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</div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" 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businesses. When that bill proved ineffective, the administration of President <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> revised it into the Federal <a href="/wiki/Food,_Drug_and_Cosmetic_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act">Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act</a> of 1937. This has set the stage for further government intervention in the food, drug and agricultural markets. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_Pure_Foods_Movement">The Pure Foods Movement</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Early_history_of_food_regulation_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: The Pure Foods Movement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Pure Foods Movement of the 1870s was a <a href="/wiki/Grass-roots_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Grass-roots movement">grass-roots movement</a> creating the "principal source of political support for the Pure Food and Drugs Act of 1906".<sup id="cite_ref-Janssen_24_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Janssen_24-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was a coalition of many different groups, which is why it became so influential.<sup id="cite_ref-Young_19_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Young_19-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The following explains the influential groups and individuals involved, as it was not an official coalition, rather a movement created by different individual interests. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Impact_of_women's_clubs"><span id="Impact_of_women.27s_clubs"></span>Impact of women's clubs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Early_history_of_food_regulation_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Impact of women's clubs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Ladies_Health_Protective_Association" class="mw-redirect" title="Ladies Health Protective Association">Ladies Health Protective Association</a> was the first women's group to join the pure foods movement.<sup id="cite_ref-Goodwin_17_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Goodwin_17-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Starting in 1884, they began a campaign to rid <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a> of unsanitary <a href="/wiki/Slaughter_house" class="mw-redirect" title="Slaughter house">slaughter houses</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Goodwin_17_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Goodwin_17-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These women were "energized to take legal action almost as much by the attitude of the city bureaucrats [who were apathetic] was by the need to protect their families and the neighborhood".<sup id="cite_ref-Goodwin_18_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Goodwin_18-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If the city agency in charge of regulating slaughterhouses had been willing to listen to the Association and clean up the slaughterhouses, the women would have never continued their crusade.<sup id="cite_ref-Goodwin_18_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Goodwin_18-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, after a hearing, a slaughterhouse owner refused to clean up his property and this caused the women to pursue the execution of the penalty and continue a "constant vigilance" to keep it from happening again.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Inspired by the Association, 11 other city health protective associations grew out of the need to clean up <a href="/wiki/Feedlot" title="Feedlot">stockyards</a> and slaughterhouses. In <a href="/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana">Louisiana</a>, Mrs. Richard Bloor took individual action and visited a packinghouse and afterwards "sent a description of the conditions to <a href="/wiki/Upton_Sinclair" title="Upton Sinclair">Upton Sinclair</a> to use in his exposés of the <a href="/wiki/Meat_industry" title="Meat industry">meat industry</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Christian_Temperance_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Women's Christian Temperance Union">Women's Christian Temperance Union</a> (WCTU) was borne out of a need to protect communities from alcohol abuse and worked mostly on the local level.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Working mostly only on a local level, they set the tone for the Pure Food movement that would soon follow. Many club women were heavily involved in the <a href="/wiki/Temperance_movement" title="Temperance movement">temperance movement</a> and began to associate adulterated foods as having the same consequences as <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_abuse" title="Alcohol abuse">alcohol abuse</a>. This is because both inflicted harm on communities. Both were common abuses prevalent in poor communities, and led to <a href="/wiki/Malnutrition" title="Malnutrition">malnourishment</a>, violence and other social problems. Women’s organizations began addressing these issues and broadened their activities beyond normal WCTU activities and more women who wanted to protect their communities joined their cause.<sup id="cite_ref-Goodwin_35_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Goodwin_35-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Members of the WCTU, the Ladies Health Protective Association, and women's clubs laid the foundation for further "pure food, drink, and drug campaigns in the early 1880s, while their activities centered around study, self-improvement, and philanthropy".<sup id="cite_ref-Goodwin_35_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Goodwin_35-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Harvey_W._Wiley">Harvey W. Wiley</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Early_history_of_food_regulation_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Harvey W. Wiley"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Harvey_W._Wiley" class="mw-redirect" title="Harvey W. Wiley">Harvey W. Wiley</a> became the leader of the pure foods crusade. When Wiley was appointed, he decidedly set the Division of Chemistry in a different direction.<sup id="cite_ref-Swann_10_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Swann_10-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He expanded the Division's research and conducted the Foods and Food Adulterants study, which demonstrated his concern about <a href="/wiki/Chemicals" class="mw-redirect" title="Chemicals">chemicals</a> used in food. He also created the "Poison Squad" experiments, in which young, healthy men volunteered to ingest food additive chemicals to determine their impact on human health.<sup id="cite_ref-Swann_10_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Swann_10-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wiley unified many different concerned groups, including state inspectors, the General Federation of Women's Clubs, journalists, reform wing of business, congress members and associations of physicians and pharmacists.<sup id="cite_ref-Young_19_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Young_19-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As Wiley worked to bring awareness to the pure foods crusades, it gained momentum and legitimacy.<sup id="cite_ref-Young_19_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Young_19-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His "poison squad" brought national awareness to the problem, whereas women's groups brought local attention to the cause. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Upton_Sinclair_and_The_Jungle">Upton Sinclair and <i>The Jungle</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Early_history_of_food_regulation_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Upton Sinclair and The Jungle"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1906, <a href="/wiki/Upton_Sinclair" title="Upton Sinclair">Upton Sinclair</a> published <i><a href="/wiki/The_Jungle" title="The Jungle">The Jungle</a></i>, a book which exposed the filthy conditions of <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a> <a href="/wiki/Slaughterhouse" title="Slaughterhouse">slaughterhouses</a>. Sinclair wrote the book while living in Chicago; he talked to workers and their families and his focus was the plight of the workers. However, the book turned people away from "tubercular beef" instead of turning them <a href="/wiki/Socialist" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialist">socialist</a> like Sinclair wanted.<sup id="cite_ref-Goodwin_250_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Goodwin_250-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The book was a best seller and the public outcry prompted President <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a> to send officials to investigate.<sup id="cite_ref-Goodwin_250_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Goodwin_250-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their “report was so shocking that its publication would ‘be well-nigh ruinous to our export trade in meat’”.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This report, Neill-Reynolds, underscored the terrible conditions illustrated by Sinclair.<sup id="cite_ref-Goodwin_251_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Goodwin_251-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It indicated a need for "'a drastic and thorogooing [sic]' federal inspection of all stockyards, packinghouses and their products".<sup id="cite_ref-Goodwin_251_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Goodwin_251-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>The Jungle</i>, combined with the shocking reports of the Neill-Reynolds Report (published June 1906) proved to be the final push to help the <a href="/wiki/Pure_Food_and_Drug_Act" title="Pure Food and Drug Act">Pure Food and Drug Act</a> move quickly through congress. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_1906_Pure_Food_and_Drug_Act_(Wiley_Act)"><span id="The_1906_Pure_Food_and_Drug_Act_.28Wiley_Act.29"></span>The 1906 Pure Food and Drug Act (Wiley Act)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Early_history_of_food_regulation_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: The 1906 Pure Food and Drug Act (Wiley Act)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origins">Origins</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Early_history_of_food_regulation_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Before the 1906 <a href="/wiki/Pure_Food_and_Drug_Act" title="Pure Food and Drug Act">Pure Food and Drug Act</a>, most food oversight was mandated to state laws, which were enacted during the colonial days and served mainly trade interests.<sup id="cite_ref-Janssen_24_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Janssen_24-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They set standards of weight, and "provided for inspections of exports like salt meats, fish and flour".<sup id="cite_ref-Janssen_24_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Janssen_24-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1848, the first national law concerned with regulating food come out of the <a href="/wiki/Mexican%E2%80%93American_War" title="Mexican–American War">Mexican–American War</a>, and "banned the importation of adulterated drugs".<sup id="cite_ref-Young_17_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Young_17-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Food_safety" title="Food safety">Food inspection</a> was largely thought to be the duty of the consumer, not the government.<sup id="cite_ref-Young_21_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Young_21-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Changes_in_technology">Changes in technology</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Early_history_of_food_regulation_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Changes in technology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>With the advent of modern machinery, food production (especially grain) moved forward at an alarming pace.<sup id="cite_ref-Garraty_478_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Garraty_478-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, the “canning line” increased the efficiency of <a href="/wiki/Canning" title="Canning">canning</a> foods in an industrial setting.<sup id="cite_ref-Garraty_478_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Garraty_478-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An 1886 report by the Illinois Bureau of Labor Statistics claimed that “New machinery has displaced fully 50 percent of the muscular labor formerly required to do a given amount of work”.<sup id="cite_ref-Garraty_478_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Garraty_478-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because of these improvements to agriculture, packaged cereals and canned foods became popular.<sup id="cite_ref-Garraty_478_15-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Garraty_478-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Synthetic medicines (made in labs instead of natural medicines) and chemicals that altered the growing and processing of food began to appear.<sup id="cite_ref-Young_17_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Young_17-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Processed_food">Processed food</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Early_history_of_food_regulation_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Processed food"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Processed food was more easily transported, thanks to improvements in transportation.<sup id="cite_ref-Young_18_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Young_18-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Food_additive" title="Food additive">Chemical additives</a> were used to "heighten color, modify flavor, soften texture, deter spoilage, and even transform ... apple scraps, <a href="/wiki/Glucose" title="Glucose">glucose</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aniline" title="Aniline">coal-tar dye</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Timothy_seed" class="mw-redirect" title="Timothy seed">timothy seed</a>" into a "strawberry jam".<sup id="cite_ref-Young_18_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Young_18-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, for these new products, there was no regulation and manufacturers were able to put whatever ingredients they wanted in products like “tonics” without having to list them.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Products were often labeled and packaged to appear larger than they were, or packaged to appear to have a higher concentration of food.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This began to worry high-quality producers who worried that their products might be undermined by deceitful goods.<sup id="cite_ref-Swann_10_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Swann_10-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Farmers felt threatened by unfair competition as shady producers adulterated "<a href="/wiki/Fertilizer" title="Fertilizer">fertilizers</a>, deodorized rotten eggs, revived rancid butter, and substituted glucose for <a href="/wiki/Honey" title="Honey">honey</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-Young_18_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Young_18-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Real strawberry jam producers felt threatened by the bad strawberry “spread” substitutes, since consumers could not tell the difference while buying.<sup id="cite_ref-Young_18_16-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Young_18-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Court_response">Court response</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Early_history_of_food_regulation_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Court response"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first court case involving "adulterated" products was in 1886, in which farmers pitted quote “the reigning champion, <a href="/wiki/Butter" title="Butter">butter</a>, against a challenger, <a href="/wiki/Margarine" title="Margarine">oleomargarine</a>. Butter won and oleomargarine was taxed".<sup id="cite_ref-Young_17_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Young_17-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Adulterated" products often used chemicals or additives to mask poor quality wheat, <a href="/wiki/Sour_milk" class="mw-redirect" title="Sour milk">sour milk</a>, or meat gone bad.<sup id="cite_ref-Swann_10_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Swann_10-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In response, these "unethical" companies asserted that it was a consumer’s duty to protect themselves from shoddy products.<sup id="cite_ref-Swann_10_9-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Swann_10-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration" title="Food and Drug Administration">Division of Chemistry</a> started looking into the adulteration of agricultural commodities around 1867, and in 1883 <a href="/wiki/Harvey_Washington_Wiley" title="Harvey Washington Wiley">Harvey Washington Wiley</a> was appointed chief chemist. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Provisions_of_the_act">Provisions of the act</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Early_history_of_food_regulation_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Provisions of the act"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The law "forbade interstate and foreign commerce in adulterated and misbranded food and drugs".<sup id="cite_ref-Young_21_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Young_21-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If a product was found to be in violation, it could be seized and condemned; if a seller was found violating they could be fined and jailed. The law did not define food standards by chemists, but it did prohibit the "adulteration of food by the removal of valuable constituents, the substitution of ingredients so as to reduce quality, the addition of deleterious ingredients and the use of spoiled animal and vegetable products".<sup id="cite_ref-Young_21_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Young_21-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Misleading or <a href="/wiki/False_advertising" title="False advertising">false labeling</a> was now considered misbranding and thus illegal. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Effects_of_the_act">Effects of the act</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Early_history_of_food_regulation_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Effects of the act"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The 1906 US Pure Food and Drug Act “defined food adulterations as a danger to health and as consumer fraud”.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The “<a href="/wiki/Meat_Inspection_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Meat Inspection Act">Meat Inspection Act</a>,” which accompanied the law, made tax payers pay for the new regulation.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Department of Chemistry was transformed into a regulatory body charged with regulating packaging, labeling and protecting the consumer. The jam industry was one of the first to be subject to regulation. If a jam did not fit a certain standard of fruit-to-sugar-to-pectin ratio, it bore a “Compound Jam” label. After World War One, these companies, like BRED-SPRED, started aggressive marketing campaigns and attractive packaging to promote themselves. Branded with ‘distinctive names’ like “Peanut Spread” and “Salad Bouquet,” they sold a weak product (like a low ratio of peanuts, or weak vinegar) as high-quality substitutes. Similar deceptive labeling in canned foods prompted the <a href="/w/index.php?title=McNary-Mapes_Amendment&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="McNary-Mapes Amendment (page does not exist)">McNary-Mapes Amendment</a> in 1930 which “authorized standards of quality, condition, and/or fill-of-containers.” If a product was sub-standard, it had to display a ‘crepe label’ which read ‘below US standard, low quality, but not illegal’.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_American_Chamber_of_Horrors">The American Chamber of Horrors</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Early_history_of_food_regulation_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: The American Chamber of Horrors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Aided by <a href="/wiki/Eleanor_Roosevelt" title="Eleanor Roosevelt">Eleanor Roosevelt</a>, the "American Chamber of Horrors" helped illuminate the deficiencies in the old 1906 Act. Launched in 1933 with the book <i><a href="/wiki/100,000,000_Guinea_Pigs" title="100,000,000 Guinea Pigs">100,000,000 Guinea Pigs</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Kallet" title="Arthur Kallet">Arthur Kallet</a> and <a href="/wiki/Frederick_J._Schlink" title="Frederick J. Schlink">Frederick J. Schlink</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Food and Drug Administration (United States)">U.S. Food and Drug Administration</a> (FDA) put on an exhibit to illustrate the need for a new law. Eleanor Roosevelt toured it to help elevate its status as a public relations tool. It showed jars with deceptive labeling and packaging which, in the case of jarred chicken, hid dark meat and was jarred in deceptive containers which seemed larger than they were. </p><p>Included were examples of harmful drugs, including Banbar, a “cure” for <a href="/wiki/Diabetes" title="Diabetes">diabetes</a>, protected under the 1906 law, and Lash Lure, an <a href="/wiki/Mascara" title="Mascara">eyelash dye</a> that caused many of its women users to go blind.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also legal under the old law was <a href="/wiki/Radithor" title="Radithor">Radithor</a>, a “<a href="/wiki/Radium" title="Radium">radium</a>-containing tonic that sentenced users to a slow and painful death.” This, along with the above court cases, caused the FDA to focus on replacing the now outdated “Wiley Act” of 1906. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_Federal_Food,_Drug_and_Cosmetic_Act_of_1938"><span id="The_Federal_Food.2C_Drug_and_Cosmetic_Act_of_1938"></span>The Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act of 1938</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Early_history_of_food_regulation_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: The Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act of 1938"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Federal <a href="/wiki/Food,_Drug_and_Cosmetic_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act">Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act</a> was signed by President <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> on June 25, 1938.<sup id="cite_ref-Janssen_28_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Janssen_28-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first attempt at reform, The “Tugwell Bill” was a “legislative disaster”.<sup id="cite_ref-Janssen_28_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Janssen_28-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Spurred by public outcry from the <a href="/wiki/Elixir_Sulfanilamide" class="mw-redirect" title="Elixir Sulfanilamide">Elixir Sulfanilamide</a> disaster (in which 100 people were killed because under the 1906 law, “premarketing toxicity testing was not required”), congress rushed to enact a new bill.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even with the Elixar disaster, the bill itself was not subject to much public awareness.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Provisions_of_the_act_2">Provisions of the act</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Early_history_of_food_regulation_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Provisions of the act"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This resulted in the 1938 <a href="/wiki/Food,_Drug_and_Cosmetic_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act">Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act</a> which “pioneered policies designed to protect the pocketbooks of consumers and food standards were enacted to ensure the ‘value expected’ of consumers”.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> “It changed the drug focus of the Food and Drug Administration from that of a policing agency primarily concerned with the confiscation of adulterated drugs to a <a href="/wiki/Regulatory_agency" title="Regulatory agency">regulatory agency</a> increasingly involved with overseeing the evaluation of new drugs”.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Changes_from_the_1906_Pure_Food_and_Drug_Act">Changes from the 1906 Pure Food and Drug Act</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Early_history_of_food_regulation_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Changes from the 1906 Pure Food and Drug Act"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The following is a list of substantial changes from the previous 1906 law<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Drug manufacturers were required to provide scientific proof that new products could be safely used before putting them on the market.</li> <li>Cosmetics and therapeutic devices were regulated, for the first time.</li> <li>Proof of fraud was no longer required to stop false claims for drugs.</li> <li>Addition of poisonous substances to foods was prohibited except where unavoidable or required in production. Safe tolerances were authorized for residues of such substances, for example <a href="/wiki/Pesticide" title="Pesticide">pesticides</a>.</li> <li>Specific authority was provided for factory inspections.</li> <li>Food standards were required to be set up when needed “to promote honesty and fair dealing in the interest of consumers.”</li> <li>Federal court injunctions against violations were added to the previous legal remedies of product seizures and criminal prosecutions.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Early_history_of_food_regulation_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Janssen_24-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Janssen_24_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Janssen_24_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Janssen_24_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Janssen 24</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Young_19-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Young_19_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Young_19_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Young_19_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Young 19</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Goodwin_17-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Goodwin_17_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Goodwin_17_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Goodwin 17</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Goodwin_18-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Goodwin_18_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Goodwin_18_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Goodwin 18</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Goodwin 19</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Goodwin 22</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Goodwin 30</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Goodwin_35-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Goodwin_35_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Goodwin_35_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Goodwin 35</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Swann_10-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Swann_10_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Swann_10_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Swann_10_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Swann_10_9-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Swann_10_9-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Swann 10</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Goodwin_250-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Goodwin_250_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Goodwin_250_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Goodwin 250</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Garraty 591</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Goodwin_251-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Goodwin_251_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Goodwin_251_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Goodwin 251</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Young_17-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Young_17_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Young_17_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Young_17_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Young 17</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Young_21-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Young_21_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Young_21_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Young_21_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Young 21</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Garraty_478-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Garraty_478_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Garraty_478_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Garraty_478_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Garraty_478_15-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Garraty 478</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Young_18-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Young_18_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Young_18_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Young_18_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Young_18_16-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Young 18</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Garraty 590</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Junod 176</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Junod 167</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Schesinger 205</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Schesinger 172</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Swann 12</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Janssen_28-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Janssen_28_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Janssen_28_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Janssen 28</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wax 1, Janssen 28</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cavers 2</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Junod 180</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wax 1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Janssen 29</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Early_history_of_food_regulation_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Cavers, David F. "The Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act of 1938: Its Legislative History and Its Substantive Provisions." Law and Contemporary Problems 6 (1939): 2-42. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1189727">10.2307/1189727</a></li> <li>Garraty, John A., and Mark C. Carnes. American Nation. 12th ed. Vol. 1. New York: Pearson Longman, 2005.</li> <li>Goodwin, Lorine S. The Pure Food and Drink Crusaders. Jefferson: McFarland &Co, 1999.</li> <li>Janssen, Wallace F. "The Story of the Laws Behind the Labels." The Food and Drug Administration. Hauppauge: Nova Science, 2003. 23-35.</li> <li>Junod, Suzane W. "Food Standards in the United States: the case of the peanut butter and jelly sandwich." Food, Science, Policy and Regulation in the Twentieth Century. New York: Routledge, 2000. 167-89.</li> <li>Schlosser, Eric. Fast Food Nation. New York: Houghton Mifflin, 2001.</li> <li>Swann, John P. "History of the FDA." The Food and Drug Administration. Hauppauge: Nova Science, 2003. 9-16.</li> <li>Wax, Paul M. "Elixirs, Diluents, and the Passage of the 1938 Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act." History of Medicine 122 (1995): 456-61.</li> <li>Young, James H. "The Long Struggle for 1906 Law." The Food and Drug Administration. Hauppauge: Nova Science, 2003. 17-22.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Consumer_food_safety" title="Template:Consumer food safety"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Consumer_food_safety" title="Template talk:Consumer food safety"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Consumer_food_safety" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Consumer food safety"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Consumer_food_safety1282" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Food_safety" title="Food safety">Consumer food safety</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Adulterant" title="Adulterant">Adulterants</a>, <a href="/wiki/Food_contaminant" title="Food contaminant">food contaminants</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/3-MCPD" title="3-MCPD">3-MCPD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aldicarb" title="Aldicarb">Aldicarb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antibiotic_use_in_livestock" title="Antibiotic use in livestock">Antibiotic use in livestock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyanide" title="Cyanide">Cyanide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formaldehyde" title="Formaldehyde">Formaldehyde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HGH_controversies" title="HGH controversies">HGH controversies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lead_poisoning" title="Lead poisoning">Lead poisoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melamine" title="Melamine">Melamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercury_in_fish" title="Mercury in fish">Mercury in fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudan_I" title="Sudan I">Sudan I</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Food_additive" title="Food additive">Food additives</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flavoring" title="Flavoring">Flavorings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monosodium_glutamate" title="Monosodium glutamate">Monosodium glutamate (MSG)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_chloride" title="Sodium chloride">Salt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar" title="Sugar">Sugar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/High-fructose_corn_syrup" title="High-fructose corn syrup">High-fructose corn syrup</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetable_oil" title="Vegetable oil">Vegetable oil</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seed_oil_misinformation" title="Seed oil misinformation">controversy</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Intestinal_parasite_infection" title="Intestinal parasite infection">Intestinal parasites</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parasitic_disease" title="Parasitic disease">parasitic disease</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amoebiasis" title="Amoebiasis">Amoebiasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anisakiasis" class="mw-redirect" title="Anisakiasis">Anisakiasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cryptosporidiosis" title="Cryptosporidiosis">Cryptosporidiosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclosporiasis" title="Cyclosporiasis">Cyclosporiasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diphyllobothriasis" title="Diphyllobothriasis">Diphyllobothriasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinworm_infection" title="Pinworm infection">Enterobiasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fasciolopsiasis" title="Fasciolopsiasis">Fasciolopsiasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fasciolosis" title="Fasciolosis">Fasciolosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giardiasis" title="Giardiasis">Giardiasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnathostomiasis" title="Gnathostomiasis">Gnathostomiasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paragonimiasis" title="Paragonimiasis">Paragonimiasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toxocariasis" title="Toxocariasis">Toxocariasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toxoplasmosis" title="Toxoplasmosis">Toxoplasmosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trichinosis" title="Trichinosis">Trichinosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trichuriasis" title="Trichuriasis">Trichuriasis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Microorganism" title="Microorganism">Microorganisms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Botulism" title="Botulism">Botulism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Campylobacter_jejuni" title="Campylobacter jejuni">Campylobacter jejuni</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Clostridium_perfringens" title="Clostridium perfringens">Clostridium perfringens</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cronobacter" title="Cronobacter">Cronobacter</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Enterovirus" title="Enterovirus">Enterovirus</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Escherichia_coli_O104:H4" title="Escherichia coli O104:H4"><i>Escherichia coli</i> O104:H4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Escherichia_coli_O157:H7" title="Escherichia coli O157:H7"><i>Escherichia coli</i> O157:H7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hepatitis_A" title="Hepatitis A">Hepatitis A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hepatitis_E" title="Hepatitis E">Hepatitis E</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Listeria" title="Listeria">Listeria</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norovirus" title="Norovirus">Norovirus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotavirus" title="Rotavirus">Rotavirus</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Salmonella" title="Salmonella">Salmonella</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shigatoxigenic_and_verotoxigenic_Escherichia_coli" title="Shigatoxigenic and verotoxigenic Escherichia coli">Shigatoxigenic and verotoxigenic <i>E. coli</i></a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vibrio_cholerae" title="Vibrio cholerae">Vibrio cholerae</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pesticide" title="Pesticide">Pesticides</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chlorpyrifos" title="Chlorpyrifos">Chlorpyrifos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DDT" title="DDT">DDT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lindane" title="Lindane">Lindane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malathion" title="Malathion">Malathion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methamidophos" title="Methamidophos">Methamidophos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Preservative" title="Preservative">Preservatives</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benzoic_acid" title="Benzoic acid">Benzoic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethylenediaminetetraacetic_acid" title="Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid">Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_benzoate" title="Sodium benzoate">Sodium benzoate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sugar_substitute" title="Sugar substitute">Sugar substitutes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acesulfame_potassium" title="Acesulfame potassium">Acesulfame potassium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aspartame" title="Aspartame">Aspartame</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aspartame_controversy" title="Aspartame controversy">controversy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saccharin" title="Saccharin">Saccharin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_cyclamate" class="mw-redirect" title="Sodium cyclamate">Sodium cyclamate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorbitol" title="Sorbitol">Sorbitol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sucralose" title="Sucralose">Sucralose</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Toxin" title="Toxin">Toxins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poison" title="Poison">poisons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pollution" title="Pollution">environment pollution</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aflatoxin" title="Aflatoxin">Aflatoxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arsenic_contamination_of_groundwater" title="Arsenic contamination of groundwater">Arsenic contamination of groundwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benzene_in_soft_drinks" title="Benzene in soft drinks">Benzene in soft drinks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bisphenol_A" title="Bisphenol A">Bisphenol A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dieldrin" title="Dieldrin">Dieldrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diethylstilbestrol" title="Diethylstilbestrol">Diethylstilbestrol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dioxin" title="Dioxin">Dioxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycotoxin" title="Mycotoxin">Mycotoxins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonylphenol" title="Nonylphenol">Nonylphenol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shellfish_poisoning" title="Shellfish poisoning">Shellfish poisoning</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Food_fraud" class="mw-redirect" title="Food fraud">Food fraud</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bread_fraud" class="mw-redirect" title="Bread fraud">Bread</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breast_milk_fraud" class="mw-redirect" title="Breast milk fraud">Breast milk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egg_fraud" class="mw-redirect" title="Egg fraud">Egg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olive_oil_fraud" class="mw-redirect" title="Olive oil fraud">Olive oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prawn_fraud" class="mw-redirect" title="Prawn fraud">Prawn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seafood_fraud" class="mw-redirect" title="Seafood fraud">Seafood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrimp_fraud" class="mw-redirect" title="Shrimp fraud">Shrimp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_fraud" class="mw-redirect" title="Tea fraud">Tea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_fraud" title="Wine fraud">Wine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Food_processing" title="Food processing">Food processing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/4-Hydroxynonenal" title="4-Hydroxynonenal">4-Hydroxynonenal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acid-hydrolyzed_vegetable_protein" class="mw-redirect" title="Acid-hydrolyzed vegetable protein">Acid-hydrolyzed vegetable protein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acrylamide" title="Acrylamide">Acrylamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_food_additives" title="List of food additives">Food additives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_irradiation" title="Food irradiation">Food irradiation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heterocyclic_amine" title="Heterocyclic amine">Heterocyclic amines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modified_starch" title="Modified starch">Modified starch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrosamine" title="Nitrosamine">Nitrosamines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polycyclic_aromatic_hydrocarbon" title="Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon">Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shortening" title="Shortening">Shortening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans_fat" title="Trans fat">Trans fat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variant_Creutzfeldt%E2%80%93Jakob_disease" title="Variant Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease">Variant Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_fluoridation_controversy" class="mw-redirect" title="Water fluoridation controversy">Water fluoridation controversy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_food_contamination_incidents" title="List of food contamination incidents">Food contamination incidents</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Devon_colic" title="Devon colic">Devon colic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swill_milk_scandal" title="Swill milk scandal">Swill milk scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esing_Bakery_incident" title="Esing Bakery incident">Esing Bakery incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1858_Bradford_sweets_poisoning" title="1858 Bradford sweets poisoning">1858 Bradford sweets poisoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1900_English_beer_poisoning" title="1900 English beer poisoning">1900 English beer poisoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morinaga_Milk_arsenic_poisoning_incident" title="Morinaga Milk arsenic poisoning incident">Morinaga Milk arsenic poisoning incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minamata_disease" title="Minamata disease">Minamata disease</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1959_Moroccan_oil_poisoning_disaster&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1959 Moroccan oil poisoning disaster (page does not exist)">1959 Moroccan oil poisoning disaster</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AB%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B2%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%85%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A9_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A8_1959" class="extiw" title="ar:كارثة الزيوت المسمومة في المغرب 1959">ar</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1971_Iraq_poison_grain_disaster" title="1971 Iraq poison grain disaster">1971 Iraq poison grain disaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toxic_oil_syndrome" title="Toxic oil syndrome">Toxic oil syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1985_Austrian_diethylene_glycol_wine_scandal" title="1985 Austrian diethylene glycol wine scandal">1985 Austrian diethylene glycol wine scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_BSE_outbreak" title="United Kingdom BSE outbreak">United Kingdom BSE outbreak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_meat_substitution_scandal" title="Australian meat substitution scandal">Australian meat substitution scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1993_Jack_in_the_Box_E._coli_outbreak" class="mw-redirect" title="1993 Jack in the Box E. coli outbreak">Jack in the Box <i>E. coli</i> outbreak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_Odwalla_E._coli_outbreak" title="1996 Odwalla E. coli outbreak">1996 Odwalla <i>E. coli</i> outbreak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_North_American_E._coli_O157:H7_outbreaks" title="2006 North American E. coli O157:H7 outbreaks">2006 North American <i>E. coli</i> outbreaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ICA_meat_repackaging_controversy" title="ICA meat repackaging controversy">ICA meat repackaging controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Canada_listeriosis_outbreak" title="2008 Canada listeriosis outbreak">2008 Canada listeriosis outbreak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Chinese_milk_scandal" title="2008 Chinese milk scandal">2008 Chinese milk scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Irish_pork_crisis" title="2008 Irish pork crisis">2008 Irish pork crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_United_States_salmonellosis_outbreak" title="2008 United States salmonellosis outbreak">2008 United States salmonellosis outbreak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Germany_E._coli_O104:H4_outbreak" title="2011 Germany E. coli O104:H4 outbreak">2011 Germany <i>E. coli</i> outbreak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_United_States_listeriosis_outbreak" title="2011 United States listeriosis outbreak">2011 United States listeriosis outbreak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bihar_school_meal_poisoning_incident" title="Bihar school meal poisoning incident">Bihar school meal poisoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_horse_meat_scandal" title="2013 horse meat scandal">2013 horse meat scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambique_funeral_beer_poisoning" title="Mozambique funeral beer poisoning">2015 Mozambique funeral beer poisoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Weak_Meat" title="Operation Weak Meat">2017 Brazil Operation Weak Meat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017%E2%80%932018_South_African_listeriosis_outbreak" title="2017–2018 South African listeriosis outbreak">2017–2018 South African listeriosis outbreak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Australian_strawberry_contamination" title="2018 Australian strawberry contamination">2018 Australian strawberry contamination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_United_Kingdom_Shigatoxigenic_E._coli_outbreak" title="2024 United Kingdom Shigatoxigenic E. coli outbreak">2024 United Kingdom Shigatoxigenic E. coli outbreak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kobayashi_red_yeast_rice_scandal" title="Kobayashi red yeast rice scandal">Kobayashi red yeast rice scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_safety_incidents_in_China" title="Food safety incidents in China">Food safety incidents in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_safety_incidents_in_Taiwan" title="Food safety incidents in Taiwan">Food safety incidents in Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foodborne_illness" title="Foodborne illness">Foodborne illness</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_foodborne_illness_outbreaks" title="List of foodborne illness outbreaks">outbreaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_foodborne_illness_outbreaks_by_death_toll" title="List of foodborne illness outbreaks by death toll">death toll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_foodborne_illness_outbreaks_in_the_United_States" title="List of foodborne illness outbreaks in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Regulation" title="Regulation">Regulation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Standards_organization" title="Standards organization">standards</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_food_safety_organisations" title="List of food safety organisations">watchdogs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acceptable_daily_intake" title="Acceptable daily intake">Acceptable daily intake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E_number" title="E number">E number</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_food_labeling_regulations" title="List of food labeling regulations">Food labeling regulations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_libel_laws" title="Food libel laws">Food libel laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_safety_in_Australia" title="Food safety in Australia">Food safety in Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Food_Safety_Network" title="International Food Safety Network">International Food Safety Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_22000" title="ISO 22000">ISO 22000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nutrition_facts_label" title="Nutrition facts label">Nutrition facts label</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organic_certification" title="Organic certification">Organic certification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quality_Assurance_International" title="Quality Assurance International">Quality Assurance International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_food_information_regulations" title="United Kingdom food information regulations">United Kingdom food information regulations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_food_safety_organisations" title="List of food safety organisations">Institutions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Centre_for_Food_Safety" title="Centre for Food Safety">Centre for Food Safety</a> (Hong Kong)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Food_Safety_Authority" title="European Food Safety Authority">European Food Safety Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration" title="Food and Drug Administration">Food and Drug Administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_Information_and_Control_Agency" title="Food Information and Control Agency">Food Information and Control Agency</a> (Spain)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_Standards_Agency" title="Food Standards Agency">Food Standards Agency</a> (United Kingdom)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Food_Safety_and_Health" title="Institute for Food Safety and Health">Institute for Food Safety and Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Food_Safety_Network" title="International Food Safety Network">International Food Safety Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Food_and_Drug_Safety" title="Ministry of Food and Drug Safety">Ministry of Food and Drug Safety</a> (South Korea)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Agency_for_Food_Safety_and_Nutrition" title="Spanish Agency for Food Safety and Nutrition">Spanish Agency for Food Safety and Nutrition</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Curing_(food_preservation)" title="Curing (food preservation)">Curing (food preservation)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_and_drink_prohibitions" title="Food and drink prohibitions">Food and drink prohibitions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_marketing" title="Food marketing">Food marketing</a></li> 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