archived</a> 2 July 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Brig. Javed Hassan (Retd) 22 April 2012, <i>The Express Tribune</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarish_Kapadia" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Harish_Kapadia" title="Harish Kapadia">Harish Kapadia</a>. <i>Siachen Glacier: The Battle of Roses</i>. Rupa Publications Pvt. Ltd. (India).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Siachen+Glacier%3A+The+Battle+of+Roses&rft.pub=Rupa+Publications+Pvt.+Ltd.+%28India%29&rft.au=Harish+Kapadia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiachen+conflict" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lt._Gen._P._N._Hoon-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lt._Gen._P._N._Hoon_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hoonslegacy.com/siachen-glacier/">Siachen- Not a Cold War</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150711051815/http://www.hoonslegacy.com/siachen-glacier/">Archived</a> 11 July 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Lt. Gen. P. N. Hoon (Retd)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Maj._Gen._Raj_Mehta_(Retired)-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Maj._Gen._Raj_Mehta_(Retired)_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.defstrat.com/exec/frmArticleDetails.aspx?DID=495">Endgame at Siachen</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150703021722/http://www.defstrat.com/exec/frmArticleDetails.aspx?DID=495">Archived</a> 3 July 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Maj Gen Raj Mehta, AVSM, VSM (Retd) 2 December 2014, South Asia Defence and Strategic Review</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Memoirs-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Memoirs_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPervez_Musharraf2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Pervez_Musharraf" title="Pervez Musharraf">Pervez Musharraf</a> (2006). <a href="/wiki/In_the_Line_of_Fire:_A_Memoir" title="In the Line of Fire: A Memoir"><i>In the Line of Fire: A Memoir</i></a>. Free Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7432-8344-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-7432-8344-9"><bdi>0-7432-8344-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+the+Line+of+Fire%3A+A+Memoir&rft.pub=Free+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-7432-8344-9&rft.au=Pervez+Musharraf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiachen+conflict" class="Z3988"></span>(pp. 68–69)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShukla2012" class="citation news cs1">Shukla, Ajai (28 August 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/846-indian-soldiers-have-died-in-siachen-since-1984-112082802005_1.html">"846 Indian soldiers have died in Siachen since 1984"</a>. <i>Business Standard India</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180409171333/http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/846-indian-soldiers-have-died-in-siachen-since-1984-112082802005_1.html">Archived</a> from the original on 9 April 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Business+Standard+India&rft.atitle=846+Indian+soldiers+have+died+in+Siachen+since+1984&rft.date=2012-08-28&rft.aulast=Shukla&rft.aufirst=Ajai&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.business-standard.com%2Farticle%2Feconomy-policy%2F846-indian-soldiers-have-died-in-siachen-since-1984-112082802005_1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiachen+conflict" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/ARMY/history/siachen/290-confrontation.html">"Confrontation at Siachen, 26 June 1987"</a>. Bharat-rakshak.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160917012222/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/ARMY/history/siachen/290-confrontation.html">Archived</a> from the original on 17 September 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 September</span> 2016</span>. <q>Detailed description of Indian forces taking control of Bilafond La in 1987</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Confrontation+at+Siachen%2C+26+June+1987&rft.pub=Bharat-rakshak.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bharat-rakshak.com%2FARMY%2Fhistory%2Fsiachen%2F290-confrontation.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiachen+conflict" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/war/siachen.htm">"War"</a>. Globalsecurity.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140905053811/http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/war/siachen.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 5 September 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 October</span> 2014</span>. <q>Contrary to the oft-copied misstatement in the old error-plagued summary</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=War&rft.pub=Globalsecurity.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.globalsecurity.org%2Fmilitary%2Fworld%2Fwar%2Fsiachen.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiachen+conflict" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fronltine_hindu-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-fronltine_hindu_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNOORANI,_A.G.2006" class="citation news cs1">NOORANI, A.G. (10 March 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl2304/stories/20060310001704400.htm">"For the first time, the leaders of India and Pakistan seem close to finding a solution to the Kashmir problem"</a>. <i>A working paper on Kashmir</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160111072101/http://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl2304/stories/20060310001704400.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 11 January 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=A+working+paper+on+Kashmir&rft.atitle=For+the+first+time%2C+the+leaders+of+India+and+Pakistan+seem+close+to+finding+a+solution+to+the+Kashmir+problem.&rft.date=2006-03-10&rft.au=NOORANI%2C+A.G.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.frontline.in%2Fstatic%2Fhtml%2Ffl2304%2Fstories%2F20060310001704400.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiachen+conflict" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBearak1999" class="citation news cs1">Bearak, Barry (23 May 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9807EFDA1431F930A15756C0A96F958260&sec=&spon=&&scp=1&sq=%22May%2023,%201999%22%20%22Roof%20of%20the%20World%22&st=cse">"THE COLDEST WAR; Frozen in Fury on the Roof of the World"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230207231112/https://www.nytimes.com/1999/05/23/world/the-coldest-war-frozen-in-fury-on-the-roof-of-the-world.html?sec=&spon=&&scp=1&sq=%22May+23%2C+1999%22+%22Roof+of+the+World%22&st=cse">Archived</a> from the original on 7 February 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 February</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=THE+COLDEST+WAR%3B+Frozen+in+Fury+on+the+Roof+of+the+World&rft.date=1999-05-23&rft.aulast=Bearak&rft.aufirst=Barry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fquery.nytimes.com%2Fgst%2Ffullpage.html%3Fres%3D9807EFDA1431F930A15756C0A96F958260%26sec%3D%26spon%3D%26%26scp%3D1%26sq%3D%2522May%252023%2C%25201999%2522%2520%2522Roof%2520of%2520the%2520World%2522%26st%3Dcse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiachen+conflict" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHakeemGurmeet_KanwalMichael_VannoniGaurav_Rajen2007" class="citation web cs1">Hakeem, Asad; Gurmeet Kanwal; Michael Vannoni; Gaurav Rajen (1 September 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sandia.gov/cooperative-monitoring-center/_assets/documents/sand20075670.pdf">"Demilitarization of the Siachen Conflict Zone"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Sandia Report</i>. Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM, USA. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170128004555/http://www.sandia.gov/cooperative-monitoring-center/_assets/documents/sand20075670.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 28 January 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sandia+Report&rft.atitle=Demilitarization+of+the+Siachen+Conflict+Zone&rft.date=2007-09-01&rft.aulast=Hakeem&rft.aufirst=Asad&rft.au=Gurmeet+Kanwal&rft.au=Michael+Vannoni&rft.au=Gaurav+Rajen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sandia.gov%2Fcooperative-monitoring-center%2F_assets%2Fdocuments%2Fsand20075670.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiachen+conflict" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hindu.com/2006/04/29/stories/2006042906591200.htm">Confirm ground position line on Siachen: BJP</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081211141542/http://www.hindu.com/2006/04/29/stories/2006042906591200.htm">Archived</a> 11 December 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> – 29 April 2006, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Hindu" title="The Hindu">The Hindu</a></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=story_26-11-2003_pg1_1">Guns to fall silent on Indo-Pak borders</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120527072843/http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=story_26-11-2003_pg1_1">Archived</a> 27 May 2012 at <a href="/wiki/Archive.today" title="Archive.today">archive.today</a> 26 November 2003 – <i><a href="/wiki/Daily_Times_(Pakistan)" title="Daily Times (Pakistan)">Daily Times</a></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalik200654-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMalik200654_59-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMalik200654_59-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMalik2006">Malik 2006</a>, p. 54.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGokhale2015148-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGokhale2015148_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGokhale2015">Gokhale 2015</a>, p. 148.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-India_Changes_Course-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-India_Changes_Course_61-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-India_Changes_Course_61-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-India_Changes_Course_61-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-India_Changes_Course_61-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDettman2001" class="citation book cs1">Dettman, Paul R. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8p19H4UwE_AC&pg=PA109"><i>India Changes Course: Golden Jubilee to Millennium</i></a> (illustrated ed.). Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 109. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780275973087" title="Special:BookSources/9780275973087"><bdi>9780275973087</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230207231145/https://books.google.com/books?id=8p19H4UwE_AC&pg=PA109">Archived</a> from the original on 7 February 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 February</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=India+Changes+Course%3A+Golden+Jubilee+to+Millennium&rft.pages=109&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9780275973087&rft.aulast=Dettman&rft.aufirst=Paul+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8p19H4UwE_AC%26pg%3DPA109&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiachen+conflict" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalik200653-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMalik200653_62-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMalik200653_62-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMalik2006">Malik 2006</a>, p. 53.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Into_the_Untravelled_Himalaya-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Into_the_Untravelled_Himalaya_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKapadia2005" class="citation book cs1">Kapadia, Harish (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-5l1RhMStxgC&pg=PA235"><i>Into the Untravelled Himalaya: Travels, Treks, and Climbs</i></a>. Indus Publishing. p. 235. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788173871818" title="Special:BookSources/9788173871818"><bdi>9788173871818</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230207231148/https://books.google.com/books?id=-5l1RhMStxgC&pg=PA235">Archived</a> from the original on 7 February 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 February</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Into+the+Untravelled+Himalaya%3A+Travels%2C+Treks%2C+and+Climbs&rft.pages=235&rft.pub=Indus+Publishing&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9788173871818&rft.aulast=Kapadia&rft.aufirst=Harish&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-5l1RhMStxgC%26pg%3DPA235&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiachen+conflict" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELavoy200976-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELavoy200976_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLavoy2009">Lavoy 2009</a>, p. 76.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELavoy200975-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELavoy200975_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLavoy2009">Lavoy 2009</a>, p. 75.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShukla2013" class="citation news cs1">Shukla, Ajai (20 January 2013) [First published 7 March 2011]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/in-siachen-dhruv-provesworld-beater/427533/">"In Siachen, Dhruv proves a world-beater"</a>. <i>Business Standard</i>. New Delhi. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110806070753/http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/in-siachen-dhruv-provesworld-beater/427533/">Archived</a> from the original on 6 August 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 March</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Business+Standard&rft.atitle=In+Siachen%2C+Dhruv+proves+a+world-beater&rft.date=2013-01-20&rft.aulast=Shukla&rft.aufirst=Ajai&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.business-standard.com%2Findia%2Fnews%2Fin-siachen-dhruv-provesworld-beater%2F427533%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiachen+conflict" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140714222017/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-67743542.html">"India Installs World's Highest Phone Booth Soldiers Fighting Along Kashmir Glacier Can Now Call Families, Army Says"</a>. <i>Denver Rocky Mountain News</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-67743542.html">the original</a> on 14 July 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 September</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Denver+Rocky+Mountain+News&rft.atitle=India+Installs+World%27s+Highest+Phone+Booth+Soldiers+Fighting+Along+Kashmir+Glacier+Can+Now+Call+Families%2C+Army+Says&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.highbeam.com%2Fdoc%2F1G1-67743542.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiachen+conflict" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jack-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Jack_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIves2004" class="citation book cs1">Ives, Jack (5 August 2004). <i>Himalayan Perceptions: Environmental Change and the Well-Being of Mountain Peoples</i>. Routledge, 2004. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781134369089" title="Special:BookSources/9781134369089"><bdi>9781134369089</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Himalayan+Perceptions%3A+Environmental+Change+and+the+Well-Being+of+Mountain+Peoples&rft.pub=Routledge%2C+2004&rft.date=2004-08-05&rft.isbn=9781134369089&rft.aulast=Ives&rft.aufirst=Jack&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiachen+conflict" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-18246239">"Pakistan declares Siachen avalanche buried dead"</a>. BBC. 29 May 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160118155050/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-18246239">Archived</a> from the original on 18 January 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 June</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Pakistan+declares+Siachen+avalanche+buried+dead&rft.date=2012-05-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-asia-18246239&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiachen+conflict" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141011175924/http://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/Pakistan/Siachen-Pakistan-declares-buried-troops-dead-after-52-days/Article1-862824.aspx">"Siachen: Pakistan declares buried troops dead after 52 days"</a>. <i>Hindustan Times</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/Pakistan/Siachen-Pakistan-declares-buried-troops-dead-after-52-days/Article1-862824.aspx">the original</a> on 11 October 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 October</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hindustan+Times&rft.atitle=Siachen%3A+Pakistan+declares+buried+troops+dead+after+52+days&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindustantimes.com%2Fworld-news%2FPakistan%2FSiachen-Pakistan-declares-buried-troops-dead-after-52-days%2FArticle1-862824.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiachen+conflict" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-India,_Pakistan,_and_the_Bomb:_Debating_Nuclear_Stability_in_South_Asia-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-India,_Pakistan,_and_the_Bomb:_Debating_Nuclear_Stability_in_South_Asia_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGangulyKapur2012" class="citation book cs1">Ganguly, Sumit; Kapur, S. Paul (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5vZKO2XtiFMC"><i>India, Pakistan, and the Bomb: Debating Nuclear Stability in South Asia</i></a> (reprint ed.). Columbia University Press. p. 50. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780231143752" title="Special:BookSources/9780231143752"><bdi>9780231143752</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170216021806/https://books.google.com/books?id=5vZKO2XtiFMC">Archived</a> from the original on 16 February 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 February</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=India%2C+Pakistan%2C+and+the+Bomb%3A+Debating+Nuclear+Stability+in+South+Asia&rft.pages=50&rft.edition=reprint&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9780231143752&rft.aulast=Ganguly&rft.aufirst=Sumit&rft.au=Kapur%2C+S.+Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5vZKO2XtiFMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiachen+conflict" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Defeat_Is_an_Orphan:_How_Pakistan_Lost_the_Great_South_Asian_War-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Defeat_Is_an_Orphan:_How_Pakistan_Lost_the_Great_South_Asian_War_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacdonald2017" class="citation book cs1">Macdonald, Myra (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YIXlDQAAQBAJ"><i>Defeat Is an Orphan: How Pakistan Lost the Great South Asian War</i></a>. Random House India. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789385990830" title="Special:BookSources/9789385990830"><bdi>9789385990830</bdi></a>. <q>After Kargil the Indian Army would resist any suggestion of a withdrawal from the world's highest battlefield for fear Pakistani troops would take over its vacated positions</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Defeat+Is+an+Orphan%3A+How+Pakistan+Lost+the+Great+South+Asian+War&rft.pub=Random+House+India&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9789385990830&rft.aulast=Macdonald&rft.aufirst=Myra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYIXlDQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiachen+conflict" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-modivisits-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-modivisits_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPundit" class="citation news cs1">Pundit, Rajat. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/PM-Modi-visits-Siachen-meets-soldiers-on-Diwali/articleshow/44914743.cms?">"PM Modi visits Siachen, meets soldiers on Diwali"</a>. <i>The Times of India</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141024040423/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/PM-Modi-visits-Siachen-meets-soldiers-on-Diwali/articleshow/44914743.cms">Archived</a> from the original on 24 October 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 October</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=PM+Modi+visits+Siachen%2C+meets+soldiers+on+Diwali&rft.aulast=Pundit&rft.aufirst=Rajat&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Findia%2FPM-Modi-visits-Siachen-meets-soldiers-on-Diwali%2Farticleshow%2F44914743.cms%3F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiachen+conflict" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-us-army-chief-s-visit-adds-milestone-to-indo-us-ties-1199496">"US army chief's visit adds milestone to Indo-US ties"</a>. <i>Daily News and Analysis</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150925005833/http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-us-army-chief-s-visit-adds-milestone-to-indo-us-ties-1199496">Archived</a> from the original on 25 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 October</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Daily+News+and+Analysis&rft.atitle=US+army+chief%27s+visit+adds+milestone+to+Indo-US+ties&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dnaindia.com%2Findia%2Freport-us-army-chief-s-visit-adds-milestone-to-indo-us-ties-1199496&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiachen+conflict" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160118155050/http://archives.dailytimes.com.pk/national/18-Oct-2008/casey-in-siachen-on-study-tour">"Casey in Siachen on 'study tour'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. dailytimes.co.pk. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archives.dailytimes.com.pk/national/18-Oct-2008/casey-in-siachen-on-study-tour">the original</a> on 18 January 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 October</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Casey+in+Siachen+on+%27study+tour%27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchives.dailytimes.com.pk%2Fnational%2F18-Oct-2008%2Fcasey-in-siachen-on-study-tour&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiachen+conflict" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/India-opens-Siachen-to-trekkers/articleshow/2363583.cms">India opens Siachen to trekkers</a> <a href="/wiki/Times_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Times of India">Times of India</a> 13 September 2007</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tribuneindia.com/2013/20130120/spectrum/book5.htm">"Tribute to Siachen heroes Reviewd by Geetu Vaid"</a>. <i>The Tribune</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140303070331/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2013/20130120/spectrum/book5.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 3 March 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 October</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Tribune&rft.atitle=Tribute+to+Siachen+heroes+Reviewd+by+Geetu+Vaid&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tribuneindia.com%2F2013%2F20130120%2Fspectrum%2Fbook5.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiachen+conflict" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVijetha_S.N2012" class="citation news cs1">Vijetha S.N (11 September 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-in-school/siachen-war-comes-alive-in-a-comic-book/article3883123.ece">"Siachen war comes alive in a comic book"</a>. <i>The Hindu</i>. Chennai, India. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140304202232/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-in-school/siachen-war-comes-alive-in-a-comic-book/article3883123.ece">Archived</a> from the original on 4 March 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 October</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Siachen+war+comes+alive+in+a+comic+book&rft.date=2012-09-11&rft.au=Vijetha+S.N&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Ftodays-paper%2Ftp-in-school%2Fsiachen-war-comes-alive-in-a-comic-book%2Farticle3883123.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiachen+conflict" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141011180151/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/newdelhi/valour-of-siachen-jawans-now-in-a-comic-strip/article1-914217.aspx">"Valour of Siachen jawans now in a comic strip"</a>. <i>Hindustan Times</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/newdelhi/valour-of-siachen-jawans-now-in-a-comic-strip/article1-914217.aspx">the original</a> on 11 October 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 October</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hindustan+Times&rft.atitle=Valour+of+Siachen+jawans+now+in+a+comic+strip&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindustantimes.com%2Findia-news%2Fnewdelhi%2Fvalour-of-siachen-jawans-now-in-a-comic-strip%2Farticle1-914217.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiachen+conflict" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sunday-guardian.com/young-restless/an-illustrated-literary-salute-to-our-warriors-at-siachen-glacier">"An illustrated, literary salute to our warriors at Siachen glacier"</a>. Sunday-guardian.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141012041654/http://www.sunday-guardian.com/young-restless/an-illustrated-literary-salute-to-our-warriors-at-siachen-glacier">Archived</a> from the original on 12 October 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 October</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=An+illustrated%2C+literary+salute+to+our+warriors+at+Siachen+glacier&rft.pub=Sunday-guardian.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sunday-guardian.com%2Fyoung-restless%2Fan-illustrated-literary-salute-to-our-warriors-at-siachen-glacier&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiachen+conflict" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120322090912/http://www.thepakistani.tv/i/12/pakistani-tv-dramas/alpha-bravo-charlie.htm">"Alpha Bravo Charlie – Pakistani Television TV Show"</a>. <i>Thepakistani.tv website</i>. 19 March 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thepakistani.tv/i/12/pakistani-tv-dramas/alpha-bravo-charlie.htm">the original</a> on 22 March 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Thepakistani.tv+website&rft.atitle=Alpha+Bravo+Charlie+%E2%80%93+Pakistani+Television+TV+Show&rft.date=2008-03-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thepakistani.tv%2Fi%2F12%2Fpakistani-tv-dramas%2Falpha-bravo-charlie.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiachen+conflict" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.samaa.tv/lifeandstyle/2019/10/col-qasim-khan-hints-at-an-alpha-bravo-charlie-remake/">"Alpha Bravo Charlie — Pakistani TV Drama"</a>. <i>Samaa TV News website</i>. 3 October 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Samaa+TV+News+website&rft.atitle=Alpha+Bravo+Charlie+%E2%80%94+Pakistani+TV+Drama&rft.date=2019-10-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.samaa.tv%2Flifeandstyle%2F2019%2F10%2Fcol-qasim-khan-hints-at-an-alpha-bravo-charlie-remake%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiachen+conflict" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.greaterkashmir.com/news/news/siachen-avalanche-kills-3-indian-8-pak-soldiers/68283.html">"Siachen avalanche kills 3 Indian, 8 Pak soldiers"</a>. <i>greaterkashmir.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160219195609/http://www.greaterkashmir.com/news/news/siachen-avalanche-kills-3-indian-8-pak-soldiers/68283.html">Archived</a> from the original on 19 February 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 February</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=greaterkashmir.com&rft.atitle=Siachen+avalanche+kills+3+Indian%2C+8+Pak+soldiers&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.greaterkashmir.com%2Fnews%2Fnews%2Fsiachen-avalanche-kills-3-indian-8-pak-soldiers%2F68283.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiachen+conflict" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_84-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_84-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_84-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNews2014" class="citation web cs1">News, National Turk (26 July 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nationalturk.com/en/50-indian-soldiers-die-in-siachen-in-3-yrs-52726">"50 Indian soldiers die in Siachen in 3 yrs"</a>. <i>nationalturk.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160604004726/http://www.nationalturk.com/en/50-indian-soldiers-die-in-siachen-in-3-yrs-52726/">Archived</a> from the original on 4 June 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 February</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=nationalturk.com&rft.atitle=50+Indian+soldiers+die+in+Siachen+in+3+yrs&rft.date=2014-07-26&rft.aulast=News&rft.aufirst=National+Turk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalturk.com%2Fen%2F50-indian-soldiers-die-in-siachen-in-3-yrs-52726&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiachen+conflict" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|last=</code> has generic name (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#generic_name" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-south-asia-14245688">"Indian army officers killed in Siachen fire"</a>. BBC News. 22 July 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160219195608/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-south-asia-14245688">Archived</a> from the original on 19 February 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 February</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Indian+army+officers+killed+in+Siachen+fire&rft.date=2011-07-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-south-asia-14245688&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiachen+conflict" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bbc_avalanche-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bbc_avalanche_86-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-17643625">"Pakistan resumes search for 135 buried by avalanche"</a>. BBC News. 8 April 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120413133018/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-17643625">Archived</a> from the original on 13 April 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 April</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Pakistan+resumes+search+for+135+buried+by+avalanche&rft.date=2012-04-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-asia-17643625&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiachen+conflict" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-aljazeera1-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-aljazeera1_87-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aljazeera.com/news/asia/2012/04/20124755454785414.html">"Huge search for trapped Pakistani soldiers"</a>. Al Jazeera. 7 April 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120409214140/http://www.aljazeera.com/news/asia/2012/04/20124755454785414.html">Archived</a> from the original on 9 April 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 April</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Huge+search+for+trapped+Pakistani+soldiers&rft.date=2012-04-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2Fasia%2F2012%2F04%2F20124755454785414.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiachen+conflict" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-17753848">"Pakistan army chief urges India on glacier withdrawal"</a>. BBC News. 18 April 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160219195609/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-17753848">Archived</a> from the original on 19 February 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 February</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Pakistan+army+chief+urges+India+on+glacier+withdrawal&rft.date=2012-04-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-asia-17753848&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiachen+conflict" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.geo.tv/latest/45338-two-soldiers-killed-in-siachen-landsliding">"Two soldiers killed in Siachen landsliding"</a>. <i>geo.tv</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160219195608/http://www.geo.tv/latest/45338-two-soldiers-killed-in-siachen-landsliding">Archived</a> from the original on 19 February 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 February</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=geo.tv&rft.atitle=Two+soldiers+killed+in+Siachen+landsliding&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.geo.tv%2Flatest%2F45338-two-soldiers-killed-in-siachen-landsliding&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiachen+conflict" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAFP2012" class="citation web cs1">AFP (16 December 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.livemint.com/Politics/pzIgZRAQpN4qXw7476kdEJ/Avalanche-kills-six-Indian-soldiers-on-Siachen-glacier.html">"Politics"</a>. <i>livemint.com/</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180108051834/http://www.livemint.com/Politics/pzIgZRAQpN4qXw7476kdEJ/Avalanche-kills-six-Indian-soldiers-on-Siachen-glacier.html">Archived</a> from the original on 8 January 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 February</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=livemint.com%2F&rft.atitle=Politics&rft.date=2012-12-16&rft.au=AFP&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.livemint.com%2FPolitics%2FpzIgZRAQpN4qXw7476kdEJ%2FAvalanche-kills-six-Indian-soldiers-on-Siachen-glacier.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiachen+conflict" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/six-army-soldiers-killed-in-siachen-avalanche-one-missing-507669">"Six Army soldiers killed in Siachen avalanche, one missing"</a>. <i>NDTV.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160205062528/http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/six-army-soldiers-killed-in-siachen-avalanche-one-missing-507669">Archived</a> from the original on 5 February 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 February</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NDTV.com&rft.atitle=Six+Army+soldiers+killed+in+Siachen+avalanche%2C+one+missing&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ndtv.com%2Findia-news%2Fsix-army-soldiers-killed-in-siachen-avalanche-one-missing-507669&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiachen+conflict" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibnlive.com/news/india/army-captain-dies-in-avalanche-in-siachen-glacier-15-soldiers-rescued-1164462.html">"Army Captain dies in avalanche in Siachen glacier, 15 soldiers rescued"</a>. CNN-IBN. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160205231321/http://www.ibnlive.com/news/india/army-captain-dies-in-avalanche-in-siachen-glacier-15-soldiers-rescued-1164462.html">Archived</a> from the original on 5 February 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 February</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Army+Captain+dies+in+avalanche+in+Siachen+glacier%2C+15+soldiers+rescued&rft.pub=CNN-IBN&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ibnlive.com%2Fnews%2Findia%2Farmy-captain-dies-in-avalanche-in-siachen-glacier-15-soldiers-rescued-1164462.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiachen+conflict" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.firstpost.com/india/siachen-avalanche-kills-four-indian-army-soldiers-2570118.html">"Siachen avalanche kills four Indian Army soldiers – Firstpost"</a>. <i>Firstpost</i>. 4 January 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160206143031/http://www.firstpost.com/india/siachen-avalanche-kills-four-indian-army-soldiers-2570118.html">Archived</a> from the original on 6 February 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 February</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Firstpost&rft.atitle=Siachen+avalanche+kills+four+Indian+Army+soldiers+%E2%80%93+Firstpost&rft.date=2016-01-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.firstpost.com%2Findia%2Fsiachen-avalanche-kills-four-indian-army-soldiers-2570118.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiachen+conflict" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/siachen-avalanche-chances-of-finding-any-survivors-very-remote-says-mod/">"Siachen avalanche: Army declares all trapped soldiers dead; PM Modi pays condolences"</a>. <i>The Indian Express</i>. 4 February 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160205093624/http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/siachen-avalanche-chances-of-finding-any-survivors-very-remote-says-mod/">Archived</a> from the original on 5 February 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 February</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Indian+Express&rft.atitle=Siachen+avalanche%3A+Army+declares+all+trapped+soldiers+dead%3B+PM+Modi+pays+condolences&rft.date=2016-02-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Findianexpress.com%2Farticle%2Findia%2Findia-news-india%2Fsiachen-avalanche-chances-of-finding-any-survivors-very-remote-says-mod%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiachen+conflict" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIANS" class="citation web cs1">IANS, New Delhi/Islamabad. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kashmirdispatch.com/2016/02/04/indian-army-thanks-pakistan-for-offering-help-in-siachen-rescue/140625/">"Indian Army thanks Pakistan for offering help in Siachen rescue"</a>. <i>KashmirDispatch</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160205061428/http://kashmirdispatch.com/2016/02/04/indian-army-thanks-pakistan-for-offering-help-in-siachen-rescue/140625/">Archived</a> from the original on 5 February 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 February</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=KashmirDispatch&rft.atitle=Indian+Army+thanks+Pakistan+for+offering+help+in+Siachen+rescue&rft.aulast=IANS&rft.aufirst=New+Delhi%2FIslamabad&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fkashmirdispatch.com%2F2016%2F02%2F04%2Findian-army-thanks-pakistan-for-offering-help-in-siachen-rescue%2F140625%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiachen+conflict" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeri2016" class="citation web cs1">Peri, Dinakar (11 February 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/lance-naik-hanumanthappa-passes-away/article8222718.ece">"Siachen avalanche survivor Lance Naik Hanamanthappa passes away"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Hindu" title="The Hindu">The Hindu</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160212080835/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/lance-naik-hanumanthappa-passes-away/article8222718.ece">Archived</a> from the original on 12 February 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 February</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Siachen+avalanche+survivor+Lance+Naik+Hanamanthappa+passes+away&rft.date=2016-02-11&rft.aulast=Peri&rft.aufirst=Dinakar&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Fnews%2Fnational%2Flance-naik-hanumanthappa-passes-away%2Farticle8222718.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiachen+conflict" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-another-tragedy-at-siachen-as-army-porter-falls-to-death-2184953">"Another tragedy at Siachen as army porter falls to death | Latest News & Updates at Daily News & Analysis"</a>. <i>dna</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161203051312/http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-another-tragedy-at-siachen-as-army-porter-falls-to-death-2184953">Archived</a> from the original on 3 December 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 March</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=dna&rft.atitle=Another+tragedy+at+Siachen+as+army+porter+falls+to+death+%7C+Latest+News+%26+Updates+at+Daily+News+%26+Analysis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dnaindia.com%2Findia%2Freport-another-tragedy-at-siachen-as-army-porter-falls-to-death-2184953&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiachen+conflict" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160427041114/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil_nadu/TN-Army-Village-Loses-Another-Jawan-in-Siachen/2016/03/21/article3337841.ece">"TN Army Village Loses Another Jawan in Siachen"</a>. <i>The New Indian Express</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil_nadu/TN-Army-Village-Loses-Another-Jawan-in-Siachen/2016/03/21/article3337841.ece">the original</a> on 27 April 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+Indian+Express&rft.atitle=TN+Army+Village+Loses+Another+Jawan+in+Siachen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newindianexpress.com%2Fstates%2Ftamil_nadu%2FTN-Army-Village-Loses-Another-Jawan-in-Siachen%2F2016%2F03%2F21%2Farticle3337841.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiachen+conflict" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/siachen-avalanche-soldier-missing-army-patrol/">"Siachen avalanche: Lance Havildar Bhawan Tamang killed, another soldier missing"</a>. <i>The Indian Express</i>. 25 March 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160410080609/http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/siachen-avalanche-soldier-missing-army-patrol/">Archived</a> from the original on 10 April 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Indian+Express&rft.atitle=Siachen+avalanche%3A+Lance+Havildar+Bhawan+Tamang+killed%2C+another+soldier+missing&rft.date=2016-03-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Findianexpress.com%2Farticle%2Findia%2Findia-news-india%2Fsiachen-avalanche-soldier-missing-army-patrol%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiachen+conflict" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160409214417/http://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/Army-Chief-Visits-Siachen-Glacier-After-17-Casualties-in-3-Months-Due-to-Avalanches/2016/04/01/article3358063.ece">"Army Chief Visits Siachen Glacier After 17 Casualties in 3 Months Due to Avalanches"</a>. <i>The New Indian Express</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/Army-Chief-Visits-Siachen-Glacier-After-17-Casualties-in-3-Months-Due-to-Avalanches/2016/04/01/article3358063.ece">the original</a> on 9 April 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+Indian+Express&rft.atitle=Army+Chief+Visits+Siachen+Glacier+After+17+Casualties+in+3+Months+Due+to+Avalanches&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newindianexpress.com%2Fnation%2FArmy-Chief-Visits-Siachen-Glacier-After-17-Casualties-in-3-Months-Due-to-Avalanches%2F2016%2F04%2F01%2Farticle3358063.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiachen+conflict" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHooda2018" class="citation news cs1">Hooda, Deepshikha (14 July 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/siachen-avalanche-tragedy-names-of-deceased-soldiers-released/articleshow/50870651.cms">"Siachen avalanche tragedy: Names of deceased soldiers released"</a>. <i>The Economic Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160208023205/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/siachen-avalanche-tragedy-names-of-deceased-soldiers-released/articleshow/50870651.cms">Archived</a> from the original on 8 February 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economic+Times&rft.atitle=Siachen+avalanche+tragedy%3A+Names+of+deceased+soldiers+released&rft.date=2018-07-14&rft.aulast=Hooda&rft.aufirst=Deepshikha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feconomictimes.indiatimes.com%2Fnews%2Fdefence%2Fsiachen-avalanche-tragedy-names-of-deceased-soldiers-released%2Farticleshow%2F50870651.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiachen+conflict" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/2-more-bodies-found-at-ladakh-avalanche-site-number-of-dead-rise-to-7-1980232">"2 More Bodies Found At Ladakh Avalanche Site, Number Of Dead Rise To 7"</a>. NDTV. 19 January 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190306044025/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/2-more-bodies-found-at-ladakh-avalanche-site-number-of-dead-rise-to-7-1980232">Archived</a> from the original on 6 March 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2+More+Bodies+Found+At+Ladakh+Avalanche+Site%2C+Number+Of+Dead+Rise+To+7&rft.pub=NDTV&rft.date=2019-01-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ndtv.com%2Findia-news%2F2-more-bodies-found-at-ladakh-avalanche-site-number-of-dead-rise-to-7-1980232&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiachen+conflict" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://m.hindustantimes.com/india-news/rajnath-to-visit-siachen-today-with-army-chief/story-xe8OARfsMq3oL7jVFlEPVP.html">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'I salute,' tweets defence minister Rajnath Singh from Siachen Glacier"</a>. <i>Hindustan Times</i>. 3 June 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230207231143/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/rajnath-to-visit-siachen-today-with-army-chief/story-xe8OARfsMq3oL7jVFlEPVP.html">Archived</a> from the original on 7 February 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 June</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hindustan+Times&rft.atitle=%27I+salute%2C%27+tweets+defence+minister+Rajnath+Singh+from+Siachen+Glacier&rft.date=2019-06-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fm.hindustantimes.com%2Findia-news%2Frajnath-to-visit-siachen-today-with-army-chief%2Fstory-xe8OARfsMq3oL7jVFlEPVP.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiachen+conflict" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/two-soldiers-killed-as-avalanche-hits-army-patrol-in-siachen/articleshow/72310427.cms">"Two soldiers killed as avalanche hits Army patrol in Siachen"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Times_of_India" title="The Times of India">The Times of India</a></i>. 30 November 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191203000811/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/two-soldiers-killed-as-avalanche-hits-army-patrol-in-siachen/articleshow/72310427.cms">Archived</a> from the original on 3 December 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 December</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=Two+soldiers+killed+as+avalanche+hits+Army+patrol+in+Siachen&rft.date=2019-11-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Findia%2Ftwo-soldiers-killed-as-avalanche-hits-army-patrol-in-siachen%2Farticleshow%2F72310427.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiachen+conflict" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/2-army-soldiers-killed-in-avalanche-in-siachen-1623979-2019-11-30">"2 Army soldiers killed in avalanche in Siachen"</a>. <i>India Today</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191212091556/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/2-army-soldiers-killed-in-avalanche-in-siachen-1623979-2019-11-30">Archived</a> from the original on 12 December 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 December</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=India+Today&rft.atitle=2+Army+soldiers+killed+in+avalanche+in+Siachen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.indiatoday.in%2Findia%2Fstory%2F2-army-soldiers-killed-in-avalanche-in-siachen-1623979-2019-11-30&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiachen+conflict" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLavoy2009" class="citation book cs1">Lavoy, Peter R., ed. (2009). <i>Asymmetric Warfare in South Asia: The Causes and Consequences of the Kargil Conflict</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781139482820" title="Special:BookSources/9781139482820"><bdi>9781139482820</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Asymmetric+Warfare+in+South+Asia%3A+The+Causes+and+Consequences+of+the+Kargil+Conflict&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9781139482820&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiachen+conflict" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalik2006" class="citation book cs1">Malik, V. P. (2006). <i>Kargil from Surprise to Victory</i>. HarperCollins Publishers India. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788172236359" title="Special:BookSources/9788172236359"><bdi>9788172236359</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kargil+from+Surprise+to+Victory&rft.pub=HarperCollins+Publishers+India&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9788172236359&rft.aulast=Malik&rft.aufirst=V.+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiachen+conflict" class="Z3988"></span> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGokhale2015" class="citation book cs1">Gokhale, Nitin A (2015). <i>Beyond NJ 9842: The SIACHEN Saga</i>. Bloomsbury Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789384052263" title="Special:BookSources/9789384052263"><bdi>9789384052263</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Beyond+NJ+9842%3A+The+SIACHEN+Saga&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9789384052263&rft.aulast=Gokhale&rft.aufirst=Nitin+A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiachen+conflict" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBearak1999" class="citation news cs1">Bearak, Barry (23 May 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1999/05/23/world/the-coldest-war-frozen-in-fury-on-the-roof-of-the-world.html">"THE COLDEST WAR; Frozen in Fury on the Roof of the World"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=THE+COLDEST+WAR%3B+Frozen+in+Fury+on+the+Roof+of+the+World&rft.date=1999-05-23&rft.aulast=Bearak&rft.aufirst=Barry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1999%2F05%2F23%2Fworld%2Fthe-coldest-war-frozen-in-fury-on-the-roof-of-the-world.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiachen+conflict" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><i>Siachen: Conflict Without End</i> by <a href="/wiki/V.R._Raghavan" class="mw-redirect" title="V.R. Raghavan">V.R. Raghavan</a></li> <li>Myra MacDonald (2008) <i>Heights of Madness: One Woman's Journey in Pursuit of a Secret War</i>, Rupa, New Delhi <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-291-1292-2" title="Special:BookSources/81-291-1292-2">81-291-1292-2</a>. The first full account of the Siachen war to be told from the Indian and Pakistani sides.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaghel,_RaviNusser,_Marcus2015" class="citation journal cs1">Baghel, Ravi; Nusser, Marcus (17 June 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.polgeo.2015.05.001">"Securing the heights; The vertical dimension of the Siachen conflict between India and Pakistan in the Eastern Karakoram"</a>. <i>Political Geography</i>. <b>48</b>. Elsevier: 31–32. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.polgeo.2015.05.001">10.1016/j.polgeo.2015.05.001</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Political+Geography&rft.atitle=Securing+the+heights%3B+The+vertical+dimension+of+the+Siachen+conflict+between+India+and+Pakistan+in+the+Eastern+Karakoram&rft.volume=48&rft.pages=31-32&rft.date=2015-06-17&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.polgeo.2015.05.001&rft.au=Baghel%2C+Ravi&rft.au=Nusser%2C+Marcus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.polgeo.2015.05.001&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiachen+conflict" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWirsing1991" class="citation book cs1">Wirsing, Robert (15 November 1991). <i>Pakistan's security under Zia, 1977–1988: the policy imperatives of a peripheral Asian state</i>. Palgrave Macmillan, 1991. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-312-06067-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-312-06067-1"><bdi>978-0-312-06067-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pakistan%27s+security+under+Zia%2C+1977%E2%80%931988%3A+the+policy+imperatives+of+a+peripheral+Asian+state&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan%2C+1991&rft.date=1991-11-15&rft.isbn=978-0-312-06067-1&rft.aulast=Wirsing&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiachen+conflict" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilkinson2021" class="citation magazine cs1">Wilkinson, Freddie (18 February 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210218151854/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/magazine/article/how-a-tiny-line-on-a-map-led-to-conflict-in-the-himalaya-feature">"How a tiny line on a map led to conflict in the Himalaya"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/National_Geographic" title="National Geographic">National Geographic</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nationalgeographic.com/magazine/article/how-a-tiny-line-on-a-map-led-to-conflict-in-the-himalaya-feature">the original</a> on 18 February 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=National+Geographic&rft.atitle=How+a+tiny+line+on+a+map+led+to+conflict+in+the+Himalaya&rft.date=2021-02-18&rft.aulast=Wilkinson&rft.aufirst=Freddie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalgeographic.com%2Fmagazine%2Farticle%2Fhow-a-tiny-line-on-a-map-led-to-conflict-in-the-himalaya-feature&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiachen+conflict" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://outsideonline.com/outside/features/200302/200302_siachen_1.html">The Coldest War</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110411111640/http://outsideonline.com/outside/features/200302/200302_siachen_1.html">Archived</a> 11 April 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111215024320/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1079528,00.html">Time report</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20041027004644/http://www.kashmirsentinel.com/apr1999/3.9.html">Siachen: The stalemate continues</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pakistanarmy.biz.tc/siachen.html/">Siachen Glacier – Highest Battlefield Of The World</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.polgeo.2015.05.001">"The vertical dimension of the Siachen conflict"</a>. <i>Political Geography</i>. <b>48</b>: 24–36. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.polgeo.2015.05.001">10.1016/j.polgeo.2015.05.001</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Political+Geography&rft.atitle=The+vertical+dimension+of+the+Siachen+conflict&rft.volume=48&rft.pages=24-36&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.polgeo.2015.05.001&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.polgeo.2015.05.001&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiachen+conflict" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Kashmir_conflict" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Kashmir_conflict" title="Template:Kashmir conflict"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Kashmir_conflict" title="Template talk:Kashmir conflict"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Kashmir_conflict" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Kashmir conflict"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Kashmir_conflict" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Kashmir_conflict" title="Kashmir conflict">Kashmir conflict</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Kashmir_conflict" title="Timeline of the Kashmir conflict">Timeline</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Kashmir_conflict_(1846%E2%80%931946)" title="Timeline of the Kashmir conflict (1846–1946)">1846–1946</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Kashmir_conflict" title="Timeline of the Kashmir conflict">1947–present</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_wars_and_conflicts" title="Indo-Pakistani wars and conflicts">Wars and conflicts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_War_of_1947%E2%80%931948" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Pakistani War of 1947–1948">Indo-Pakistani War of 1947–1948</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_War_of_1965" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Pakistani War of 1965">Indo-Pakistani War of 1965</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_War_of_1971" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Pakistani War of 1971">Indo-Pakistani War of 1971</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Siachen conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kargil_War" title="Kargil War">Kargil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2001%E2%80%932002_India%E2%80%93Pakistan_standoff" title="2001–2002 India–Pakistan standoff">2001–2002 India–Pakistan standoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Indo-Pakistani_standoff" class="mw-redirect" title="2008 Indo-Pakistani standoff">2008 Indo-Pakistani standoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_India%E2%80%93Pakistan_border_skirmishes" title="2019 India–Pakistan border skirmishes">2019 India–Pakistan border skirmishes</a> (<a href="/wiki/Media_coverage_of_2019_India%E2%80%93Pakistan_standoff" title="Media coverage of 2019 India–Pakistan standoff">media coverage</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Border skirmishes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2011_India%E2%80%93Pakistan_border_skirmish" title="2011 India–Pakistan border skirmish">2011</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_India%E2%80%93Pakistan_border_skirmishes" title="2013 India–Pakistan border skirmishes">2013</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014%E2%80%932015_India%E2%80%93Pakistan_border_skirmishes" title="2014–2015 India–Pakistan border skirmishes">2014–2015</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016%E2%80%932018_India%E2%80%93Pakistan_border_skirmishes" title="2016–2018 India–Pakistan border skirmishes">2016–2018</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2016_Uri_attack" title="2016 Uri attack">2016 Uri attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Baramulla_attack" title="2016 Baramulla attack">2016 Baramulla attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Nagrota_army_base_attack" title="2016 Nagrota army base attack">2016 Nagrota army base attack</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Pulwama_attack" title="2019 Pulwama attack">2019</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020%E2%80%932021_India%E2%80%93Pakistan_border_skirmishes" class="mw-redirect" title="2020–2021 India–Pakistan border skirmishes">2020–2021</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_India-Pakistan_border_skirmishes" title="2023 India-Pakistan border skirmishes">2023</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Operations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1947_Poonch_rebellion" title="1947 Poonch rebellion">1947 Poonch rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Gibraltar" title="Operation Gibraltar">Operation Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Grand_Slam" title="Operation Grand Slam">Operation Grand Slam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Tupac" title="Operation Tupac">Operation Tupac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Bison_(Jammu_%26_Kashmir_1948)" title="Operation Bison (Jammu & Kashmir 1948)">Operation Bison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Eraze" title="Operation Eraze">Operation Eraze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Army_operations_in_Jammu_and_Kashmir#Operation_All_Out" title="Indian Army operations in Jammu and Kashmir">Operation All Out</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Army_operations_in_Jammu_and_Kashmir#Operation_Sarp_Vinash" title="Indian Army operations in Jammu and Kashmir">Operation Sarp Vinash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Army_operations_in_Jammu_and_Kashmir#Operation_Sadbhavana_(Goodwill)" title="Indian Army operations in Jammu and Kashmir">Operation Sadbhavana (Goodwill)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Army_operations_in_Jammu_and_Kashmir#Operation_Calm_Down" title="Indian Army operations in Jammu and Kashmir">Operation Calm Down</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Indian_Line_of_Control_strike" title="2016 Indian Line of Control strike">2016 strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Balakot_airstrike" title="2019 Balakot airstrike">2019 airstrike</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Negotiations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jinnah%E2%80%93Mountbatten_talks" title="Jinnah–Mountbatten talks">Jinnah–Mountbatten talks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UN_mediation_of_the_Kashmir_dispute" title="UN mediation of the Kashmir dispute">UN mediation of the Kashmir dispute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simla_Agreement" title="Simla Agreement">Simla Agreement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bombings and massacres</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1947_Jammu_massacres" title="1947 Jammu massacres">1947 Jammu massacres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000_Amarnath_pilgrimage_massacre" title="2000 Amarnath pilgrimage massacre">2000 Amarnath pilgrimage massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chittisinghpura_massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Chittisinghpura massacre">Chittisinghpura massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2001_Jammu_and_Kashmir_legislative_assembly_car_bombing" class="mw-redirect" title="2001 Jammu and Kashmir legislative assembly car bombing">2001 Jammu and Kashmir legislative assembly car bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2001_Kishtwar_massacre" title="2001 Kishtwar massacre">2001 Kishtwar massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2002_Raghunath_temple_attacks" title="2002 Raghunath temple attacks">2002 Raghunath temple attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_Srinagar_bombings" title="2006 Srinagar bombings">2006 Srinagar bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_Doda_massacre" title="2006 Doda massacre">2006 Doda massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_2013_Srinagar_attack" title="March 2013 Srinagar attack">March 2013 Srinagar attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Uri_attack" title="2016 Uri attack">2016 Uri attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Amarnath_Yatra_attack" class="mw-redirect" title="2017 Amarnath Yatra attack">2017 Amarnath Yatra attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Sunjuwan_attack" title="2018 Sunjuwan attack">2018 Sunjuwan attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Pulwama_attack" title="2019 Pulwama attack">2019 Pulwama attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Srinagar_bombing" title="2022 Srinagar bombing">2022 Srinagar bombing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Militant organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jammu_Kashmir_Liberation_Front" title="Jammu Kashmir Liberation Front">Jammu Kashmir Liberation Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tehreek-e-Hurriyat" title="Tehreek-e-Hurriyat">Tehreek-e-Hurriyat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hizbul_Mujahideen" title="Hizbul Mujahideen">Hizbul Mujahideen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lashkar-e-Taiba" title="Lashkar-e-Taiba">Lashkar-e-Taiba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaish-e-Mohammed" title="Jaish-e-Mohammed">Jaish-e-Mohammed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harkat-ul-Mujahideen" title="Harkat-ul-Mujahideen">Harkat-ul-Mujahideen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harkat-ul-Mujahideen#Harkat_ul-Ansar" title="Harkat-ul-Mujahideen">Harkat ul-Ansar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Badr_(Jammu_and_Kashmir)" title="Al-Badr (Jammu and Kashmir)">Al-Badr (Jammu and Kashmir)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ansar_Ghazwat-ul-Hind" title="Ansar Ghazwat-ul-Hind">Ansar Ghazwat-ul-Hind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dukhtaran-e-Millat" title="Dukhtaran-e-Millat">Dukhtaran-e-Millat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_%E2%80%93_Khorasan_Province" title="Islamic State – Khorasan Province">Islamic State – Khorasan Province</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tehreek-e-Azaadi_Jammu_and_Kashmir" title="Tehreek-e-Azaadi Jammu and Kashmir">Tehreek-e-Azaadi Jammu and Kashmir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Jihad_Council" title="United Jihad Council">United Jihad Council</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Observances</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>19 January— <a href="/wiki/Exodus_of_Kashmiri_Hindus" title="Exodus of Kashmiri Hindus">Jammu and Kashmir Exodus Day</a></li> <li>5 February— <a href="/wiki/Kashmir_Solidarity_Day" title="Kashmir Solidarity Day">Kashmir Solidarity Day</a></li> <li>13 July— <a href="/wiki/Kashmir_Martyrs%27_Day" title="Kashmir Martyrs' Day">Kashmir Martyrs' Day</a></li> <li>5 August— <a href="/wiki/Youm-e-Istehsal" title="Youm-e-Istehsal">Youm-e-Istehsal</a></li> <li>22 October— <a href="/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir_Black_Day" title="Jammu and Kashmir Black Day">Jammu and Kashmir Black Day</a> (Invasion Day)</li> <li>24 October— <a href="/wiki/Azad_Kashmir_Day" title="Azad Kashmir Day">Azad Kashmir Day</a></li> <li>26 October— <a href="/wiki/Accession_Day_(Jammu_and_Kashmir)" title="Accession Day (Jammu and Kashmir)">Jammu and Kashmir Accession Day</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Exodus_of_Kashmiri_Hindus" title="Exodus of Kashmiri Hindus">Exodus of Kashmiri Hindus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Jammu_and_Kashmir" title="Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir">Insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_abuses_in_Kashmir" title="Human rights abuses in Kashmir">Human rights abuses</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/OHCHR_reports_on_Kashmir" title="OHCHR reports on Kashmir">OHCHR reports on Kashmir</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_Kashmir_conflict" title="Rape during the Kashmir conflict">Rape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ikhwan_(Kashmir)" title="Ikhwan (Kashmir)">Ikhwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crowd_control_in_Jammu_and_Kashmir" title="Crowd control in Jammu and Kashmir">Crowd control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_pelting_in_Kashmir" title="Stone pelting in Kashmir">Stone pelting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peacebuilding_in_Jammu_and_Kashmir" title="Peacebuilding in Jammu and Kashmir">Peacebuilding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_rights_in_Jammu_and_Kashmir" title="Women's rights in Jammu and Kashmir">Women's rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Over_ground_worker" title="Over ground worker">Over ground workers</a> (OGWs)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Village_Defence_Committees" class="mw-redirect" title="Village Defence Committees">Village Defence Committees</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="18px_Indian_Armed_Forces" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Military_of_India" title="Template:Military of India"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Military_of_India" title="Template talk:Military of India"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Military_of_India" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Military of India"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="18px_Indian_Armed_Forces" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Indian_Armed_Forces.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Indian_Armed_Forces.svg/18px-Indian_Armed_Forces.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Indian_Armed_Forces.svg/27px-Indian_Armed_Forces.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Indian_Armed_Forces.svg/36px-Indian_Armed_Forces.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Indian_Armed_Forces" title="Indian Armed Forces">Indian Armed Forces</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Flag_of_Indian_Army.svg/23px-Flag_of_Indian_Army.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Flag_of_Indian_Army.svg/35px-Flag_of_Indian_Army.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Flag_of_Indian_Army.svg/46px-Flag_of_Indian_Army.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="450" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Indian_Army" title="Indian Army">Indian Army</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Naval_Ensign_of_India.svg/23px-Naval_Ensign_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Naval_Ensign_of_India.svg/35px-Naval_Ensign_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Naval_Ensign_of_India.svg/46px-Naval_Ensign_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Indian_Navy" title="Indian Navy">Indian Navy</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Air_Force_Ensign_of_India.svg/23px-Air_Force_Ensign_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Air_Force_Ensign_of_India.svg/35px-Air_Force_Ensign_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Air_Force_Ensign_of_India.svg/46px-Air_Force_Ensign_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Indian_Air_Force" title="Indian Air Force">Indian Air Force</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Leadership</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_India" title="President of India">President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_India" title="Prime Minister of India">Prime Minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Defence_(India)" title="Minister of Defence (India)">Minister of Defence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defence_Secretary_(India)" title="Defence Secretary (India)">Defence Secretary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Security_Advisor_(India)" title="National Security Advisor (India)">National Security Advisor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_of_Defence_Staff_(India)" title="Chief of Defence Staff (India)">Chief of Defence Staff</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chairman_Chiefs_of_Staff_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="Chairman Chiefs of Staff Committee">Chairman Chiefs of Staff Committee</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_of_the_Army_Staff_(India)" title="Chief of the Army Staff (India)">Chief of the Army Staff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_of_the_Naval_Staff_(India)" title="Chief of the Naval Staff (India)">Chief of the Naval Staff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_of_the_Air_Staff_(India)" title="Chief of the Air Staff (India)">Chief of the Air Staff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_of_Integrated_Defence_Staff" title="Chief of Integrated Defence Staff">Vice Chief of Defence Staff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Director_General_Armed_Forces_Medical_Services_(India)" title="Director General Armed Forces Medical Services (India)">Director General Armed Forces Medical Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_serving_generals_of_the_Indian_Army" title="List of serving generals of the Indian Army">Serving generals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_serving_admirals_of_the_Indian_Navy" title="List of serving admirals of the Indian Navy">Serving admirals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_serving_marshals_of_the_Indian_Air_Force" title="List of serving marshals of the Indian Air Force">Serving marshals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Organisation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Ministry and<br />committees/councils</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_(India)" title="Ministry of Defence (India)">Ministry of Defence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Military_Affairs" title="Department of Military Affairs">Department of Military Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defence_Research_and_Development_Organisation" title="Defence Research and Development Organisation">Department of Defence Research and Development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Ex-servicemen_Welfare" title="Department of Ex-servicemen Welfare">Department of Ex-servicemen Welfare</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Security_Council_(India)" title="National Security Council (India)">National Security Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_Committee_on_Security" title="Cabinet Committee on Security">Cabinet Committee on Security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standing_Committee_on_Defence_(India)" title="Standing Committee on Defence (India)">Standing Committee on Defence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defence_Planning_Committee" title="Defence Planning Committee">Defence Planning Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_Command_Authority_(India)" title="Nuclear Command Authority (India)">Nuclear Command Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Defence_Staff" title="Integrated Defence Staff">Integrated Defence Staff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defence_Intelligence_Agency_(India)" title="Defence Intelligence Agency (India)">Defence Intelligence Agency</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Commands</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Joint_warfare" title="Joint warfare">Joint</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Armed_Forces_Tri-Service_Commands" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Armed Forces Tri-Service Commands">Integrated Theatre Commands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andaman_and_Nicobar_Command" title="Andaman and Nicobar Command">Andaman and Nicobar Command</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commander-in-Chief,_Andaman_and_Nicobar_Command" title="Commander-in-Chief, Andaman and Nicobar Command">Commander-in-Chief</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_Forces_Command" title="Strategic Forces Command">Strategic Forces Command</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commander-in-Chief,_Strategic_Forces_Command" title="Commander-in-Chief, Strategic Forces Command">Commander-in-Chief</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Theatre_Command_(India)" title="Northern Theatre Command (India)">Northern Theatre Command (India)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Theatre_Command_(India)" title="Western Theatre Command (India)">Western Theatre Command (India)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_Theatre_Command" title="Maritime Theatre Command">Maritime Theatre Command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defence_Cyber_Agency" title="Defence Cyber Agency">Defence Cyber Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defence_Space_Agency" title="Defence Space Agency">Defence Space Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_Special_Operations_Division" title="Armed Forces Special Operations Division">Armed Forces Special Operations Division</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Indian_Army" title="Indian Army">Army</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Command_(India)" title="Central Command (India)">Central Command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Command_(India)" title="Eastern Command (India)">Eastern Command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Command_(India)" title="Northern Command (India)">Northern Command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Command_(India)" title="Southern Command (India)">Southern Command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Western_Command_(India)" title="South Western Command (India)">South Western Command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Command_(India)" title="Western Command (India)">Western Command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army_Training_Command" title="Army Training Command">Army Training Command</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Indian_Navy" title="Indian Navy">Navy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Naval_Command" title="Western Naval Command">Western Naval Command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Naval_Command" title="Eastern Naval Command">Eastern Naval Command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Naval_Command" title="Southern Naval Command">Southern Naval Command</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Indian_Air_Force" title="Indian Air Force">Air Force</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Air_Command_(India)" title="Central Air Command (India)">Central Air Command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Air_Command_(India)" title="Eastern Air Command (India)">Eastern Air Command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Air_Command_(India)" title="Southern Air Command (India)">Southern Air Command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Western_Air_Command" title="South Western Air Command">South Western Air Command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Air_Command_(India)" title="Western Air Command (India)">Western Air Command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Training_Command_(India)" title="Training Command (India)">Training Command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maintenance_Command" title="Maintenance Command">Maintenance Command</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Other components</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Coast_Guard" title="Indian Coast Guard">Indian Coast Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Cadet_Corps_(India)" title="National Cadet Corps (India)">National Cadet Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paramilitary_forces_of_India" title="Paramilitary forces of India">Paramilitary forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_forces_of_India" title="Special forces of India">Special forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_Army_(India)" title="Territorial Army (India)">Territorial Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Border_Roads_Organisation" title="Border Roads Organisation">Border Roads Organisation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Personnel</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_academies_in_India" title="Military academies in India">Military Academies</a></li> <li>Ranks and insignia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Army_ranks_and_insignia_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Army ranks and insignia of India">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_ranks_and_insignia_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Naval ranks and insignia of India">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_Force_ranks_and_insignia_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Air Force ranks and insignia of India">Air Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Coast_Guard#Rank_insignia" title="Indian Coast Guard">Coast Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Border_Roads_Organisation#Ranks" title="Border Roads Organisation">Border Roads Organisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paramilitary_forces_of_India#Ranks_and_insignia" title="Paramilitary forces of India">Paramilitary forces</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Awards_and_decorations_of_the_Indian_Armed_Forces" title="Awards and decorations of the Indian Armed Forces">Awards and Decorations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_operations_of_India" title="List of military operations of India">Operations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Wars</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_wars_and_conflicts" title="Indo-Pakistani wars and conflicts">Indo-Pakistani wars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_War_of_1947%E2%80%931948" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Pakistani War of 1947–1948">1947–1948</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_War_of_1965" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Pakistani War of 1965">1965</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Asal_Uttar" title="Battle of Asal Uttar">Battle of Asal Uttar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chawinda" title="Battle of Chawinda">Battle of Chawinda</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_War_of_1971" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Pakistani War of 1971">1971</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_Naval_War_of_1971" title="Indo-Pakistani Naval War of 1971">Naval War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Pakistan_Air_Operations_(1971)" title="East Pakistan Air Operations (1971)">Air War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chamb" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Chamb">Battle of Chamb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Trident_(1971)" title="Operation Trident (1971)">Operation <i>Trident</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Cactus-Lilly" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Cactus-Lilly">Operation <i>Cactus-Lilly</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Longewala" title="Battle of Longewala">Battle of Longewala</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kargil_War" title="Kargil War">Kargil War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Indian_War" title="Sino-Indian War">Sino-Indian War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">External <br />conflicts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kashmir_conflict" title="Kashmir conflict">Kashmir conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Siachen conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Line_of_Control" title="Line of Control">Indo-Pakistani border skirmishes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2001%E2%80%932002_India%E2%80%93Pakistan_standoff" title="2001–2002 India–Pakistan standoff">Operation <i>Parakram</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_India%E2%80%93Pakistan_border_skirmish" title="2011 India–Pakistan border skirmish">2011</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_India%E2%80%93Pakistan_border_skirmishes" title="2013 India–Pakistan border skirmishes">2013</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014%E2%80%932015_India%E2%80%93Pakistan_border_skirmishes" title="2014–2015 India–Pakistan border skirmishes">2014–2015</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016%E2%80%932018_India%E2%80%93Pakistan_border_skirmishes" title="2016–2018 India–Pakistan border skirmishes">2016–2018</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_India%E2%80%93Pakistan_border_skirmishes" title="2019 India–Pakistan border skirmishes">2019</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2019_Balakot_airstrike" title="2019 Balakot airstrike">Balakot airstrike</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congo_Crisis" title="Congo Crisis">Congo Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Line_of_Actual_Control" title="Line of Actual Control">Sino-Indian border skirmish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sumdorong_Chu_standoff" title="Sumdorong Chu standoff">1987</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathu_La_and_Cho_La_clashes" title="Nathu La and Cho La clashes">Nathu La and Cho La clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_China%E2%80%93India_border_standoff" title="2017 China–India border standoff">Doklam standoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020%E2%80%932021_China%E2%80%93India_skirmishes" title="2020–2021 China–India skirmishes">2020</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_intervention_in_the_Sri_Lankan_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian intervention in the Sri Lankan Civil War">Indian intervention in the Sri Lankan Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_Maldives_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_attempt" class="mw-redirect" title="1988 Maldives coup d'état attempt">Operation <i>Cactus</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1990_airlift_of_Indians_from_Kuwait" title="1990 airlift of Indians from Kuwait">Evacuation of Indian civilians from Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piracy_off_the_coast_of_Somalia" title="Piracy off the coast of Somalia">Piracy off the coast of Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Raahat" title="Operation Raahat">Operation <i>Raahat</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Devi_Shakti" title="Operation Devi Shakti">Operation <i>Devi Shakti</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Indian_counter-insurgency_operation_in_Myanmar" title="2015 Indian counter-insurgency operation in Myanmar">Indo-Myanmar border strike</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Annexations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Hyderabad" title="Annexation of Hyderabad">Operation <i>Polo</i> (Hyderabad)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Goa" title="Annexation of Goa">Operation <i>Vijay</i> (Portuguese India - Goa, Damaon, Silvassa & Diu)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Junagadh" title="Annexation of Junagadh">Junagadh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Dadra_and_Nagar_Haveli" title="Annexation of Dadra and Nagar Haveli">Dadra and Nagar Haveli</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Insurgencies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Northeast_India" title="Insurgency in Northeast India">Northeast India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Punjab" class="mw-redirect" title="Insurgency in Punjab">Punjab</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Blue_Star" title="Operation Blue Star">Operation <i>Blue Star</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Woodrose" title="Operation Woodrose">Operation <i>Woodrose</i></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Jammu_and_Kashmir" title="Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir">Kashmir</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Army_operations_in_Jammu_and_Kashmir" title="Indian Army operations in Jammu and Kashmir">Counter-insurgency operations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Indian_Line_of_Control_strike" title="2016 Indian Line of Control strike">LOC surgical strike</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Equipment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Defence_Research_and_Development_Organisation" title="Defence Research and Development Organisation">Defence Research and Development Organisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordnance_Factory_Board" class="mw-redirect" title="Ordnance Factory Board">Ordnance Factory Board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_military_missiles" title="List of Indian military missiles">Ballistic missiles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction" title="India and weapons of mass destruction">Weapons of mass destruction</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Army</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_equipment_of_the_Indian_Army" title="List of equipment of the Indian Army">List of equipment of the Indian Army</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Navy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_active_Indian_Navy_ships" title="List of active Indian Navy ships">Active Ships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ships_of_the_Indian_Navy" title="List of ships of the Indian Navy">Historical Ships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weapon_systems_of_the_Indian_Navy" title="Weapon systems of the Indian Navy">Weapon Systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Future_of_the_Indian_Navy" title="Future of the Indian Navy">Future</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Air Force</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_active_Indian_military_aircraft" title="List of active Indian military aircraft">Active Aircraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_historical_aircraft_of_the_Indian_Air_Force" title="List of historical aircraft of the Indian Air Force">Historical Aircraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_active_Indian_Air_Force_aircraft_squadrons" title="List of active Indian Air Force aircraft squadrons">Aircraft Squadrons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Future_of_the_Indian_Air_Force" title="Future of the Indian Air Force">Future</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Documents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ensuring_Secure_Seas:_Indian_Maritime_Security_Strategy" title="Ensuring Secure Seas: Indian Maritime Security Strategy">Indian Maritime Security Strategy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President%27s_fleet_review" title="President's fleet review">President's fleet review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_India" title="Military history of India">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President%27s_Colour_Award" title="President's Colour Award">President's Colour Award</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_Indian_Armed_Forces" title="Women in the Indian Armed Forces">Women in the Indian Armed Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_Flag_Day" title="Armed Forces Flag Day">Armed Forces Flag Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_Tribunal" title="Armed Forces Tribunal">Armed Forces Tribunal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Armed_Forces_rank_flags" title="Indian Armed Forces rank flags">Indian Armed Forces rank flags</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_military_bands" title="Indian military bands">Indian military bands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_War_Memorial_(India)" title="National War Memorial (India)">National War Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amar_Jawan_Jyoti" title="Amar Jawan Jyoti">Amar Jawan Jyoti</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td 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Force</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="25px_Armed_conflict_involving_the_Pakistan_Armed_Forces" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Military_history_of_Pakistan" title="Template:Military history of Pakistan"><abbr title="View 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Armed_Forces_of_Pakistan_Flag.svg/38px-Armed_Forces_of_Pakistan_Flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Armed_Forces_of_Pakistan_Flag.svg/50px-Armed_Forces_of_Pakistan_Flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1707" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Pakistan" title="Military history of Pakistan">Armed conflict</a> involving the <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Armed_Forces" title="Pakistan Armed Forces">Pakistan Armed Forces</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Domestic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_coups_in_Pakistan" title="Military coups in Pakistan">Martial law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Liberation_War" title="Bangladesh Liberation War">Civil unrest in Eastern Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Balochistan" title="Insurgency in Balochistan">Civil unrest in Southern Pakistan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1970s_operation_in_Balochistan" title="1970s operation in Balochistan">1970s</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa" title="Insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa">Taliban insurgency in Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_wars_and_conflicts" title="Indo-Pakistani wars and conflicts">India and Pakistan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_War_of_1947%E2%80%931948" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Pakistani War of 1947–1948">1947</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_War_of_1965" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Pakistani War of 1965">1965</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_War_of_1971" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Pakistani War of 1971">1971</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Siachen conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kargil_War" title="Kargil War">1999</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Afghan_conflict" title="Afghan conflict">Afghanistan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Waziristan_rebellion_(1948-1954)" class="mw-redirect" title="Waziristan rebellion (1948-1954)">Waziristan 1948</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bajaur_Campaign" title="Bajaur Campaign">Bajaur Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1975_Panjshir_Valley_uprising" title="1975 Panjshir Valley uprising">Panjshir Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Afghan_War" title="Soviet–Afghan War">Soviet War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_Civil_War_(1989%E2%80%931992)" title="Afghan Civil War (1989–1992)">1989-92</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_Civil_War_(1992%E2%80%931996)" title="Afghan Civil War (1992–1996)">1992-96</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_Civil_War_(1996%E2%80%932001)" title="Afghan Civil War (1996–2001)">1996-2001</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%932021)" title="War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)">2001-21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_State%E2%80%93Taliban_conflict" title="Islamic State–Taliban conflict">War with Islamic State (2022–Present)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Middle East</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_conflict" title="Arab–Israeli conflict">Arab–Israeli conflict</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Six-Day_War" title="Six-Day War">1967</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yom_Kippur_War" title="Yom Kippur War">1973</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_September" title="Black September">Black September</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhofar_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhofar Rebellion">Dhofar Rebellion (Oman)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabian%E2%80%93led_intervention_in_Yemen" class="mw-redirect" title="Saudi Arabian–led intervention in Yemen">Yemen crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Mosque_seizure" title="Grand Mosque seizure">Grand Mosque seizure</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Worldwide</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_War" title="Bosnian War">Bosnian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Sudanese_Civil_War" title="Second Sudanese Civil War">Sudanese civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unified_Task_Force" title="Unified Task Force">Somalian civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_on_terror" title="War on terror">War on terror</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Armed_Forces_deployments" title="Pakistan Armed Forces deployments">Foreign deployments</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_peacekeeping_missions_involving_Pakistan" title="United Nations peacekeeping missions involving Pakistan">UN peacekeeping missions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Anti-piracy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Piracy_off_the_coast_of_Somalia" title="Piracy off the coast of Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piracy_off_the_coast_of_Venezuela" class="mw-redirect" title="Piracy off the coast of Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2000527#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh2009008421">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a 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conflict">Kashmir conflict</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Indo-Pakistani_wars" title="Category:Indo-Pakistani wars">Indo-Pakistani wars</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Conflicts_in_1984" title="Category:Conflicts in 1984">Conflicts in 1984</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1984_in_India" title="Category:1984 in India">1984 in India</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1984_in_Pakistan" title="Category:1984 in Pakistan">1984 in Pakistan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Baltistan" title="Category:History of Baltistan">History of Baltistan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Gilgit-Baltistan" title="Category:History of Gilgit-Baltistan">History of Gilgit-Baltistan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Operations_involving_Pakistani_special_forces" title="Category:Operations involving Pakistani special forces">Operations involving Pakistani special forces</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wars_involving_India" title="Category:Wars involving India">Wars 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