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><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">个人工具</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="用户菜单" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=spontaneous&uselang=zh-hans"><span>资助维基百科</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E5%88%9B%E5%BB%BA%E8%B4%A6%E6%88%B7&returnto=%E9%9C%B9%E9%9D%82" title="我们推荐您创建账号并登录，但这不是强制性的"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>创建账号</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E7%94%A8%E6%88%B7%E7%99%BB%E5%BD%95&returnto=%E9%9C%B9%E9%9D%82" title="建议你登录，尽管并非必须。[o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>登录</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 未登录编辑者的页面 <a href="/wiki/Help:%E6%96%B0%E6%89%8B%E5%85%A5%E9%97%A8" aria-label="了解有关编辑的更多信息"><span>了解详情</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%B4%A1%E7%8C%AE" title="来自此IP地址的编辑列表[y]" accesskey="y"><span>贡献</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%AE%A8%E8%AE%BA%E9%A1%B5" title="对于来自此IP地址编辑的讨论[n]" accesskey="n"><span>讨论</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="站点"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="目录" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">目录</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">序言</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-历史" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#历史"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>历史</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-历史-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关历史子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-历史-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-亚齐控制时期" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#亚齐控制时期"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>亚齐控制时期</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-亚齐控制时期-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-荷兰殖民时期" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#荷兰殖民时期"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>荷兰殖民时期</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-荷兰殖民时期-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-英国殖民时期" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#英国殖民时期"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>英国殖民时期</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-英国殖民时期-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-马来西亚独立至今" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#马来西亚独立至今"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>马来西亚独立至今</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-马来西亚独立至今-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-行政机关" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#行政机关"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>行政机关</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-行政机关-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关行政机关子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-行政机关-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-2008年霹雳变天事件" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2008年霹雳变天事件"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>2008年霹雳变天事件</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2008年霹雳变天事件-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2009年霹雳变天事件" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2009年霹雳变天事件"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>2009年霹雳变天事件</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2009年霹雳变天事件-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2018年霹雳变天事件" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2018年霹雳变天事件"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>2018年霹雳变天事件</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2018年霹雳变天事件-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2020年霹雳变天事件" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2020年霹雳变天事件"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>2020年霹雳变天事件</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2020年霹雳变天事件-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-州歌" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#州歌"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>州歌</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-州歌-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-行政区划" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#行政区划"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>行政区划</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-行政区划-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-人口统计" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#人口统计"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>人口统计</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-人口统计-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-地理" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#地理"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>地理</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-地理-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-经济" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#经济"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>经济</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-经济-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-交通" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#交通"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>交通</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-交通-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关交通子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-交通-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-公路" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#公路"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>公路</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-公路-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-铁路" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#铁路"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>铁路</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-铁路-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-航空" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#航空"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>航空</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-航空-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-旅游业" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#旅游业"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>旅游业</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-旅游业-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-食物" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#食物"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>食物</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-食物-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-高等教育" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#高等教育"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>高等教育</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-高等教育-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-注釋" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#注釋"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>注釋</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-注釋-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-参考资料" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#参考资料"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>参考资料</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-参考资料-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-外部链接" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#外部链接"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>外部链接</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-外部链接-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="目录" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="开关目录" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">开关目录</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">霹靂</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="前往另一种语言写成的文章。63种语言可用" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-63" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">63种语言</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pirak" title="Pirak – 亚齐语" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Pirak" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="亚齐语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Acèh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%82" title="فيرق – 阿拉伯语" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فيرق" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="阿拉伯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perak" title="Perak – 阿斯图里亚斯语" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Perak" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="阿斯图里亚斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perak" title="Perak – 阿塞拜疆语" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Perak" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="阿塞拜疆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Перак – 保加利亚语" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Перак" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="保加利亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pirak,_Malaysia" title="Pirak, Malaysia – 班亞爾文" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Pirak, Malaysia" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="班亞爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95" title="পেরাক – 孟加拉语" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="পেরাক" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="孟加拉语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perak" title="Perak – 加泰罗尼亚语" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Perak" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="加泰罗尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perak" title="Perak – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Perak" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perak_(estado_sa_Malaysiya)" title="Perak (estado sa Malaysiya) – 宿务语" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Perak (estado sa Malaysiya)" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="宿务语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perak" title="Perak – 捷克语" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Perak" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="捷克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perak" title="Perak – 丹麦语" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Perak" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="丹麦语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perak" title="Perak – 德语" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Perak" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perak" title="Perak – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Perak" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perak" title="Perak – 英语" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Perak" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perako" title="Perako – 世界语" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Perako" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="世界语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perak" title="Perak – 西班牙语" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Perak" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="西班牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peraki_osariik" title="Peraki osariik – 爱沙尼亚语" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Peraki osariik" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="爱沙尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perak" title="Perak – 巴斯克语" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Perak" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="巴斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%A7%DA%A9" title="پراک – 波斯语" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پراک" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="波斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perak" title="Perak – 芬兰语" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Perak" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="芬兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perak" title="Perak – 法语" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Perak" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="法语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perak_(Bundesstoot)" title="Perak (Bundesstoot) – 北弗里西亚语" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Perak (Bundesstoot)" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="北弗里西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perak" title="Perak – 加利西亚语" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Perak" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="加利西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perak" title="Perak – 客家语" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Perak" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="客家语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%A7_(%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%96%D7%99%D7%94)" title="פרק (מלזיה) – 希伯来语" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פרק (מלזיה)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="希伯来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95" title="पेराक – 印地语" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="पेराक" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="印地语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perak" title="Perak – 匈牙利语" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Perak" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="匈牙利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perak" title="Perak – 伊班语" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Perak" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="伊班语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jaku Iban</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perak_(negara_bagian)" title="Perak (negara bagian) – 印度尼西亚语" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Perak (negara bagian)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="印度尼西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ik mw-list-item"><a href="https://ik.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perak" title="Perak – 伊努皮克语" lang="ik" hreflang="ik" data-title="Perak" data-language-autonym="Iñupiatun" data-language-local-name="伊努皮克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Iñupiatun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perak" title="Perak – 意大利语" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Perak" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="意大利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9A%E3%83%A9%E5%B7%9E" title="ペラ州 – 日语" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ペラ州" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="日语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%99%E1%83%98" title="პერაკი – 格鲁吉亚语" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="პერაკი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="格鲁吉亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perak,_Malaysia" title="Perak, Malaysia – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Perak, Malaysia" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kumoring</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8E%98%EB%9D%BD%EC%A3%BC" title="페락주 – 韩语" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="페락주" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="韩语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perakas" title="Perakas – 立陶宛语" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Perakas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="立陶宛语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perak,_Malaysia" title="Perak, Malaysia – 米南佳保语" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Perak, Malaysia" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="米南佳保语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Перак – 马其顿语" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Перак" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="马其顿语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95" title="पराक – 马拉地语" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="पराक" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="马拉地语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perak" title="Perak – 马来语" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Perak" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="马来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B1%DA%A9" title="پرک – 马赞德兰语" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="پرک" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="马赞德兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perak" title="Perak – 荷兰语" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Perak" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perak" title="Perak – 书面挪威语" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Perak" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="书面挪威语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perak" title="Perak – 波兰语" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Perak" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="波兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perak" title="Perak – 皮埃蒙特文" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Perak" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="皮埃蒙特文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peraque" title="Peraque – 葡萄牙语" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Peraque" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="葡萄牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perak_suyu" title="Perak suyu – 克丘亚语" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Perak suyu" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="克丘亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Перак – 俄语" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Перак" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="俄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perak" title="Perak – 苏格兰语" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Perak" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="苏格兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perak" title="Perak – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Perak" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perak" title="Perak – 瑞典语" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Perak" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="瑞典语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D" title="பேராக் – 泰米尔语" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பேராக்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="泰米尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%90%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0" title="รัฐเประ – 泰语" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="รัฐเประ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="泰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perak" title="Perak – 他加禄语" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Perak" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="他加禄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perak" title="Perak – 土耳其语" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Perak" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="土耳其语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA_(%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82)" title="Перак (штат) – 乌克兰语" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Перак (штат)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="乌克兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%DA%A9" title="پیراک – 乌尔都语" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="پیراک" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="乌尔都语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perak" title="Perak – 越南语" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Perak" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="越南语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perak" title="Perak – 瓦瑞语" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Perak" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="瓦瑞语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9C%B9%E9%9B%B3%E5%B7%9E" title="霹雳州 – 吴语" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="霹雳州" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="吴语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perak" title="Perak – 闽南语" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Perak" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="闽南语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9C%B9%E9%9D%82%E5%B7%9E" title="霹靂州 – 粤语" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="霹靂州" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="粤语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q188953#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="编辑跨语言链接" class="wbc-editpage">编辑链接</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="命名空间"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E9%9C%B9%E9%9D%82" title="浏览条目正文[c]" accesskey="c"><span>条目</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:%E9%9C%B9%E9%9D%82" rel="discussion" title="关于此页面的讨论[t]" accesskey="t"><span>讨论</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="更改语言变体" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">不转换</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-varlang-0" class="selected ca-variants-zh mw-list-item"><a href="/zh/%E9%9C%B9%E9%9D%82" lang="zh" hreflang="zh"><span>不转换</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-1" class="ca-variants-zh-Hans mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-hans/%E9%9C%B9%E9%9D%82" lang="zh-Hans" hreflang="zh-Hans"><span>简体</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-2" class="ca-variants-zh-Hant mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-hant/%E9%9C%B9%E9%9D%82" lang="zh-Hant" hreflang="zh-Hant"><span>繁體</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-3" class="ca-variants-zh-Hans-CN mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-cn/%E9%9C%B9%E9%9D%82" lang="zh-Hans-CN" hreflang="zh-Hans-CN"><span>大陆简体</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-4" class="ca-variants-zh-Hant-HK mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-hk/%E9%9C%B9%E9%9D%82" lang="zh-Hant-HK" hreflang="zh-Hant-HK"><span>香港繁體</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-5" class="ca-variants-zh-Hant-MO mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-mo/%E9%9C%B9%E9%9D%82" lang="zh-Hant-MO" hreflang="zh-Hant-MO"><span>澳門繁體</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-6" class="ca-variants-zh-Hans-MY mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-my/%E9%9C%B9%E9%9D%82" lang="zh-Hans-MY" hreflang="zh-Hans-MY"><span>大马简体</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-7" class="ca-variants-zh-Hans-SG mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-sg/%E9%9C%B9%E9%9D%82" lang="zh-Hans-SG" hreflang="zh-Hans-SG"><span>新加坡简体</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-8" class="ca-variants-zh-Hant-TW mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-tw/%E9%9C%B9%E9%9D%82" lang="zh-Hant-TW" hreflang="zh-Hant-TW"><span>臺灣正體</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="查看"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E9%9C%B9%E9%9D%82"><span>阅读</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9C%B9%E9%9D%82&action=edit" title="编辑该页面[e]" accesskey="e"><span>编辑</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9C%B9%E9%9D%82&action=history" title="本页面的早前版本。[h]" accesskey="h"><span>查看历史</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="页面工具"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="工具" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">工具</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">工具</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="更多选项" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 操作 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E9%9C%B9%E9%9D%82"><span>阅读</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9C%B9%E9%9D%82&action=edit" title="编辑该页面[e]" accesskey="e"><span>编辑</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9C%B9%E9%9D%82&action=history"><span>查看历史</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 常规 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E9%93%BE%E5%85%A5%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/%E9%9C%B9%E9%9D%82" title="列出所有与本页相链的页面[j]" accesskey="j"><span>链入页面</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E9%93%BE%E5%87%BA%E6%9B%B4%E6%94%B9/%E9%9C%B9%E9%9D%82" rel="nofollow" title="页面链出所有页面的更改[k]" accesskey="k"><span>相关更改</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Project:%E4%B8%8A%E4%BC%A0" title="上传图像或多媒体文件[u]" accesskey="u"><span>上传文件</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%89%B9%E6%AE%8A%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="全部特殊页面的列表[q]" accesskey="q"><span>特殊页面</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9C%B9%E9%9D%82&oldid=84258793" title="此页面该修订版本的固定链接"><span>固定链接</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9C%B9%E9%9D%82&action=info" title="关于此页面的更多信息"><span>页面信息</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E5%BC%95%E7%94%A8%E6%AD%A4%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2&page=%E9%9C%B9%E9%9D%82&id=84258793&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="有关如何引用此页面的信息"><span>引用此页</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:URL%E7%BC%A9%E7%9F%AD%E7%A8%8B%E5%BA%8F&url=https%3A%2F%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F%25E9%259C%25B9%25E9%259D%2582"><span>获取短链接</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F%25E9%259C%25B9%25E9%259D%2582"><span>下载二维码</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-electronpdfservice-sidebar-portlet-heading" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-electronpdfservice-sidebar-portlet-heading" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 打印/导出 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="electron-print_pdf" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=%E9%9C%B9%E9%9D%82&action=show-download-screen"><span>下载为PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="javascript:print();" rel="alternate" title="本页面的可打印版本[p]" accesskey="p"><span>打印页面</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 在其他项目中 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Perak" hreflang="en"><span>维基共享资源</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikivoyage mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikivoyage.org/wiki/%E9%9C%B9%E9%9D%82" hreflang="zh"><span>维基导游</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q188953" title="链接到连接的数据仓库项目[g]" accesskey="g"><span>维基数据项目</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="页面工具"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="外观"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">外观</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-coordinates" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span id="coordinates"><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%9D%90%E6%A0%87" class="mw-redirect" title="地理坐标">坐标</a>：<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r82757201">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?language=zh&pagename=%E9%9C%B9%E9%9D%82&params=4_45_N_101_0_E_type:city（2520000）_region:MY"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="此地的地图、航拍照片和其他数据"><span class="latitude">4°45′N</span> <span class="longitude">101°0′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="此地的地图、航拍照片和其他数据">4.750°N 101.000°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">4.750; 101.000</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">维基百科，自由的百科全书</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">（重定向自<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9C%B9%E9%9B%B3%E5%B7%9E&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="霹雳州">霹雳州</a>）</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="zh" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84833064">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-size:small}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:2em;margin-bottom:0.8em;margin-top:0.8em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img::after{content:"\202f \202f \202f \202f "}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img-small::after{content:"\202f \202f "}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img-small{display:none}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E6%B6%88%E6%AD%A7%E4%B9%89" title="Wikipedia:消歧义"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Disambig_gray.svg/25px-Disambig_gray.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Disambig_gray.svg/38px-Disambig_gray.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Disambig_gray.svg/50px-Disambig_gray.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="220" data-file-height="168" /></a></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r74069148">body:not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .ifmobile>.mobile{display:none}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .ifmobile>.nomobile{display:inherit;display:initial}</style><span class="ifmobile"><span class="nomobile">  </span><span class="mobile"></span></span>此条目页的主題是马来西亚的州。关于与「<b>霹靂</b>」標題相近或相同的条目页，請見「<b><a href="/wiki/%E9%9C%B9%E9%9D%82_(%E6%B6%88%E6%AD%A7%E7%BE%A9)" class="mw-disambig" title="霹靂 (消歧義)">霹靂 (消歧義)</a></b>」。</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r67735281">body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox table{display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox caption{display:table-caption}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r83732082">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-header,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-subheader,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-above,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-title,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-image,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-below{text-align:center}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox td div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:transparent!important;color:var(--color-base,#202122)}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox td div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:transparent!important;color:var(--color-base,#202122)}}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox td div.NavHead:not(.notheme)[style]{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox td div.NavHead:not(.notheme)[style]{background:transparent!important}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox geography vcard" style="width:23em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:1.25em; white-space:nowrap"><span class="fn org">霹雳</span><br /><span class="nickname">Perak</span></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="background-color:#cddeff; font-weight:bold;"><span class="category"><a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E6%9D%A5%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%9A%E5%B7%9E%E5%B1%9E%E5%92%8C%E8%81%94%E9%82%A6%E7%9B%B4%E8%BE%96%E5%8C%BA" title="马来西亚州属和联邦直辖区">州</a></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style=";font-weight:bold;">霹雳天恩之邦<br />Perak Darul Ridzuan<br /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r65188103">.mw-parser-output .script-arabic,.mw-parser-output .script-Arab{font-family:"Scheherazade New",Scheherazade,Lateef,LateefGR,Amiri,"Noto Naskh Arabic","Droid Arabic Naskh",Harmattan,"Arabic Typesetting","Traditional Arabic","Simplified Arabic","Arabic Transparent","Times New Roman",Arial,"Sakkal Majalla","Microsoft Uighur",Calibri,"Microsoft Sans Serif","Segoe UI",serif,sans-serif;font-weight:normal}</style><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ڤراق دار الرضوان</span>‎</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:left;">其他轉寫</th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""> • <a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E6%9D%A5%E8%AF%AD" title="马来语">马来语</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><span lang="ms">Perak</span><br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r65188103"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ڤراق</span>‎ <small>(<a href="/wiki/%E7%88%AA%E5%A4%B7%E6%96%87" title="爪夷文">爪夷文</a>)</small></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""> • <a href="/wiki/%E6%B7%A1%E7%B1%B3%E5%B0%94%E8%AF%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="淡米尔语">淡米尔语</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="">பேராக்</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data maptable" style=""><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84040992">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols{text-align:center;display:table;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-row{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cell{display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cellt{display:table-cell;vertical-align:top}</style> <div class="ib-settlement-cols"> <div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Perak.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="霹雳旗幟"><img alt="霹雳旗幟" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Flag_of_Perak.svg/100px-Flag_of_Perak.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Flag_of_Perak.svg/150px-Flag_of_Perak.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Flag_of_Perak.svg/200px-Flag_of_Perak.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span><br /><small>旗幟</small></div><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Perak.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="霹雳徽章"><img alt="霹雳徽章" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Coat_of_arms_of_Perak.svg/100px-Coat_of_arms_of_Perak.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Coat_of_arms_of_Perak.svg/150px-Coat_of_arms_of_Perak.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Coat_of_arms_of_Perak.svg/200px-Coat_of_arms_of_Perak.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="363" data-file-height="438" /></a></span><br /><small>徽章</small></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="">格言：<i>Perak Aman Jaya</i></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="">颂歌：<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Allah Lanjutkan Usia Sultan" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Allah Lanjutkan Usia Sultan"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allah_Lanjutkan_Usia_Sultan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Allah Lanjutkan Usia Sultan（页面不存在）">霹雳州歌</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allah_Lanjutkan_Usia_Sultan" class="extiw" title="en:Allah Lanjutkan Usia Sultan"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Allah Lanjutkan Usia Sultan</span></a></span>）</span></span><br /><i>"<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Allah Lanjutkan Usia Sultan" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Allah Lanjutkan Usia Sultan"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allah_Lanjutkan_Usia_Sultan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Allah Lanjutkan Usia Sultan（页面不存在）">Allah Lanjutkan Usia Sultan</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allah_Lanjutkan_Usia_Sultan" class="extiw" title="en:Allah Lanjutkan Usia Sultan"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Allah Lanjutkan Usia Sultan</span></a></span>）</span></span>"</i><br /><i>"God Lengthen the Sultan's Age"</i><small><br />(霹雳州歌）</small><br /><center><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="89" data-mwtitle="Lagu_Rasmi_Perak_-_Allah_Lanjutkan_Usia_Sultan.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4d/Lagu_Rasmi_Perak_-_Allah_Lanjutkan_Usia_Sultan.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/4d/Lagu_Rasmi_Perak_-_Allah_Lanjutkan_Usia_Sultan.ogg/Lagu_Rasmi_Perak_-_Allah_Lanjutkan_Usia_Sultan.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ALagu_Rasmi_Perak_-_Allah_Lanjutkan_Usia_Sultan.ogg&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English‪（en）‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ALagu_Rasmi_Perak_-_Allah_Lanjutkan_Usia_Sultan.ogg&lang=ms&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ms" label="Bahasa Melayu‪（ms）‬" data-dir="ltr" /></audio></span></span><center></center></center></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style=""><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Perak_in_Malaysia.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="   霹雳州    马来西亚"><img alt="   霹雳州    马来西亚" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Perak_in_Malaysia.svg/250px-Perak_in_Malaysia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Perak_in_Malaysia.svg/375px-Perak_in_Malaysia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Perak_in_Malaysia.svg/500px-Perak_in_Malaysia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="457" /></a></span><br /><small><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84565780">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid var(--border-color-notice,black);color:inherit}.mw-parser-output .legend-color-styled{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid var(--border-color-notice,black);color:inherit}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><span class="legend nowrap"><span class="legend-color" style="border: 1px solid silver;background-color:#C41E3A; color:white;"> </span> </span> <b>霹雳州</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84565780"><span class="legend nowrap"><span class="legend-color" style="border: 1px solid silver;background-color:#FDF9D2; color:black;"> </span> </span> <b><a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E6%9D%A5%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%9A" title="马来西亚">马来西亚</a></b></small></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="">坐标：<span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r82757201">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?language=zh&pagename=%E9%9C%B9%E9%9D%82&params=4_45_N_101_0_E_type:city（2520000）_region:MY"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="此地的地图、航拍照片和其他数据"><span class="latitude">4°45′N</span> <span class="longitude">101°0′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="此地的地图、航拍照片和其他数据">4.750°N 101.000°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">4.750; 101.000</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="">国家</th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/22px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/33px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/44px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E6%9D%A5%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%9A" title="马来西亚">马来西亚</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%84%E5%9B%BD%E9%A6%96%E9%83%BD%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="各国首都列表">首府</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Ipoh,_Perak.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Flag_of_Ipoh%2C_Perak.svg/24px-Flag_of_Ipoh%2C_Perak.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Flag_of_Ipoh%2C_Perak.svg/36px-Flag_of_Ipoh%2C_Perak.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Flag_of_Ipoh%2C_Perak.svg/48px-Flag_of_Ipoh%2C_Perak.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="853" data-file-height="427" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%80%A1%E4%BF%9D" title="怡保">怡保</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="">皇城</th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><b></b><a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%9F%E6%B2%99" title="江沙">江沙</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:left;">政府<span style="font-weight:normal"></span></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""> • <a href="/wiki/%E9%9C%B9%E9%9B%B3%E5%B7%9E%E8%8B%8F%E4%B8%B9" title="霹雳州苏丹">苏丹</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E8%98%87%E4%B8%B9%E7%B4%8D%E8%8C%B2%E6%9E%97%E6%B2%99" title="蘇丹納茲林沙">苏丹纳兹林沙</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""> • <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="List of Menteris Besar of Perak" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="List of Menteris Besar of Perak"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Menteris_Besar_of_Perak&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of Menteris Besar of Perak（页面不存在）">州务大臣</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Menteris_Besar_of_Perak" class="extiw" title="en:List of Menteris Besar of Perak"><span lang="en" dir="auto">List of Menteris Besar of Perak</span></a></span>）</span></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%99%E6%8B%89%E5%B0%BC" class="mw-redirect" title="沙拉尼">沙拉尼·莫哈末</a>（<span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/White_balanced_scales_icon_with_blue_background.svg/23px-White_balanced_scales_icon_with_blue_background.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/White_balanced_scales_icon_with_blue_background.svg/35px-White_balanced_scales_icon_with_blue_background.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/White_balanced_scales_icon_with_blue_background.svg/45px-White_balanced_scales_icon_with_blue_background.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="133" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E6%B0%91%E9%99%A3%E7%B7%9A" title="國民陣線">國陣</a><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:UMNO_logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/UMNO_logo.svg/20px-UMNO_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/UMNO_logo.svg/30px-UMNO_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/UMNO_logo.svg/40px-UMNO_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="690" data-file-height="720" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E4%BE%86%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F%E7%B5%B1%E4%B8%80%E6%A9%9F%E6%A7%8B" title="馬來民族統一機構">巫统</a>）</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:left;">面积<span style="font-weight:normal"><sup id="cite_ref-Laporan_Kiraan_Permulaan_2010_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Laporan_Kiraan_Permulaan_2010-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""> • <span class="nowrap">总计</span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="">21,035 平方公里（8,122 平方英里）</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:left;">人口<span style="font-weight:normal">（2022）</span></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""> • 總計</th><td class="infobox-data" style="">2,520,000人</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""> • <a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3%E5%AF%86%E5%BA%A6" title="人口密度">密度</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="">120人/平方公里（310人/平方英里）</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%BA%E5%9F%9F%E5%B1%85%E6%B0%91%E7%A7%B0%E8%B0%93%E8%AF%8D" title="区域居民称谓词">居民称谓</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="">Perakian, Perakese, Peraknese</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E7%B1%BB%E5%8F%91%E5%B1%95%E6%8C%87%E6%95%B0" title="人类发展指数">人类发展指数</a><span style="font-weight:normal"></span></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""> • HDI (2017)</th><td class="infobox-data" style="">0.808 (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r83933911">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#092">极高</span>) (<a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E6%9D%A5%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%9A%E5%B7%9E%E5%B1%9E%E5%92%8C%E8%81%94%E9%82%A6%E7%9B%B4%E8%BE%96%E5%8C%BA" title="马来西亚州属和联邦直辖区">第6位</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="List of postal codes in Malaysia" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="List of postal codes in Malaysia"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_postal_codes_in_Malaysia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of postal codes in Malaysia（页面不存在）">郵遞區號</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_postal_codes_in_Malaysia" class="extiw" title="en:List of postal codes in Malaysia"><span lang="en" dir="auto">List of postal codes in Malaysia</span></a></span>）</span></span></th><td class="infobox-data adr" style=""><span class="postal-code">30xxx to 36xxx<br />39xxx</span></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Telephone numbers in Malaysia" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Telephone numbers in Malaysia"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telephone_numbers_in_Malaysia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Telephone numbers in Malaysia（页面不存在）">电话区号</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_Malaysia" class="extiw" title="en:Telephone numbers in Malaysia"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Telephone numbers in Malaysia</span></a></span>）</span></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="">+605</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166" title="ISO 3166">ISO 3166码</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data nickname" style="">MY-08</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E4%BE%86%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%9E%E8%BB%8A%E8%BC%9B%E8%99%9F%E7%89%8C" title="馬來西亞車輛號牌">车牌编码</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="">A</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E9%82%A6%E5%92%AF%E6%9D%A1%E7%BA%A6" title="邦咯条约">邦咯条约</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="">1874</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="">组成<a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E6%9D%A5%E8%81%94%E9%82%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="马来联邦">马来联邦</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="">1895</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E6%9D%A5%E4%BA%9A%E6%97%A5%E5%8D%A0%E6%97%B6%E6%9C%9F" title="马来亚日占时期">马来亚日占时期</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="">1942</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="">加入<a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E6%9D%A5%E4%BA%9A%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E9%82%A6" title="马来亚联合邦">马来亚联合邦</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="">1948</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="">以<a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E6%9D%A5%E4%BA%9A%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E9%82%A6" title="马来亚联合邦">马来亚联合邦</a>成员联合独立</th><td class="infobox-data" style="">1957年8月31日</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="">網站</th><td class="infobox-data" style="">www.perak.gov.my</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>霹雳</b>（旧称<b>吡叻</b>或<b>卑力国</b>，<a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E6%9D%A5%E8%AF%AD" title="马来语">马来语</a>：<span lang="ms">Perak</span>）是<a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E6%9D%A5%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%9A" title="马来西亚">马来西亚</a>的十三个<a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E6%9D%A5%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%9A%E5%B7%9E%E5%B1%9E%E5%92%8C%E8%81%94%E9%82%A6%E7%9B%B4%E8%BE%96%E5%8C%BA" title="马来西亚州属和联邦直辖区">州属</a>之一，也是<a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E6%9D%A5%E5%8D%8A%E5%B2%9B" title="马来半岛">马来半岛</a>11个州当中的第2大州，面积约21000平方公里，北部连接<a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E6%9D%A5%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%9A" title="马来西亚">马来西亚</a>东北部的马、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%B0%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="泰國">泰</a>边境以及<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%89%E6%89%93%E5%B7%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="吉打州">吉打州</a>、西北部接壤<a href="/wiki/%E6%A7%9F%E5%9F%8E" title="槟城">槟城</a>、东边有<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%89%E5%85%B0%E4%B8%B9%E5%B7%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="吉兰丹州">吉兰丹州</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%BD%AD%E4%BA%A8%E5%B7%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="彭亨州">彭亨州</a>、南边有<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%AA%E5%85%B0%E8%8E%AA%E5%B7%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="雪兰莪州">雪兰莪州</a>。<a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E5%85%AD%E7%94%B2%E6%B5%B7%E5%B3%A1" title="马六甲海峡">马六甲海峡</a>则处于霹雳州西方。 </p><p>“<span lang="ms">Perak</span>”在<a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E6%9D%A5%E8%AF%AD" title="马来语">马来语</a>即为<a href="/wiki/%E9%8A%80" title="銀">银</a>，或许是来自霹雳州以前主要产品<a href="/wiki/%E9%94%A1" title="锡">锡</a>的银色。此外也据说霹雳州地名其实是源自河里的鱼儿在阳光下闪烁似银而来。 </p><p>霹雳州首府是<a href="/wiki/%E6%80%A1%E4%BF%9D" title="怡保">怡保</a>（<span lang="ms">Ipoh</span>），<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E5%9C%8B%E6%AE%96%E6%B0%91" class="mw-redirect" title="英國殖民">英国殖民</a>时期以市内繁荣的锡矿开采业闻名，锡的价格下滑导致其经济受到了影响。霹雳州苏丹皇宫则位于皇城<a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%9F%E6%B2%99" title="江沙">江沙</a>（<span lang="ms">Kuala Kangsar</span>）。 </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="历史"><span id=".E5.8E.86.E5.8F.B2"></span>历史</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9C%B9%E9%9D%82&action=edit&section=1" title="编辑章节：历史"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>传说中霹雳州东北部曾是一个<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E6%95%99" title="印度教">印度教</a>王国，名为<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%9A%E8%BF%A6%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD" title="刚迦王国">刚迦王国</a>（<i><span lang="ms">Gangga Negara</span></i>）。考古发现也证明了霹雳州在史前已有人类居住。 </p><p>霹雳州的现代史在<a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E5%85%AD%E7%94%B2%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="马六甲王朝">马六甲王朝</a>的灭亡后才开始发展。马六甲最后一个<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E4%B8%B9_(%E7%A7%B0%E8%B0%93)" title="苏丹 (称谓)">蘇丹</a>，<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E4%B8%B9%E9%A9%AC%E6%9C%AB%E6%B2%99" title="苏丹马末沙">苏丹马末沙</a>于1511年<a href="/wiki/%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99" title="葡萄牙">葡萄牙</a>进攻<a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E5%85%AD%E7%94%B2" title="马六甲">马六甲</a>时逃亡到柔佛后，长子<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%9C%AB%E6%B2%99_(%E9%A9%AC%E5%85%AD%E7%94%B2%E8%8B%8F%E4%B8%B9)" title="阿末沙 (马六甲苏丹)">阿末沙</a>因与父亲不和，失宠后被赐死。次子<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="目扎法沙" data-lang-code="ms" data-lang-name="馬來語" data-foreign-title="Sultan Mudzaffar Shah I, Perak"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%9B%AE%E6%89%8E%E6%B3%95%E6%B2%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="目扎法沙（页面不存在）">目扎法沙</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">馬來語</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultan_Mudzaffar_Shah_I,_Perak" class="extiw" title="ms:Sultan Mudzaffar Shah I, Perak"><span lang="ms" dir="auto">Sultan Mudzaffar Shah I, Perak</span></a></span>）</span></span> 本为王储，他娶了继母<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%A6%E6%B3%95%E8%92%82%E7%91%AA" title="敦法蒂瑪">敦法蒂玛</a>的女儿<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%95%A6%E5%BE%B7%E7%90%85&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="敦德琅（页面不存在）">敦德琅</a>（Tun Trang）之后被废位。于1528年，目扎法沙被派往霹雳，并在霹雳河畔成立了霹雳苏丹国，目扎法沙成为第一任苏丹。霹雳苏丹是不戴皇冠的，其由来根据马来传说，相传目扎法沙初次到达霹雳，在渡过霹雳河时突起风浪，后来将王冕丢入河中方回复风平浪静。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="亚齐控制时期"><span id=".E4.BA.9A.E9.BD.90.E6.8E.A7.E5.88.B6.E6.97.B6.E6.9C.9F"></span>亚齐控制时期</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9C%B9%E9%9D%82&action=edit&section=2" title="编辑章节：亚齐控制时期"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>霹雳州境内蕴藏着丰饶的<a href="/wiki/%E9%8C%AB%E7%A4%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="錫礦">锡矿</a>使霹雳苏丹国被各方势力虎视眈眈。最早企图控制和垄断霹雳的锡矿出口是占领马六甲的<a href="/wiki/%E8%91%A1%E5%B1%9E%E9%A9%AC%E5%85%AD%E7%94%B2" title="葡属马六甲">葡属马六甲</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9E%E9%BD%8A%E8%98%87%E4%B8%B9%E5%9C%8B" title="亞齊蘇丹國">亚齐苏丹国</a>。由于霹雳和<a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%94%E4%BD%9B%E8%8B%8F%E4%B8%B9%E5%9B%BD" title="柔佛苏丹国">柔佛苏丹国</a>的血缘关系，霹雳也捲入柔佛、<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9E%E9%BD%8A%E7%89%B9%E5%8D%80" title="亞齊特區">亚齐</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99%E7%8E%8B%E5%9C%8B" title="葡萄牙王國">葡萄牙王國</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E8%A7%92%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="三角战争">三角战争</a>。在1537年和1539年，亚齐进攻马六甲和柔佛的战役中，霹雳皆有出兵相助。1551年，霹雳加入柔佛领导的马来联邦和爪哇的联军，共同围攻葡属马六甲，后因葡军的援军自印度殖民地<a href="/wiki/%E6%9E%9C%E9%98%BF%E9%82%A6" title="果阿邦">果阿</a>赶到而撤退。由于霹雳对柔佛的援助，共同抵抗亚齐，引来亚齐的不满。1575年，亚齐对霹雳发动攻势，霹雳<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="苏丹曼梳" data-lang-code="ms" data-lang-name="馬來語" data-foreign-title="Sultan Mansur Syah I"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8B%8F%E4%B8%B9%E6%9B%BC%E6%A2%B3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="苏丹曼梳（页面不存在）">苏丹曼梳</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">馬來語</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultan_Mansur_Syah_I" class="extiw" title="ms:Sultan Mansur Syah I"><span lang="ms" dir="auto">Sultan Mansur Syah I</span></a></span>）</span></span>、苏丹王后及其十六名儿女皆被俘至亚齐，霹雳也被亚齐苏丹国扶持傀儡政权达百年之久，苏丹曼梳不久被杀。1579年，其子苏丹阿拉乌丁·满速沙（Sultan Aladdin Mandir Shah）入赘亚齐，之后成为亚齐苏丹，在1589年遇刺身亡。其母后在此率领他的弟妹返回霹雳，由其弟<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="苏丹达祖丁" data-lang-code="ms" data-lang-name="馬來語" data-foreign-title="Sultan Ahmad Tajuddin Syah"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8B%8F%E4%B8%B9%E8%BE%BE%E7%A5%96%E4%B8%81&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="苏丹达祖丁（页面不存在）">苏丹达祖丁</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">馬來語</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultan_Ahmad_Tajuddin_Syah" class="extiw" title="ms:Sultan Ahmad Tajuddin Syah"><span lang="ms" dir="auto">Sultan Ahmad Tajuddin Syah</span></a></span>）</span></span>继任为第三任霹雳苏丹。亚齐在统治霹雳期间，垄断锡矿的产业直到17世纪。1629年，葡萄牙击败亚齐强大的海军后，霹雳政府要求与葡萄牙合作，允许年纳贡金並特准葡萄牙在洲内设立土库，以便收买锡砂。此时的亚齐名王<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%A9%AC%E5%8F%AF%E6%89%93%E9%98%BF%E8%97%8D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="马可打阿藍（页面不存在）">马可打阿藍</a>（Mahkota Alam）逝世以后，亚齐国力中衰，被迫先后放弃在<a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E6%9D%A5%E5%8D%8A%E5%B2%9B" title="马来半岛">马来半岛</a>上占领的领地，唯独霹雳政权仍然受到亚齐的控制，至1641年才逐渐落入<a href="/wiki/%E8%8D%B7%E5%85%B0%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD" title="荷兰王国">荷兰王国</a>手中<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="荷兰殖民时期"><span id=".E8.8D.B7.E5.85.B0.E6.AE.96.E6.B0.91.E6.97.B6.E6.9C.9F"></span>荷兰殖民时期</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9C%B9%E9%9D%82&action=edit&section=3" title="编辑章节：荷兰殖民时期"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>荷兰人于17世纪欲独揽锡矿产业的意图失败，同时于霹雳河口和<a href="/wiki/%E9%82%A6%E5%92%AF%E5%B2%9B" title="邦咯岛">邦咯岛</a>上建筑堡垒。 </p><p>荷兰人早期登陆霹雳州的历史始于1641年。当时<a href="/wiki/%E8%8D%B7%E5%85%B0%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD" title="荷兰王国">荷兰王国</a>成功占领马六甲后，建立<a href="/wiki/%E8%8D%B7%E5%B1%9E%E9%A9%AC%E5%85%AD%E7%94%B2" title="荷属马六甲">荷属马六甲</a>殖民地，欲独揽马来半岛的锡矿和香料产业。荷兰人尝试说服<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="苏丹·萨勒胡丁·沙阿" data-lang-code="ms" data-lang-name="馬來語" data-foreign-title="Sultan Sallehuddin Sha"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8B%8F%E4%B8%B9%C2%B7%E8%90%A8%E5%8B%92%E8%83%A1%E4%B8%81%C2%B7%E6%B2%99%E9%98%BF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="苏丹·萨勒胡丁·沙阿（页面不存在）">苏丹·萨勒胡丁·沙阿</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">馬來語</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultan_Sallehuddin_Sha" class="extiw" title="ms:Sultan Sallehuddin Sha"><span lang="ms" dir="auto">Sultan Sallehuddin Sha</span></a></span>）</span></span>，协议停止所有对外贸易，以便独揽霹雳州的锡米运回荷兰。霹雳苏丹·萨勒胡丁·沙阿迫于压力下答应荷兰人的要求，但暗中允许他国，如亚齐、印度、爪哇和中国等地的商人，私下进行贸易。荷兰王国之后变本加厉，先后于1644年和1684年两度封锁霹雳海岸，並被宗主国亚齐下令，除荷兰和亚齐之外，不得于别国通商。荷兰最后成功强迫霹雳苏丹签署条约，于1650年8月15日，允许荷兰于<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%93%9C%E6%8B%89%E9%9C%B9%E9%9B%B3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="瓜拉霹雳（页面不存在）">瓜拉霹雳</a>建造工厂，引起霹雳王室和马来人的不满。 </p><p>1651年，极度不满的马来群众在<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E7%8C%9B%E5%85%AC" title="天猛公">天猛公</a>的带领下，将驻扎在霹雳洲的荷兰人员全数杀害和破坏工厂，促使荷兰离开霹雳州。 </p><p>1655年，荷兰派使者到霹雳州重新签署条约，并为工厂被破坏一事寻求赔偿，同时要求承认荷兰与亚齐平分锡矿的購买权。霹雳王朝由于没有遵守条约规定而被荷兰军队包围。霹雳人民联合<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9A%E9%BD%90" class="mw-redirect" title="亚齐">亚齐</a>突袭荷兰军队。 </p><p>1670年，荷兰人回到霹雳州，并在<a href="/wiki/%E9%82%A6%E5%92%AF%E5%B2%9B" title="邦咯岛">邦咯岛</a>上建造了炮台戍守。由于听闻<a href="/wiki/%E6%9A%B9%E7%BD%97" class="mw-redirect" title="暹罗">暹罗</a>王朝将进攻自己，霹雳王朝准许了建筑工程。虽然如此，霹雳于1685年又把荷兰人驱离<a href="/wiki/%E9%82%A6%E5%92%AF%E5%B2%9B" title="邦咯岛">邦咯岛</a>。荷兰人尝试重定条约，于1690年宣告失败。 </p><p>1745年，荷兰人又重新在邦咯岛修築炮台，到了1748年移往霹雳河上游的丹绒布都市（Ranking Putus）。由于<a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%A6%E5%90%89%E6%96%AF%E4%BA%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="武吉斯人">武吉斯人</a>先后在1728年和1742年攻击霹雳，以夺取锡米贸易权，並成功阻止了荷兰人垄断霹雳的錫米贸易，加上英国在槟榔嶼<span id="noteTag-cite_ref-sup"><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>註 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span>的开发顺利，逐渐动摇荷兰人的经营利益，並趨向崩溃，荷兰人的地盤于1795年后移交英国接管。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="英国殖民时期"><span id=".E8.8B.B1.E5.9B.BD.E6.AE.96.E6.B0.91.E6.97.B6.E6.9C.9F"></span>英国殖民时期</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9C%B9%E9%9D%82&action=edit&section=4" title="编辑章节：英国殖民时期"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Japanese_Type_97_Te-Ke_tanks_during_the_Battle_of_Kampar,_1941.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Japanese_Type_97_Te-Ke_tanks_during_the_Battle_of_Kampar%2C_1941.jpg/220px-Japanese_Type_97_Te-Ke_tanks_during_the_Battle_of_Kampar%2C_1941.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Japanese_Type_97_Te-Ke_tanks_during_the_Battle_of_Kampar%2C_1941.jpg/330px-Japanese_Type_97_Te-Ke_tanks_during_the_Battle_of_Kampar%2C_1941.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Japanese_Type_97_Te-Ke_tanks_during_the_Battle_of_Kampar%2C_1941.jpg/440px-Japanese_Type_97_Te-Ke_tanks_during_the_Battle_of_Kampar%2C_1941.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E7%9A%87%E5%86%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="日本皇军">日本皇軍</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%9D%E4%B8%83%E5%BC%8F%E8%BC%95%E8%A3%9D%E7%94%B2%E8%BB%8A" title="九七式輕裝甲車">九七式輕裝甲車</a>在<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%91%E5%AF%B6%E6%88%B0%E5%BD%B9" title="金寶戰役">金寶戰役</a>中駛至霹靂（1941年攝）</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sikh_infantry_during_the_Battle_of_Kampar,_taken_between_1941-1942.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Sikh_infantry_during_the_Battle_of_Kampar%2C_taken_between_1941-1942.jpg/220px-Sikh_infantry_during_the_Battle_of_Kampar%2C_taken_between_1941-1942.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Sikh_infantry_during_the_Battle_of_Kampar%2C_taken_between_1941-1942.jpg/330px-Sikh_infantry_during_the_Battle_of_Kampar%2C_taken_between_1941-1942.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Sikh_infantry_during_the_Battle_of_Kampar%2C_taken_between_1941-1942.jpg/440px-Sikh_infantry_during_the_Battle_of_Kampar%2C_taken_between_1941-1942.jpg 2x" data-file-width="507" data-file-height="281" /></a><figcaption>英軍的印度裔步兵曾奮力抵抗日軍</figcaption></figure> <p>18世纪时，<a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%A6%E5%90%89%E6%96%AF%E4%BA%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="武吉斯人">武吉斯人</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9A%E9%BD%90" class="mw-redirect" title="亚齐">亚齐</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%9A%B9%E7%BD%97" class="mw-redirect" title="暹罗">暹罗</a>都尝试进攻霹雳王朝，以夺取锡米的贸易权。1820年英国的插手使<a href="/wiki/%E6%9A%B9%E7%BD%97" class="mw-redirect" title="暹罗">暹罗</a>王朝没能并吞霹雳王朝进入自己的版图。英国原本并没有在<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E5%B1%AC%E9%A6%AC%E4%BE%86%E4%BA%9E" title="英屬馬來亞">马来亚</a>殖民的意图，但锡矿投资的增加所带来大量的中国苦力移民各自为主，以自己的籍贯创立不同的私会党，联合当地马来首领和私会党以暴力争取地盘以及锡矿。霹雳王朝由于长期陷于继位问题的缘故而无法维持当地的治安。 </p><p>旅人<i><span lang="en">Isabella Lucy Bird</span></i>在自己的书内谈及当时还没继位的<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E4%B8%B9%E9%98%BF%E9%83%BD%E6%8B%89" title="苏丹阿都拉">苏丹阿都拉</a><i><span lang="ms">Raja Muda Abdullah</span></i>如何向身在<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E5%8A%A0%E5%9D%A1" title="新加坡">新加坡</a>的朋友，<a href="/wiki/%E9%99%B3%E7%AF%A4%E7%94%9F" title="陳篤生">陈笃生</a>之长子<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%99%88%E9%87%91%E9%92%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="陈金钟（页面不存在）">陈金钟</a>求助。<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%99%88%E9%87%91%E9%92%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="陈金钟（页面不存在）">陈金钟</a>和新加坡一名英国商人写了一封有<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E4%B8%B9%E9%98%BF%E9%83%BD%E6%8B%89" title="苏丹阿都拉">苏丹阿都拉</a>亲笔签名的信函予克拉克爵士（<i><span lang="en">Sir Andrew Clarke</span></i>），表达<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E4%B8%B9%E9%98%BF%E9%83%BD%E6%8B%89" title="苏丹阿都拉">阿都拉</a>希望将霹雳王国置于英国保护的意愿，以便“有能之士可以向他展示良好的行政体制”。1874年，身为<a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E5%B3%A1%E6%AE%96%E6%B0%91%E5%9C%B0" title="海峡殖民地">海峡殖民地</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%80%BB%E7%9D%A3" title="总督">总督</a>的克拉克在<a href="/wiki/%E9%82%A6%E5%92%AF%E5%B2%9B" title="邦咯岛">邦咯岛</a>召开会议。<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E4%B8%B9%E9%98%BF%E9%83%BD%E6%8B%89" title="苏丹阿都拉">苏丹阿都拉</a>在会议上成功继承王位。<a href="/wiki/%E9%82%A6%E5%92%AF%E6%9D%A1%E7%BA%A6" title="邦咯条约">邦咯条约</a>也使<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E4%B8%B9%E9%98%BF%E9%83%BD%E6%8B%89" title="苏丹阿都拉">苏丹阿都拉</a>把除了宗教和文化事务外的所有政治要事交予一名<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%82%E6%94%BF%E5%8F%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="参政司">英国参政司</a>。1875年，当地多名酋长刺杀了第一任参政司<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="毕治" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="James W.W. Birch"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%AF%95%E6%B2%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="毕治（页面不存在）">毕治</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_W.W._Birch" class="extiw" title="en:James W.W. Birch"><span lang="en" dir="auto">James W.W. Birch</span></a></span>）</span></span>，引发了1876年短暂的<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9C%B9%E9%9B%B3%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="霹雳战争（页面不存在）">霹雳战争</a>。<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E4%B8%B9%E9%98%BF%E9%83%BD%E6%8B%89" title="苏丹阿都拉">苏丹阿都拉</a>被放逐到<a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%9E%E8%88%8C%E5%B0%94" title="塞舌尔">塞舌尔</a>。新任参政司<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%91%C2%B7%E6%B4%9B" title="休·洛">休·洛</a>熟悉马来文化传统，也是一名比较有才能的行政官。他也把<a href="/wiki/%E6%A9%A1%E8%83%B6%E6%A0%91" class="mw-redirect" title="橡胶树">橡胶树</a>引进了<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E5%B1%AC%E9%A6%AC%E4%BE%86%E4%BA%9E" title="英屬馬來亞">马来亚</a>。 </p><p>1896年，霹雳连同<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%AA%E5%85%B0%E8%8E%AA" class="mw-redirect" title="雪兰莪">雪兰莪</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%A3%AE%E7%BE%8E%E5%85%B0" title="森美兰">森美兰</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%BD%AD%E4%BA%A8" title="彭亨">彭亨</a>成立了<a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E6%9D%A5%E8%81%94%E9%82%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="马来联邦">马来联邦</a>，但英国领事系统却一直沿用至1948年<a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E6%9D%A5%E4%BA%9A%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E9%82%A6" title="马来亚联合邦">马来亚联合邦</a>的成立为止。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="马来西亚独立至今"><span id=".E9.A9.AC.E6.9D.A5.E8.A5.BF.E4.BA.9A.E7.8B.AC.E7.AB.8B.E8.87.B3.E4.BB.8A"></span>马来西亚独立至今</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9C%B9%E9%9D%82&action=edit&section=5" title="编辑章节：马来西亚独立至今"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>1957年8月31日，霹雳州和<a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E6%9D%A5%E4%BA%9A%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E9%82%A6" title="马来亚联合邦">马来亚联合邦</a>其他10个州属从英国政府争取了独立。英属<a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%99%E5%B7%B4" title="沙巴">沙巴</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%A0%82%E6%8B%89%E8%B6%8A" title="砂拉越">砂拉越</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E5%8A%A0%E5%9D%A1" title="新加坡">新加坡</a>在1963年9月16日加盟<a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E6%9D%A5%E4%BA%9A%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E9%82%A6" title="马来亚联合邦">马来亚联合邦</a>成立了<a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E6%9D%A5%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%9A" title="马来西亚">马来西亚</a>。1965年<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E5%8A%A0%E5%9D%A1" title="新加坡">新加坡</a>从马来西亚独立。 </p><p>2019年5月4日，<a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E6%9D%A5%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%9A%E9%A6%96%E7%9B%B8" title="马来西亚首相">马来西亚首相</a><a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E5%93%88%E8%BF%AA%C2%B7%E8%8E%AB%E5%93%88%E6%9C%AB" title="马哈迪·莫哈末">马哈迪·莫哈末</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E6%9D%A5%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%9A%E9%A6%96%E7%9B%B8%E5%A4%AB%E4%BA%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="马来西亚首相夫人">首相夫人</a><a href="/wiki/%E8%8C%9C%E8%92%82%E5%93%88%E6%96%AF%E7%8E%9B" title="茜蒂哈斯玛">茜蒂哈斯玛</a>抵达霹雳<a href="/wiki/%E6%80%A1%E4%BF%9D" title="怡保">怡保</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%80%A1%E4%BF%9D%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E6%9C%BA%E5%9C%BA" title="怡保国际机场">苏丹阿兹兰沙国际机场</a>，展开为期2天1夜的霹雳州造访。霹州行政议员<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%A8%E7%A5%96%E5%BC%BA" title="杨祖强">杨祖强</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%8E%AB%E5%93%88%E6%9C%AB%E5%B0%BC%E6%9F%A5%E8%B4%BE%E7%8E%9B%E9%B2%81%E4%B8%81" class="mw-redirect" title="莫哈末尼查贾玛鲁丁">莫哈末尼查贾玛鲁丁</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E9%83%BD%E9%98%BF%E5%85%B9%E5%B7%B4%E9%87%8C" title="阿都阿兹巴里">阿都阿兹巴里</a>、诺丽及警方等人，也于同日前往迎接<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="行政机关"><span id=".E8.A1.8C.E6.94.BF.E6.9C.BA.E5.85.B3"></span>行政机关</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9C%B9%E9%9D%82&action=edit&section=6" title="编辑章节：行政机关"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>根据霹雳州宪法，霹雳州实行君主立宪制度，以苏丹为州元首。现任苏丹为苏丹纳茲林慕依祖丁沙（<span lang="ms">Sultan Nazrin Muizuddin Shah ibni Almarhum Sultan Azlan Muhibuddin Shah Al-Magfullah</span>）。 </p><p>霹雳州常发生政权轮替，由于朝野势力在该州五五泼，导致政权难以预测。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2008年霹雳变天事件"><span id="2008.E5.B9.B4.E9.9C.B9.E9.9B.B3.E5.8F.98.E5.A4.A9.E4.BA.8B.E4.BB.B6"></span>2008年霹雳变天事件</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9C%B9%E9%9D%82&action=edit&section=7" title="编辑章节：2008年霹雳变天事件"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>2008年3月8日，<a href="/wiki/2008%E5%B9%B4%E9%A6%AC%E4%BE%86%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%9E%E5%A4%A7%E9%81%B8" title="2008年馬來西亞大選">马来西亚第12届全国大选</a>的政治海啸中，<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E8%81%94%E7%9B%9F_(%E9%A9%AC%E6%9D%A5%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%9A)" title="人民联盟 (马来西亚)">人民联盟</a>成功仅以31州议席挫败仅获28州席的国阵，使国阵失去执政50年的州政权，也是民盟成立以来，首次执政州政权。3月12日，经过3天的折衷后，霹雳州务大臣人选由伊斯兰党州秘书<a href="/wiki/%E8%8E%AB%E5%93%88%E6%9C%AB%E5%B0%BC%E6%9F%A5%E8%B4%BE%E7%8E%9B%E9%B2%81%E4%B8%81" class="mw-redirect" title="莫哈末尼查贾玛鲁丁">莫哈末尼查</a>出任，而民主行动党霹雳州主席<a href="/wiki/%E5%80%AA%E5%8F%AF%E6%B1%89" title="倪可汉">倪可汉</a>与另一名印裔领袖将担任两个副大臣的职位。然而因为州议员只比国阵多2名，民联政府事实上是个弱势政府。在大选后，外界就一直流传民联州议员被收买，跳槽国阵<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2009年霹雳变天事件"><span id="2009.E5.B9.B4.E9.9C.B9.E9.9B.B3.E5.8F.98.E5.A4.A9.E4.BA.8B.E4.BB.B6"></span>2009年霹雳变天事件</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9C%B9%E9%9D%82&action=edit&section=8" title="编辑章节：2009年霹雳变天事件"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84833064"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/2009%E5%B9%B4%E9%9C%B9%E9%9B%B3%E5%B7%9E%E5%AE%AA%E6%94%BF%E5%8D%B1%E6%9C%BA" title="2009年霹雳州宪政危机">2009年霹雳州宪政危机</a></div> <p>在2008年马来西亚全国大选之中，在野党联盟——<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E8%81%94%E7%9B%9F_(%E9%A9%AC%E6%9D%A5%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%9A)" title="人民联盟 (马来西亚)">人民联盟</a>赢得了霹雳州的执政权。虽然<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E8%81%94%E7%9B%9F_(%E9%A9%AC%E6%9D%A5%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%9A)" title="人民联盟 (马来西亚)">人民联盟</a>的成员党之一<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E8%A1%8C%E5%8A%A8%E5%85%9A_(%E9%A9%AC%E6%9D%A5%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%9A)" title="民主行动党 (马来西亚)">民主行动党</a>获得了最多议席，霹雳州州务大臣却由前<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%9B%E9%A9%AC%E5%9B%9E%E6%95%99%E5%85%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="泛马回教党">伊斯兰党</a>议员<a href="/wiki/%E8%8E%AB%E5%93%88%E6%9C%AB%E5%B0%BC%E6%9F%A5%E8%B4%BE%E7%8E%9B%E9%B2%81%E4%B8%81" class="mw-redirect" title="莫哈末尼查贾玛鲁丁">尼查</a>出任。这是因为霹雳州宪法规定除非苏丹豁免，否则州务大臣必须是一名馬來人或回教徒。由于以华裔为主的<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E8%A1%8C%E5%8A%A8%E5%85%9A_(%E9%A9%AC%E6%9D%A5%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%9A)" title="民主行动党 (马来西亚)">民主行动党</a>并没有任何信奉伊斯兰教的议员，州务大臣则得从<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E8%81%94%E7%9B%9F_(%E9%A9%AC%E6%9D%A5%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%9A)" title="人民联盟 (马来西亚)">人民联盟</a>的其他成员党——<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%AC%E6%AD%A3%E5%85%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="人民公正党">人民公正党</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%9B%E9%A9%AC%E5%9B%9E%E6%95%99%E5%85%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="泛马回教党">泛马回教党</a>之中选出。民选的<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E8%81%94%E7%9B%9F_(%E9%A9%AC%E6%9D%A5%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%9A)" title="人民联盟 (马来西亚)">人民联盟</a>州政府已经在2009年2月4日由時任首相<a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%B3%E5%90%89%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E9%83%BD%E6%8B%89%E8%90%A8" title="纳吉·阿都拉萨">纳吉·阿都拉萨</a>領導的國陣接受4名民联州议员退党跳槽转为支持国阵后，使国阵以31席对28席再次掌控霹靂州政权。时任霹雳州民联州务大臣尼查在3名民联议员退党后，觐见霹雳苏丹阿兹兰沙殿下寻求解散州议会，但苏丹并未允许，反而要求尼查辞职。民联执政霹雳州11个月后即宣布垮台。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2018年霹雳变天事件"><span id="2018.E5.B9.B4.E9.9C.B9.E9.9B.B3.E5.8F.98.E5.A4.A9.E4.BA.8B.E4.BB.B6"></span>2018年霹雳变天事件</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9C%B9%E9%9D%82&action=edit&section=9" title="编辑章节：2018年霹雳变天事件"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/2018%E5%B9%B4%E9%A6%AC%E4%BE%86%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%9E%E5%A4%A7%E9%81%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="2018年馬來西亞大選">2018年5月12日大選</a>中，霹雳59个<a href="/wiki/%E9%9C%B9%E9%9B%B3%E5%B7%9E%E8%AE%AE%E4%BC%9A" title="霹雳州议会">州议席</a>之中，<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E6%9C%9B%E8%81%AF%E7%9B%9F" title="希望聯盟">希望聯盟</a>取下29席，<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E6%B0%91%E9%99%A3%E7%B7%9A" title="國民陣線">国阵</a><a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E4%BE%86%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F%E7%B5%B1%E4%B8%80%E6%A9%9F%E6%A7%8B" title="馬來民族統一機構">巫统</a>取得27席，<a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E6%9D%A5%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%9A%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%85%B0%E5%85%9A" title="马来西亚伊斯兰党">伊斯兰党</a>取得3席。按州宪法规定，希盟有组织州政府的优先权，但因不符合「至少拥有30席」的规定，因此無法達致簡單多數的過半議席，而巫统及伊党已经表明将组织联合政府，并以30席的微弱优势执政，导致产生「<a href="/wiki/%E6%87%B8%E5%B3%99%E8%AD%B0%E6%9C%83" title="懸峙議會">懸峙議會</a>」的情况。然而霹雳苏丹纳兹林沙仍谕令，希盟及国阵务必在特定时间内，证明自己拥有30席才能成立州政府。最后，希盟在獲得兩名國陣議員倒戈支持後，成功取得州政權，該州土團黨主席兼<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%AF%E8%8E%AA%E8%90%A5%E5%B7%9E%E8%AE%AE%E5%B8%AD" title="积莪营州议席">積莪營</a>州議員阿末法依扎獲委為新任大臣<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，而行動黨的<a href="/wiki/%E5%80%AA%E5%8F%AF%E6%B1%89" title="倪可汉">倪可漢</a>則中选為州議會議長，是霹靂州史上首位華人議長。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2020年霹雳变天事件"><span id="2020.E5.B9.B4.E9.9C.B9.E9.9B.B3.E5.8F.98.E5.A4.A9.E4.BA.8B.E4.BB.B6"></span>2020年霹雳变天事件</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9C%B9%E9%9D%82&action=edit&section=10" title="编辑章节：2020年霹雳变天事件"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/2020%E5%B9%B4%E9%A9%AC%E6%9D%A5%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%9A%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E5%8D%B1%E6%9C%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="2020年马来西亚政治危机">2020年马来西亚政治危机</a>中，<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E6%9C%9B%E8%81%AF%E7%9B%9F" title="希望聯盟">希望联盟</a>因<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%9F%E8%91%97%E5%9B%A2%E7%BB%93%E5%85%9A" title="土著团结党">土著团结党</a>宣布退出，导致朝野形成希盟28席对巫伊28席的悬峙情况，使希盟在霹雳州的政权面临垮台危机。随着政局的变化，土团党最终与巫统和伊斯兰党组成<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E6%B0%91%E8%81%94%E7%9B%9F_(%E9%A9%AC%E6%9D%A5%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%9A)" title="国民联盟 (马来西亚)">国民联盟</a>。到了3月9日，希盟在霹雳州的政权宣布倒台。希盟因1名公正党议员和独立人士宣布加入土团党后，土团党原任霹雳州务大臣拿督斯里<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%9C%AB%E6%B3%95%E4%BE%9D%E6%89%8E" class="mw-redirect" title="阿末法依扎">阿末法依扎</a>带领4名议员宣布与巫统及伊斯兰党合作，国民联盟取得霹雳州32个多数议席<sup id="cite_ref-:0_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。同日下午，希盟再有3名州议员宣布退出各自的政党，以独立人士的身份支持国民联盟<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。国民联盟宣布已经掌握35个多数议席，正式执政霹雳州。阿末法依扎则再次被任命为州务大臣<sup id="cite_ref-:0_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。同年12月4日，霹雳州政权再次变天。时任州务大臣阿末法依扎在州议会对他的信任动议记名投票中，获得信任动议10票，48票反对，1张废票下，宣布下台<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。12月10日，由巫统候选人<a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%99%E6%8B%89%E5%B0%BC" class="mw-redirect" title="沙拉尼">沙拉尼</a>接任州务大臣职位。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="州歌"><span id=".E5.B7.9E.E6.AD.8C"></span>州歌</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9C%B9%E9%9D%82&action=edit&section=11" title="编辑章节：州歌"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table cellspacing="5" style="margin: auto"> <tbody><tr> <th><a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E4%BE%86%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="馬來語">馬來語</a>歌詞 </th> <th><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E6%96%87" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="中文">中文</a>翻譯 </th></tr> <tr> <td width="350" style="border:1px solid #FFE0EE; background-color: #FFF8FB; padding:5px; font-weight: bold"> <dl><dd>Dilanjutkan Allah usianya Sultan</dd> <dd>Adil dan murah memerintah watan</dd> <dd>Ditaati rakyat kiri dan kanan</dd> <dd>Iman yang soleh Allah kurniakan</dd> <dd>Allah berkati Perak Ridzuan</dd> <dd>Allah selamatkan Negeri dan Sultan</dd></dl> </td> <td width="350" style="border:1px solid #CEDFF2; background-color: #F5FAFF; padding:5px; font-weight: bold"> <dl><dd>阿拉赐苏丹万寿无疆</dd> <dd>公正与仁慈治州</dd> <dd>州民不分左右效忠殿下</dd> <dd>阿拉赐给正确信念</dd> <dd>阿拉净化霹雳州</dd> <dd>阿拉保佑本州及苏丹</dd></dl> </td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li>注：阿拉：在马来文里，意为“真主”。</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="行政区划"><span id=".E8.A1.8C.E6.94.BF.E5.8C.BA.E5.88.92"></span>行政区划</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9C%B9%E9%9D%82&action=edit&section=12" title="编辑章节：行政区划"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>霹雳州下有<a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E6%9D%A5%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%9A%E5%8E%BF%E4%BB%BD" title="马来西亚县份">12个县</a>（<span lang="ms">daerah</span>）。这12个县又被划分成15个<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E9%A9%AC%E5%9C%B0%E6%96%B9%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C" class="mw-redirect" title="大马地方政府">市政厅、市议会和县议会</a>，州首府为<a href="/wiki/%E6%80%A1%E4%BF%9D" title="怡保">怡保</a>。 </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="8"><div style="position: relative" class="center"> <div role="img" class="floatnone nounderlines noresize" style="width: 350px; line-height: 1; text-align: center; background-color: var(--background-color-base,#ffffff); color:inherit; position: relative;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Districts_and_local_authorities_of_Perak_%28blank%29.svg/350px-Districts_and_local_authorities_of_Perak_%28blank%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="560" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Districts_and_local_authorities_of_Perak_%28blank%29.svg/525px-Districts_and_local_authorities_of_Perak_%28blank%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Districts_and_local_authorities_of_Perak_%28blank%29.svg/700px-Districts_and_local_authorities_of_Perak_%28blank%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1359" data-file-height="2176" /></span></span> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:174px; top:109.6px"><span class="skin-invert" style="background:white"><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%9C%E5%8A%9B" title="宜力">宜力</a></span></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:30px; top:207.4px"><span class="skin-invert" style="background:white"><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E9%87%8C%E6%96%87%E6%89%93" title="巴里文打">巴里文打</a></span></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:72px; top:274px"><span class="skin-invert" style="background:white"><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%AA%E5%B9%B3_(%E9%9C%B9%E9%9B%B3)" title="太平 (霹雳)">太平</a></span></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:102px; top:292px"><span class="skin-invert" style="background:white"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%9F%E6%B2%99" title="江沙">江沙</a></span></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:186px; top:322px"><span class="skin-invert" style="background:white"><a href="/wiki/%E6%80%A1%E4%BF%9D" title="怡保">怡保</a></span></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:138px; top:364px"><span class="skin-invert" style="background:white"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%8E%E9%83%BD%E7%89%99%E4%B9%9F" title="华都牙也">华都牙也</a></span></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:78px; top:391px"><span class="skin-invert" style="background:white"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%96%AF%E9%87%8C%E4%BE%9D%E6%96%AF%E5%B9%B2%E8%BE%BE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="斯里依斯干达（页面不存在）">斯里依斯干达</a></span></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:156px; top:404.2px"><span class="skin-invert" style="background:white"><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%91%E5%AE%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="金宝">金宝</a></span></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:210px; top:406px"><span class="skin-invert" style="background:white"><a href="/wiki/%E6%89%93%E5%B7%B4" title="打巴">打巴</a></span></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:72px; top:410.2px"><span class="skin-invert" style="background:white"><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E9%87%8C%E6%9B%BC%E7%BB%92" title="斯里曼绒">斯里曼绒</a></span></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:138px; top:449.2px"><span class="skin-invert" style="background:white"><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E9%A1%BA_(%E9%9C%B9%E9%9B%B3)" title="安顺 (霹雳)">安顺</a></span></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:102px; top:482.8px"><span class="skin-invert" style="background:white"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B3%87%E7%9C%BC%E6%8B%BF%E7%9D%A3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="峇眼拿督（页面不存在）">峇眼拿督</a></span></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:246px; top:532px"><span class="skin-invert" style="background:white"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%B9%E7%BB%92%E9%A9%AC%E6%9E%97" title="丹绒马林">丹绒马林</a></span></div> </div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th>UPI<sup id="cite_ref-UPI_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UPI-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th> <th>县名</th> <th>人口</th> <th>面积<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th> <th>地方政府</th> <th>县府</th> <th><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%AB%E9%87%91" title="巫金">巫金</a>数</th> <th>注释 </th></tr> <tr> <td>0801 </td> <td><b><a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E7%99%BB%E5%B7%B4%E5%86%B7%E7%B8%A3" title="馬登巴冷縣">馬登巴冷縣</a></b>（<span lang="ms">Batang Padang</span>） </td> <td>123,600<sup id="cite_ref-bp_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bp-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>1,794.18平方公里 </td> <td>打巴县议会 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E6%89%93%E5%B7%B4" title="打巴">打巴</a>（<span lang="ms">Tapah</span>） </td> <td>4 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%8B%E6%BA%AA" title="宋溪">宋溪</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E7%BD%97" title="美罗">美罗</a>也位于该县。 </td></tr> <tr> <td>0802 </td> <td><b><a href="/wiki/%E6%9B%BC%E7%B5%A8%E7%B8%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="曼絨縣">曼絨县</a></b>（<span lang="ms">Manjung</span>） </td> <td>227,071 </td> <td>1,113.58平方公里 </td> <td>曼绒市议会 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E9%87%8C%E6%9B%BC%E7%BB%92" title="斯里曼绒">斯里曼绒</a>（<span lang="ms">Seri Manjung</span>） </td> <td>5 </td> <td>县内的<a href="/wiki/%E9%82%A6%E5%92%AF%E5%B2%9B" title="邦咯岛">邦咯岛</a>是旅游景点。<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BA%A2%E5%9C%9F%E5%9D%8E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="红土坎（页面不存在）">红土坎</a>（<span lang="ms">Lumut</span>）建有马来西亚海军基地。<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%9E%E5%85%86%E8%BF%9C" title="实兆远">实兆远</a>则是县内最大城镇。 </td></tr> <tr> <td>0803 </td> <td style="width:150px"><b><a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%91%E6%89%93%E7%B8%A3" title="近打縣">近打縣</a></b>（<span lang="ms">Kinta</span>） </td> <td style="width:100px">749,474 </td> <td style="width:120px">1,305平方公里 </td> <td style="width:200px">怡保市政厅<br />华都牙也县议会 </td> <td style="width:120px"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%8E%E9%83%BD%E7%89%99%E4%B9%9F" title="华都牙也">华都牙也</a>（<span lang="ms">Batu Gajah</span>） </td> <td>5 </td> <td>近打河流域曾盛产<a href="/wiki/%E9%94%A1" title="锡">锡米</a>。怡保是霹靂州的首府。<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%8E%E9%83%BD%E7%89%99%E4%B9%9F" title="华都牙也">华都牙也</a>也位于该县。 </td></tr> <tr> <td>0804 </td> <td><b><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%89%E8%BC%A6%E7%B8%A3" title="吉輦縣">吉輦縣</a></b>（<span lang="ms">Kerian</span>） </td> <td>176,975 </td> <td>921.47平方公里 </td> <td>吉辇县议会 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E9%87%8C%E6%96%87%E6%89%93" title="巴里文打">巴里文打</a>（<span lang="ms">Parit Buntar</span>） </td> <td>8 </td> <td>巴里文打位于3州交接处（<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%89%E6%89%93" title="吉打">吉打州</a>，<a href="/wiki/%E6%A7%9F%E5%9F%8E" title="槟城">槟城州</a>和霹靂州）。<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B3%87%E7%9C%BC%E8%89%B2%E6%B5%B7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="峇眼色海（页面不存在）">峇眼色海</a>曾是该县县府。 </td></tr> <tr> <td>0805 </td> <td><b><a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%9F%E6%B2%99%E7%B8%A3" title="江沙縣">江沙縣</a></b>（<span lang="ms">Kuala Kangsar</span>） </td> <td>155,592 </td> <td>2,563.61平方公里 </td> <td>江沙市议会 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%9F%E6%B2%99" title="江沙">江沙</a>（<span lang="ms">Kuala Kangsar</span>） </td> <td>9 </td> <td>江沙是霹靂州皇城。<a href="/wiki/%E5%92%8C%E4%B8%B0" title="和丰">和丰</a>也位于该县。 </td></tr> <tr> <td>0806 </td> <td><b><a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E5%BE%8B%E5%B3%87%E7%99%BB%E5%8F%B8%E5%8D%97%E9%A6%AC%E7%B8%A3" title="拉律峇登司南馬縣">拉律、峇登、司南马县</a></b>（<span lang="ms">Larut, Matang, Selama</span>） </td> <td>326,476 </td> <td>2,112.61平方公里 </td> <td>太平市议会<br />司南马县议会 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%AA%E5%B9%B3_(%E9%A9%AC%E6%9D%A5%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%9A)" class="mw-redirect" title="太平 (马来西亚)">太平</a>（<span lang="ms">Taiping</span>） </td> <td>14 </td> <td>太平曾是霹靂州的首府，市内的<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%AA%E5%B9%B3%E6%B9%96_(%E9%A9%AC%E6%9D%A5%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%9A)" class="mw-redirect" title="太平湖 (马来西亚)">太平湖</a>是著名的风景区。下有司南马副县。 </td></tr> <tr> <td>0807 </td> <td><b><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8B%E9%9C%B9%E9%9D%82%E7%B8%A3" title="下霹靂縣">下霹靂縣</a></b>（<span lang="ms">Hilir Perak</span>） </td> <td>128,179 </td> <td>792.07平方公里 </td> <td>安顺市议会 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E9%A1%BA_(%E9%9C%B9%E9%9B%B3)" title="安顺 (霹雳)">安顺</a>（<span lang="ms">Teluk Intan</span>） </td> <td>5 </td> <td>有<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E9%A0%86%E6%96%9C%E5%A1%94" title="安順斜塔">安顺斜塔</a>。<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%86%B7%E7%94%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="冷甲（页面不存在）">冷甲</a>也位于该县。 </td></tr> <tr> <td>0808 </td> <td><b><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8A%E9%9C%B9%E9%9D%82%E7%B8%A3" title="上霹靂縣">上霹靂縣</a></b>（<span lang="ms">Hulu Perak</span>） </td> <td>89,926 </td> <td>6,560.43平方公里 </td> <td>宜力县议会<br />高乌县议会<br />玲珑县议会 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%9C%E5%8A%9B" title="宜力">宜力</a>（<span lang="ms">Gerik</span>） </td> <td>10 </td> <td>位于<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%8E%B2%E7%8F%91_(%E9%A9%AC%E6%9D%A5%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%9A)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="玲珑 (马来西亚)（页面不存在）">玲珑</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%B2%E7%93%8F%E8%B0%B7%E5%9C%B0%E8%80%83%E5%8F%A4%E9%81%BA%E5%9D%80" title="玲瓏谷地考古遺址">考古遗址</a>名列<a href="/wiki/%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E5%9B%BD%E6%95%99%E7%A7%91%E6%96%87%E7%BB%84%E7%BB%87" class="mw-redirect" title="联合国教科文组织">联合国教科文组织</a><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E9%81%97%E4%BA%A7" title="世界遗产">世界遗产</a>。<a href="/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E7%83%8F" title="高烏">高乌</a>也位于该县。 </td></tr> <tr style="background:#EEEEEE;"> <td><i>0809</i> </td> <td><i>司南马副县（<span lang="ms">Daerah Kecil Selama</span>）</i> </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-disabled-subtle,#ececec); color: var(--color-disabled,#2c2c2c); vertical-align: middle; font-size: smaller; text-align: center;" class="table-na skin-invert">不適用 </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-disabled-subtle,#ececec); color: var(--color-disabled,#2c2c2c); vertical-align: middle; font-size: smaller; text-align: center;" class="table-na skin-invert">不適用 </td> <td><i>司南马县议会</i> </td> <td><i>司南马（<span lang="ms">Selama</span>）</i> </td> <td>3 </td> <td>司南马是拉律峇登司南馬縣下的一个自治副县。<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>0810 </td> <td><b><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E9%9C%B9%E9%9D%82%E7%B8%A3" title="中霹靂縣">中霹靂縣</a></b>（<span lang="ms">Perak Tengah</span>） </td> <td>99,854 </td> <td>1,279.46平方公里 </td> <td>中霹雳县议会 </td> <td><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="斯里依斯干达" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Seri Iskandar"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%96%AF%E9%87%8C%E4%BE%9D%E6%96%AF%E5%B9%B2%E8%BE%BE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="斯里依斯干达（页面不存在）">斯里依斯干达</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seri_Iskandar" class="extiw" title="en:Seri Iskandar"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Seri Iskandar</span></a></span>）</span></span>（<span lang="ms">Seri Iskandar</span>） </td> <td>12 </td> <td>玛拉工艺大学和<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E6%B2%B9%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6" title="国油大学">国油大学</a>所在处。<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%AB%AF%E6%B4%9B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="端洛（页面不存在）">端洛</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B7%B4%E8%A5%BF%E6%B2%99%E5%8F%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="巴西沙叻（页面不存在）">巴西沙叻</a>也位于该县。 </td></tr> <tr> <td>0811 </td> <td><b><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%91%E5%AF%B6%E7%B8%A3" title="金寶縣">金宝县</a></b>（<span lang="ms">Kampar</span>） </td> <td>96,303 </td> <td>669.8平方公里 </td> <td>金宝县议会 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%91%E5%AE%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="金宝">金宝</a>（<span lang="ms">Kampar</span>） </td> <td>2 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E6%9B%BC%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6" title="拉曼大学">拉曼大学</a>总校及<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E6%9B%BC%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6%E5%AD%A6%E9%99%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="拉曼大学学院">拉曼大学学院</a>霹雳分校所在处。 </td></tr> <tr> <td>0812 </td> <td><b><a href="/wiki/%E6%85%95%E4%BA%9A%E6%9E%97%E5%8E%BF" title="慕亚林县">慕亚林县</a></b>（<span lang="ms">Muallim</span>） </td> <td>69,639<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>934.35平方公里 </td> <td>丹绒马林县议会 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%B9%E7%BB%92%E9%A9%AC%E6%9E%97" title="丹绒马林">丹绒马林</a>（<span lang="ms">Tanjung Malim</span>） </td> <td>3 </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8B%8F%E4%B8%B9%E4%BE%9D%E5%BE%B7%E5%88%A9%E6%96%AF%E5%B8%88%E8%8C%83%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="苏丹依德利斯师范大学（页面不存在）">苏丹依德利斯师范大学</a>（UPSI）所在处。<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%8E%E5%86%B7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="美冷（页面不存在）">美冷</a>也位于该县。 </td></tr> <tr> <td>0813 </td> <td><b><a href="/wiki/%E5%B3%87%E7%9C%BC%E6%8B%BF%E7%9D%A3%E5%8E%BF" title="峇眼拿督县">峇眼拿督县</a></b>（<span lang="ms">Bagan Datuk</span>） </td> <td>70,300<sup id="cite_ref-chinapress.com.my_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chinapress.com.my-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>951.52平方公里 </td> <td>安顺市议会 </td> <td><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="峇眼拿督" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Bagan Datuk"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B3%87%E7%9C%BC%E6%8B%BF%E7%9D%A3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="峇眼拿督（页面不存在）">峇眼拿督</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagan_Datuk" class="extiw" title="en:Bagan Datuk"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Bagan Datuk</span></a></span>）</span></span>（<span lang="ms">Bagan Datuk</span>） </td> <td>4 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%8A%E6%B8%AF" title="半港">半港</a>也位于该县。 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="人口统计"><span id=".E4.BA.BA.E5.8F.A3.E7.BB.9F.E8.AE.A1"></span>人口统计</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9C%B9%E9%9D%82&action=edit&section=13" title="编辑章节：人口统计"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>霹雳州现有人口大约2百万。原为全马人口最多的州属，锡产业下滑所导致的经济问题仍然存在。经济问题引致了人口流失到附近其他经济增长率较高州属，其中包括<a href="/wiki/%E6%A7%9F%E5%9F%8E" title="槟城">槟城</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%AA%E5%85%B0%E8%8E%AA%E5%B7%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="雪兰莪州">雪兰莪州</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%89%E9%9A%86%E5%9D%A1" title="吉隆坡">吉隆坡联邦直辖区</a>。2001年估计种族分布为：巫裔占53.68%（1,101,105人）、华裔占31.35%（643,129人）、印裔占12.78%（262,121人）、其他占0.32%（6,536人）以及非公民占1.87%（38,345人），其中華裔人口比例是馬來西亞一級地方行政區的第二名。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="地理"><span id=".E5.9C.B0.E7.90.86"></span>地理</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9C%B9%E9%9D%82&action=edit&section=14" title="编辑章节：地理"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>霹雳州涵盖了21,006平方公里的范围，占全马土地面积的6.4%。霹雳州也是马来半岛第二大的州属，为全马第四。 </p><p>霹雳州白天时阳光普照，夜晚全年凉快，傍晚偶尔下雨。州内气温纪录最低摄氏23度，最高摄氏42度。全年雨量为3,218毫米。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="经济"><span id=".E7.BB.8F.E6.B5.8E"></span>经济</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9C%B9%E9%9D%82&action=edit&section=15" title="编辑章节：经济"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>霹雳州经济在于<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%AA%E5%B9%B3_(%E9%9C%B9%E9%9B%B3)" title="太平 (霹雳)">太平</a>拉律发现锡产后便开始蓬勃增长。 </p><p>在全球经济衰退之前，霹雳州乃马来西亚最富有的州属之一。1990年锡产业倒闭后，霹雳经济也严重地受到影响。锡价的下滑使锡矿公司一一倒闭。 </p><p>这促使了霹雳州政府把州内的经济蓝图转向更高价值的生产业。20世纪80年代中叶，许多台湾的电子公司都被吸引到<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%96%AF%E9%87%8C%E5%B9%B6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="斯里并（页面不存在）">斯里并</a>（<i><span lang="ms">Silibin</span></i>）和<a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%9D%E6%B4%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="九洞">九洞</a>（<i><span lang="ms">Jelapang</span></i>）工业区。但到了90年代，大部分工厂都迁到了人均收入较低的中国。马来西亚汽车产商<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E8%85%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="普腾">普腾</a>也于丹戎马林设立了汽车工业城（<i><span lang="en">Proton City</span></i>），成为了全马汽车产量最高的工厂。 </p><p>农业也是霹雳州其中一个重要的工业，尤其是橡胶、椰子和油棕。人们对于霹雳州的天然景观和文化特色的发现也使旅游业增长快速。 </p><p>州内完好的基本设施也令霹雳州成为创业的首选之地。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="交通"><span id=".E4.BA.A4.E9.80.9A"></span>交通</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9C%B9%E9%9D%82&action=edit&section=16" title="编辑章节：交通"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="公路"><span id=".E5.85.AC.E8.B7.AF"></span>公路</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9C%B9%E9%9D%82&action=edit&section=17" title="编辑章节：公路"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>怡保距离北部的槟城约165公里，距离南部的吉隆坡则约205公里（或两小时车程）。霹雳州内及通往外州的道路四通八达，南北高速大道则贯穿着州内各大小城镇，南北大道從怡保南部收費站到怡保北部收費站這段14.7公里路段为免付費路段。州内也有一大道，称怡保-红土坎大道，始于怡保九洞，终于曼绒县的红土坎。 </p><p>除此，霹雳州也拥有往返吉隆坡国际机场的川行巴士服务，埠内巴士服务在州内也相当流行。州内目前有数家巴士公司提供长途巴士往返吉隆坡和国内各州。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="铁路"><span id=".E9.93.81.E8.B7.AF"></span>铁路</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9C%B9%E9%9D%82&action=edit&section=18" title="编辑章节：铁路"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E6%9D%A5%E4%BA%9A%E9%93%81%E9%81%93" title="马来亚铁道">马来亚铁道</a>（KTMB）为霹雳州的铁路经营者，并提供数趟火车客运服务通往霹雳州及外州各地。州内车站包括丹绒马林、美冷、仕林河、宋溪、打巴路、金宝、华都牙也、怡保、他昔、和丰、江沙、硝山、太平、甘文丁、峇眼色海和巴里文打，其中<a href="/wiki/%E6%80%A1%E4%BF%9D%E7%AB%99" title="怡保站">怡保火车站</a>是州内最大的车站，位于怡保市旧街场的邦里马武吉甘当华合路（Jalan Panglima Bukit Gantang Wahab），临近有美丹杰埠内巴士总站、怡保大草场和马来西亚邮政公司怡保总行。怡保的火车站也被称为“怡保的泰姬陵”，建于1935年，是根据<a href="/wiki/%E6%91%A9%E5%B0%94%E5%BC%8F%E5%BB%BA%E7%AD%91" title="摩尔式建筑">摩尔人的建筑风格</a>而建，并于2007年双轨铁道工程展开期间进行维修、翻新和升级。 </p><p>怡保至森州芙蓉的主干线为复线铁道，并可以容许电动火车行驶。而于2013年完工的怡保－巴东勿刹复线电气化铁道工程使得现今州内火车站提供平均时速为140公里的<a href="/wiki/KTM%E7%94%B5%E5%8A%A8%E5%88%97%E8%BD%A6%E6%9C%8D%E5%8A%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="KTM电动列车服务">KTM电动列车服务</a>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="航空"><span id=".E8.88.AA.E7.A9.BA"></span>航空</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9C%B9%E9%9D%82&action=edit&section=19" title="编辑章节：航空"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>州內的机場为<a href="/wiki/%E6%80%A1%E4%BF%9D%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E6%9C%BA%E5%9C%BA" title="怡保国际机场">怡保國際機場</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E9%82%A6%E5%92%AF%E6%A9%9F%E5%A0%B4" title="邦咯機場">邦咯機場</a>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="旅游业"><span id=".E6.97.85.E6.B8.B8.E4.B8.9A"></span>旅游业</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9C%B9%E9%9D%82&action=edit&section=20" title="编辑章节：旅游业"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84833064"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E6%9D%A5%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%9A%E5%95%86%E5%9C%BA%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8#霹雳" title="马来西亚商场列表">马来西亚商场列表 § 霹雳</a></div> <p>霹雳州内有数个名胜地点，其中包括其首府怡保，以当地的<a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%99%E6%B2%B3%E7%B2%89" title="沙河粉">沙河粉</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E5%8D%97%E9%9B%9E%E9%A3%AF" title="海南雞飯">海南鸡饭</a>为其中简单却又具特色的佳肴。怡保市郊<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%89%93%E6%89%AA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="打扪（页面不存在）">打扪</a>（<i><span lang="ms">Tambun</span></i>）盛产的柚子也吸引了本地其他州属的旅客慕名而来。 </p><p>位于华都牙也的<a href="/wiki/%E5%87%AF%E5%88%A9%E5%8F%A4%E5%A0%A1" title="凯利古堡">凯利古堡</a>（<i><span lang="en">Kellie's Castle</span></i>）在1915年动工后由于主人史密夫（<i><span lang="en">William Kellie Smith</span></i>）返回英国后在当地去世而没有竣工。许多人相信古堡里闹鬼，拥有密室和密道。今天，凯利古堡是当地一个著名的旅游胜地。 </p><p>从红土坎乘船到<a href="/wiki/%E9%82%A6%E5%92%AF%E5%B2%9B" title="邦咯岛">邦咯岛</a>后，旅客可以尽览当地渔村和白色沙滩。游泳和潜水都是旅客到邦咯岛少不了的休闲活动。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="食物"><span id=".E9.A3.9F.E7.89.A9"></span>食物</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9C%B9%E9%9D%82&action=edit&section=21" title="编辑章节：食物"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b><a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E4%BE%86%E5%BC%8F%E7%AB%B9%E7%AD%92%E9%A3%AF" title="馬來式竹筒飯">竹筒饭</a></b> <i>(Lemang)</i>是开斋节和哈芝节少不了的传统马来食物。它是把糯米在竹筒里慢火熬成，配合马来咖喱「<a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%81%E5%BD%93" title="仁当">仁当</a>」食用。据说这食物来源于当地土著以竹筒做饭而来。 </p><p><b>榴莲酱</b> <i>(Tempoyak)</i>是另一种著名马来食物。它是把榴莲肉在陶器里保存起来而成。 </p><p>霹雳州的食物被公认为本区最好的，通常外地的旅客会特地到本州的餐馆或美食中心，大快朵颐一番。在怡保市不妨尝尝当地美食，如<a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%99%E6%B2%B3%E7%B2%89" title="沙河粉">沙河粉</a>、咚咚粉、香港猪肠粉、忠记兵如港大树头炸料粉、河嘻（潮州魚丸粉）、奇峰豆腐花、香港点心、<a href="/wiki/%E7%82%92%E7%B2%BF%E6%9D%A1" title="炒粿条">炒粿条</a>、偏担饭、<a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%90%E7%84%97%E9%B8%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="盐焗鸡">盐焗鸡</a>、怡保高温街芽菜鸡和古月添記客家擂茶(山城怡保擁有<a href="/wiki/%E6%93%82%E8%8C%B6" title="擂茶">擂茶</a>的故鄉的美名)等。此外，还有万里望花生、美罗鸡仔饼、实兆远的<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89%E9%A5%BC#福州光饼" title="光饼">福州光饼</a>和红酒面线、<a href="/wiki/%E9%82%A6%E5%92%AF%E5%B2%9B" title="邦咯岛">邦咯岛</a>的沙爹鱼、富有马来风味的<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%BB%E6%B2%99" title="叻沙">叻沙</a>以及<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E9%A1%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="安顺">安顺</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%99%E9%A4%85" title="香餅">香饼</a>等。 </p><p>霹靂州的錫礦業，由大部分華人支撐，尤其廣府籍人士，他們也引進了飲茶文化，即是六堡茶。六堡茶早在神州南方，就為百姓抵禦南地的潮濕熱氣，故而也能為礦工抵抗南洋的潮濕。有言，錫礦公司若是不提供免費六堡茶也不上道的行為，受礦工唾棄。六堡茶也有醒神，醒胃，增加人體維生素等功用。如今，廣西政府也承認，怡保為六堡茶的第二故鄉。也有茶葉達人在怡保開放-山城六堡，使用了怡保的-好山，好水，好人情。以作屬於怡保山城自己的六堡風味。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="高等教育"><span id=".E9.AB.98.E7.AD.89.E6.95.99.E8.82.B2"></span>高等教育</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9C%B9%E9%9D%82&action=edit&section=22" title="编辑章节：高等教育"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>霹雳州内的高等学府包括： </p> <ul><li>马来西亚师范学院怡保校区（<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161116002605/http://ipgipoh.info/">Institut Pendidikan Guru Kampus Ipoh, Hulu Kinta</a>）</li> <li>苏丹依德里斯教育大学（<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.upsi.edu.my/">Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20210516052344/http://www.upsi.edu.my/">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>））</li> <li>国油科技大学（<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.utp.edu.my/">Universiti Teknologi Petronas</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20181121195826/http://www.utp.edu.my/">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>））</li> <li>霹雳皇家医药学院（<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100413170134/http://www.perakmed.edu.my/">Royal College of Medicine, Perak</a>）</li> <li>霹雳金宝拉曼学院分院（<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tarc.edu.my/">Tunku Abdul Rahman College</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20130515133234/http://www.tarc.edu.my/">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>））</li> <li>Ungku Omar技术学院（<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.puo.edu.my/">Politeknik Ungku Omar, Ipoh, Perak</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20210430210034/http://www.puo.edu.my/">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>））</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E6%9B%BC%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6" title="拉曼大学">拉曼大学</a>（<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.utar.edu.my/">Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Kampar, Perak</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20161012172633/http://www.utar.edu.my/">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>））</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="注釋"><span id=".E6.B3.A8.E9.87.8B"></span>注釋</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9C%B9%E9%9D%82&action=edit&section=23" title="编辑章节：注釋"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div style="font-size: 85%"> <div id="references-NoteFoot"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">槟城旧称</span> </li> </ol></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="参考资料"><span id=".E5.8F.82.E8.80.83.E8.B5.84.E6.96.99"></span>参考资料</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9C%B9%E9%9D%82&action=edit&section=24" title="编辑章节：参考资料"><span>编辑</span></a><span 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Jabatan Perangkaan Malaysia: 27. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">24 January</span> 2011]</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.statistics.gov.my/ccount12/click.php?id=2127">原始内容</a>存档于27 December 2010）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%9C%B9%E9%9D%82&rft.btitle=Laporan+Kiraan+Permulaan+2010&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pages=27&rft.pub=Jabatan+Perangkaan+Malaysia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.statistics.gov.my%2Fccount12%2Fclick.php%3Fid%3D2127&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">《马来西亚：多元共国的国度》<a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9789570852799" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-957-085279-9</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chinapress.com.my/20190504/%e9%a6%96%e7%9b%b8%e4%bc%89%e4%bf%aa%e6%8a%b5%e8%be%be%e9%9c%b9%e9%9b%b3%e5%b7%9e/">首相伉俪抵达霹雳州</a>. 中國報 China Press. 2019-05-04 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2021-02-05</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190506191601/http://www.chinapress.com.my/20190504/%e9%a6%96%e7%9b%b8%e4%bc%89%e4%bf%aa%e6%8a%b5%e8%be%be%e9%9c%b9%e9%9b%b3%e5%b7%9e/">存档</a>于2019-05-06） <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到中文网页">（中文）</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%9C%B9%E9%9D%82&rft.atitle=%E9%A6%96%E7%9B%B8%E4%BC%89%E4%BF%AA%E6%8A%B5%E8%BE%BE%E9%9C%B9%E9%9B%B3%E5%B7%9E&rft.date=2019-05-04&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E5%A0%B1+China+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chinapress.com.my%2F20190504%2F%25e9%25a6%2596%25e7%259b%25b8%25e4%25bc%2589%25e4%25bf%25aa%25e6%258a%25b5%25e8%25be%25be%25e9%259c%25b9%25e9%259b%25b3%25e5%25b7%259e%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">郭史光庆. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.malaysiakini.com/news/79687">回教党莫哈末尼查出任霹大臣二副大臣：倪可汉与印裔议员</a>. 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%9C%B9%E9%9D%82&rft.btitle=%E3%80%90%E7%8B%AC%E5%AE%B6%E3%80%91%E6%8F%90%E4%BE%9B%E5%B0%B1%E4%B8%9A%E6%9C%BA%E4%BC%9A+%E5%90%B8%E5%BC%95%E4%BA%BA%E6%89%8D%E5%9B%9E%E6%B5%81+%E6%85%95%E4%BA%9A%E6%9E%97%E7%9D%80%E9%87%8D%E5%9C%9F%E5%9C%B0%E5%8F%91%E5%B1%95&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=e%E5%8D%97%E6%B4%8B&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.enanyang.my%2Fnews%2F20160111%2F%25E3%2580%2590%25E7%258B%25AC%25E5%25AE%25B6%25E3%2580%2591%25E6%258F%2590%25E4%25BE%259B%25E5%25B0%25B1%25E4%25B8%259A%25E6%259C%25BA%25E4%25BC%259A-%25E5%2590%25B8%25E5%25BC%2595%25E4%25BA%25BA%25E6%2589%258D%25E5%259B%259E%25E6%25B5%2581br-%25E6%2585%2595%25E4%25BA%259A%25E6%259E%2597%25E7%259D%2580%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-chinapress.com.my-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-chinapress.com.my_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chinapress.com.my/20171019/%E3%80%90%E4%BB%8A%E6%97%A5%E9%9C%B9%E9%9D%82%E9%A0%AD%E6%A2%9D%E3%80%91%E5%B3%87%E7%9C%BC%E6%8B%BF%E7%9D%A3%E9%99%9E%E6%A0%BC%E7%82%BA%E7%B8%A3%EF%BC%88%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E7%AF%87%EF%BC%89-%E7%9B%BC/">【今日霹靂頭條】峇眼拿督陞格為縣（第一篇）盼發展計劃帶動經濟峇眼拿督百年老鎮地價翻2倍</a>. <a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E5%A0%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="中國報">中國報</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2017-12-16</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200804070656/https://www.chinapress.com.my/20171019/%E3%80%90%E4%BB%8A%E6%97%A5%E9%9C%B9%E9%9D%82%E9%A0%AD%E6%A2%9D%E3%80%91%E5%B3%87%E7%9C%BC%E6%8B%BF%E7%9D%A3%E9%99%9E%E6%A0%BC%E7%82%BA%E7%B8%A3%EF%BC%88%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E7%AF%87%EF%BC%89-%E7%9B%BC/">存档</a>于2020-08-04）.</cite><span 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style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="外部链接"><span id=".E5.A4.96.E9.83.A8.E9.93.BE.E6.8E.A5"></span>外部链接</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9C%B9%E9%9D%82&action=edit&section=25" title="编辑章节：外部链接"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r82655521">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:#f9f9f9;display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox" style="font-size:small;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r82655520">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, 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text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20210127155414/https://perakbiz-route.com.my/perak-biz-route-zh/general/11-districts-of-perak/">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ditu.ps123.net/world/UploadFile/201312/2013121321353061.jpg">霹雳州地图</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20200818080556/http://ditu.ps123.net/world/UploadFile/201312/2013121321353061.jpg">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84265675">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Template:%E9%9C%B9%E9%9B%B3%E5%B7%9E" title="Template:霹雳州"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:%E9%9C%B9%E9%9B%B3%E5%B7%9E" title="Template talk:霹雳州"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E9%9C%B9%E9%9B%B3%E5%B7%9E" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:霹雳州"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="class=notpageimage&#124;23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=_霹雳州" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Flag_of_Perak.svg/23px-Flag_of_Perak.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Flag_of_Perak.svg/35px-Flag_of_Perak.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Flag_of_Perak.svg/46px-Flag_of_Perak.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">霹雳州</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%96%E5%BA%9C" class="mw-redirect" title="首府">首府</a>：<a href="/wiki/%E6%80%A1%E4%BF%9D" title="怡保">怡保</a>　　<a href="/wiki/%E7%9A%87%E5%9F%8E" title="皇城">皇城</a>：<a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%9F%E6%B2%99" title="江沙">江沙</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Outline_of_Perak&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Outline of Perak（页面不存在）">话题</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9C%B9%E9%9B%B3%E5%B7%9E%E7%9B%B8%E5%85%B3%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="霹雳州相关页面（页面不存在）">首页</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9C%B9%E9%9B%B3%E5%B7%9E%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="霹雳州历史（页面不存在）">历史</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9C%B9%E9%9B%B3%E5%B7%9E%E5%B7%9E%E5%8A%A1%E5%A4%A7%E8%87%A3%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="霹雳州州务大臣列表（页面不存在）">州务大臣</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9C%B9%E9%9B%B3%E5%B7%9E%E5%AE%AA%E6%B3%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="霹雳州宪法（页面不存在）">宪法</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9C%B9%E9%9B%B3%E5%B7%9E%E9%80%89%E4%B8%BE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="霹雳州选举（页面不存在）">选举</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:%E9%9C%B9%E9%9B%B3%E5%B7%9E%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:霹雳州地理（页面不存在）">地理</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9C%B9%E9%9B%B3%E5%B7%9E%E7%9A%84%E5%90%9B%E4%B8%BB%E5%88%B6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="霹雳州的君主制（页面不存在）">君主制</a> <ul><li><a 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href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9C%B9%E9%9B%B3%E5%B7%9E%E5%B7%9E%E5%BE%BD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="霹雳州州徽（页面不存在）">州徽</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9C%B9%E9%9B%B3%E5%B7%9E%E5%B7%9E%E6%97%97" class="mw-redirect" title="霹雳州州旗">州旗</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Category:%E9%9C%B9%E9%9B%B3%E5%B7%9E%E6%97%85%E6%B8%B8%E6%99%AF%E7%82%B9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Category:霹雳州旅游景点（页面不存在）">景点</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9C%B9%E9%9B%B3%E5%B7%9E%E5%8C%BA%E7%BA%A7%E8%A1%8C%E6%94%BF%E5%8C%BA%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="霹雳州区级行政区列表">巫金</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Perak.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Flag_of_Perak.svg/100px-Flag_of_Perak.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Flag_of_Perak.svg/150px-Flag_of_Perak.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Flag_of_Perak.svg/200px-Flag_of_Perak.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">社会</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Category:%E9%9C%B9%E9%9B%B3%E5%B7%9E%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Category:霹雳州文化（页面不存在）">文化</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9C%B9%E9%9B%B3%E5%B7%9E%E7%BD%AA%E6%A1%88&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="霹雳州罪案（页面不存在）">罪案</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9C%B9%E9%9B%B3%E5%B7%9E%E9%A5%AE%E9%A3%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="霹雳州饮食（页面不存在）">饮食</a> <ul><li><a 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title="吉輦縣">吉辇县</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%9F%E6%B2%99%E7%B8%A3" title="江沙縣">江沙县</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8A%E9%9C%B9%E9%9D%82%E7%B8%A3" title="上霹靂縣">上霹雳县</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E9%9C%B9%E9%9D%82%E7%B8%A3" title="中霹靂縣">中霹靂縣</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%91%E5%AF%B6%E7%B8%A3" title="金寶縣">金宝县</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%85%95%E4%BA%9A%E6%9E%97%E5%8E%BF" title="慕亚林县">慕亚林县</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B3%87%E7%9C%BC%E6%8B%BF%E7%9D%A3%E5%8E%BF" title="峇眼拿督县">峇眼拿督县</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%89%AF%E5%8E%BF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="副县（页面不存在）">副县</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%8E%E9%83%BD%E7%89%99%E4%B9%9F" title="华都牙也">华都牙也</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%9C%E5%8A%9B" title="宜力">宜力</a></li> <li><a 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84244141"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E9%A9%AC%E6%9D%A5%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%9A%E8%A1%8C%E6%94%BF%E5%8C%BA%E5%88%92" title="Template:马来西亚行政区划"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:%E9%A9%AC%E6%9D%A5%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%9A%E8%A1%8C%E6%94%BF%E5%8C%BA%E5%88%92" title="Template talk:马来西亚行政区划"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E9%A9%AC%E6%9D%A5%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%9A%E8%A1%8C%E6%94%BF%E5%8C%BA%E5%88%92" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:马来西亚行政区划"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="class=notpageimage&#124;22x20px&#124;border_&#124;alt=马来西亚&#124;link=马来西亚_马来西亚行政区划" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E6%9D%A5%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%9A" title="马来西亚"><img alt="马来西亚" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/22px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/33px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/44px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E6%9D%A5%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%9A%E8%A1%8C%E6%94%BF%E5%8C%BA%E5%88%92" title="马来西亚行政区划">马来西亚行政区划</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>首都：<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%89%E9%9A%86%E5%9D%A1" title="吉隆坡">吉隆坡</a>   行政中心：<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%83%E5%9F%8E" title="布城">布城</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E6%9D%A5%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%9A%E5%B7%9E%E5%B1%9E%E5%92%8C%E8%81%94%E9%82%A6%E7%9B%B4%E8%BE%96%E5%8C%BA" title="马来西亚州属和联邦直辖区">州</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px;"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td style="width:5em;">   </td><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;text-align:right;;;;width:10em;"><div> <p><span class="nowrap"><span style="font-family:monospace, monospace;"><b>JHR</b></span> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%94%E4%BD%9B%E5%B7%9E" title="柔佛州"><img alt="柔佛州" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Flag_of_Johor.svg/22px-Flag_of_Johor.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Flag_of_Johor.svg/33px-Flag_of_Johor.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Flag_of_Johor.svg/44px-Flag_of_Johor.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%94%E4%BD%9B" title="柔佛">柔　佛</a></span><br /> <span class="nowrap"><span style="font-family:monospace, monospace;"><b>PHG</b></span> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%E5%BD%AD%E4%BA%A8" title="彭亨"><img alt="彭亨" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Pahang.svg/22px-Flag_of_Pahang.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Pahang.svg/33px-Flag_of_Pahang.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Pahang.svg/44px-Flag_of_Pahang.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%BD%AD%E4%BA%A8" title="彭亨">彭　亨</a></span><br /> <span class="nowrap"><span style="font-family:monospace, monospace;"><b>SWK</b></span> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A0%82%E6%8B%89%E8%B6%8A" title="砂拉越"><img alt="砂拉越" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Flag_of_Sarawak.svg/22px-Flag_of_Sarawak.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Flag_of_Sarawak.svg/33px-Flag_of_Sarawak.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Flag_of_Sarawak.svg/44px-Flag_of_Sarawak.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%A0%82%E6%8B%89%E8%B6%8A" title="砂拉越">砂拉越</a></span><br /> </p> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align:right;;;;width:10em;"><div> <p><span class="nowrap"><span style="font-family:monospace, monospace;"><b>KDH</b></span> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%89%E6%89%93" title="吉打"><img alt="吉打" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Flag_of_Kedah.svg/22px-Flag_of_Kedah.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Flag_of_Kedah.svg/33px-Flag_of_Kedah.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Flag_of_Kedah.svg/44px-Flag_of_Kedah.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%90%89%E6%89%93" title="吉打">吉　打</a></span><br /> <span class="nowrap"><span style="font-family:monospace, monospace;"><b>PRK</b></span> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%E9%9C%B9%E9%9D%82%E5%B7%9E" title="霹靂州"><img alt="霹靂州" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Flag_of_Perak.svg/22px-Flag_of_Perak.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Flag_of_Perak.svg/33px-Flag_of_Perak.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Flag_of_Perak.svg/44px-Flag_of_Perak.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">霹　雳</a></span><br /> <span class="nowrap"><span style="font-family:monospace, monospace;"><b>SGR</b></span> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%AA%E8%98%AD%E8%8E%AA" title="雪蘭莪"><img alt="雪蘭莪" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Flag_of_Selangor.svg/22px-Flag_of_Selangor.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Flag_of_Selangor.svg/33px-Flag_of_Selangor.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Flag_of_Selangor.svg/44px-Flag_of_Selangor.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%AA%E8%98%AD%E8%8E%AA" title="雪蘭莪">雪蘭莪</a></span><br /> </p> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align:right;;;;width:10em;"><div> <p><span class="nowrap"><span style="font-family:monospace, monospace;"><b>KTN</b></span> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%89%E5%85%B0%E4%B8%B9" title="吉兰丹"><img alt="吉兰丹" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_Kelantan.svg/22px-Flag_of_Kelantan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_Kelantan.svg/33px-Flag_of_Kelantan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_Kelantan.svg/44px-Flag_of_Kelantan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1440" data-file-height="720" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%90%89%E5%85%B0%E4%B8%B9" title="吉兰丹">吉兰丹</a></span><br /> <span class="nowrap"><span style="font-family:monospace, monospace;"><b>PLS</b></span> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%BB%E7%92%83%E5%B8%82" title="玻璃市"><img alt="玻璃市" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Perlis.svg/22px-Flag_of_Perlis.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Perlis.svg/33px-Flag_of_Perlis.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Perlis.svg/44px-Flag_of_Perlis.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%BB%E7%92%83%E5%B8%82" title="玻璃市">玻璃市</a></span><br /> <span class="nowrap"><span style="font-family:monospace, monospace;"><b>TRG</b></span> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BB%E5%98%89%E6%A8%93" title="登嘉樓"><img alt="登嘉樓" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Flag_of_Terengganu.svg/22px-Flag_of_Terengganu.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Flag_of_Terengganu.svg/33px-Flag_of_Terengganu.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Flag_of_Terengganu.svg/44px-Flag_of_Terengganu.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BB%E5%98%89%E6%A8%93" title="登嘉樓">登嘉樓</a></span><br /> </p> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align:right;;;;width:10em;"><div> <p><span class="nowrap"><span style="font-family:monospace, monospace;"><b>MLK</b></span> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E5%85%AD%E7%94%B2" title="马六甲"><img alt="马六甲" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_Malacca.svg/22px-Flag_of_Malacca.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_Malacca.svg/33px-Flag_of_Malacca.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_Malacca.svg/44px-Flag_of_Malacca.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E5%85%AD%E7%94%B2" title="马六甲">马六甲</a></span><br /> <span class="nowrap"><span style="font-family:monospace, monospace;"><b>PNG</b></span> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%E6%AA%B3%E5%9F%8E" title="檳城"><img alt="檳城" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Penang_%28Malaysia%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Penang_%28Malaysia%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Penang_%28Malaysia%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_Penang_%28Malaysia%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Penang_%28Malaysia%29.svg/44px-Flag_of_Penang_%28Malaysia%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%A7%9F%E5%9F%8E" title="槟城">槟　城</a></span><br /> </p> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align:right;;;;width:10em;"><div> <p><span class="nowrap"><span style="font-family:monospace, monospace;"><b>NSN</b></span> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%E6%A3%AE%E7%BE%8E%E8%98%AD" title="森美蘭"><img alt="森美蘭" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Flag_of_Negeri_Sembilan.svg/22px-Flag_of_Negeri_Sembilan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Flag_of_Negeri_Sembilan.svg/33px-Flag_of_Negeri_Sembilan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Flag_of_Negeri_Sembilan.svg/44px-Flag_of_Negeri_Sembilan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%A3%AE%E7%BE%8E%E5%85%B0" title="森美兰">森美兰</a></span><br /> <span class="nowrap"><span style="font-family:monospace, monospace;"><b>SBH</b></span> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%99%E5%B7%B4" title="沙巴"><img alt="沙巴" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Flag_of_Sabah.svg/22px-Flag_of_Sabah.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Flag_of_Sabah.svg/33px-Flag_of_Sabah.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Flag_of_Sabah.svg/44px-Flag_of_Sabah.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%99%E5%B7%B4" title="沙巴">沙　巴</a></span><br /> </p> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Malaysia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Coat_of_arms_of_Malaysia.svg/100px-Coat_of_arms_of_Malaysia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Coat_of_arms_of_Malaysia.svg/150px-Coat_of_arms_of_Malaysia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Coat_of_arms_of_Malaysia.svg/200px-Coat_of_arms_of_Malaysia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;"><span class="nowrap"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%E8%81%AF%E9%82%A6%E7%9B%B4%E8%BD%84%E5%8D%80" title="聯邦直轄區"><img alt="聯邦直轄區" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_the_Federal_Territories_of_Malaysia.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_Federal_Territories_of_Malaysia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_the_Federal_Territories_of_Malaysia.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_Federal_Territories_of_Malaysia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_the_Federal_Territories_of_Malaysia.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_Federal_Territories_of_Malaysia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/%E8%81%94%E9%82%A6%E7%9B%B4%E8%BE%96%E5%8C%BA" title="联邦直辖区">联邦直辖区</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px;"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td style="width:5em;">   </td><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;text-align:right;;;;width:10em;"><div> <p><span class="nowrap"><span style="font-family:monospace, monospace;"><b>KUL</b></span> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%89%E9%9A%86%E5%9D%A1" title="吉隆坡"><img alt="吉隆坡" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_Kuala_Lumpur%2C_Malaysia.svg/22px-Flag_of_Kuala_Lumpur%2C_Malaysia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_Kuala_Lumpur%2C_Malaysia.svg/33px-Flag_of_Kuala_Lumpur%2C_Malaysia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_Kuala_Lumpur%2C_Malaysia.svg/44px-Flag_of_Kuala_Lumpur%2C_Malaysia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%90%89%E9%9A%86%E5%9D%A1" title="吉隆坡">吉隆坡</a></span> </p> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align:right;;;;width:10em;"><div> <p><span class="nowrap"><span style="font-family:monospace, monospace;"><b>LBN</b></span> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%8D%E9%96%A9" title="納閩"><img alt="納閩" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Flag_of_Labuan.svg/22px-Flag_of_Labuan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Flag_of_Labuan.svg/33px-Flag_of_Labuan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Flag_of_Labuan.svg/44px-Flag_of_Labuan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="450" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%B3%E9%97%BD" title="纳闽">纳　闽</a></span> </p> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align:right;;;;width:10em;"><div> <p><span class="nowrap"><span style="font-family:monospace, monospace;"><b>PJY</b></span> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%83%E5%9F%8E" title="布城"><img alt="布城" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Putrajaya.svg/22px-Flag_of_Putrajaya.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Putrajaya.svg/33px-Flag_of_Putrajaya.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Putrajaya.svg/44px-Flag_of_Putrajaya.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%83%E5%9F%8E" title="布城">布　城</a></span> </p> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%99%E7%A0%82%E5%A4%8D%E9%82%A6" title="沙砂复邦">沙砂复邦</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E6%9D%A5%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%9A%E5%B7%9E%E5%B1%9E%E5%92%8C%E8%81%94%E9%82%A6%E7%9B%B4%E8%BE%96%E5%8C%BA" title="马来西亚州属和联邦直辖区">州属和联邦直辖区</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E6%9D%A5%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%9A%E9%A6%96%E9%83%BD%E5%8F%8A%E5%90%84%E5%B7%9E%E9%A6%96%E5%BA%9C%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="马来西亚首都及各州首府列表">首都与各州首府</a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84261037"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="-&#123;zh-cn:规范控制;zh-tw:權威控制;&#125;--&#123;zh-cn:数据库;zh-tw:資料庫&#125;-_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=編輯維基數據鏈接&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188953#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;編輯維基數據鏈接" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="-&#123;zh-cn:规范控制;zh-tw:權威控制;&#125;--&#123;zh-cn:数据库;zh-tw:資料庫&#125;-_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=編輯維基數據鏈接&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188953#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;編輯維基數據鏈接" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/wiki/Help:%E8%A7%84%E8%8C%83%E6%8E%A7%E5%88%B6" title="Help:规范控制">规范控制数据库</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188953#identifiers" title="編輯維基數據鏈接"><img alt="編輯維基數據鏈接" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">国际</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1217378/">FAST</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/126685202">VIAF</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">各地</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11946456v">法国</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11946456v">BnF data</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058616036306706">加泰罗尼亚</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4304095-0">德国</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007550541605171">以色列</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n82001889">美国</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">地理</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/area/cf701d61-32b2-4306-b9cc-5659ef2db694">MusicBrainz area</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">其他</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/026589907">IdRef</a></span></li></ul> 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