CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs skin-theme-clientpref-day mf-expand-sections-clientpref-0 mf-font-size-clientpref-small mw-mf-amc-clientpref-0" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Gwoyeu Romatzyh - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js skin-theme-clientpref-day mf-expand-sections-clientpref-0 mf-font-size-clientpref-small mw-mf-amc-clientpref-0";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy","wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"a2a03cb9-f1db-402e-92ab-fa5e4cce4b3a","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Gwoyeu_Romatzyh","wgTitle":"Gwoyeu Romatzyh","wgCurRevisionId":1259088332,"wgRevisionId":1259088332,"wgArticleId":303448, "wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Gwoyeu_Romatzyh","wgRelevantArticleId":303448,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFMode":"stable","wgMFAmc":false,"wgMFAmcOutreachActive":false,"wgMFAmcOutreachUserEligible":false,"wgMFLazyLoadImages":true,"wgMFEditNoticesFeatureConflict":false,"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgMFIsSupportedEditRequest":true,"wgMFScriptPath":"", "wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":30000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":true,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgSectionTranslationMissingLanguages":[{"lang":"ace","autonym":"Acèh","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ady","autonym":"адыгабзэ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"alt","autonym":"алтай тил","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"am","autonym":"አማርኛ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ami","autonym":"Pangcah","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"an","autonym":"aragonés","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ang","autonym":"Ænglisc","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ann","autonym":"Obolo","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"anp","autonym":"अंगिका","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ary","autonym":"الدارجة","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"arz","autonym":"مصرى","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"as","autonym":"অসমীয়া","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ast","autonym":"asturianu","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"av","autonym":"авар","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"avk","autonym":"Kotava","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"awa","autonym": "अवधी","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ay","autonym":"Aymar aru","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"az","autonym":"azərbaycanca","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"azb","autonym":"تۆرکجه","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"ba","autonym":"башҡортса","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ban","autonym":"Basa Bali","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bar","autonym":"Boarisch","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bbc","autonym":"Batak Toba","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bcl","autonym":"Bikol Central","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bdr","autonym":"Bajau Sama","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"be","autonym":"беларуская","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bew","autonym":"Betawi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bg","autonym":"български","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bho","autonym":"भोजपुरी","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bi","autonym":"Bislama","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bjn","autonym":"Banjar","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"blk","autonym":"ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bm","autonym":"bamanankan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bn","autonym":"বাংলা","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bo", "autonym":"བོད་ཡིག","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bpy","autonym":"বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"br","autonym":"brezhoneg","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bs","autonym":"bosanski","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"btm","autonym":"Batak Mandailing","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bug","autonym":"Basa Ugi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"cdo","autonym":"閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ce","autonym":"нохчийн","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ceb","autonym":"Cebuano","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ch","autonym":"Chamoru","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"chr","autonym":"ᏣᎳᎩ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ckb","autonym":"کوردی","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"co","autonym":"corsu","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"cr","autonym":"Nēhiyawēwin / ᓀᐦᐃᔭᐍᐏᐣ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"crh","autonym":"qırımtatarca","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"cu","autonym":"словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"cy","autonym":"Cymraeg","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"da","autonym": "dansk","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"dag","autonym":"dagbanli","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"dga","autonym":"Dagaare","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"din","autonym":"Thuɔŋjäŋ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"diq","autonym":"Zazaki","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"dsb","autonym":"dolnoserbski","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"dtp","autonym":"Kadazandusun","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"dv","autonym":"ދިވެހިބަސް","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"dz","autonym":"ཇོང་ཁ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ee","autonym":"eʋegbe","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"el","autonym":"Ελληνικά","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"eml","autonym":"emiliàn e rumagnòl","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"eo","autonym":"Esperanto","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"et","autonym":"eesti","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"eu","autonym":"euskara","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"fa","autonym":"فارسی","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"fat","autonym":"mfantse","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ff","autonym":"Fulfulde","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"fj","autonym":"Na Vosa Vakaviti","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"fo","autonym":"føroyskt","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"fon","autonym": "fɔ̀ngbè","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"frp","autonym":"arpetan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"frr","autonym":"Nordfriisk","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"fur","autonym":"furlan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"fy","autonym":"Frysk","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gag","autonym":"Gagauz","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gan","autonym":"贛語","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gcr","autonym":"kriyòl gwiyannen","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gl","autonym":"galego","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"glk","autonym":"گیلکی","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"gn","autonym":"Avañe'ẽ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gom","autonym":"गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gor","autonym":"Bahasa Hulontalo","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gpe","autonym":"Ghanaian Pidgin","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gu","autonym":"ગુજરાતી","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"guc","autonym":"wayuunaiki","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gur","autonym":"farefare","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"guw","autonym":"gungbe","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gv","autonym":"Gaelg","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ha","autonym":"Hausa","dir": "ltr"},{"lang":"hak","autonym":"客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"haw","autonym":"Hawaiʻi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"he","autonym":"עברית","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"hi","autonym":"हिन्दी","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"hif","autonym":"Fiji Hindi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"hr","autonym":"hrvatski","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"hsb","autonym":"hornjoserbsce","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ht","autonym":"Kreyòl ayisyen","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"hu","autonym":"magyar","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"hy","autonym":"հայերեն","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"hyw","autonym":"Արեւմտահայերէն","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ia","autonym":"interlingua","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"iba","autonym":"Jaku Iban","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ie","autonym":"Interlingue","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ig","autonym":"Igbo","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"igl","autonym":"Igala","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ilo","autonym":"Ilokano","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"io","autonym":"Ido","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"is","autonym":"íslenska","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"iu","autonym": "ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"jam","autonym":"Patois","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"jv","autonym":"Jawa","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ka","autonym":"ქართული","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kaa","autonym":"Qaraqalpaqsha","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kab","autonym":"Taqbaylit","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kbd","autonym":"адыгэбзэ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kbp","autonym":"Kabɩyɛ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kcg","autonym":"Tyap","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kg","autonym":"Kongo","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kge","autonym":"Kumoring","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ki","autonym":"Gĩkũyũ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kk","autonym":"қазақша","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kl","autonym":"kalaallisut","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"km","autonym":"ភាសាខ្មែរ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kn","autonym":"ಕನ್ನಡ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"koi","autonym":"перем коми","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"krc","autonym":"къарачай-малкъар","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ks","autonym":"कॉशुर / کٲشُر","dir": "rtl"},{"lang":"ku","autonym":"kurdî","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kus","autonym":"Kʋsaal","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kv","autonym":"коми","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kw","autonym":"kernowek","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ky","autonym":"кыргызча","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lad","autonym":"Ladino","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lb","autonym":"Lëtzebuergesch","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lez","autonym":"лезги","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lg","autonym":"Luganda","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"li","autonym":"Limburgs","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lij","autonym":"Ligure","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lld","autonym":"Ladin","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lmo","autonym":"lombard","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ln","autonym":"lingála","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lo","autonym":"ລາວ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lt","autonym":"lietuvių","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ltg","autonym":"latgaļu","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lv","autonym":"latviešu","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mad","autonym":"Madhurâ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mai","autonym":"मैथिली","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"map-bms", "autonym":"Basa Banyumasan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mdf","autonym":"мокшень","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mg","autonym":"Malagasy","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mhr","autonym":"олык марий","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mi","autonym":"Māori","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"min","autonym":"Minangkabau","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mk","autonym":"македонски","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ml","autonym":"മലയാളം","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mn","autonym":"монгол","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mni","autonym":"ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mnw","autonym":"ဘာသာမန်","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mos","autonym":"moore","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mr","autonym":"मराठी","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mrj","autonym":"кырык мары","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ms","autonym":"Bahasa Melayu","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mt","autonym":"Malti","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mwl","autonym":"Mirandés","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"my","autonym":"မြန်မာဘာသာ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"myv","autonym":"эрзянь", "dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mzn","autonym":"مازِرونی","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"nah","autonym":"Nāhuatl","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nan","autonym":"閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nap","autonym":"Napulitano","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nb","autonym":"norsk bokmål","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nds","autonym":"Plattdüütsch","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nds-nl","autonym":"Nedersaksies","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ne","autonym":"नेपाली","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"new","autonym":"नेपाल भाषा","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nia","autonym":"Li Niha","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nl","autonym":"Nederlands","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nn","autonym":"norsk nynorsk","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nqo","autonym":"ߒߞߏ","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"nr","autonym":"isiNdebele seSewula","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nso","autonym":"Sesotho sa Leboa","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ny","autonym":"Chi-Chewa","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"oc","autonym":"occitan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"om","autonym":"Oromoo","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"or","autonym": "ଓଡ଼ିଆ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"os","autonym":"ирон","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pa","autonym":"ਪੰਜਾਬੀ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pag","autonym":"Pangasinan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pam","autonym":"Kapampangan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pap","autonym":"Papiamentu","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pcd","autonym":"Picard","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pcm","autonym":"Naijá","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pdc","autonym":"Deitsch","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pms","autonym":"Piemontèis","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pnb","autonym":"پنجابی","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"ps","autonym":"پښتو","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"pt","autonym":"português","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pwn","autonym":"pinayuanan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"qu","autonym":"Runa Simi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"rm","autonym":"rumantsch","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"rn","autonym":"ikirundi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ro","autonym":"română","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"rsk","autonym":"руски","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"rue","autonym":"русиньскый","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"rup","autonym": "armãneashti","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"rw","autonym":"Ikinyarwanda","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sa","autonym":"संस्कृतम्","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sah","autonym":"саха тыла","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sat","autonym":"ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sc","autonym":"sardu","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"scn","autonym":"sicilianu","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sco","autonym":"Scots","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sd","autonym":"سنڌي","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"se","autonym":"davvisámegiella","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sg","autonym":"Sängö","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sgs","autonym":"žemaitėška","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"shi","autonym":"Taclḥit","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"shn","autonym":"ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"si","autonym":"සිංහල","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sk","autonym":"slovenčina","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"skr","autonym":"سرائیکی","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"sl","autonym":"slovenščina","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sm","autonym":"Gagana Samoa","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"smn", "autonym":"anarâškielâ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sn","autonym":"chiShona","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"so","autonym":"Soomaaliga","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sq","autonym":"shqip","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"srn","autonym":"Sranantongo","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ss","autonym":"SiSwati","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"st","autonym":"Sesotho","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"stq","autonym":"Seeltersk","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"su","autonym":"Sunda","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sv","autonym":"svenska","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sw","autonym":"Kiswahili","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"szl","autonym":"ślůnski","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ta","autonym":"தமிழ்","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tay","autonym":"Tayal","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tcy","autonym":"ತುಳು","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tdd","autonym":"ᥖᥭᥰ ᥖᥬᥲ ᥑᥨᥒᥰ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"te","autonym":"తెలుగు","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tet","autonym":"tetun","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tg","autonym":"тоҷикӣ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"th","autonym":"ไทย","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ti", "autonym":"ትግርኛ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tk","autonym":"Türkmençe","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tly","autonym":"tolışi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tn","autonym":"Setswana","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"to","autonym":"lea faka-Tonga","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tpi","autonym":"Tok Pisin","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tr","autonym":"Türkçe","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"trv","autonym":"Seediq","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ts","autonym":"Xitsonga","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tt","autonym":"татарча / tatarça","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tum","autonym":"chiTumbuka","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tw","autonym":"Twi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ty","autonym":"reo tahiti","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tyv","autonym":"тыва дыл","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"udm","autonym":"удмурт","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ur","autonym":"اردو","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"uz","autonym":"oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ve","autonym":"Tshivenda","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"vec","autonym":"vèneto","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"vep","autonym":"vepsän kel’","dir":"ltr"},{ "lang":"vls","autonym":"West-Vlams","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"vo","autonym":"Volapük","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"vro","autonym":"võro","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"wa","autonym":"walon","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"war","autonym":"Winaray","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"wo","autonym":"Wolof","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"wuu","autonym":"吴语","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"xal","autonym":"хальмг","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"xh","autonym":"isiXhosa","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"xmf","autonym":"მარგალური","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"yi","autonym":"ייִדיש","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"yo","autonym":"Yorùbá","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"yue","autonym":"粵語","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"za","autonym":"Vahcuengh","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"zgh","autonym":"ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"zu","autonym":"isiZulu","dir":"ltr"}],"wgSectionTranslationTargetLanguages":["ace","ady","alt","am","ami","an","ang","ann","anp","ar","ary","arz","as","ast","av","avk","awa","ay","az","azb","ba","ban","bar","bbc","bcl", "bdr","be","bew","bg","bho","bi","bjn","blk","bm","bn","bo","bpy","br","bs","btm","bug","ca","cdo","ce","ceb","ch","chr","ckb","co","cr","crh","cs","cu","cy","da","dag","de","dga","din","diq","dsb","dtp","dv","dz","ee","el","eml","eo","es","et","eu","fa","fat","ff","fi","fj","fo","fon","fr","frp","frr","fur","fy","gag","gan","gcr","gl","glk","gn","gom","gor","gpe","gu","guc","gur","guw","gv","ha","hak","haw","he","hi","hif","hr","hsb","ht","hu","hy","hyw","ia","iba","ie","ig","igl","ilo","io","is","it","iu","ja","jam","jv","ka","kaa","kab","kbd","kbp","kcg","kg","kge","ki","kk","kl","km","kn","ko","koi","krc","ks","ku","kus","kv","kw","ky","lad","lb","lez","lg","li","lij","lld","lmo","ln","lo","lt","ltg","lv","mad","mai","map-bms","mdf","mg","mhr","mi","min","mk","ml","mn","mni","mnw","mos","mr","mrj","ms","mt","mwl","my","myv","mzn","nah","nan","nap","nb","nds","nds-nl","ne","new","nia","nl","nn","nqo","nr","nso","ny","oc","om","or","os","pa","pag","pam","pap","pcd","pcm","pdc","pl", "pms","pnb","ps","pt","pwn","qu","rm","rn","ro","rsk","rue","rup","rw","sa","sah","sat","sc","scn","sco","sd","se","sg","sgs","sh","shi","shn","si","sk","skr","sl","sm","smn","sn","so","sq","sr","srn","ss","st","stq","su","sv","sw","szl","ta","tay","tcy","tdd","te","tet","tg","th","ti","tk","tl","tly","tn","to","tpi","tr","trv","ts","tt","tum","tw","ty","tyv","udm","ur","uz","ve","vec","vep","vi","vls","vo","vro","wa","war","wo","wuu","xal","xh","xmf","yi","yo","yue","za","zgh","zh","zu"],"isLanguageSearcherCXEntrypointEnabled":true,"mintEntrypointLanguages":["ace","ast","azb","bcl","bjn","bh","crh","ff","fon","ig","is","ki","ks","lmo","min","sat","ss","tn","vec"],"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q24438","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false, "wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false,"wgMinervaPermissions":{"watchable":true,"watch":false},"wgMinervaFeatures":{"beta":false,"donate":true,"mobileOptionsLink":true,"categories":false,"pageIssues":true,"talkAtTop":true,"historyInPageActions":false,"overflowSubmenu":false,"tabsOnSpecials":true,"personalMenu":false,"mainMenuExpanded":false,"echo":true,"nightMode":true},"wgMinervaDownloadNamespaces":[0]};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.minerva.styles":"ready","skins.minerva.content.styles.images":"ready","mediawiki.hlist":"ready","skins.minerva.codex.styles":"ready","skins.minerva.icons":"ready","skins.minerva.amc.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","mobile.init.styles":"ready","ext.relatedArticles.styles":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=[ "ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","skins.minerva.scripts","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","ext.popups","mobile.init","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.relatedArticles.readMore.bootstrap","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.entrypoints.mffrequentlanguages","ext.cx.entrypoints.languagesearcher.init","mw.externalguidance.init","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.quicksurveys.init","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.relatedArticles.styles%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cmediawiki.hlist%7Cmobile.init.styles%7Cskins.minerva.amc.styles%7Cskins.minerva.codex.styles%7Cskins.minerva.content.styles.images%7Cskins.minerva.icons%2Cstyles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=minerva"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=minerva"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=minerva"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta name="theme-color" content="#eaecf0"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Gwoyeu_Romatzyh_%E2%80%93_%E5%9C%8B%E9%9F%B3%E5%AD%97%E6%AF%8D%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E5%BC%8F.svg/1200px-Gwoyeu_Romatzyh_%E2%80%93_%E5%9C%8B%E9%9F%B3%E5%AD%97%E6%AF%8D%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E5%BC%8F.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="400"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Gwoyeu_Romatzyh_%E2%80%93_%E5%9C%8B%E9%9F%B3%E5%AD%97%E6%AF%8D%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E5%BC%8F.svg/800px-Gwoyeu_Romatzyh_%E2%80%93_%E5%9C%8B%E9%9F%B3%E5%AD%97%E6%AF%8D%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E5%BC%8F.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="267"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Gwoyeu_Romatzyh_%E2%80%93_%E5%9C%8B%E9%9F%B3%E5%AD%97%E6%AF%8D%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E5%BC%8F.svg/640px-Gwoyeu_Romatzyh_%E2%80%93_%E5%9C%8B%E9%9F%B3%E5%AD%97%E6%AF%8D%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E5%BC%8F.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="213"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0, user-scalable=yes, minimum-scale=0.25, maximum-scale=5.0"> <meta property="og:title" content="Gwoyeu Romatzyh - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="manifest" href="/w/api.php?action=webapp-manifest"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Gwoyeu_Romatzyh&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwoyeu_Romatzyh"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Gwoyeu_Romatzyh rootpage-Gwoyeu_Romatzyh stable issues-group-B skin-minerva action-view skin--responsive mw-mf-amc-disabled mw-mf"><div id="mw-mf-viewport"> <div id="mw-mf-page-center"> <a class="mw-mf-page-center__mask" href="#"></a> <header class="header-container header-chrome"> <div class="minerva-header"> <nav class="navigation-drawer toggle-list view-border-box"> <input type="checkbox" id="main-menu-input" class="toggle-list__checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false" aria-labelledby="mw-mf-main-menu-button"> <label role="button" for="main-menu-input" id="mw-mf-main-menu-button" aria-hidden="true" data-event-name="ui.mainmenu" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet toggle-list__toggle"> </label> <div id="mw-mf-page-left" class="menu view-border-box"> <ul id="p-navigation" class="toggle-list__list"> <li class="toggle-list-item "> <a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--home" href="/wiki/Main_Page" data-mw="interface"> Home </a> </li> <li class="toggle-list-item "> <a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--random" href="/wiki/Special:Random" data-mw="interface"> Random </a> </li> <li class="toggle-list-item skin-minerva-list-item-jsonly"> <a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--nearby" href="/wiki/Special:Nearby" data-event-name="menu.nearby" data-mw="interface"> Nearby </a> </li> </ul> <ul id="p-personal" class="toggle-list__list"> <li class="toggle-list-item "> <a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--login" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Gwoyeu+Romatzyh" data-event-name="menu.login" data-mw="interface"> Log in </a> </li> </ul> <ul id="pt-preferences" class="toggle-list__list"> <li class="toggle-list-item skin-minerva-list-item-jsonly"> <a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--settings" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:MobileOptions&returnto=Gwoyeu+Romatzyh" data-event-name="menu.settings" data-mw="interface"> Settings </a> </li> </ul> <ul id="p-donation" class="toggle-list__list"> <li class="toggle-list-item "> <a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--donate" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en&utm_key=minerva" data-event-name="menu.donate" data-mw="interface"> Donate </a> </li> </ul> <ul class="hlist"> <li class="toggle-list-item "> <a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--about" href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" data-mw="interface"> About Wikipedia </a> </li> <li class="toggle-list-item "> <a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--disclaimers" href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer" data-mw="interface"> Disclaimers </a> </li> </ul> </div> <label class="main-menu-mask" for="main-menu-input"></label> </nav> <div class="branding-box"> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page"> <img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </a> </div> <form action="/w/index.php" method="get" class="minerva-search-form"> <div class="search-box"> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"/> <input class="search skin-minerva-search-trigger" id="searchInput" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"> </div> <button id="searchIcon" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet skin-minerva-search-trigger"> Search </button> </form> <nav class="minerva-user-navigation" aria-label="User navigation"> </nav> </div> </header> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <div class="banner-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="pre-content heading-holder"> <div class="page-heading"> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Gwoyeu Romatzyh</h1> <div class="tagline"></div> </div> <ul id="p-associated-pages" class="minerva__tab-container"> <li class="minerva__tab selected"> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/Gwoyeu_Romatzyh" rel="" data-event-name="tabs.subject">Article</a> </li> <li class="minerva__tab "> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/Talk:Gwoyeu_Romatzyh" rel="discussion" data-event-name="tabs.talk">Talk</a> </li> </ul> <nav class="page-actions-menu"> <ul id="p-views" class="page-actions-menu__list"> <li id="language-selector" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" href="#p-lang" data-mw="interface" data-event-name="menu.languages" title="Language" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet language-selector"> Language </a> </li> <li id="page-actions-watch" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" id="ca-watch" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Gwoyeu+Romatzyh" data-event-name="menu.watch" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet menu__item--page-actions-watch"> Watch </a> </li> <li id="page-actions-edit" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" id="ca-edit" href="/w/index.php?title=Gwoyeu_Romatzyh&action=edit" data-event-name="menu.edit" data-mw="interface" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet edit-page menu__item--page-actions-edit"> Edit </a> </li> </ul> </nav>  <div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="content"> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style>Gwoyeu Romatzyh<a href="#cite_note-1">[a]</a> (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˌɡwoʊjuː roʊˈmɑːtsə/</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">GWOH-yoo roh-MAHT-sə</a>; <abbr title="abbreviated">abbr.</abbr> GR) is a system for writing <a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Chinese</a> using the <a href="/wiki/Latin_alphabet" title="Latin alphabet">Latin alphabet</a>. It was primarily conceived by <a href="/wiki/Yuen_Ren_Chao" title="Yuen Ren Chao">Yuen Ren Chao</a> (1892–1982), who led a group of <a href="/wiki/Linguists" class="mw-redirect" title="Linguists">linguists</a> on the <a href="/wiki/National_Languages_Committee" title="National Languages Committee">National Languages Committee</a> in refining the system between 1925 and 1926. In September 1928, it was adopted by the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Republic of China (1912–1949)">Republic of China</a> as the national romanization system for Standard Chinese.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKratochv%C3%ADl1968169-2">[1]</a> GR indicates the four <a href="/wiki/Tones_of_Standard_Chinese" class="mw-redirect" title="Tones of Standard Chinese">tones of Standard Chinese</a> by varying the spelling of syllables, a method originally proposed by team member <a href="/wiki/Lin_Yutang" title="Lin Yutang">Lin Yutang</a> (1895–1976). Distinct sets of spellings are assigned to syllables in GR according to particular rules. This differs from approaches used by other systems to denote tones, like the <a href="/wiki/Tone_number" title="Tone number">numerals</a> used by the earlier <a href="/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Giles" title="Wade–Giles">Wade–Giles</a> system, or the <a href="/wiki/Diacritic" title="Diacritic">diacritics</a> used by the later <a href="/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a> system. <table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="padding:0.25em; background:lightblue;">Gwoyeu Romatzyh <div style="font-weight:normal"></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="padding-top:0.4em;padding-bottom:0.4em;"><a href="/wiki/File:Gwoyeu_Romatzyh_%E2%80%93_%E5%9C%8B%E9%9F%B3%E5%AD%97%E6%AF%8D%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E5%BC%8F.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Gwoyeu_Romatzyh_%E2%80%93_%E5%9C%8B%E9%9F%B3%E5%AD%97%E6%AF%8D%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E5%BC%8F.svg/220px-Gwoyeu_Romatzyh_%E2%80%93_%E5%9C%8B%E9%9F%B3%E5%AD%97%E6%AF%8D%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E5%BC%8F.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="73" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Gwoyeu_Romatzyh_%E2%80%93_%E5%9C%8B%E9%9F%B3%E5%AD%97%E6%AF%8D%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E5%BC%8F.svg/330px-Gwoyeu_Romatzyh_%E2%80%93_%E5%9C%8B%E9%9F%B3%E5%AD%97%E6%AF%8D%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E5%BC%8F.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Gwoyeu_Romatzyh_%E2%80%93_%E5%9C%8B%E9%9F%B3%E5%AD%97%E6%AF%8D%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E5%BC%8F.svg/440px-Gwoyeu_Romatzyh_%E2%80%93_%E5%9C%8B%E9%9F%B3%E5%AD%97%E6%AF%8D%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E5%BC%8F.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="400"></a><div class="infobox-caption" style="border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;">Comparison between Gwoyeu Romatzyh (top) and <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a> (bottom) for Gwoyeu Romatzyh's official name 國音字母第二式 ('Second Pattern of the National Alphabet'; middle)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Script type</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; line-height:1.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Alphabet" title="Alphabet">Alphabet</a> </div> romanization</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Creator</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/National_Languages_Committee" title="National Languages Committee">National Languages Committee</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yuen_Ren_Chao" title="Yuen Ren Chao">Yuen Ren Chao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lin_Yutang" title="Lin Yutang">Lin Yutang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Jinxi" title="Li Jinxi">Li Jinxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qian_Xuantong" title="Qian Xuantong">Qian Xuantong</a></li> <li>Wang Yi (汪怡)</li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Created</th><td class="infobox-data">1925–1926</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Official script</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul style="margin-left:1em;text-indent:-1em;"><li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Republic of China (1912–1949)">Republic of China</a> (1928–1986)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Chinese</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:left;"></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr style="display:none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: lightblue;">Chinese name</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Traditional Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data">國語羅馬字</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Simplified Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data">国语罗马字</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Literal meaning</th><td class="infobox-data">National language romanization</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Mandarin</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Guóyǔ Luómǎzì</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Bopomofo" title="Bopomofo">Bopomofo</a></th><td class="infobox-data">ㄍㄨㄛˊ ㄩˇ ㄌㄨㄛˊ ㄇㄚˇ ㄗˋ</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Spelling_in_Gwoyeu_Romatzyh" title="Spelling in Gwoyeu Romatzyh">Gwoyeu Romatzyh</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Gwoyeu Romatzyh</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Giles" title="Wade–Giles">Wade–Giles</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Kuo2-yü3 Lo2-ma3-tzu4</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Tongyong_Pinyin" title="Tongyong Pinyin">Tongyong Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Guó-yǔ Luó-mǎ-zìh</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Yale_romanization_of_Mandarin" title="Yale romanization of Mandarin">Yale Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Gwóyǔ Lwómǎdz̀</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin" title="Help:IPA/Mandarin">IPA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin" title="Help:IPA/Mandarin">[kwǒỳ lwǒmàtsɹ̩̂]</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Yue: Cantonese</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Yale_romanization_of_Cantonese" title="Yale romanization of Cantonese">Yale Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Gwok-yu Lòh-máh-jih</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Jyutping" title="Jyutping">Jyutping</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Gwok3 jyu3 Lo4 ma5 zi6</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Cantonese" title="Help:IPA/Cantonese">IPA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Cantonese" title="Help:IPA/Cantonese">[kʷɔ̄ːk jȳː lɔ̀ː mɐ̬ tɕìː]</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Min" title="Southern Min">Southern Min</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hokkien" title="Hokkien">Hokkien</a> <a href="/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB" title="Pe̍h-ōe-jī">POJ</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Kok-gí Lô-má-jī</td></tr></tbody></table></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: lightblue;">Official name</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Traditional Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data">國音字母第二式</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Simplified Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data">国音字母第二式</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Literal meaning</th><td class="infobox-data">Second pattern of the national alphabet</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Mandarin</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Guóyīn zìmǔ dì'èr shì</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Bopomofo" title="Bopomofo">Bopomofo</a></th><td class="infobox-data">ㄍㄨㄛˊ ㄧ ㄣㄗˋ ㄇㄨˇ ㄉㄧˋ ㄦˋ ㄕˋ</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Spelling_in_Gwoyeu_Romatzyh" title="Spelling in Gwoyeu Romatzyh">Gwoyeu Romatzyh</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Gwoin tzyhmuu dihell shyh</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Giles" title="Wade–Giles">Wade–Giles</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Kuo2-yin1 tzu4-mu3 ti4-erh4 shih4</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Tongyong_Pinyin" title="Tongyong Pinyin">Tongyong Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Guó-yin zìh-mǔ dì-èr shìh</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Yale_romanization_of_Mandarin" title="Yale romanization of Mandarin">Yale Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Gwóyīn dz̀mǔ dìèr shr̀</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin" title="Help:IPA/Mandarin">IPA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin" title="Help:IPA/Mandarin">[kwǒín tsîmù tîɤɻ ʂî]</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Yue: Cantonese</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Yale_romanization_of_Cantonese" title="Yale romanization of Cantonese">Yale Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Gwok-yām jih-móuh daih-yih sīk</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Jyutping" title="Jyutping">Jyutping</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Gwok3 jam1 zi6 mou5 dai6 ji6 sik1</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Cantonese" title="Help:IPA/Cantonese">IPA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Cantonese" title="Help:IPA/Cantonese">[kʷɔk̚˧ jɐm˥ tsi˨ mɔw˩˧ tɐj˨ ji˨ sɪk̚˥]</a></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"> <div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Despite support from linguists both in China and overseas—including some early proponents who hoped it would eventually replace <a href="/wiki/Chinese_characters" title="Chinese characters">Chinese characters</a> altogether—GR never achieved widespread use among the Chinese public, who generally lacked interest in the system or viewed it with hostility due to its complex spelling rules. In places where GR had gained traction, it was eventually replaced—largely by Hanyu Pinyin (or simply "pinyin"), which became the international standard during the 1980s, and itself follows principles originally introduced by GR. Widespread adoption of the system was also hindered by its narrow calibration to the Beijing dialect, during a period when China lacked the strong central government needed to impose use of a national spoken language. From 1942 to 2000, a small number of reference works published in Hong Kong and overseas also used the system, and Chao would use it throughout his later linguistics work, including in his most influential publications. Chao said that tonal spelling could possibly aid students of Chinese learning to articulate tones. However, later study of tonal accuracy in students has not substantiated Chao's hypothesis. <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#History">1 History</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#Background">1.1 Background</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Official_status_and_adoption">1.2 Official status and adoption</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#Description">2 Description</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Basic_first_tone_forms">2.1 Basic first tone forms</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Tonal_spelling">2.2 Tonal spelling</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Word_segmentation">2.3 Word segmentation</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#Publication_history">3 Publication history</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#Pedagogy">4 Pedagogy</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="#Notes">5 Notes</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="#References">6 References</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#Citations">6.1 Citations</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="#Bibliography">6.2 Bibliography</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a href="#External_links">7 External links</a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><h2 id="History">History</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Gwoyeu_Romatzyh&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Background">Background</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Gwoyeu_Romatzyh&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Background" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Linyutang.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Linyutang.jpg/220px-Linyutang.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="280" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="725" data-file-height="924"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 280px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Linyutang.jpg/220px-Linyutang.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="280" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Linyutang.jpg/330px-Linyutang.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Linyutang.jpg/440px-Linyutang.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Lin_Yutang" title="Lin Yutang">Lin Yutang</a>, who first proposed tonal spelling, in 1939</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Republic of China (1912–1949)">Republic of China</a> was founded in 1912, following the overthrow of the imperial <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing dynasty</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Xinhai_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Xinhai Revolution">Xinhai Revolution</a>. During the final decades of the Qing, liberal reformers among the Chinese intelligentsia had begun seeking ways to modernize the country's institutions. Proposed language reforms included the replacement of <a href="/wiki/Literary_Chinese" class="mw-redirect" title="Literary Chinese">Literary Chinese</a> as China's primary written language with a <a href="/wiki/Written_vernacular_Chinese" title="Written vernacular Chinese">written vernacular</a> that more closely reflected ordinary speech.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZhong201927%E2%80%9328-3">[2]</a> Meanwhile, even though <a href="/wiki/Mandarin_(late_imperial_lingua_franca)" title="Mandarin (late imperial lingua franca)">Mandarin</a> was spoken in an official capacity by the imperial bureaucracy in the north of the country, most of China's population spoke mutually unintelligible <a href="/wiki/Varieties_of_Chinese" title="Varieties of Chinese">varieties of Chinese</a>; many also saw adoption of a single spoken dialect nationwide as being necessary for China's modernization.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoser201624%E2%80%9329-4">[3]</a> The tumultuous <a href="/wiki/Commission_on_the_Unification_of_Pronunciation" title="Commission on the Unification of Pronunciation">Commission on the Unification of Pronunciation</a> held in 1913 resulted in the adoption of a "national pronunciation"<a href="#cite_note-6">[b]</a> designed as a compromise featuring characteristics of numerous varieties spoken across China; however, this meant a form of speech that was itself artificial and spoken by no one, and the struggling <a href="/wiki/Beiyang_government" title="Beiyang government">Beiyang government</a> had few means to promote its use among the general population.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoser201654%E2%80%9357-7">[5]</a> In 1916, the linguist <a href="/wiki/Yuen_Ren_Chao" title="Yuen Ren Chao">Yuen Ren Chao</a> (1892–1982) was among the first to propose—in an English-language essay co-authored with the poet <a href="/wiki/Hu_Shih" title="Hu Shih">Hu Shih</a> (1891–1962)—that <a href="/wiki/Chinese_characters" title="Chinese characters">Chinese characters</a> should be replaced with an alphabet designed to write the sounds of a national form of Chinese.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZhong201927%E2%80%9328DeFrancis1950a-8">[6]</a> By 1921, Chao had joined the <a href="/wiki/National_Languages_Committee" title="National Languages Committee">National Languages Committee</a>, and was tasked with the creation of audio recordings demonstrating the new national pronunciation, which he did in New York City.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoser201658%E2%80%9361-9">[7]</a> However, it had become increasingly clear that the Republican government was not capable of promoting the national pronunciation, and during the 1920s efforts shifted instead towards basing the national language on Mandarin as spoken in Beijing. While Chao had supported the compromise national pronunciation, factors including his correspondence with the prominent linguist <a href="/wiki/Bernhard_Karlgren" title="Bernhard Karlgren">Bernhard Karlgren</a> (1889–1978) encouraged his work on a new romanization system attuned to the Beijing dialect.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZhong201939%E2%80%9341-10">[8]</a> Tonal spelling, Gwoyeu Romatzyh's most distinctive feature, was first suggested to Yuen Ren Chao by <a href="/wiki/Lin_Yutang" title="Lin Yutang">Lin Yutang</a> (1895–1976);<sup id='cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChao194811"Without_disclaiming_responsibility,_as_a_very_active_member_of_the_Committee_on_Unification,_for_the_merits_and_defects_of_the_system,_I_must_give_credit_to_my_colleague_Lin_Yutang_for_the_idea_of_varying_the_spelling_to_indicate_difference_in_tone."_11-0' class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChao194811%22Without_disclaiming_responsibility,_as_a_very_active_member_of_the_Committee_on_Unification,_for_the_merits_and_defects_of_the_system,_I_must_give_credit_to_my_colleague_Lin_Yutang_for_the_idea_of_varying_the_spelling_to_indicate_difference_in_tone.%22-11">[9]</a> by 1922, Chao had already established the main principles of the system.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeFrancis1950an._43,_46-12">[10]</a> During 1925 and 1926, its details were developed by a team of five linguists under the auspices of the National Languages Committee: Chao, Lin, <a href="/wiki/Li_Jinxi" title="Li Jinxi">Li Jinxi</a> (1890–1978), <a href="/wiki/Qian_Xuantong" title="Qian Xuantong">Qian Xuantong</a> (1887–1939), and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wang_Yi_(linguist)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wang Yi (linguist) (page does not exist)">Wang Yi</a> [<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B1%AA%E6%80%A1" class="extiw" title="ja:汪怡">ja</a>] (汪怡; 1875–1960<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeng2018623-13">[11]</a>).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeFrancis195074Chao197614-14">[12]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Official_status_and_adoption">Official status and adoption</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Gwoyeu_Romatzyh&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Official status and adoption" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> On 26 September 1928, Gwoyeu Romatzyh was officially adopted by the Republic's <a href="/wiki/Nationalist_government" title="Nationalist government">nationalist government</a>—led at the time by the <a href="/wiki/Kuomintang" title="Kuomintang">Kuomintang</a> (KMT).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKratochv%C3%ADl1968169-2">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEXingFeng2016-15">[13]</a> The corresponding entry in Chao's diary, written in GR, reads G.R. yii yu jeou yueh 26 ry gong buh le. Hoo-ray!!! ("G.R. was officially announced on September 26. Hooray!!!")<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZhong201941-16">[14]</a> It was intended for GR to be used alongside the existing <a href="/wiki/Bopomofo" title="Bopomofo">bopomofo</a> system, hence its designation as the "Second Pattern of the National Alphabet".<a href="#cite_note-17">[c]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimon1947lxxiTable_X-18">[15]</a> Both systems were used to indicate the revised standard of pronunciation in the new official Vocabulary of National Pronunciation for Everyday Use of 1932.<a href="#cite_note-19">[d]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChao194811-20">[16]</a> The designers of Gwoyeu Romatzyh generally represented what has been termed the "Romanization" movement, one among several interested in large-scale reform of the Chinese writing system; many within the Romanization movement sought to adopt Gwoyeu Romatzyh as a primary, practical script for the language.<sup id='cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChao1968c"While_the_official_position_was_that_it_was_to_be_used_whenever_Chinese_was_to_be_spelled_in_Latin_letters,_such_as_in_dealing_with_foreigners,_those_who_devised_the_system,_of_whom_I_was_one,_had_in_our_minds_the_design_of_a_practical_system_of_writing."_21-0' class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChao1968c%22While_the_official_position_was_that_it_was_to_be_used_whenever_Chinese_was_to_be_spelled_in_Latin_letters,_such_as_in_dealing_with_foreigners,_those_who_devised_the_system,_of_whom_I_was_one,_had_in_our_minds_the_design_of_a_practical_system_of_writing.%22-21">[17]</a> During the 1930s, two short-lived attempts were made to teach Gwoyeu Romatzyh to railway workers and peasants in <a href="/wiki/Henan" title="Henan">Henan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shandong" title="Shandong">Shandong</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeFrancis195077%E2%80%9378-22">[18]</a> Support for GR was confined to a small number of trained linguists and sinologists, including <a href="/wiki/Qian_Xuantong" title="Qian Xuantong">Qian Xuantong</a> and <a href="/wiki/Luo_Changpei" title="Luo Changpei">Luo Changpei</a> in China and <a href="/wiki/Walter_Simon_(sinologist)" title="Walter Simon (sinologist)">Walter Simon</a> in England.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeFrancis195075-23">[19]</a> During this period, GR faced increasing hostility because of the complexity of its tonal spelling. A competing "Latinization" movement coalesced around leaders like <a href="/wiki/Qu_Qiubai" title="Qu Qiubai">Qu Qiubai</a> (1899–1935), and the <a href="/wiki/Latinxua_Sin_Wenz" title="Latinxua Sin Wenz">Latinxua Sin Wenz</a> systems—often identifying with the Communists, and likewise opposing the KMT.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZhong201954-24">[20]</a> Conversely, Karlgren criticized GR for its lack of phonetic rigour.<sup id='cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKarlgren192820"[GR]_is_based_on_a_series_of_very_fatal_phonetic_lies,_and_for_this_reason_it_will_be_very_difficult_to_learn,_and_consequently_impractical."_25-0' class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarlgren192820%22%5BGR%5D_is_based_on_a_series_of_very_fatal_phonetic_lies,_and_for_this_reason_it_will_be_very_difficult_to_learn,_and_consequently_impractical.%22-25">[21]</a> Ultimately, like Latinxua Sin Wenz, GR failed to gain widespread support, principally because the "national" language was too narrowly based on the <a href="/wiki/Beijing_dialect" title="Beijing dialect">Beijing dialect</a>:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeFrancis195076-26">[22]</a> "a sufficiently precise and strong language norm had not yet become a reality in China".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKratochv%C3%ADl1968169-2">[1]</a> Historical use of Gwoyeu Romatzyh is reflected in the official spelling of the name for the province of <a href="/wiki/Shaanxi" title="Shaanxi">Shaanxi</a>, which distinguishes it from that of neighbouring <a href="/wiki/Shanxi" title="Shanxi">Shanxi</a>; these names differ only by tone, and their systematic pinyin romanizations would be identical without the use of diacritics.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMairHu202439-27">[23]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Warring_States_period" title="Warring States period">Warring States period</a> state of <a href="/wiki/Wey_(state)" title="Wey (state)">Wey</a> is often spelled as such to distinguish it from the more prominent <a href="/wiki/State_of_Wei" class="mw-redirect" title="State of Wei">state of Wei</a>, whose names are homophonous in Mandarin, but were likely distinct in <a href="/wiki/Old_Chinese" title="Old Chinese">Old Chinese</a>. Several prominent Chinese people have used GR to transliterate their names, such as the mathematician <a href="/wiki/Shiing-Shen_Chern" title="Shiing-Shen Chern">Shiing-Shen Chern</a>; however, neither Chao nor Lin did. Following the <a href="/wiki/Proclamation_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Proclamation of the People's Republic of China">proclamation of the People's Republic of China</a> in 1949, GR was practically unused on the mainland.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimmons2015-28">[24]</a> In 1958, the Chinese government officially replaced it with <a href="/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a>, which had been developed by a team led by <a href="/wiki/Zhou_Youguang" title="Zhou Youguang">Zhou Youguang</a> (1906–2017) over the previous two years. Pinyin is now the predominant system and an international standard used by the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/International_Organization_for_Standardization" title="International Organization for Standardization">International Organization for Standardization</a>, as well as by most students learning Standard Chinese. GR saw considerable use in Taiwan during the 20th century, alongside Hanyu Pinyin, the autochthonous <a href="/wiki/Tongyong_Pinyin" title="Tongyong Pinyin">Tongyong Pinyin</a>, and the bopomofo syllabary.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiedenhof2004391-29">[25]</a> It was also used there as a pronunciation aid until the 1970s, as in the monolingual <a href="/w/index.php?title=Guoyu_Cidian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Guoyu Cidian (page does not exist)">Guoyu Cidian</a> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2%E9%83%A8%E5%9C%8B%E8%AA%9E%E8%BE%AD%E5%85%B8" class="extiw" title="zh:教育部國語辭典">zh</a>] dictionary. In 1986, the Taiwanese government officially replaced GR with the modified <a href="/wiki/Mandarin_Phonetic_Symbols_II" title="Mandarin Phonetic Symbols II">Mandarin Phonetic Symbols II</a> system.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChiung2001-30">[26]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Gwoyeu_Romatzyh&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Description" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Spelling_in_Gwoyeu_Romatzyh" title="Spelling in Gwoyeu Romatzyh">Spelling in Gwoyeu Romatzyh</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right noprint selfref"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">This section contains <a href="/wiki/Phonetic_transcription" title="Phonetic transcription">phonetic transcriptions</a> in the <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">International Phonetic Alphabet</a> (IPA). For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">Help:IPA</a>. For the distinction between [ ], / / and ⟨ ⟩, see <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet#Brackets_and_transcription_delimiters" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters</a>.</div></div> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TPE-PWD-PSLO_Taytzyy_Greening_Area_stone_20160806.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/TPE-PWD-PSLO_Taytzyy_Greening_Area_stone_20160806.jpg/220px-TPE-PWD-PSLO_Taytzyy_Greening_Area_stone_20160806.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4415" data-file-height="3311"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/TPE-PWD-PSLO_Taytzyy_Greening_Area_stone_20160806.jpg/220px-TPE-PWD-PSLO_Taytzyy_Greening_Area_stone_20160806.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/TPE-PWD-PSLO_Taytzyy_Greening_Area_stone_20160806.jpg/330px-TPE-PWD-PSLO_Taytzyy_Greening_Area_stone_20160806.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/TPE-PWD-PSLO_Taytzyy_Greening_Area_stone_20160806.jpg/440px-TPE-PWD-PSLO_Taytzyy_Greening_Area_stone_20160806.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Gwoyeu Romatzyh on a park sign in Taipei – Taytzyy (太子; Tàizǐ)</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Basic_first_tone_forms">Basic first tone forms</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Gwoyeu_Romatzyh&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Basic first tone forms" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> An important feature of Gwoyeu Romatzyh, inspired by its precursors and later adopted by pinyin, is the use of consonant pairs with a <a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">voicing</a> distinction from Latin to instead represent the <a href="/wiki/Aspiration_(phonetics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aspiration (phonetics)">aspiration</a> distinction present in Chinese.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChao194819%E2%80%9324Chao1968a20%E2%80%9325-31">[27]</a> For example, ⟨b⟩ and ⟨p⟩ represent /p/ and /pʰ/, compared to ⟨p⟩ and ⟨p'⟩ in Wade–Giles. Another distinctive feature is Gwoyeu Romatzyh's use of ⟨j⟩, ⟨ch⟩, and ⟨sh⟩ to represent two different phonetic series. When followed by ⟨i⟩, these letters correspond to the <a href="/wiki/Alveolo-palatal" class="mw-redirect" title="Alveolo-palatal">alveolo-palatal</a> series written in pinyin as ⟨j⟩, ⟨q⟩, and ⟨x⟩; otherwise, they correspond to the <a href="/wiki/Retroflex" class="mw-redirect" title="Retroflex">retroflex</a> series written in pinyin as ⟨zh⟩, ⟨ch⟩, and ⟨sh⟩. Other notable features of Gwoyeu Romatzyh <a href="/wiki/Orthography" title="Orthography">orthography</a> include: <ul><li>⟨iu⟩ represents the <a href="/wiki/Close_front_rounded_vowel" title="Close front rounded vowel">close front rounded vowel</a> /y/, which in pinyin is spelled either as ⟨ü⟩ or ⟨u⟩ depending on context</li> <li>Final ⟨-y⟩ represents the <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin" title="Help:IPA/Mandarin">[ɨ]</a> <a href="/wiki/Allophone" title="Allophone">allophone</a> <dl><dd>Examples: GR ⟨shy⟩ and ⟨sy⟩ correspond to pinyin ⟨shi⟩ and ⟨si⟩ respectively.</dd></dl></li> <li>⟨el⟩ corresponds to pinyin ⟨er⟩, with ⟨-r⟩ being reserved to indicate the second tone. The most important use of ⟨-el⟩ or ⟨-l⟩ is as a <a href="/wiki/R-coloured_vowel" class="mw-redirect" title="R-coloured vowel">rhotacization</a> suffix. <dl><dd>Example: ⟨ideal⟩ ← ⟨i dean⟩ + ⟨-l⟩ for 一點兒 (yìdiǎnr; 'a little').</dd></dl></li> <li>A number of frequently occurring <a href="/wiki/Morpheme" title="Morpheme">morphemes</a> have abbreviated spellings in GR <dl><dd>Examples: ⟨-g⟩ compared to pinyin ⟨-ge⟩, ⟨-j⟩ for ⟨-zhe⟩, ⟨-m⟩ for ⟨-me⟩, ⟨sh⟩ for ⟨shi⟩, and ⟨-tz⟩ for ⟨-zi⟩<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChao1968axxx-32">[28]</a></dd></dl></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tonal_spelling">Tonal spelling</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Gwoyeu_Romatzyh&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Tonal spelling" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> By default, the basic Gwoyeu Romatzyh spelling described above is used for syllables with the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_tones#First_tone" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese tones">first tone</a>. The basic form is then modified to indicate tones 2, 3, and 4.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChao194828%E2%80%9330,_336Chao1968a29%E2%80%9330,_847Simon1947lviiiTable_IX-33">[29]</a> This is accomplished in one of three ways, with the concise first method used whenever possible: <ul><li>either a letter is changed to another letter resembling it in sound, for example ⟨i⟩ to either ⟨y⟩ or ⟨e⟩</li> <li>or a letter is doubled</li> <li>or a silent ⟨r⟩ or ⟨h⟩ is added after the vowel</li></ul> Syllables beginning with a sonorant—i.e. pinyin ⟨l-⟩, ⟨m-⟩, ⟨n-⟩, and ⟨r-⟩—are an exception: the basic form is then used for tone 2, and tone 1 is indicated by adding an ⟨h⟩ after the initial letter. <table class="wikitable" style="border:none;text-align:center"> <caption>Examples of tonal spelling in Gwoyeu Romatzyh<a href="#cite_note-34">[30]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th style="border:none;background:none"> </th> <th scope="col">Tone 1</th> <th scope="col">Tone 2</th> <th scope="col">Tone 3</th> <th scope="col">Tone 4 </th></tr> <tr> <td scope="row" style="border:none;background:none"> </td> <th>貪 'corrupt'</th> <th>彈 'pluck'</th> <th>毯 'blanket'</th> <th>炭 'charcoal' </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="margin-top 2em">GR </th> <td>tan</td> <td>tarn</td> <td>taan</td> <td>tann </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Pinyin </th> <td>tān</td> <td>tán</td> <td>tǎn</td> <td>tàn </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="border:none;background:none"> </th> <th>优 'superior'</th> <th>油 'oil'</th> <th>有 'to have'</th> <th>右 'rightward' </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">GR </th> <td>iou</td> <td>you</td> <td>yeou</td> <td>yow </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Pinyin </th> <td>yōu</td> <td>yóu</td> <td>yǒu</td> <td>yòu </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row" style="border:none;background:none"> </td> <th>輕 'gentle'</th> <th>情 'sentiment'</th> <th>請 'invite'</th> <th>慶 'celebrate' </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">GR </th> <td>ching</td> <td>chyng</td> <td>chiing</td> <td>chinq </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Pinyin </th> <td>qīng</td> <td>qíng</td> <td>qǐng</td> <td>qìng </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row" style="border:none;background:none"> </td> <th>咪 'meow'</th> <th>彌 'full'</th> <th>米 'rice'</th> <th>宓 'silent' </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">GR </th> <td>mhi</td> <td>mi</td> <td>mii</td> <td>mih </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Pinyin </th> <td>mī</td> <td>mí</td> <td>mǐ</td> <td>mì </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Word_segmentation">Word segmentation</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Gwoyeu_Romatzyh&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Word segmentation" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> An important principle of Gwoyeu Romatzyh is that text should use <a href="/wiki/Space_(punctuation)" title="Space (punctuation)">spaces</a> as <a href="/wiki/Word_divider" title="Word divider">word dividers</a>. The concept of a "word" as understood in Western linguistics has been adapted for Chinese comparatively recently. The basic unit of speech is popularly thought to be the syllable; in Chinese, each syllable almost always represents a <a href="/wiki/Morpheme" title="Morpheme">morpheme</a>—a language's basic unit of meaning—and written <a href="/wiki/Chinese_characters" title="Chinese characters">Chinese characters</a> generally correspond with these morpheme–syllables.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChao1968a138%E2%80%93143Kratochv%C3%ADl196889%E2%80%9399-35">[31]</a> Characters are written without spaces between words. However, most words used in modern <a href="/wiki/Written_vernacular_Chinese" title="Written vernacular Chinese">written vernacular Chinese</a> are two-syllable compounds; Chao reflected this in GR's orthography by grouping syllables in words together without hyphenation, as in Wade–Giles (e.g. Pei3-ching1).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeFrancis1950anote_46-36">[32]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><h2 id="Publication_history">Publication history</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Gwoyeu_Romatzyh&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Publication history" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zhao_Yuanren.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Zhao_Yuanren.jpg/170px-Zhao_Yuanren.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="281" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="333" data-file-height="550"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 281px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Zhao_Yuanren.jpg/170px-Zhao_Yuanren.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="281" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Zhao_Yuanren.jpg/255px-Zhao_Yuanren.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1d/Zhao_Yuanren.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Yuen Ren Chao as a young man, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1916</figcaption></figure> Chao used Gwoyeu Romatzyh in four influential works: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Concise_Dictionary_of_Spoken_Chinese" title="Concise Dictionary of Spoken Chinese">Concise Dictionary of Spoken Chinese</a> (1947; in collaboration with <a href="/wiki/Yang_Lien-sheng" title="Yang Lien-sheng">Yang Lien-sheng</a>)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChaoYang1947-37">[33]</a></li> <li>Mandarin Primer – originally used in the <a href="/wiki/Army_Specialized_Training_Program" title="Army Specialized Training Program">Army Specialized Training Program</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a> School for Overseas Administration from 1943 to 1944, and subsequently in civilian courses; republished in 1948.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChao1948v-38">[34]</a> It was written "to supply the advanced student of spoken Chinese with reading matter which he can actually use in his speech".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChao1968bi,_iv-39">[35]</a> The work consists of three volumes of Chinese text with facing GR romanization, including audio recordings of dialogue,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChao1955-40">[36]</a> fragments of an autobiography, two plays, and a translation of Lewis Carroll's <a href="/wiki/Through_the_Looking-Glass" title="Through the Looking-Glass">Through the Looking-Glass</a>.</li> <li>A Grammar of Spoken Chinese (1968)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKratochv%C3%ADl1968187-41">[37]</a></li> <li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238216509">.mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#b1d2ff}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#0f4dc9}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#0f4dc9}}</style>Readings in Sayable Chinese (1968)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChao1968b-42">[38]</a> – in this context, sayable means colloquial, as opposed to the <a href="/wiki/Written_vernacular_Chinese" title="Written vernacular Chinese">written vernacular Chinese</a> often read by students.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChao1968bi,_vi-43">[39]</a></li></ul> In 1942, <a href="/wiki/Walter_Simon_(sinologist)" title="Walter Simon (sinologist)">Walter Simon</a> introduced Gwoyeu Romatzyh to English-speaking sinologists in a pamphlet entitled The New Official Chinese Latin Script. Over the remainder of the 1940s he published a series of textbooks and readers, as well as a Chinese-English dictionary using GR. His son Harry Simon later went on to use GR in papers he published on Chinese linguistics.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimon1958-44">[40]</a> In 1960, Y. C. Liu, who was a colleague of Walter Simon at <a href="/wiki/SOAS" class="mw-redirect" title="SOAS">SOAS</a>, published Fifty Chinese Stories, comprising selections from the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_classics" title="Chinese classics">Chinese classics</a>. It was a <a href="/wiki/Parallel_text" title="Parallel text">parallel text</a> featuring the original <a href="/wiki/Literary_Chinese" class="mw-redirect" title="Literary Chinese">Literary Chinese</a> as well as vernacular translation,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELiu1960xii%22%5BThe_book's%5D_primary_aim_is_to_introduce_students_to_the_Classical_style_through_the_medium_of_the_modern_spoken_language.%22-45">[41]</a> in addition to GR and <a href="/wiki/Romanized_Japanese" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanized Japanese">romanized Japanese</a> transliterations prepared by Simon. <a href="/wiki/Lin_Yutang%27s_Chinese-English_Dictionary_of_Modern_Usage" title="Lin Yutang's Chinese-English Dictionary of Modern Usage">Lin Yutang's Chinese-English Dictionary of Modern Usage</a> (1972) incorporated a number of novelties, which included a simplified romanization scheme derived from GR,<span_lang="zh">國語羅馬字[[Category:Articles_containing_Chinese-language_text]])_was_used_as_the_scheme_for_romanization."_Another_feature_was_an_"Instant_Index_System":_"an_invention_by_Lin_Yutang_with_the_intention_of_providing_a_simple_and_unambiguous_rule_to_call_up_any_given_Chinese_character_..._[T]his_index_system_has_not_been_widely_used_since_its_inception."_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELin1972%22In_the_original_edition,_'Guoryuu_Romatzyh'_(<span_title=%22Chinese-language_text%22><span_lang=%22zh%22>%E5%9C%8B%E8%AA%9E%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E5%AD%97%5B%5BCategory:Articles_containing_Chinese-language_text%5D%5D)_was_used_as_the_scheme_for_romanization.%22_Another_feature_was_an_%22Instant_Index_System%22:_%22an_invention_by_Lin_Yutang_with_the_intention_of_providing_a_simple_and_unambiguous_rule_to_call_up_any_given_Chinese_character_..._%5BT%5Dhis_index_system_has_not_been_widely_used_since_its_inception.%22-46">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChing1975-47">[43]</a> though Lin eliminated most of the spelling rules. The first 3 issues of Shin Tarng magazine (1982–1989; Xīntáng) also used a simplified version of Gwoyeu Romatzyh. The fourth issue, now rendered as Xin Talng, used a system that adapted pinyin to use tonal spelling akin to GR.<a href="#cite_note-48">[e]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><h2 id="Pedagogy">Pedagogy</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Gwoyeu_Romatzyh&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Pedagogy" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> Chao believed that the benefit of tonal spelling was to make the use of tones in Chinese more salient to learners: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">[GR] makes the spelling more complicated, but gives an individuality to the physiognomy of words, with which it is possible to associate meaning ... as an instrument of teaching, tonal spelling has proved in practice to be a most powerful aid in enabling the student to grasp the material with precision and clearness.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChao194811-20">[16]</a></blockquote> For example, it may be easier to memorize the difference between GR Beeijing 'Beijing' and beyjiing 'background' than the pinyin Běijīng and bèijǐng. One study conducted at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oregon" title="University of Oregon">University of Oregon</a> from 1991 to 1993 compared the results of teaching elementary level Chinese using either pinyin or GR to two matched groups of students; the study ultimately concluded that "GR did not lead to significantly greater accuracy in tonal production".<sup id='cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcGinnis1997231–232"The_results_clearly_indicated_that_GR_did_not_lead_to_significantly_greater_accuracy_in_tonal_production._Indeed,_the_use_of_GR_reflected_slightly_lower_rates_of_tonal_production_accuracy_for_native_speakers_of_both_American_English_and_Japanese."_49-0' class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGinnis1997231%E2%80%93232%22The_results_clearly_indicated_that_GR_did_not_lead_to_significantly_greater_accuracy_in_tonal_production._Indeed,_the_use_of_GR_reflected_slightly_lower_rates_of_tonal_production_accuracy_for_native_speakers_of_both_American_English_and_Japanese.%22-49">[44]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Gwoyeu_Romatzyh&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Notes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Traditional Chinese</a>: 國語羅馬字; <a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">simplified Chinese</a>: 国语罗马字; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: Guóyǔ Luómǎzì; <abbr title="Literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'National language romanization' </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> 國音 (guóyīn; 'national pronunciation') was often used interchangeably with 國語 (guóyǔ; 'national language').<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZhong201936-5">[4]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> Gwoin tzyhmuu dihell shyh (國音字母第二式; Guóyīn zìmǔ dì'èr shì) </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> Gwoin charngyonq tzyhhuey (國音常用字彙; Guóyīn chángyòng zìhuì) </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pinyin.info/readings/xin_tang/">"Xin Tang: a journal of romanized Mandarin"</a> – via pinyin.info.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Xin+Tang%3A+a+journal+of+romanized+Mandarin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pinyin.info%2Freadings%2Fxin_tang%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGwoyeu+Romatzyh" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><h2 id="References">References</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Gwoyeu_Romatzyh&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Gwoyeu_Romatzyh&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Citations" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKratochvíl1968169-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKratochv%C3%ADl1968169_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKratochv%C3%ADl1968169_2-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKratochv%C3%ADl1968169_2-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFKratochv%C3%ADl1968">Kratochvíl 1968</a>, p. 169. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZhong201927–28-3"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZhong201927%E2%80%9328_3-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFZhong2019">Zhong 2019</a>, pp. 27–28. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoser201624–29-4"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoser201624%E2%80%9329_4-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMoser2016">Moser 2016</a>, pp. 24–29. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZhong201936-5"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZhong201936_5-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFZhong2019">Zhong 2019</a>, p. 36. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoser201654–57-7"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoser201654%E2%80%9357_7-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMoser2016">Moser 2016</a>, pp. 54–57. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZhong201927–28DeFrancis1950a-8"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZhong201927%E2%80%9328DeFrancis1950a_8-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFZhong2019">Zhong 2019</a>, pp. 27–28; <a href="#CITEREFDeFrancis1950a">DeFrancis 1950a</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoser201658–61-9"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoser201658%E2%80%9361_9-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMoser2016">Moser 2016</a>, pp. 58–61. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZhong201939–41-10"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZhong201939%E2%80%9341_10-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFZhong2019">Zhong 2019</a>, pp. 39–41. </li> <li id='cite_note-FOOTNOTEChao194811"Without_disclaiming_responsibility,_as_a_very_active_member_of_the_Committee_on_Unification,_for_the_merits_and_defects_of_the_system,_I_must_give_credit_to_my_colleague_Lin_Yutang_for_the_idea_of_varying_the_spelling_to_indicate_difference_in_tone."-11'><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChao194811%22Without_disclaiming_responsibility,_as_a_very_active_member_of_the_Committee_on_Unification,_for_the_merits_and_defects_of_the_system,_I_must_give_credit_to_my_colleague_Lin_Yutang_for_the_idea_of_varying_the_spelling_to_indicate_difference_in_tone.%22_11-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFChao1948">Chao 1948</a>, p. 11, "Without disclaiming responsibility, as a very active member of the Committee on Unification, for the merits and defects of the system, I must give credit to my colleague Lin Yutang for the idea of varying the spelling to indicate difference in tone." </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeFrancis1950an._43,_46-12"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeFrancis1950an._43,_46_12-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDeFrancis1950a">DeFrancis 1950a</a>, n. 43, 46. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeng2018623-13"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeng2018623_13-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWeng2018">Weng 2018</a>, p. 623. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeFrancis195074Chao197614-14"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeFrancis195074Chao197614_14-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDeFrancis1950">DeFrancis 1950</a>, p. 74; <a href="#CITEREFChao1976">Chao 1976</a>, p. 14. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEXingFeng2016-15"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEXingFeng2016_15-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFXingFeng2016">Xing & Feng 2016</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZhong201941-16"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZhong201941_16-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFZhong2019">Zhong 2019</a>, p. 41. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESimon1947lxxiTable_X-18"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimon1947lxxiTable_X_18-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSimon1947">Simon 1947</a>, p. lxxi, Table X. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChao194811-20">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChao194811_20-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChao194811_20-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFChao1948">Chao 1948</a>, p. 11. </li> <li id='cite_note-FOOTNOTEChao1968c"While_the_official_position_was_that_it_was_to_be_used_whenever_Chinese_was_to_be_spelled_in_Latin_letters,_such_as_in_dealing_with_foreigners,_those_who_devised_the_system,_of_whom_I_was_one,_had_in_our_minds_the_design_of_a_practical_system_of_writing."-21'><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChao1968c%22While_the_official_position_was_that_it_was_to_be_used_whenever_Chinese_was_to_be_spelled_in_Latin_letters,_such_as_in_dealing_with_foreigners,_those_who_devised_the_system,_of_whom_I_was_one,_had_in_our_minds_the_design_of_a_practical_system_of_writing.%22_21-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFChao1968c">Chao 1968c</a>, "While the official position was that it was to be used whenever Chinese was to be spelled in Latin letters, such as in dealing with foreigners, those who devised the system, of whom I was one, had in our minds the design of a practical system of writing." </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeFrancis195077–78-22"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeFrancis195077%E2%80%9378_22-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDeFrancis1950">DeFrancis 1950</a>, pp. 77–78. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeFrancis195075-23"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeFrancis195075_23-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDeFrancis1950">DeFrancis 1950</a>, p. 75. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZhong201954-24"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZhong201954_24-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFZhong2019">Zhong 2019</a>, p. 54. </li> <li id='cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarlgren192820"[GR]_is_based_on_a_series_of_very_fatal_phonetic_lies,_and_for_this_reason_it_will_be_very_difficult_to_learn,_and_consequently_impractical."-25'><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKarlgren192820%22%5BGR%5D_is_based_on_a_series_of_very_fatal_phonetic_lies,_and_for_this_reason_it_will_be_very_difficult_to_learn,_and_consequently_impractical.%22_25-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKarlgren1928">Karlgren 1928</a>, p. 20, "[GR] is based on a series of very fatal phonetic lies, and for this reason it will be very difficult to learn, and consequently impractical." </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeFrancis195076-26"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeFrancis195076_26-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDeFrancis1950">DeFrancis 1950</a>, p. 76. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMairHu202439-27"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMairHu202439_27-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMairHu2024">Mair & Hu 2024</a>, p. 39. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESimmons2015-28"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimmons2015_28-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSimmons2015">Simmons 2015</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiedenhof2004391-29"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiedenhof2004391_29-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWiedenhof2004">Wiedenhof 2004</a>, p. 391. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChiung2001-30"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChiung2001_30-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFChiung2001">Chiung 2001</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChao194819–24Chao1968a20–25-31"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChao194819%E2%80%9324Chao1968a20%E2%80%9325_31-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFChao1948">Chao 1948</a>, pp. 19–24; <a href="#CITEREFChao1968a">Chao 1968a</a>, pp. 20–25. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChao1968axxx-32"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChao1968axxx_32-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFChao1968a">Chao 1968a</a>, p. xxx. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChao194828–30,_336Chao1968a29–30,_847Simon1947lviiiTable_IX-33"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChao194828%E2%80%9330,_336Chao1968a29%E2%80%9330,_847Simon1947lviiiTable_IX_33-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFChao1948">Chao 1948</a>, pp. 28–30, 336; <a href="#CITEREFChao1968a">Chao 1968a</a>, pp. 29–30, 847; <a href="#CITEREFSimon1947">Simon 1947</a>, p. lviii, Table IX. </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> Adapted from <a href="#CITEREFSimmons2015">Simmons 2015</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChao1968a138–143Kratochvíl196889–99-35"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChao1968a138%E2%80%93143Kratochv%C3%ADl196889%E2%80%9399_35-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFChao1968a">Chao 1968a</a>, pp. 138–143; <a href="#CITEREFKratochv%C3%ADl1968">Kratochvíl 1968</a>, pp. 89–99. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeFrancis1950anote_46-36"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeFrancis1950anote_46_36-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDeFrancis1950a">DeFrancis 1950a</a>, note 46. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChaoYang1947-37"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChaoYang1947_37-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFChaoYang1947">Chao & Yang 1947</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChao1948v-38"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChao1948v_38-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFChao1948">Chao 1948</a>, p. v. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChao1968bi,_iv-39"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChao1968bi,_iv_39-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFChao1968b">Chao 1968b</a>, pp. i, iv. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChao1955-40"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChao1955_40-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFChao1955">Chao 1955</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKratochvíl1968187-41"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKratochv%C3%ADl1968187_41-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKratochv%C3%ADl1968">Kratochvíl 1968</a>, p. 187. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChao1968b-42"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChao1968b_42-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFChao1968b">Chao 1968b</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChao1968bi,_vi-43"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChao1968bi,_vi_43-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFChao1968b">Chao 1968b</a>, pp. i, vi. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESimon1958-44"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimon1958_44-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSimon1958">Simon 1958</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELiu1960xii"[The_book's]_primary_aim_is_to_introduce_students_to_the_Classical_style_through_the_medium_of_the_modern_spoken_language."-45"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELiu1960xii%22%5BThe_book's%5D_primary_aim_is_to_introduce_students_to_the_Classical_style_through_the_medium_of_the_modern_spoken_language.%22_45-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLiu1960">Liu 1960</a>, p. xii, "[The book's] primary aim is to introduce students to the Classical style through the medium of the modern spoken language." </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELin1972"In_the_original_edition,_'Guoryuu_Romatzyh'_(<span_title="Chinese-language_text"><span_lang="zh">國語羅馬字[[Category:Articles_containing_Chinese-language_text]])_was_used_as_the_scheme_for_romanization."_Another_feature_was_an_"Instant_Index_System":_"an_invention_by_Lin_Yutang_with_the_intention_of_providing_a_simple_and_unambiguous_rule_to_call_up_any_given_Chinese_character_..._[T]his_index_system_has_not_been_widely_used_since_its_inception."-46"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELin1972%22In_the_original_edition,_'Guoryuu_Romatzyh'_(<span_title=%22Chinese-language_text%22><span_lang=%22zh%22>%E5%9C%8B%E8%AA%9E%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E5%AD%97%5B%5BCategory:Articles_containing_Chinese-language_text%5D%5D)_was_used_as_the_scheme_for_romanization.%22_Another_feature_was_an_%22Instant_Index_System%22:_%22an_invention_by_Lin_Yutang_with_the_intention_of_providing_a_simple_and_unambiguous_rule_to_call_up_any_given_Chinese_character_..._%5BT%5Dhis_index_system_has_not_been_widely_used_since_its_inception.%22_46-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLin1972">Lin 1972</a>, "In the original edition, 'Guoryuu Romatzyh' (國語羅馬字) was used as the scheme for romanization." Another feature was an "Instant Index System": "an invention by Lin Yutang with the intention of providing a simple and unambiguous rule to call up any given Chinese character ... [T]his index system has not been widely used since its inception." </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChing1975-47"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChing1975_47-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFChing1975">Ching 1975</a>. </li> <li id='cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGinnis1997231–232"The_results_clearly_indicated_that_GR_did_not_lead_to_significantly_greater_accuracy_in_tonal_production._Indeed,_the_use_of_GR_reflected_slightly_lower_rates_of_tonal_production_accuracy_for_native_speakers_of_both_American_English_and_Japanese."-49'><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcGinnis1997231%E2%80%93232%22The_results_clearly_indicated_that_GR_did_not_lead_to_significantly_greater_accuracy_in_tonal_production._Indeed,_the_use_of_GR_reflected_slightly_lower_rates_of_tonal_production_accuracy_for_native_speakers_of_both_American_English_and_Japanese.%22_49-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcGinnis1997">McGinnis 1997</a>, pp. 231–232, "The results clearly indicated that GR did not lead to significantly greater accuracy in tonal production. Indeed, the use of GR reflected slightly lower rates of tonal production accuracy for native speakers of both American English and Japanese." </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Gwoyeu_Romatzyh&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Bibliography" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChaoYang1947" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Yuen_Ren_Chao" title="Yuen Ren Chao">Chao, Yuen Ren</a>; Yang, L. S. (1947). Concise Dictionary of Spoken Chinese. Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-15800-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-674-15800-8"><bdi>0-674-15800-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Concise+Dictionary+of+Spoken+Chinese&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1947&rft.isbn=0-674-15800-8&rft.aulast=Chao&rft.aufirst=Yuen+Ren&rft.au=Yang%2C+L.+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGwoyeu+Romatzyh" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChao1948" class="citation book cs1">——— (1948). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mandarinprimerin00chao">Mandarin Primer: An Intensive Course in Spoken Chinese</a>. Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-73288-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-73288-9"><bdi>978-0-674-73288-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mandarin+Primer%3A+An+Intensive+Course+in+Spoken+Chinese&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1948&rft.isbn=978-0-674-73288-9&rft.aulast=Chao&rft.aufirst=Yuen+Ren&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmandarinprimerin00chao&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGwoyeu+Romatzyh" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChao1955" class="citation audio-visual cs1">——— (1955). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://folkways.si.edu/yuen-ren-chao/the-mandarin-primer/language-instruction/album/smithsonian">Mandarin Primer</a> (Digital). New York: Smithsonian Folkways Recordings. FW08002. Retrieved 5 July 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mandarin+Primer&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Smithsonian+Folkways+Recordings&rft.date=1955&rft.aulast=Chao&rft.aufirst=Yuen+Ren&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffolkways.si.edu%2Fyuen-ren-chao%2Fthe-mandarin-primer%2Flanguage-instruction%2Falbum%2Fsmithsonian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGwoyeu+Romatzyh" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChao1968a" class="citation book cs1">——— (1968a). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/grammarofspokenc0000chao">A Grammar of Spoken Chinese</a>. University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-00219-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-00219-9"><bdi>0-520-00219-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Grammar+of+Spoken+Chinese&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1968&rft.isbn=0-520-00219-9&rft.aulast=Chao&rft.aufirst=Yuen+Ren&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgrammarofspokenc0000chao&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGwoyeu+Romatzyh" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChao1968b" class="citation book cs1">——— (1968b). Readings in Sayable Chinese. Asian Language Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87950-328-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-87950-328-9"><bdi>0-87950-328-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Readings+in+Sayable+Chinese&rft.pub=Asian+Language+Publications&rft.date=1968&rft.isbn=0-87950-328-9&rft.aulast=Chao&rft.aufirst=Yuen+Ren&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGwoyeu+Romatzyh" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChao1968c" class="citation book cs1">——— (1968c). Language and Symbolic Systems. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-09457-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-09457-7"><bdi>0-521-09457-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Language+and+Symbolic+Systems&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1968&rft.isbn=0-521-09457-7&rft.aulast=Chao&rft.aufirst=Yuen+Ren&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGwoyeu+Romatzyh" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChao1976" class="citation book cs1">——— (1976). Aspects of Chinese Sociolinguistics: Essays. Stanford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-0909-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-0909-5"><bdi>978-0-8047-0909-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aspects+of+Chinese+Sociolinguistics%3A+Essays&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=978-0-8047-0909-5&rft.aulast=Chao&rft.aufirst=Yuen+Ren&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGwoyeu+Romatzyh" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChiung2001" class="citation journal cs1">Chiung, Wi-vun Taiffalo (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.de-han.org/pehoeji/lomaji/index.htm">"Romanization and Language Planning in Taiwan"</a>. The Linguistic Association of Korea Journal. 9 (1): 15–43.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Linguistic+Association+of+Korea+Journal&rft.atitle=Romanization+and+Language+Planning+in+Taiwan&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=15-43&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Chiung&rft.aufirst=Wi-vun+Taiffalo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.de-han.org%2Fpehoeji%2Flomaji%2Findex.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGwoyeu+Romatzyh" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeFrancis1950" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_DeFrancis" title="John DeFrancis">DeFrancis, John</a> (1950). Nationalism and Language Reform in China. Princeton University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nationalism+and+Language+Reform+in+China&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1950&rft.aulast=DeFrancis&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGwoyeu+Romatzyh" class="Z3988"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222">——— (1950a). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pinyin.info/readings/texts/DeFr1950.html">One State, One People, One Language</a>". In <a href="#CITEREFDeFrancis1950">DeFrancis (1950)</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Nationalism and Language Reform in China. New York: Octagon. 1972 [1950]. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-374-92095-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-374-92095-1"><bdi>978-0-374-92095-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nationalism+and+Language+Reform+in+China&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Octagon&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=978-0-374-92095-1&rft.aulast=DeFrancis&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGwoyeu+Romatzyh" class="Z3988"></li></ul></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKarlgren1928" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bernhard_Karlgren" title="Bernhard Karlgren">Karlgren, Bernhard</a> (1928). The Romanization of Chinese. London: China Society.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Romanization+of+Chinese&rft.place=London&rft.pub=China+Society&rft.date=1928&rft.aulast=Karlgren&rft.aufirst=Bernhard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGwoyeu+Romatzyh" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKratochvíl1968" class="citation book cs1">Kratochvíl, Paul (1968). The Chinese Language Today. Hutchinson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-090-84651-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-090-84651-6"><bdi>0-090-84651-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Chinese+Language+Today&rft.pub=Hutchinson&rft.date=1968&rft.isbn=0-090-84651-6&rft.aulast=Kratochv%C3%ADl&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGwoyeu+Romatzyh" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLin1972" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Lin_Yutang" title="Lin Yutang">Lin, Yutang</a> (1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://humanum.arts.cuhk.edu.hk/Lexis/Lindict/lyt-fl.htm">Chinese-English Dictionary of Modern Usage</a> (Online ed.). Chinese University of Hong Kong.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chinese-English+Dictionary+of+Modern+Usage&rft.edition=Online&rft.pub=Chinese+University+of+Hong+Kong&rft.date=1972&rft.aulast=Lin&rft.aufirst=Yutang&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhumanum.arts.cuhk.edu.hk%2FLexis%2FLindict%2Flyt-fl.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGwoyeu+Romatzyh" class="Z3988"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChing1975" class="citation journal cs1">Ching, Eugene (1975). "Chinese-English Dictionary of Modern Usage by Lin Yutang". The Journal of Asian Studies (Book review). 34 (2). Association for Asian Studies: 521–524. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2052772">10.2307/2052772</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2052772">2052772</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:146408374">146408374</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Asian+Studies&rft.atitle=Chinese-English+Dictionary+of+Modern+Usage+by+Lin+Yutang&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=521-524&rft.date=1975&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A146408374%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2052772%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2052772&rft.aulast=Ching&rft.aufirst=Eugene&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGwoyeu+Romatzyh" class="Z3988"></li></ul></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiu1960" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script">Liu, Y. C. (1960). Fifty Chinese Stories <bdi lang="zh">言文对照中国故事五十篇</bdi>. Lund Humphries. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85331-054-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-85331-054-8"><bdi>0-85331-054-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fifty+Chinese+Stories+%E8%A8%80%E6%96%87%E5%AF%B9%E7%85%A7%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E6%95%85%E4%BA%8B%E4%BA%94%E5%8D%81%E7%AF%87&rft.pub=Lund+Humphries&rft.date=1960&rft.isbn=0-85331-054-8&rft.aulast=Liu&rft.aufirst=Y.+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGwoyeu+Romatzyh" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMairHu2024" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Victor_H._Mair" title="Victor H. Mair">Mair, Victor H.</a>; Hu, Jing (2024). "A Century of Chinese Writing Reform". In Jiao, Liwei; Mair, Victor H.; Wang, William S.-Y. (eds.). The Routledge Handbook of Chinese Language and Culture. Routledge. pp. 27–42. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-315-16780-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-315-16780-0"><bdi>978-1-315-16780-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=A+Century+of+Chinese+Writing+Reform&rft.btitle=The+Routledge+Handbook+of+Chinese+Language+and+Culture&rft.pages=27-42&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2024&rft.isbn=978-1-315-16780-0&rft.aulast=Mair&rft.aufirst=Victor+H.&rft.au=Hu%2C+Jing&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGwoyeu+Romatzyh" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcGinnis1997" class="citation journal cs1">McGinnis, Scott (1997). "Tonal Spelling versus Diacritics for Teaching Pronunciation of Mandarin Chinese". The Modern Language Journal. 81 (2). Blackwell: 228–236. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F328789">10.2307/328789</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/328789">328789</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Modern+Language+Journal&rft.atitle=Tonal+Spelling+versus+Diacritics+for+Teaching+Pronunciation+of+Mandarin+Chinese&rft.volume=81&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=228-236&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F328789&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F328789%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=McGinnis&rft.aufirst=Scott&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGwoyeu+Romatzyh" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoser2016" class="citation book cs1">Moser, David (2016). A Billion Voices: China's Search for a Common Language. Penguin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-734-39959-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-734-39959-5"><bdi>978-0-734-39959-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Billion+Voices%3A+China%27s+Search+for+a+Common+Language&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-734-39959-5&rft.aulast=Moser&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGwoyeu+Romatzyh" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimmons2015" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Simmons, Richard VanNess (2015). "Transcription Systems: Gwoyeu Romatzyh 國語羅馬字". In Sybesma, Rint (ed.). Encyclopedia of Chinese Language and Linguistics Online. Brill. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F2210-7363-ecll-all">10.1163/2210-7363-ecll-all</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2210-7363">2210-7363</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Transcription+Systems%3A+Gwoyeu+Romatzyh+%E5%9C%8B%E8%AA%9E%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E5%AD%97&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Chinese+Language+and+Linguistics+Online&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F2210-7363-ecll-all&rft.issn=2210-7363&rft.aulast=Simmons&rft.aufirst=Richard+VanNess&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGwoyeu+Romatzyh" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimon1958" class="citation journal cs1">Simon, Harry F. (1958). "Some Remarks on the Structure of the Verb Complex in Standard Chinese". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies. 21 (1/3): 553–577. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0041977X00060171">10.1017/S0041977X00060171</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/610617">610617</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145370253">145370253</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+School+of+Oriental+and+African+Studies&rft.atitle=Some+Remarks+on+the+Structure+of+the+Verb+Complex+in+Standard+Chinese&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=1%2F3&rft.pages=553-577&rft.date=1958&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145370253%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F610617%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0041977X00060171&rft.aulast=Simon&rft.aufirst=Harry+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGwoyeu+Romatzyh" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimon1947" class="citation book cs1">Simon, Walter (1947). A Beginners' Chinese-English Dictionary. Lund Humphries.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Beginners%27+Chinese-English+Dictionary&rft.pub=Lund+Humphries&rft.date=1947&rft.aulast=Simon&rft.aufirst=Walter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGwoyeu+Romatzyh" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeng2018" class="citation journal cs1">Weng, Jeffrey (2018). "What Is Mandarin? The Social Project of Language Standardization in Early Republican China". The Journal of Asian Studies. 77 (3): 611–633. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0021911818000487">10.1017/S0021911818000487</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0021-9118">0021-9118</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Asian+Studies&rft.atitle=What+Is+Mandarin%3F+The+Social+Project+of+Language+Standardization+in+Early+Republican+China&rft.volume=77&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=611-633&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0021911818000487&rft.issn=0021-9118&rft.aulast=Weng&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGwoyeu+Romatzyh" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWiedenhof2004" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script">Wiedenhof, Jeroen (2004). "Purpose and effect in the transcription of Mandarin". In Lee Jer-shiarn (李哲賢) (ed.). <bdi lang="zh">漢學研究國際學術研討會論文集</bdi> [Proceedings of the International Conference on Chinese Studies 2004]. Touliu: National Yunlin University of Science and Technology. pp. 387–402. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/986-00-4011-7" title="Special:BookSources/986-00-4011-7"><bdi>986-00-4011-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Purpose+and+effect+in+the+transcription+of+Mandarin&rft.btitle=%E6%BC%A2%E5%AD%B8%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E5%AD%B8%E8%A1%93%E7%A0%94%E8%A8%8E%E6%9C%83%E8%AB%96%E6%96%87%E9%9B%86&rft.place=Touliu&rft.pages=387-402&rft.pub=National+Yunlin+University+of+Science+and+Technology&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=986-00-4011-7&rft.aulast=Wiedenhof&rft.aufirst=Jeroen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGwoyeu+Romatzyh" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFXingFeng2016" class="citation journal cs1">Xing, Huang; Feng, Xu (2016). "The Romanization of Chinese Language". Review of Asian and Pacific Studies. 41: 99–111. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.15018%2F00001134">10.15018/00001134</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10928%2F892">10928/892</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0913-8439">0913-8439</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Review+of+Asian+and+Pacific+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Romanization+of+Chinese+Language&rft.volume=41&rft.pages=99-111&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10928%2F892&rft.issn=0913-8439&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.15018%2F00001134&rft.aulast=Xing&rft.aufirst=Huang&rft.au=Feng%2C+Xu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGwoyeu+Romatzyh" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZhong2019" class="citation book cs1">Zhong, Yurou (2019). Chinese Grammatology: Script Revolution and Literary Modernity, 1916–1958. Columbia University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7312%2Fzhon19262">10.7312/zhon19262</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-54989-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-54989-9"><bdi>978-0-231-54989-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chinese+Grammatology%3A+Script+Revolution+and+Literary+Modernity%2C+1916%E2%80%931958&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.7312%2Fzhon19262&rft.isbn=978-0-231-54989-9&rft.aulast=Zhong&rft.aufirst=Yurou&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGwoyeu+Romatzyh" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Gwoyeu_Romatzyh&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pinyin.info/romanization/compare/gwoyeu_romatzyh.html">"Romanization comparison chart"</a>. 2004 – via pinyin.info.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Romanization+comparison+chart&rft.date=2004&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pinyin.info%2Fromanization%2Fcompare%2Fgwoyeu_romatzyh.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGwoyeu+Romatzyh" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div>    </section></div> <noscript><img src="https://login.m.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&mobile=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gwoyeu_Romatzyh&oldid=1259088332">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gwoyeu_Romatzyh&oldid=1259088332</a>"</div></div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"> <a class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=Gwoyeu_Romatzyh&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> Last edited on 23 November 2024, at 08:12 </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%A4%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A4%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%B3%D9%8A" title="كؤيولؤمتسي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كؤيولؤمتسي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwoyeu_romatzyh" title="Gwoyeu romatzyh – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Gwoyeu romatzyh" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwoyeu_Romatzyh" title="Gwoyeu Romatzyh – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Gwoyeu Romatzyh" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwoyeu_Romatzyh" title="Gwoyeu Romatzyh – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Gwoyeu Romatzyh" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwoyeu_romatzyh" title="Gwoyeu romatzyh – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Gwoyeu romatzyh" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwoyeu_Romatzyh" title="Gwoyeu Romatzyh – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Gwoyeu Romatzyh" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B5%AD%EC%96%B4%EB%9D%BC%EB%A7%88%EC%9E%90" title="국어라마자 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="국어라마자" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwoyeu_Romatzyh" title="Gwoyeu Romatzyh – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Gwoyeu Romatzyh" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwoyeu_Romatzyh" title="Gwoyeu Romatzyh – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Gwoyeu Romatzyh" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E8%AA%9E%E3%83%AD%E3%83%BC%E3%83%9E%E5%AD%97" title="国語ローマ字 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="国語ローマ字" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwoyeu_Romatzyh" title="Gwoyeu Romatzyh – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Gwoyeu Romatzyh" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwoyeu_Romatzyh" title="Gwoyeu Romatzyh – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Gwoyeu Romatzyh" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%8E%D0%B9_%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B7%D1%8B" title="Гоюй ломацзы – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Гоюй ломацзы" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwoyeu_Romatzyh" title="Gwoyeu Romatzyh – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Gwoyeu Romatzyh" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%98%D0%B8_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B7%D0%B8" title="Гвоји Ромадзи – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Гвоји Ромадзи" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwoyeu_Romatzyh" title="Gwoyeu Romatzyh – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Gwoyeu Romatzyh" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwoyeu_Romatzyh" title="Gwoyeu Romatzyh – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Gwoyeu Romatzyh" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwoyeu_Romatzyh" title="Gwoyeu Romatzyh – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Gwoyeu Romatzyh" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qu%E1%BB%91c_ng%E1%BB%AF_La_M%C3%A3_t%E1%BB%B1" title="Quốc ngữ La Mã tự – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Quốc ngữ La Mã tự" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E8%AA%9E%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E5%AD%97" title="國語羅馬字 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="國語羅馬字" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E8%AA%9E%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E5%AD%97" title="國語羅馬字 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="國語羅馬字" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 23 November 2024, at 08:12 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Content is available under <a class="external" rel="nofollow" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">CC BY-SA 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places" class="footer-places hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-terms-use"><a href="https://foundation.m.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use">Terms of Use</a></li> <li id="footer-places-desktop-toggle"><a id="mw-mf-display-toggle" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gwoyeu_Romatzyh&mobileaction=toggle_view_desktop" data-event-name="switch_to_desktop">Desktop</a></li> </ul> </div> </footer> </div> </div> <div class="mw-notification-area" data-mw="interface"></div>  <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-669b4ddb54-mhhzw","wgBackendResponseTime":239,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.068","walltime":"1.255","ppvisitednodes":{"value":16478,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":344710,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":33962,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":21,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":13,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":115946,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1086.034 1 -total"," 28.62% 310.876 1 Template:Infobox_writing_system"," 28.28% 307.170 1 Template:Infobox"," 14.05% 152.534 11 Template:Navbox"," 12.85% 139.535 1 Template:Infobox_Chinese"," 10.88% 118.190 21 Template:Lang"," 10.57% 114.782 40 Template:Sfn"," 9.71% 105.480 1 Template:Chinese_language"," 8.57% 93.102 5 Template:Efn"," 7.06% 76.658 17 Template:Cite_book"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.609","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":23544906,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFChao1948\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChao1955\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChao1968a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChao1968b\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChao1968c\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChao1976\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChaoYang1947\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChing1975\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChiung2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDeFrancis1950\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDeFrancis1950a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKarlgren1928\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKratochvíl1968\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLin1972\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLiu1960\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMairHu2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcGinnis1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMoser2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSimmons2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSimon1947\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSimon1958\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWeng2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWiedenhof2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFXingFeng2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZhong2019\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"Abbr.\"] = 1,\n [\"Angbr\"] = 50,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 1,\n [\"Bpmfsp\"] = 2,\n [\"Chinese language\"] = 1,\n [\"Circa\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite AV media\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 17,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 6,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 2,\n [\"Efn\"] = 5,\n [\"Featured article\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvc\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 1,\n [\"IPA\"] = 4,\n [\"IPA notice\"] = 1,\n [\"IPA-yue\"] = 1,\n [\"IPAc-cmn\"] = 2,\n [\"IPAc-en\"] = 1,\n [\"IPAc-yue\"] = 1,\n [\"Ill\"] = 2,\n [\"Infobox Chinese\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox writing system\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 21,\n [\"Main\"] = 1,\n [\"Normal\"] = 16,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Nwr\"] = 7,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 2,\n [\"Refend\"] = 2,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Respell\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 40,\n [\"Sfnm\"] = 6,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Snd\"] = 3,\n [\"Tlit\"] = 44,\n [\"Tonesup\"] = 3,\n [\"Ubli\"] = 1,\n [\"Use Oxford spelling\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Visible anchor\"] = 1,\n [\"Zh\"] = 1,\n [\"Zhc\"] = 2,\n [\"Zhi\"] = 4,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-5676f668c8-ljbx7","timestamp":"20241126204349","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Gwoyeu Romatzyh","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gwoyeu_Romatzyh","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q24438","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q24438","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2003-08-24T05:16:30Z","dateModified":"2024-11-23T08:12:13Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/e\/ee\/Gwoyeu_Romatzyh_%E2%80%93_%E5%9C%8B%E9%9F%B3%E5%AD%97%E6%AF%8D%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E5%BC%8F.svg","headline":"system for writing Mandarin Chinese in the Latin alphabet"}</script><script>(window.NORLQ=window.NORLQ||[]).push(function(){var ns,i,p,img;ns=document.getElementsByTagName('noscript');for(i=0;i<ns.length;i++){p=ns[i].nextSibling;if(p&&p.className&&p.className.indexOf('lazy-image-placeholder')>-1){img=document.createElement('img');img.setAttribute('src',p.getAttribute('data-src'));img.setAttribute('width',p.getAttribute('data-width'));img.setAttribute('height',p.getAttribute('data-height'));img.setAttribute('alt',p.getAttribute('data-alt'));p.parentNode.replaceChild(img,p);}}});</script> </body> </html>