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Learn the best practices and theory behind strain gauge measurement."/><meta property="og:image" content="https://www.datocms-assets.com/53444/1662972602-strain-gauge.png?auto=format&fit=max&w=1200"/><meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"/><meta property="og:image:height" content="675"/><meta property="og:image:alt" content="Strain gauge"/><meta name="twitter:image" content="https://www.datocms-assets.com/53444/1662972602-strain-gauge.png?auto=format&fit=max&w=1200"/><meta name="twitter:image:alt" content="Strain gauge"/><meta property="og:locale" content="en"/><meta property="og:type" content="article"/><meta property="og:site_name" content="Data Acquisition | Test and Measurement Solutions"/><meta property="article:modified_time" content="2023-09-07T13:05:13Z"/><meta property="article:publisher" content="https://www.facebook.com/WeAreDewesoft/"/><meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image"/><meta name="twitter:site" content="@https://twitter.com/dewesoft"/><link 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type="button" class="chakra-button css-14pi1ec">Products<style data-emotion="css 1hzyiq5">.css-1hzyiq5{display:-webkit-inline-box;display:-webkit-inline-flex;display:-ms-inline-flexbox;display:inline-flex;-webkit-align-self:center;-ms-flex-item-align:center;align-self:center;-webkit-flex-shrink:0;-ms-flex-negative:0;flex-shrink:0;-webkit-margin-start:0.5rem;margin-inline-start:0.5rem;}</style><span class="chakra-button__icon css-1hzyiq5"><style data-emotion="css p1tijm">.css-p1tijm{width:1em;height:1em;display:inline-block;line-height:1em;-webkit-flex-shrink:0;-ms-flex-negative:0;flex-shrink:0;color:currentColor;-webkit-transition:-webkit-transform 0.2s;transition:transform 0.2s;transform-origin:center;}</style><svg stroke="currentColor" fill="none" stroke-width="2" viewBox="0 0 24 24" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" focusable="false" class="chakra-icon css-p1tijm" aria-hidden="true" height="1em" width="1em" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><polyline points="6 9 12 15 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tx5moa">.css-tx5moa{transition-property:var(--chakra-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--chakra-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:inherit;display:inline;}.css-tx5moa:hover,.css-tx5moa[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;}.css-tx5moa:focus-visible,.css-tx5moa[data-focus-visible]{box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-outline);}</style><a class="chakra-link css-tx5moa" href="https://dewesoft.com/blog/grant-maloy-smith">Grant Maloy Smith</a></div><p class="chakra-text css-0">Thursday, September 7, 2023 · 0 min read</p></div></div><style data-emotion="css axtqao">.css-axtqao{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-heading);font-weight:var(--chakra-fontWeights-bold);line-height:1.33;color:var(--chakra-colors-blackAlpha-900);margin-bottom:var(--chakra-space-8);font-size:var(--chakra-fontSizes-4xl);}@media screen and (min-width: 52em){.css-axtqao{line-height:1.2;font-size:var(--chakra-fontSizes-5xl);}}@media screen and (min-width: 64em){.css-axtqao{font-size:var(--chakra-fontSizes-6xl);}}</style><h1 class="chakra-heading css-axtqao">What Is a Strain Gauge Sensor and How Does It Work?</h1><style data-emotion="css 1bfl6q8">.css-1bfl6q8 h1{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-heading);font-weight:var(--chakra-fontWeights-bold);font-size:var(--chakra-fontSizes-4xl);margin-bottom:var(--chakra-space-8);}@media screen and (min-width: 52em){.css-1bfl6q8 h1{font-size:var(--chakra-fontSizes-5xl);margin-bottom:var(--chakra-space-10);}}.css-1bfl6q8 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blockquote:not([data-theme]),.css-1bfl6q8 blockquote[data-theme=dark]{border-inline-start-color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-600);}.css-1bfl6q8 pre{padding:var(--chakra-space-4);border-radius:var(--chakra-radii-md);background:var(--chakra-colors-gray-700);color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-50);overflow:auto;}.chakra-ui-dark .css-1bfl6q8 pre:not([data-theme]),[data-theme=dark] .css-1bfl6q8 pre:not([data-theme]),.css-1bfl6q8 pre[data-theme=dark]{background:var(--chakra-colors-gray-800);}.css-1bfl6q8 pre code{font-weight:var(--chakra-fontWeights-normal);}.css-1bfl6q8 pre code::before,.css-1bfl6q8 pre code::after{content:"";}.css-1bfl6q8 code{font-weight:var(--chakra-fontWeights-semibold);}.css-1bfl6q8 code::before,.css-1bfl6q8 code::after{content:"`";}.css-1bfl6q8 figure{margin-top:var(--chakra-space-8);margin-bottom:var(--chakra-space-8);}.css-1bfl6q8 figure figcaption{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);margin-top:var(--chakra-space-3);}.chakra-ui-dark .css-1bfl6q8 figure 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.css-1bfl6q8 ul>li::marker:not([data-theme]),[data-theme=dark] .css-1bfl6q8 ul>li::marker:not([data-theme]),.css-1bfl6q8 ul>li::marker[data-theme=dark]{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-300);}.css-1bfl6q8 table{width:var(--chakra-sizes-full);margin-top:var(--chakra-space-8);margin-bottom:var(--chakra-space-8);text-align:start;}.css-1bfl6q8 table thead{border-bottom-width:1px;border-bottom-color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-300);}.chakra-ui-dark .css-1bfl6q8 table thead:not([data-theme]),[data-theme=dark] .css-1bfl6q8 table thead:not([data-theme]),.css-1bfl6q8 table thead[data-theme=dark]{border-bottom-color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-600);}.css-1bfl6q8 table th{text-align:inherit;font-weight:600;padding:var(--chakra-space-2);}@media screen and (min-width: 52em){.css-1bfl6q8 table th{padding:var(--chakra-space-3);}}.css-1bfl6q8 table td{padding:var(--chakra-space-2);vertical-align:baseline;}@media screen and (min-width: 52em){.css-1bfl6q8 table td{padding:var(--chakra-space-3);}}.css-1bfl6q8 table tbody tr{border-bottom-width:1px;border-bottom-color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-200);}.chakra-ui-dark .css-1bfl6q8 table tbody tr:not([data-theme]),[data-theme=dark] .css-1bfl6q8 table tbody tr:not([data-theme]),.css-1bfl6q8 table tbody tr[data-theme=dark]{border-bottom-color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-700);}.css-1bfl6q8 table tbody tr:last-of-type{border-bottom-width:0px;border-bottom-color:var(--chakra-colors-transparent);}.css-1bfl6q8 table tfoot tr{border-top-width:1px;border-top-color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-300);}.chakra-ui-dark .css-1bfl6q8 table tfoot tr:not([data-theme]),[data-theme=dark] .css-1bfl6q8 table tfoot tr:not([data-theme]),.css-1bfl6q8 table tfoot tr[data-theme=dark]{border-top-color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-600);}.css-1bfl6q8 h1+*,.css-1bfl6q8 h2+*,.css-1bfl6q8 h3+*,.css-1bfl6q8 h4+*,.css-1bfl6q8 hr+*{margin-top:0px;}.css-1bfl6q8 a.inline-record{color:var(--chakra-colors-black);}.css-1bfl6q8 a.inline-record:hover,.css-1bfl6q8 a.inline-record[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;}.css-1bfl6q8 a.inline-record p{text-transform:uppercase;letter-spacing:var(--chakra-letterSpacings-tighter);font-weight:bolder;}</style><div class="css-1bfl6q8"><p>In this article we will discuss how you can measure strain and pressure with strain gage sensors, with enough detail so that you will:</p><ul><li><p>See how strain gage sensors work</p></li><li><p>Learn how strain and pressure measurements are made</p></li><li><p>Understand how you can incorporate them into your testing</p></li></ul><p>Are you ready to get started? Let’s go!</p></div><style data-emotion="css 1eu8sfi">.css-1eu8sfi{-webkit-margin-start:calc(var(--chakra-space-4) * -1);margin-inline-start:calc(var(--chakra-space-4) * -1);-webkit-margin-end:calc(var(--chakra-space-4) * -1);margin-inline-end:calc(var(--chakra-space-4) * -1);}@media screen and (min-width: 64em){.css-1eu8sfi{-webkit-margin-start:calc(var(--chakra-space-14) * -1);margin-inline-start:calc(var(--chakra-space-14) * -1);-webkit-margin-end:calc(var(--chakra-space-14) * -1);margin-inline-end:calc(var(--chakra-space-14) * -1);}}</style><div class="css-1eu8sfi"><div style="overflow:hidden;position:relative;width:100%;max-width:1200px"><img style="display:block;width:100%" src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciIHdpZHRoPSIxMjAwIiBoZWlnaHQ9IjY3NSI+PC9zdmc+" aria-hidden="true" alt=""/><img aria-hidden="true" alt="" src="data:image/jpeg;base64,/9j/4AAQSkZJRgABAQAAAQABAAD/2wCEAAoHBwgHBgoICAgXCgoLDhgQDg0VGhQeFR0YHSsaJCYVFiEaHysjGh0oHRsWJDUlKC0vMjIyHSI4PTcwPCsxMi8BCgsLDg4PFQ0QGi8cFhwvLy8vLy8vLy8vLy8vLy8vLy8vLy8vLy8vLy8vLy8vLy8vLy8vLy8vLy8vLy8vLy8vL//AABEIAA4AGAMBIgACEQEDEQH/xAAZAAACAwEAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAABBAMFBwD/xAAdEAABBQADAQAAAAAAAAAAAAABAAIDBAURIUEG/8QAFgEBAQEAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAQIA/8QAFBEBAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAP/aAAwDAQACEQMRAD8AzjLyxNSJJ7Kbj+ba6InlVWfoSw1XNHiYj37DWcIUOpjmtWBHiKh09Waes1p65XLB/9k=" style="transition:opacity 500ms;opacity:1;position:absolute;left:-5%;top:-5%;width:110%;height:110%;max-width:none;max-height:none"/><noscript><picture><source srcSet="https://www.datocms-assets.com/53444/1662972602-strain-gauge.png?auto=format&w=1200&dpr=0.25 300w,https://www.datocms-assets.com/53444/1662972602-strain-gauge.png?auto=format&w=1200&dpr=0.5 600w,https://www.datocms-assets.com/53444/1662972602-strain-gauge.png?auto=format&w=1200&dpr=0.75 900w,https://www.datocms-assets.com/53444/1662972602-strain-gauge.png?auto=format&w=1200 1200w,https://www.datocms-assets.com/53444/1662972602-strain-gauge.png?auto=format&w=1200&dpr=1.5 1800w,https://www.datocms-assets.com/53444/1662972602-strain-gauge.png?auto=format&w=1200&dpr=2 2400w,https://www.datocms-assets.com/53444/1662972602-strain-gauge.png?auto=format&w=1200&dpr=3 3600w,https://www.datocms-assets.com/53444/1662972602-strain-gauge.png?auto=format&w=1200&dpr=4 4800w"/><img src="https://www.datocms-assets.com/53444/1662972602-strain-gauge.png?auto=format&w=1200" alt="Strain gauge" style="position:absolute;left:0;top:0;width:100%;height:100%;max-width:none;max-height:none" loading="lazy"/></picture></noscript></div></div><style data-emotion="css e37esg">.css-e37esg h1{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-heading);font-weight:var(--chakra-fontWeights-bold);font-size:var(--chakra-fontSizes-4xl);margin-bottom:var(--chakra-space-8);}@media screen and (min-width: 52em){.css-e37esg 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h4{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-heading);font-weight:var(--chakra-fontWeights-semibold);font-size:var(--chakra-fontSizes-md);margin-top:var(--chakra-space-6);margin-bottom:var(--chakra-space-2);}@media screen and (min-width: 52em){.css-e37esg h4{font-size:var(--chakra-fontSizes-lg);margin-top:var(--chakra-space-8);}}.css-e37esg p{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-body);font-weight:var(--chakra-fontWeights-normal);font-size:var(--chakra-fontSizes-md);line-height:var(--chakra-lineHeights-6);margin-top:var(--chakra-space-6);margin-bottom:var(--chakra-space-6);}.css-e37esg a{font-weight:500;transition-property:var(--chakra-transition-property-common);transition-duration:var(--chakra-transition-duration-fast);transition-timing-function:var(--chakra-transition-easing-ease-out);cursor:pointer;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;outline:2px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;color:var(--chakra-colors-dsorange-500);}.css-e37esg a:hover,.css-e37esg a[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;}.css-e37esg a:focus,.css-e37esg a[data-focus]{box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-outline);}.css-e37esg hr{margin-top:var(--chakra-space-12);margin-bottom:var(--chakra-space-12);border-color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-200);}@media screen and (min-width: 52em){.css-e37esg hr{margin-top:var(--chakra-space-14);margin-bottom:var(--chakra-space-14);}}.chakra-ui-dark .css-e37esg hr:not([data-theme]),[data-theme=dark] .css-e37esg hr:not([data-theme]),.css-e37esg hr[data-theme=dark]{border-color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-600);}.css-e37esg blockquote{font-style:italic;font-weight:var(--chakra-fontWeights-semibold);-webkit-padding-start:var(--chakra-space-4);padding-inline-start:var(--chakra-space-4);margin-top:var(--chakra-space-6);margin-bottom:var(--chakra-space-6);border-inline-start-width:4px;border-inline-start-color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-200);}@media screen and (min-width: 52em){.css-e37esg blockquote{margin-top:var(--chakra-space-8);margin-bottom:var(--chakra-space-8);}}.chakra-ui-dark .css-e37esg blockquote:not([data-theme]),[data-theme=dark] .css-e37esg blockquote:not([data-theme]),.css-e37esg blockquote[data-theme=dark]{border-inline-start-color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-600);}.css-e37esg pre{padding:var(--chakra-space-4);border-radius:var(--chakra-radii-md);background:var(--chakra-colors-gray-700);color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-50);overflow:auto;}.chakra-ui-dark .css-e37esg pre:not([data-theme]),[data-theme=dark] .css-e37esg pre:not([data-theme]),.css-e37esg pre[data-theme=dark]{background:var(--chakra-colors-gray-800);}.css-e37esg pre code{font-weight:var(--chakra-fontWeights-normal);}.css-e37esg pre code::before,.css-e37esg pre code::after{content:"";}.css-e37esg code{font-weight:var(--chakra-fontWeights-semibold);}.css-e37esg code::before,.css-e37esg code::after{content:"`";}.css-e37esg figure{margin-top:var(--chakra-space-8);margin-bottom:var(--chakra-space-8);}.css-e37esg figure figcaption{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);margin-top:var(--chakra-space-3);}.chakra-ui-dark .css-e37esg figure figcaption:not([data-theme]),[data-theme=dark] .css-e37esg figure figcaption:not([data-theme]),.css-e37esg figure figcaption[data-theme=dark]{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-500);}.css-e37esg ul{-webkit-padding-start:var(--chakra-space-6);padding-inline-start:var(--chakra-space-6);list-style-type:disc;margin-bottom:var(--chakra-space-6);}.css-e37esg ul li p{margin:0px;}.css-e37esg ol{-webkit-padding-start:var(--chakra-space-6);padding-inline-start:var(--chakra-space-6);}.css-e37esg li{-webkit-padding-start:var(--chakra-space-2);padding-inline-start:var(--chakra-space-2);margin-top:var(--chakra-space-3);margin-bottom:var(--chakra-space-3);}.css-e37esg ol>li::marker{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-400);}.chakra-ui-dark .css-e37esg ol>li::marker:not([data-theme]),[data-theme=dark] .css-e37esg ol>li::marker:not([data-theme]),.css-e37esg ol>li::marker[data-theme=dark]{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-500);}.css-e37esg ul>li::marker{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-500);}.chakra-ui-dark .css-e37esg ul>li::marker:not([data-theme]),[data-theme=dark] .css-e37esg ul>li::marker:not([data-theme]),.css-e37esg ul>li::marker[data-theme=dark]{color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-300);}.css-e37esg h1+*,.css-e37esg h2+*,.css-e37esg h3+*,.css-e37esg h4+*,.css-e37esg hr+*{margin-top:0px;}.css-e37esg a.inline-record{color:var(--chakra-colors-black);}.css-e37esg a.inline-record:hover,.css-e37esg a.inline-record[data-hover]{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;}.css-e37esg a.inline-record p{text-transform:uppercase;letter-spacing:var(--chakra-letterSpacings-tighter);font-weight:bolder;}.css-e37esg table{margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:0px;}</style><div class="css-e37esg"><span style="display:block"><h2 id="introduction-to-strain-gauges" class="post-heading">Introduction to strain gauges</h2><p>Strain gauge and pressure sensors are widely used in many measurement applications, from static to dynamic. For example, they are commonly used inside load cell sensors for<strong> </strong>weight measurement, and in certain kinds of accelerometer sensors. Strain gauge sensors are used for measuring:</p><ul><li><p><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deformation_(mechanics)">strain</a></p></li><li><p>weight</p></li><li><p>force</p></li><li><p>deflection</p></li><li><p><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vibration">vibration</a></p></li><li><p>load</p></li><li><p><a target="_blank" href="http://https//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torque">torque</a></p></li><li><p><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pressure">pressure</a></p></li><li><p><a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stress_(mechanics)">stress</a>.</p></li></ul><p>In short, they are employed for the <strong>measurement of forces</strong>.</p><p>The strain gage is also sometimes called an electrical resistance strain gage, or simply a resistance strain gauge. Gage can also be spelt <em>gauge</em> - this is simply a matter of convention and makes no difference.</p><p>But they are also used in highly dynamic measurement applications, where their outputs are fluctuating widely because of the deformation of a mechanical object under test.</p><p>Imagine the body panels of an automobile which is being driven rapidly across Belgian blocks at very high speeds. Or being mounted on a drive shaft spinning at thousands of RPMs, and being subjected to <a target="_blank" href="https://www.flight-mechanic.com/stress-tension-compression-and-torsion/">tension and torsion</a> as the load on the shaft changes dynamically. There are countless <strong>applications for strain gages</strong>.</p><style data-emotion="css 1ul8r5a">.css-1ul8r5a{width:var(--chakra-sizes-full);border-radius:var(--chakra-radii-lg);box-shadow:var(--chakra-shadows-lg);border:1px solid;border-color:var(--chakra-colors-blackAlpha-200);padding:var(--chakra-space-4);background:var(--chakra-colors-blackAlpha-100);}@media screen and (min-width: 52em){.css-1ul8r5a{padding:var(--chakra-space-8);}}</style><div class="css-1ul8r5a"><style data-emotion="css gmuwbf">.css-gmuwbf{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;-webkit-box-pack:center;-ms-flex-pack:center;-webkit-justify-content:center;justify-content:center;}</style><div class="css-gmuwbf"><style data-emotion="css 4njaap">.css-4njaap{height:16px;}@media screen and (min-width: 64em){.css-4njaap{height:20px;}}</style><img alt="Dewesoft logo" src="/img/dewesoft-logo-dark.svg" class="chakra-image css-4njaap"/></div><p><strong>Learning tip:</strong> See the Dewesoft Webinar on strain gage measurement with Dave Gallop, Business Development Manager in Dewesoft USA.</p><p>Strain and pressure sensors are widely used in many measurement applications, from static to dynamic. During the webinar, you will have a chance to learn everything about Strain Gages - History, Evolution, Fundamentals, and Applications.</p><style data-emotion="css 1f8yjb">.css-1f8yjb{position:relative;padding-top:56.25%;}</style><div class="css-1f8yjb"></div></div><h2 id="the-strain-gage-sensor" class="post-heading">The strain gage sensor</h2><p><strong>The property called “strain” is considered to be the ratio of change in length compared to the original unstressed length of an object. </strong></p><p>Strain gage sensors (aka “strain gauge transducers”) can measure this change in length caused by an external force and convert it into an electrical signal, which can then be converted to digital values, displayed, captured and analyzed. This works because a strain gage sensor experiences a change in resistance as it is stretched or compressed.</p><p>A <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strain_gauge">strain gage</a> (aka “strain gauge”) measures strain by means of a change in resistance. In a single sensor strain gage, a metal foil pattern is mounted on a flexible substrate, which also serves to insulate the metal from the object under test. A current is run through the foil pattern. When the object under test is stressed (i.e., bent or twisted) in the axis parallel with the foil pattern, there is a change in resistance which is proportionate to the amount of deflection.</p><style data-emotion="css 1bujgkd">.css-1bujgkd{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-flex-direction:column;-ms-flex-direction:column;flex-direction:column;-webkit-box-pack:center;-ms-flex-pack:center;-webkit-justify-content:center;justify-content:center;position:relative;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;}</style><figure class="css-1bujgkd"><div style="overflow:hidden;position:relative;max-width:1000px"><img style="display:block;width:100%" src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciIHdpZHRoPSIxMDAwIiBoZWlnaHQ9IjEwMDQiPjwvc3ZnPg==" aria-hidden="true" alt=""/><img aria-hidden="true" alt="" src="data:image/jpeg;base64,/9j/4AAQSkZJRgABAQAAAQABAAD/2wCEAAoHBwgHBhUIDQgSDQ0NDhANCg4NDhINDQ0YFxYZGBYfIhUaHysjGh0oKRUiJDUlKC0vMjIyGSI4PTcwPCsxMi8BCgsLDg4OHBANHC8oFhwvLy8vLy8vLy8vLy8vLy8vLy8vLy8vLy8vLy8vLy8vLy8vLy8vLy8vLy8vLy8vLy8vL//AABEIABkAGAMBIgACEQEDEQH/xAAYAAEAAwEAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAEAAEFBv/EACEQAAEDBAEFAAAAAAAAAAAAAAABAgMEBRExgRITIzNB/8QAFgEBAQEAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAwQC/8QAGBEAAwEBAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAIRAwH/2gAMAwEAAhEDEQA/AMingwOWJe0XD0ZFPViRi669pOvDmLhAuSDq5WENrp2CwJBcMrsY+u8ezAp9jn+sTROUNQd0ujY/pZi3nfJBVRYKf//Z" style="transition:opacity 500ms;opacity:1;position:absolute;left:-5%;top:-5%;width:110%;height:110%;max-width:none;max-height:none"/><noscript><picture><source srcSet="https://www.datocms-assets.com/53444/1661866852-typical-strain-gauge-sensor.jpg?auto=format&fit=max&w=1024&dpr=0.25 250w,https://www.datocms-assets.com/53444/1661866852-typical-strain-gauge-sensor.jpg?auto=format&fit=max&w=1024&dpr=0.5 500w,https://www.datocms-assets.com/53444/1661866852-typical-strain-gauge-sensor.jpg?auto=format&fit=max&w=1024&dpr=0.75 750w,https://www.datocms-assets.com/53444/1661866852-typical-strain-gauge-sensor.jpg?auto=format&fit=max&w=1024 1000w,https://www.datocms-assets.com/53444/1661866852-typical-strain-gauge-sensor.jpg?auto=format&fit=max&w=1024&dpr=1.5 1500w,https://www.datocms-assets.com/53444/1661866852-typical-strain-gauge-sensor.jpg?auto=format&fit=max&w=1024&dpr=2 2000w,https://www.datocms-assets.com/53444/1661866852-typical-strain-gauge-sensor.jpg?auto=format&fit=max&w=1024&dpr=3 3000w,https://www.datocms-assets.com/53444/1661866852-typical-strain-gauge-sensor.jpg?auto=format&fit=max&w=1024&dpr=4 4000w"/><img src="https://www.datocms-assets.com/53444/1661866852-typical-strain-gauge-sensor.jpg?auto=format&fit=max&w=1024" alt="Typical single foil strain gage sensor" style="position:absolute;left:0;top:0;width:100%;height:100%;max-width:none;max-height:none" loading="lazy"/></picture></noscript></div><style data-emotion="css 38zu32">.css-38zu32{font-size:var(--chakra-fontSizes-md);font-style:italic;font-weight:var(--chakra-fontWeights-medium);margin-top:var(--chakra-space-4);padding:var(--chakra-space-2);}</style><figcaption class="css-38zu32">Typical single foil strain gage sensor</figcaption></figure><h3 id="wheatstone-bridge" class="post-heading">Wheatstone bridge</h3><p>When a conductor is stretched, its resistance increases. When it’s compressed, its resistance decreases. This change in resistance can be measured using a <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheatstone_bridge">Wheatstone bridge</a>. </p><p>As shown in the diagram below, a <strong>Wheatstone bridge circuit</strong> measures an unknown electrical resistance (Rx) by balancing two legs of a bridge circuit, one leg of which has an unknown value. Since the other three resistors have known values, and one of them is also adjustable, the circuit can deduce what the resistance of Rx is at any point in time.</p><figure class="css-1bujgkd"><div style="overflow:hidden;position:relative;max-width:1023px"><img style="display:block;width:100%" src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciIHdpZHRoPSIxMDIzIiBoZWlnaHQ9IjE2OCI+PC9zdmc+" aria-hidden="true" alt=""/><img aria-hidden="true" alt="" src="data:image/jpeg;base64,/9j/4AAQSkZJRgABAQAAAQABAAD/2wCEAAoHBwgHBgoICAgLCgoLDh0VFQ0NDhEhEREdFx8ZHRYVIiEaKy0jGh0oHRUWJDUlKC0vMjIyGSI4PTcwPCsxMi8BCgsLBQUFEAUFEC8cFhwvLy8vLy8vLy8vLy8vLy8vLy8vLy8vLy8vLy8vLy8vLy8vLy8vLy8vLy8vLy8vLy8vL//AABEIAAQAGAMBIgACEQEDEQH/xAAYAAEAAwEAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAwQFAf/EAB0QAAICAQUAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAFAgMBBBEhI6H/xAAVAQEBAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAACAP/EABQRAQAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAD/2gAMAwEAAhEDEQA/ANnD5jDHF5NF+xsjtK7wAJKrF+zpp69TKJ0Ak//Z" style="transition:opacity 500ms;opacity:1;position:absolute;left:-5%;top:-5%;width:110%;height:110%;max-width:none;max-height:none"/><noscript><picture><source srcSet="https://www.datocms-assets.com/53444/1662972933-strain-gage-operation-bending.jpg?auto=format&fit=max&w=1024&dpr=0.25 255w,https://www.datocms-assets.com/53444/1662972933-strain-gage-operation-bending.jpg?auto=format&fit=max&w=1024&dpr=0.5 511w,https://www.datocms-assets.com/53444/1662972933-strain-gage-operation-bending.jpg?auto=format&fit=max&w=1024&dpr=0.75 767w,https://www.datocms-assets.com/53444/1662972933-strain-gage-operation-bending.jpg?auto=format&fit=max&w=1024 1023w,https://www.datocms-assets.com/53444/1662972933-strain-gage-operation-bending.jpg?auto=format&fit=max&w=1024&dpr=1.5 1534w,https://www.datocms-assets.com/53444/1662972933-strain-gage-operation-bending.jpg?auto=format&fit=max&w=1024&dpr=2 2046w,https://www.datocms-assets.com/53444/1662972933-strain-gage-operation-bending.jpg?auto=format&fit=max&w=1024&dpr=3 3069w,https://www.datocms-assets.com/53444/1662972933-strain-gage-operation-bending.jpg?auto=format&fit=max&w=1024&dpr=4 4092w"/><img src="https://www.datocms-assets.com/53444/1662972933-strain-gage-operation-bending.jpg?auto=format&fit=max&w=1024" alt="Strain gage operation (bending exaggerated for clarity)" style="position:absolute;left:0;top:0;width:100%;height:100%;max-width:none;max-height:none" loading="lazy"/></picture></noscript></div><figcaption class="css-38zu32">Strain gage operation (bending exaggerated for clarity)</figcaption></figure><figure class="css-1bujgkd"><div style="overflow:hidden;position:relative;max-width:1024px"><img style="display:block;width:100%" src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciIHdpZHRoPSIxMDI0IiBoZWlnaHQ9IjEwMzYiPjwvc3ZnPg==" aria-hidden="true" alt=""/><img aria-hidden="true" alt="" src="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABgAAAAZCAMAAAAc9R5vAAAAq1BMVEWVaEqVaEqVaEqVaEqVaEqVaEqVaEqVaEqVaEqVaEqVaEqVaEqVaEqVaEqVaEqVaEqVaEqVaEqVaEqVaEqVaEqVaEqVaEqVaEqVaEqVaEqVaEqVaEqVaEqVaEqVaEqVaEqVaEqVaEqVaEqVaEqVaEqVaEqVaEqVaEqVaEqVaEqVaEqVaEqVaEqVaEqVaEqVaEqVaEqVaEqVaEqVaEqVaEqVaEqVaEqVaEqVaEq3aqQzAAAAOXRSTlMAAQIDBAUGBwgJCgsMDQ4PEBESExQVFhcYGRobHB0eHyAhIiMkJSYnKCkqKywtLjAxMjM0NTY3ODmSPOTAAAAAzUlEQVR42q3Ri0oEMQwF0CS9ndX//1h18vK2owjrCoKWQoc5SZumkB8G/ghqko/AYK3xHTChnRL3MG9zaIdegqeq/WHHcWww2YLnyszm9hukhsoW3PoLMLTcKOaNg1ClhkkwLdMull1Aq62MOSfArQQ5qzVhZW0ENU5VBpuNNEE1R2l/LtK7BYroymoZGoxvXTWuQwvnBTyHGUM6/HT3LLzVBWDgZFXpfp5BeGkmrptGHM6MBc4feP3oVIQH77Eg75oYF+SD94h/fPPfwDu4t5kfbrzAcwAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==" style="transition:opacity 500ms;opacity:1;position:absolute;left:-5%;top:-5%;width:110%;height:110%;max-width:none;max-height:none"/><noscript><picture><source srcSet="https://www.datocms-assets.com/53444/1663753883-strain-measurement-wheatstone-bridge.png?auto=format&fit=max&w=1024&dpr=0.25 256w,https://www.datocms-assets.com/53444/1663753883-strain-measurement-wheatstone-bridge.png?auto=format&fit=max&w=1024&dpr=0.5 512w,https://www.datocms-assets.com/53444/1663753883-strain-measurement-wheatstone-bridge.png?auto=format&fit=max&w=1024&dpr=0.75 768w,https://www.datocms-assets.com/53444/1663753883-strain-measurement-wheatstone-bridge.png?auto=format&fit=max&w=1024 1024w,https://www.datocms-assets.com/53444/1663753883-strain-measurement-wheatstone-bridge.png?auto=format&fit=max&w=1024&dpr=1.5 1536w,https://www.datocms-assets.com/53444/1663753883-strain-measurement-wheatstone-bridge.png?auto=format&fit=max&w=1024&dpr=2 2048w,https://www.datocms-assets.com/53444/1663753883-strain-measurement-wheatstone-bridge.png?auto=format&fit=max&w=1024&dpr=3 3072w,https://www.datocms-assets.com/53444/1663753883-strain-measurement-wheatstone-bridge.png?auto=format&fit=max&w=1024&dpr=4 4096w"/><img src="https://www.datocms-assets.com/53444/1663753883-strain-measurement-wheatstone-bridge.png?auto=format&fit=max&w=1024" alt="Wheatstone Bridge Diagram" style="position:absolute;left:0;top:0;width:100%;height:100%;max-width:none;max-height:none" loading="lazy"/></picture></noscript></div><figcaption class="css-38zu32">Wheatstone Bridge Diagram</figcaption></figure><p>When one of the four resistors is being used to make a single-axis measurement, this is what is called a <strong>quarter bridge </strong>hook-up. The signal conditioner must provide the three missing sensors, and balance the circuit, deducing the resistance value of the sensor in real-time, and converting that resistance to a proper strain measurement (when no current passes through V, the circuit is balanced).</p><p>Using two sensors, therefore, is a <strong>half-bridge</strong>, and measuring with all four sensors is a <strong>full-bridge</strong> configuration. In the full-bridge diagram above, the sensor's output voltage is measured at C and B, while the excitation voltage is supplied at A and D.</p><h3 id="types-of-strain-gauges-sensors" class="post-heading">Types of strain gauges sensors</h3><p>There are strain gages with more than one sensor, which can measure the strain in more than one direction at a time. These are typically referred to as <strong>strain gauge rosettes</strong>, and they are available in different geometries for different applications.</p><p>The most common rosettes offered are the <strong>biaxial rosette</strong>, where two sensors are mounted at 0° and 90° (perpendicular to each other), and the <strong>triaxial rosette</strong>, where three gages arranged in a specified pattern, such as 0° - 60° - 120°, or 0° - 45° - 90°.</p><figure class="css-1bujgkd"><div style="overflow:hidden;position:relative;max-width:1024px"><img style="display:block;width:100%" src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciIHdpZHRoPSIxMDI0IiBoZWlnaHQ9IjEwMjQiPjwvc3ZnPg==" aria-hidden="true" alt=""/><img aria-hidden="true" alt="" src="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABgAAAAZAQMAAAAR5XweAAAAA1BMVEXEbyzhYRjNAAAAAXRSTlMAQObYZgAAAA9JREFUeNpjYWBgYKExBgAUtABlwrTxRgAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==" style="transition:opacity 500ms;opacity:1;position:absolute;left:-5%;top:-5%;width:110%;height:110%;max-width:none;max-height:none"/><noscript><picture><source srcSet="https://www.datocms-assets.com/53444/1663753945-strain-rosette.png?auto=format&fit=max&w=1024&dpr=0.25 256w,https://www.datocms-assets.com/53444/1663753945-strain-rosette.png?auto=format&fit=max&w=1024&dpr=0.5 512w,https://www.datocms-assets.com/53444/1663753945-strain-rosette.png?auto=format&fit=max&w=1024&dpr=0.75 768w,https://www.datocms-assets.com/53444/1663753945-strain-rosette.png?auto=format&fit=max&w=1024 1024w,https://www.datocms-assets.com/53444/1663753945-strain-rosette.png?auto=format&fit=max&w=1024&dpr=1.5 1536w,https://www.datocms-assets.com/53444/1663753945-strain-rosette.png?auto=format&fit=max&w=1024&dpr=2 2048w,https://www.datocms-assets.com/53444/1663753945-strain-rosette.png?auto=format&fit=max&w=1024&dpr=3 3072w,https://www.datocms-assets.com/53444/1663753945-strain-rosette.png?auto=format&fit=max&w=1024&dpr=4 4096w"/><img src="https://www.datocms-assets.com/53444/1663753945-strain-rosette.png?auto=format&fit=max&w=1024" alt="Strain rosette configurations" style="position:absolute;left:0;top:0;width:100%;height:100%;max-width:none;max-height:none" loading="lazy"/></picture></noscript></div><figcaption class="css-38zu32">Strain rosette configurations</figcaption></figure><p>Mechanical engineering professor <a target="_blank" href="https://www.depts.ttu.edu/me/faculty/jeff_hanson/index.php">Jeff Hanson, Ph.D.</a> from Texas Tech University explains Strain Gauges Rosettes in this video:</p><div class="css-0"><style data-emotion="css 1v0x6xo">.css-1v0x6xo{position:relative;padding-top:56.25%;box-shadow:0 0.9px 2.2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02),0 2.2px 5.3px rgba(0,0,0,0.028),0 4.1px 10px rgba(0,0,0,0.035),0 7.4px 17.9px rgba(0,0,0,0.042),0 13.8px 33.4px rgba(0,0,0,0.05),0 33px 80px rgba(0,0,0,0.07);}</style><div class="css-1v0x6xo"></div><style data-emotion="css 1q1gjhz">.css-1q1gjhz{text-align:center;font-style:italic;}</style><p class="chakra-text css-1q1gjhz"></p></div><h3 id="bridge-completion-explained" class="post-heading">Bridge completion explained</h3><p>When the signal conditioner provides the missing resistors needed to complete the Wheatstone Bridge circuit, this is referred to as <strong>bridge completion</strong>. As an example, Dewesoft’s STG series signal conditioners provide this completion and even allow you to select between <strong>120Ω and 350Ω completion resistors</strong>.</p><p>Control over this completion is done completely via <a href="https://dewesoft.com/products/dewesoftx">Dewesoft X data acquisition software</a>: there are no physical switches or settings that have to be made. In this case, the signal conditioner actually has the “missing” resistors in the hardware and switches them into the correct place on the circuit based on your setup in the software.</p><h3 id="what-is-the-gauge-factor" class="post-heading">What Is the gauge factor?</h3><p>When you purchase a strain gage sensor, the package will typically show the GF or <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gauge_factor">gauge factor</a> (or <strong>strain factor</strong>). This is a number around 2. It is important to know this when setting up the sensor in the software. This factor relates to the change in resistance caused by strain over the native resistance of the sensor, divided by the strain itself. Again, when setting up a sensor using <a href="https://dewesoft.com/products/dewesoftx">Dewesoft X data acquisition software</a> and a Dewesoft STG series signal conditioner, the <strong>Gage Factor</strong> can be typed directly into the software, which will do all of the mathematics necessary to ensure perfect measurements.</p><h3 id="resistance-change-due-to-temperature-temperature-compensation" class="post-heading">Resistance change due to temperature - temperature compensation</h3><p>At this point, you might be wondering about temperature and its effect on the accuracy of these measurements. After all, any time we talk about resistance measurements, the temperature is a factor because it can so easily change the measurement, causing wrong readings. Strain gage sensors are known to have a <strong>sensitivity to temperature</strong>, which will affect their accuracy unless compensated for.</p><p>Temperature variations at the sensor are caused not only by the ambient temperature (imagine one sensor is in the sun, or mounted right onto a running engine, while another one is not) but also by the current that is powering the Wheatstone bridge itself! This is also known as the <strong>self-heating phenomenon</strong>.</p><p>The farther the excitation has to travel, the greater it will need to be, resulting in even more heating up of the sensor by the excitation itself. In addition, lead wire resistance itself may become a factor affecting the measurement, for example, in cases of exceptionally great distances between the sensor and the signal conditioner. </p><p>Because of these variables, <strong>Dewesoft STG signal conditioners</strong> are designed to allow <strong>SENSE lines</strong> to be connected to the corners of the <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridge_circuit">bridge circuit</a>. These lines allow the signal conditioner to measure the difference between the excitation at the conditioner and at the sensor, and automatically adjust the circuit accordingly, rejecting the error and ensuring accurate and stable readings.</p><p>mgae</p><figure class="css-1bujgkd"><div style="overflow:hidden;position:relative;max-width:1024px"><img style="display:block;width:100%" src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciIHdpZHRoPSIxMDI0IiBoZWlnaHQ9IjY3OSI+PC9zdmc+" aria-hidden="true" alt=""/><img aria-hidden="true" alt="" src="data:image/jpeg;base64,/9j/4AAQSkZJRgABAQAAAQABAAD/2wCEAAoHBwgHBgkNDQ0GDQoQDg0QDgcNDREOFgkNFxMZGBYVFiEaHysjGh0oHRUWJDUlKC0vMjIyGSI4PTcwPCsxMi8BCgsLDg0OEA0NFS8cIhwvLy8vLy8vLy8vLy8vLy8vLy8vLy8vLy8vLy8vLy8vLy8vLy8vLy8vLy8vLy8vLy8vL//AABEIABAAGAMBIgACEQEDEQH/xAAWAAEBAQAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAQb/xAAVEAEBAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAEf/EABUBAQEAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAEC/8QAFxEAAwEAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAISAf/aAAwDAQACEQMRAD8A39KgZwLYtQDKk2x//9k=" style="transition:opacity 500ms;opacity:1;position:absolute;left:-5%;top:-5%;width:110%;height:110%;max-width:none;max-height:none"/><noscript><picture><source srcSet="https://www.datocms-assets.com/53444/1662973275-dewesoftx-strain-measurement-full-bridge-channel-setup.png?auto=format&fit=max&w=1024&dpr=0.25 256w,https://www.datocms-assets.com/53444/1662973275-dewesoftx-strain-measurement-full-bridge-channel-setup.png?auto=format&fit=max&w=1024&dpr=0.5 512w,https://www.datocms-assets.com/53444/1662973275-dewesoftx-strain-measurement-full-bridge-channel-setup.png?auto=format&fit=max&w=1024&dpr=0.75 768w,https://www.datocms-assets.com/53444/1662973275-dewesoftx-strain-measurement-full-bridge-channel-setup.png?auto=format&fit=max&w=1024 1024w,https://www.datocms-assets.com/53444/1662973275-dewesoftx-strain-measurement-full-bridge-channel-setup.png?auto=format&fit=max&w=1024&dpr=1.5 1536w,https://www.datocms-assets.com/53444/1662973275-dewesoftx-strain-measurement-full-bridge-channel-setup.png?auto=format&fit=max&w=1024&dpr=2 2048w,https://www.datocms-assets.com/53444/1662973275-dewesoftx-strain-measurement-full-bridge-channel-setup.png?auto=format&fit=max&w=1024&dpr=3 3072w,https://www.datocms-assets.com/53444/1662973275-dewesoftx-strain-measurement-full-bridge-channel-setup.png?auto=format&fit=max&w=1024&dpr=4 4096w"/><img src="https://www.datocms-assets.com/53444/1662973275-dewesoftx-strain-measurement-full-bridge-channel-setup.png?auto=format&fit=max&w=1024" alt="DewesoftX strain measurement full bridge channel setup" style="position:absolute;left:0;top:0;width:100%;height:100%;max-width:none;max-height:none" loading="lazy"/></picture></noscript></div><figcaption class="css-38zu32">DewesoftX strain measurement full bridge channel setup</figcaption></figure><p>The dotted lines show that while it is possible to connect the sense lines at the connector, it is preferred to connect at the sensor itself to get the full benefit of this capability.</p><h3 id="internal-shunt-for-strain-gage-calibration" class="post-heading">Internal shunt for strain gage calibration</h3><p>A <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shunt_(electrical)">shunt</a> is a resistor that is connected across one leg of the <strong>Wheatstone bridge circuit</strong>, temporarily unbalancing it. This method simulates a given strain, and since the value of the shunt resistor is known (typically 59.88 kΩ), it provides a known offset. The momentary switching in of this shunt cal resistor is often done both at the beginning and at the end of a test so that the measured data can be referenced to it during data analysis. Thus, any baseline shifts which may have occurred across the whole span of a long test can be detected and offset mathematically later on.</p><p>Dewesoft STG signal conditioners provide an <strong>internal shunt cal resistor</strong>, eliminating the need to connect one externally (which also eliminates the need to touch the wiring!). In addition, <a href="https://dewesoft.com/products/dewesoftx">Dewesoft X DAQ software</a> allows you to engage the shunt cal with an on-screen click. <strong>Shunt calibration</strong> can be done on a single channel, or on multiple channels at once.</p><p>The accuracy of the <strong>shunt resistor</strong>, and indeed of the resistors within each strain gage sensor or transducer is important because it affects the accuracy of the final readings. Manufacturers like Dewesoft follow best practices when it comes to denoting the accuracy of the resistors, providing a nominal resistance and tolerance specifications. Nominal resistance represents the intended value in ohms, while the tolerance is the maximum possible deviation from the nominal value measured at 25°C.</p><h3 id="best-practices-for-measuring-with-strain-gage-sensors" class="post-heading">Best practices for measuring with strain gage sensors</h3><p>It is considered a best practice to use the lowest excitation voltage that you can, in order to avoid the self-heating phenomenon mentioned earlier. At the same time, it is extremely useful to have a selection of excitation levels to choose from. And it’s important that the excitation lines be isolated just like the signal lines are, to ensure low noise and optimal signal-to-noise ratio of your recorded data.</p><p>This is also ensured by the advanced <strong>AD converter electronics</strong> of all <a href="https://dewesoft.com/products">Dewesoft DAQ systems</a> in general, and the <strong>DualCoreADC® technology</strong> approach of <a href="https://dewesoft.com/products/sirius">SIRIUS DAQ</a> hardware in particular. And since reducing the length of signal cables is especially important when it comes to strain sensors, the modular nature of all Dewesoft data acquisition systems is a <strong>solid advantage</strong> in these applications.</p><div class="css-0"><div class="css-1v0x6xo"></div><p class="chakra-text css-1q1gjhz">Dewesoft's DualCoreADC® technology offers a high dynamic range of 160 dB and signal to noise ratio more than 130 dB</p></div><h2 id="strain-and-stress-theory" class="post-heading">Strain and stress theory</h2><h3 id="what-is-strain" class="post-heading">What is strain?</h3><p>A strain is defined as the amount of deformation that an object experiences compared to its original size and shape (the ratio of increase in length compared to its original length). The term strain is typically used to describe the elongation of a section. An object can experience strain as the result of an external force acting upon it.</p><p>A strain is a dimensionless quantity and is usually expressed in percentages. Typical measures for strain are less than 2 mm/m for steel and are often expressed in micro-strain units. One microstrain is the strain producing deformation of one part per million. The abbreviation for microstrain is given as <em><strong>µε</strong></em>.</p><style data-emotion="css 1syq16t">.css-1syq16t{padding:var(--chakra-space-2);}</style><div class="css-1syq16t">\[\varepsilon=\frac {\Delta} {L}L\]</div><h3 id="what-is-stress" class="post-heading">What is stress?</h3><p>Stress is defined as an applied force per unit area. It usually occurs as a result of an applied force but is often due to the effects of force within a material or within a larger system.</p><div class="css-1syq16t">\[\sigma=\frac {F} {A}\]</div><p>For example, let's imagine a wire that is anchored at the top and hanging down. We apply weights to the end of this wire to pull it down, thus applying a downward force. We can see that in the picture below, where <strong>A</strong> is the original cross-sectional area of the wire, and L is the original wire length. In this example, the material (wire) experiences stress which is called axial stress.</p><figure class="css-1bujgkd"><div style="overflow:hidden;position:relative;max-width:722px"><img style="display:block;width:100%" src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciIHdpZHRoPSI3MjIiIGhlaWdodD0iMTIyNiI+PC9zdmc+" aria-hidden="true" alt=""/><img aria-hidden="true" alt="" src="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAA4AAAAYCAMAAAD9GTxlAAACHFBMVEWVr9GVr9GVr9GVr9GWr8+Wr9CWr9CWr9CWr9CWr9CWr9CXr86Xr8+Xr8+Xr8+Xr8+Xr8+Xr8+Xr8+Xr8+Yr82Yr82Yr82Yr82Yr82Yr82Yr86Yr86Zr8yZr8yZr8yZr82Zr82Zr82Zr82Zr82ar8uar8uar8uar8yar8ybr8ubr8ubr8ubsMqbsMqbsMqbsMqbsMqbsMqcsMmcsMmcsMmcsMqdsMedsMidsMiesMaesMaesMeesMeesMeesMeesMeesMeesMefsMWfsMafsMafsMagsMSgsMWgsMWhsMOhsMOhsMOhsMShsMShsMShsMSisMKisMKisMOisMOiscKiscKjscGjscGjscGjscKksb+kscCkscCkscCkscCkscCkscCkscGlsb+lsb+lsb+lsb+msb2msb2msb2msb2msb2msb6msb6nsbynsbynsbynsbynsb2osbuosbuosbuosbuosbyosbypsbupsrqpsrqpsrqpsrqqsrmqsrmqsrmqsrmqsrmqsrmqsrqqsrqrsrirsrirsrirsrirsrmssrassrassrassressretsrWtsrWtsrWtsratsratsrausrSusrSusrSusrWvsrOvsrOvsrOvsrOvsrOvsrSvsrSvsrSwsrOwsrOwsrOws7Kws7Kws7Kxs7Gxs7Gxs7Gys7Czs66zs6+zs6+0s620s661s6y1s622s6y3s6tIqoqhAAAAtHRSTlOiq7C0sW55f4aIqIYnMDZggJSctAAaOD2usEF2NU+CAD5+g4wACjYAaAA5qQArPXB6qgBZewAAADMAdQAeK11oo6QAAEl1LgAuABqeABFLVwBxAHAAOQAqPAAAAAQMSJqbAAAsbG4AASgqPAAwACGYmQAAM2tuACcAABkhJgAeKi2YmgArABNqcAAAJy8AEQBrcgCZmwCanQAAbXWbngAoMwBtdgApNwAqOQAAAAIAAAAAAAACPd5TAAABBklEQVR42hWQS3KEMBBD3Vhu7JiBSRa5/x1ypmwzBDAY/zrO8lVJpXrCl0guKREzQARp0mos1DQNNKBUSfnUlExTpDumay89nN2iBa9S9ytmMstdNXDE9jpLx8NFa/GNtYQSFbOXMGK98y4bU6L7Hh220DaJv6xRiz3wQ3s58kVmknM2uIuENR3LNsh8WFz6lePdVk5jKxHq0quIKFHq8grKRR9FHNfqleoaVjk9kCNrJmAixRQNGfPmHeOZcJiLSDvvYeCW3ZxMZNxE74zPMI/2BPG4DP9dW9fRZTZ69E+Dp1o/Qr8Cfnp0X6trptuU0T+m7jHFOSi0vqGZB2hbk0IQS9CD/gPfqZFvRKj5gAAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==" style="transition:opacity 500ms;opacity:1;position:absolute;left:-5%;top:-5%;width:110%;height:110%;max-width:none;max-height:none"/><noscript><picture><source srcSet="https://www.datocms-assets.com/53444/1663754028-stress-deformation-force.png?auto=format&fit=max&w=1024&dpr=0.25 180w,https://www.datocms-assets.com/53444/1663754028-stress-deformation-force.png?auto=format&fit=max&w=1024&dpr=0.5 361w,https://www.datocms-assets.com/53444/1663754028-stress-deformation-force.png?auto=format&fit=max&w=1024&dpr=0.75 541w,https://www.datocms-assets.com/53444/1663754028-stress-deformation-force.png?auto=format&fit=max&w=1024 722w,https://www.datocms-assets.com/53444/1663754028-stress-deformation-force.png?auto=format&fit=max&w=1024&dpr=1.5 1083w,https://www.datocms-assets.com/53444/1663754028-stress-deformation-force.png?auto=format&fit=max&w=1024&dpr=2 1444w,https://www.datocms-assets.com/53444/1663754028-stress-deformation-force.png?auto=format&fit=max&w=1024&dpr=3 2166w,https://www.datocms-assets.com/53444/1663754028-stress-deformation-force.png?auto=format&fit=max&w=1024&dpr=4 2888w"/><img src="https://www.datocms-assets.com/53444/1663754028-stress-deformation-force.png?auto=format&fit=max&w=1024" alt="Stress deformation force" style="position:absolute;left:0;top:0;width:100%;height:100%;max-width:none;max-height:none" loading="lazy"/></picture></noscript></div><figcaption class="css-38zu32">Stress deformation force</figcaption></figure><p>The units are the same as with pressure because the pressure is the special variation of stress. Stress is a more complex quantity than pressure because it fluctuates with direction and with the surface that it acts on.</p><p>We can calculate the stress (σ) by multiplying strain (ε) and <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Young%27s_modulus">Young's modulus</a> (E).</p><div class="css-1syq16t">\[\sigma=E \cdot\varepsilon\]</div><h3 id="force-equation" class="post-heading">Force equation</h3><div class="css-1syq16t">\[Stress=\frac{Force}{Area}\]</div><div class="css-1syq16t">\[Stress=E\cdot Strain\]</div><p>Therefore</p><div class="css-1syq16t">\[Force=Area\cdot E\cdot Strain\]</div><p>Given that the elastic modulus (Young's modulus) of steel is 210000 N/mm2 and the cross-section of the sensor is 139 mm2 we get:</p><div class="css-1syq16t">\[Force=139mm^2\cdot 210000\frac{N}{mm^2}\cdot \frac{Strain}{1E6}=28\cdot Strain\]</div><h3 id="what-is-young-s-modulus" class="post-heading">What is Young’s modulus?</h3><p>Young's modulus, also known as the <strong>tensile modulus</strong> or <strong>elastic modulus</strong> is a measure of the stiffness of an elastic material and is a quantity used to characterize materials. </p><p>It is defined as the ratio of the <strong>stress </strong>(force per unit area) along an axis over the <strong>strain </strong>(ratio of deformation over initial length) along that axis in the range of stress which Hooke's law holds.</p><p>A material whose Young's modulus value is very high is rigid.</p><p>The Young's modulus [E], can be calculated by dividing the tensile stress by the extensional strain in the elastic (initial, linear) portion of the stress-strain curve:</p><div class="css-1syq16t">\[E=\frac{Tensilestress}{Extensional Strain}=\frac{\sigma}{\varepsilon}=\frac{\frac{F}{A_0}}{\frac{\Delta L_0}{L_0}}=\frac{F\cdot L_0}{A_0 \cdot \Delta L_0}\]</div><p>Where:</p><ul><li><p>E is Young's modulus (modulus of elasticity);</p></li><li><p>F is the force exerted on an object under tension;</p></li><li><p>A0 is the original cross-sectional area through which the force is applied;</p></li><li><p>ΔL is the amount by which the length of the object changes;</p></li><li><p>L0 is the original length of the object.</p></li></ul><p>By the International System of Units, (SI), the unit of Young's modulus is the Pascal (Pa or N/m2 or m−1·kg·s−2). The practical units used are megapascals (MPa or N/mm2) or gigapascals (GPa or kN/mm2).</p><p>In the United States customary units, Young's modulus is expressed as pounds per square inch (psi).</p><p>A strain is usually expressed in μm/m (micrometer per meter), also known as <strong>microstrain</strong>, which has the symbol <em><strong>µε</strong></em>. You may also see “mV/V,” which refers to the output in millivolts per volt of excitation. Strain gages need to be excited or driven with a supply voltage in order to provide an output that is proportional to the amount of strain that they are seeing along the measurement axis.</p><h3 id="measuring-the-modulus-of-elasticity" class="post-heading">Measuring the modulus of elasticity</h3><p>The modulus of elasticity and yield stress are two frequent material properties that can be calculated by performing tensile tests with a mechanical testing system.</p><p>The procedure of mechanical testing systems is that the selected material is clamped between two grips. The bottom grip is tightened on the surface while the top grip moves up at a certain displacement rate.</p><p>The testing system records the force that is needed to stretch the material and the suitable displacement of the grips. Engineers measure the original cross-sectional area of a specimen and the original length between the grips. After that, they are able to calculate stress from the force data and strain from the displacement data. All the data is then used to create stress-strain diagrams as shown in the picture below.</p><h3 id="what-is-poisson-s-ratio" class="post-heading">What is Poisson's ratio (ν)?</h3><p>Poisson's ratio is the negative ratio of the transverse strain to the axial strain (assuming that the axial strain is in the direction of the applied load). This ratio is typically given by the Greek letter v<strong> </strong>(also written as nu, and pronounced like the word “new”). You can visualize this effect by stretching a rubber band - as you pull its ends farther apart, the width of the band itself shrinks. Most materials exhibit a Poisson's ratio of between 0 and 0.5 ν. Steels typically measure at 0.3 ν, while rubber has is almost 0.5 ν.</p><h3 id="types-of-stress" class="post-heading">Types of stress</h3><p><strong>1. Normal stress</strong></p><p>There are two normal stresses - TENSILE and COMPRESSIVE. Tensile stresses are positive, compressive stresses are negative. Normal stresses arise when tensile or compressive forces act against one another.</p><p>In the picture below we can see a tensile load applied to a rectangular solid. The response of a rectangular solid to tensile loads is very dependent on the tensile stiffness and strength properties of the reinforcement fibers since these are far higher than the resin system on its own.</p><figure class="css-1bujgkd"><div style="overflow:hidden;position:relative;max-width:1023px"><img style="display:block;width:100%" src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciIHdpZHRoPSIxMDIzIiBoZWlnaHQ9IjIzMCI+PC9zdmc+" aria-hidden="true" alt=""/><img aria-hidden="true" alt="" src="data:image/png;base64,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" style="transition:opacity 500ms;opacity:1;position:absolute;left:-5%;top:-5%;width:110%;height:110%;max-width:none;max-height:none"/><noscript><picture><source srcSet="https://www.datocms-assets.com/53444/1663754089-strain-measurement-tension.png?auto=format&fit=max&w=1024&dpr=0.25 255w,https://www.datocms-assets.com/53444/1663754089-strain-measurement-tension.png?auto=format&fit=max&w=1024&dpr=0.5 511w,https://www.datocms-assets.com/53444/1663754089-strain-measurement-tension.png?auto=format&fit=max&w=1024&dpr=0.75 767w,https://www.datocms-assets.com/53444/1663754089-strain-measurement-tension.png?auto=format&fit=max&w=1024 1023w,https://www.datocms-assets.com/53444/1663754089-strain-measurement-tension.png?auto=format&fit=max&w=1024&dpr=1.5 1534w,https://www.datocms-assets.com/53444/1663754089-strain-measurement-tension.png?auto=format&fit=max&w=1024&dpr=2 2046w,https://www.datocms-assets.com/53444/1663754089-strain-measurement-tension.png?auto=format&fit=max&w=1024&dpr=3 3069w,https://www.datocms-assets.com/53444/1663754089-strain-measurement-tension.png?auto=format&fit=max&w=1024&dpr=4 4092w"/><img src="https://www.datocms-assets.com/53444/1663754089-strain-measurement-tension.png?auto=format&fit=max&w=1024" alt="Tension" style="position:absolute;left:0;top:0;width:100%;height:100%;max-width:none;max-height:none" loading="lazy"/></picture></noscript></div><figcaption class="css-38zu32">Tension</figcaption></figure><p>The figure below shows a composite under a compressive load. Here, the adhesive and stiffness properties of the resin system are crucial, as it is the role of the resin to maintain the fibers as straight columns and to prevent them from buckling.</p><figure class="css-1bujgkd"><div style="overflow:hidden;position:relative;max-width:1024px"><img style="display:block;width:100%" src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciIHdpZHRoPSIxMDI0IiBoZWlnaHQ9IjI0MyI+PC9zdmc+" aria-hidden="true" alt=""/><img aria-hidden="true" alt="" src="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABgAAAAGCAMAAADuda4hAAAAnFBMVEXmgDXmgDXmgDXmgDXmgDXmgDXmgDXmgDXmgDXmgDXmgDXmgDXmgDXmgDXmgDXmgDXmgDXmgDXmgDXmgDXmgDXmgDXmgDXmgDXmgDXmgDXmgDXmgDXmgDXmgDXmgDXmgDXmgDXmgDXmgDXmgDXmgDXmgDXmgDXmgDXmgDXmgDXmgDXmgDXmgDXmgDXmgDXmgDXmgDXmgDXmgDXmgDVLsSKiAAAANHRSTlMAAgQFBwgJFx0eISMlKC0/QEJHVFZYWWBiY2RnbW5vcnV3eXp9f4iKjI6PkJSVlpmfoqeo4/mLiQAAAFBJREFUeNp1jUsSgDAMQiW/Onr/u9qYpnZ0rCvZsOABsvxIHiuFyYSRUSOOmIGa2KZG3T2GvoaK7qsSUhoD39RAs+JktKyRxO0N3G8I6H2eX2qzHjfCAQjeAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC" style="transition:opacity 500ms;opacity:1;position:absolute;left:-5%;top:-5%;width:110%;height:110%;max-width:none;max-height:none"/><noscript><picture><source srcSet="https://www.datocms-assets.com/53444/1663754180-strain-measurement-compression.png?auto=format&fit=max&w=1024&dpr=0.25 256w,https://www.datocms-assets.com/53444/1663754180-strain-measurement-compression.png?auto=format&fit=max&w=1024&dpr=0.5 512w,https://www.datocms-assets.com/53444/1663754180-strain-measurement-compression.png?auto=format&fit=max&w=1024&dpr=0.75 768w,https://www.datocms-assets.com/53444/1663754180-strain-measurement-compression.png?auto=format&fit=max&w=1024 1024w,https://www.datocms-assets.com/53444/1663754180-strain-measurement-compression.png?auto=format&fit=max&w=1024&dpr=1.5 1536w,https://www.datocms-assets.com/53444/1663754180-strain-measurement-compression.png?auto=format&fit=max&w=1024&dpr=2 2048w,https://www.datocms-assets.com/53444/1663754180-strain-measurement-compression.png?auto=format&fit=max&w=1024&dpr=3 3072w,https://www.datocms-assets.com/53444/1663754180-strain-measurement-compression.png?auto=format&fit=max&w=1024&dpr=4 4096w"/><img src="https://www.datocms-assets.com/53444/1663754180-strain-measurement-compression.png?auto=format&fit=max&w=1024" alt="Compression" style="position:absolute;left:0;top:0;width:100%;height:100%;max-width:none;max-height:none" loading="lazy"/></picture></noscript></div><figcaption class="css-38zu32">Compression</figcaption></figure><p><strong>2. Shear stress</strong></p><p>The figure below shows a composite experiencing a shear load. This load is trying to slide adjacent layers of fibers over each other. Under shear loads, the resin plays a major role, in transferring the stresses across the composite. For the composite to perform well under shear loads the resin element must not only exhibit good mechanical properties but must also have high adhesion to the reinforcement fiber. The interlaminar shear strength (ILSS) of a composite is often used to indicate this property in a multi-layer composite ('laminate').</p><figure class="css-1bujgkd"><div style="overflow:hidden;position:relative;max-width:1024px"><img style="display:block;width:100%" src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciIHdpZHRoPSIxMDI0IiBoZWlnaHQ9IjI1NyI+PC9zdmc+" aria-hidden="true" alt=""/><img aria-hidden="true" alt="" src="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABgAAAAHCAMAAAAlKX2EAAAAk1BMVEXdgDHdgDHdgDHdgDHdgDHdgDHdgDHdgDHdgDHdgDHdgDHdgDHdgDHdgDHdgDHdgDHdgDHdgDHdgDHdgDHdgDHdgDHdgDHdgDHdgDHdgDHdgDHdgDHdgDHdgDHdgDHdgDHdgDHdgDHdgDHdgDHdgDHdgDHdgDHdgDHdgDHdgDHdgDHdgDHdgDHdgDHdgDHdgDHdgDF3MwhxAAAAMXRSTlMAAQIDCAoODxEUFhoiJigpLC0uMDIzNjg+REhKVllfYWNocnV3eYWGiYuRkp+psba520WhjgAAAFpJREFUeNp1jksOgCAMBfmUAvH+FzVGaUuLK4Ka+DazmMU8cD+DyQzojbTZU/haSkohmgmfrS1RckVMIQzDGDA2neJS3VQhDhXpJ+tqMO85ZXCdhD5xR3S8Xt1ZtSb0f/oLowAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==" style="transition:opacity 500ms;opacity:1;position:absolute;left:-5%;top:-5%;width:110%;height:110%;max-width:none;max-height:none"/><noscript><picture><source srcSet="https://www.datocms-assets.com/53444/1663754243-shear-strain.png?auto=format&fit=max&w=1024&dpr=0.25 256w,https://www.datocms-assets.com/53444/1663754243-shear-strain.png?auto=format&fit=max&w=1024&dpr=0.5 512w,https://www.datocms-assets.com/53444/1663754243-shear-strain.png?auto=format&fit=max&w=1024&dpr=0.75 768w,https://www.datocms-assets.com/53444/1663754243-shear-strain.png?auto=format&fit=max&w=1024 1024w,https://www.datocms-assets.com/53444/1663754243-shear-strain.png?auto=format&fit=max&w=1024&dpr=1.5 1536w,https://www.datocms-assets.com/53444/1663754243-shear-strain.png?auto=format&fit=max&w=1024&dpr=2 2048w,https://www.datocms-assets.com/53444/1663754243-shear-strain.png?auto=format&fit=max&w=1024&dpr=3 3072w,https://www.datocms-assets.com/53444/1663754243-shear-strain.png?auto=format&fit=max&w=1024&dpr=4 4096w"/><img src="https://www.datocms-assets.com/53444/1663754243-shear-strain.png?auto=format&fit=max&w=1024" alt="Shear stress" style="position:absolute;left:0;top:0;width:100%;height:100%;max-width:none;max-height:none" loading="lazy"/></picture></noscript></div><figcaption class="css-38zu32">Shear stress</figcaption></figure><figure class="css-1bujgkd"><div style="overflow:hidden;position:relative;max-width:1024px"><img style="display:block;width:100%" src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciIHdpZHRoPSIxMDI0IiBoZWlnaHQ9IjM4MSI+PC9zdmc+" aria-hidden="true" alt=""/><img aria-hidden="true" alt="" src="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABgAAAAJCAMAAAAfIxz0AAAAh1BMVEXnikPnikPnikPnikPnikPnikPnikPnikPnikPnikPnikPnikPnikPnikPnikPnikPnikPnikPnikPnikPnikPnikPnikPnikPnikPnikPnikPnikPnikPnikPnikPnikPnikPnikPnikPnikPnikPnikPnikPnikPnikPnikPnikPnikPnikP6ArgyAAAALXRSTlMAAwQFBggKDA0PERMUFhkbHB0fICEjJCYnKCorLC0vMDE0NTg6PEFDSU1RVlpjhg9fAAAAUklEQVR42pWOMQ6AMBRCP5SOzt7/cp7BoeX7OzeayER4CaB4kf6DIz1tBwkgMsq03kWdaQ+70oZAAlwCdNtzOoMgVgXYpeK6Mrd6iZT33TG+Xj2QDBxOUmaT1wAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==" style="transition:opacity 500ms;opacity:1;position:absolute;left:-5%;top:-5%;width:110%;height:110%;max-width:none;max-height:none"/><noscript><picture><source srcSet="https://www.datocms-assets.com/53444/1663754306-strain-types.png?auto=format&fit=max&w=1024&dpr=0.25 256w,https://www.datocms-assets.com/53444/1663754306-strain-types.png?auto=format&fit=max&w=1024&dpr=0.5 512w,https://www.datocms-assets.com/53444/1663754306-strain-types.png?auto=format&fit=max&w=1024&dpr=0.75 768w,https://www.datocms-assets.com/53444/1663754306-strain-types.png?auto=format&fit=max&w=1024 1024w,https://www.datocms-assets.com/53444/1663754306-strain-types.png?auto=format&fit=max&w=1024&dpr=1.5 1536w,https://www.datocms-assets.com/53444/1663754306-strain-types.png?auto=format&fit=max&w=1024&dpr=2 2048w,https://www.datocms-assets.com/53444/1663754306-strain-types.png?auto=format&fit=max&w=1024&dpr=3 3072w,https://www.datocms-assets.com/53444/1663754306-strain-types.png?auto=format&fit=max&w=1024&dpr=4 4096w"/><img src="https://www.datocms-assets.com/53444/1663754306-strain-types.png?auto=format&fit=max&w=1024" alt="Strain types" style="position:absolute;left:0;top:0;width:100%;height:100%;max-width:none;max-height:none" loading="lazy"/></picture></noscript></div><figcaption class="css-38zu32">Strain types</figcaption></figure><h3 id="types-of-strain" class="post-heading">Types of strain</h3><p><strong>1. Axial strain</strong></p><p>“Axial strain” refers to how an object stretches or compresses as a result of force along its horizontal axis. It is defined mathematically as axial stress divided by Young’s Modulus.</p><p><strong>2. Bending strain (moment strain)</strong></p><p>“Bending strain” refers to how an object stretches on one side and contracts on the other due to force applied along its vertical axis. Also known as “moment strain,” bending strain is defined mathematically as the bending stress divided by Young’s Modulus of Elasticity.</p><p><strong>3. Shear strain</strong></p><p>“Shear Strain” combines the measurements of object deformation along both its horizontal and linear axes. It is defined mathematically as shear stress divided by the modulus of shear stress.</p><p><strong>4. Torsional strain</strong></p><p>“Torsional strain” refers to the circular force along both the horizontal and vertical axes of the object under test. It is defined mathematically as torsional stress divided by the torsional modulus of elasticity.</p><p><strong>5. Compressive Strain</strong></p><p>The compressive strain is produced when two equal and opposite forces act to compress an object. When this happens, the length of the object decreases under compressive stress.</p><h3 id="what-is-the-relationship-between-stress-and-strain" class="post-heading">What is the relationship between stress and strain?</h3><p>The simplest way to visualize the relationship between stress and strain by means of a <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stress%E2%80%93strain_curve">Stress-Strain Curve</a>. You can see in the graphic below that this curve offers some very useful material properties. Stress-Strain Curves are calculated via experiment.</p><figure class="css-1bujgkd"><div style="overflow:hidden;position:relative;max-width:1024px"><img style="display:block;width:100%" src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciIHdpZHRoPSIxMDI0IiBoZWlnaHQ9IjEwNTkiPjwvc3ZnPg==" aria-hidden="true" alt=""/><img aria-hidden="true" alt="" src="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABcAAAAYAQMAAAArsvQ2AAAAA1BMVEUPAwX3Yd2rAAAAAXRSTlMAQObYZgAAAA9JREFUeNpjYWBgYKEhBgATIABhxcqBBAAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==" style="transition:opacity 500ms;opacity:1;position:absolute;left:-5%;top:-5%;width:110%;height:110%;max-width:none;max-height:none"/><noscript><picture><source srcSet="https://www.datocms-assets.com/53444/1662974488-strain-stress-curve.png?auto=format&fit=max&w=1024&dpr=0.25 256w,https://www.datocms-assets.com/53444/1662974488-strain-stress-curve.png?auto=format&fit=max&w=1024&dpr=0.5 512w,https://www.datocms-assets.com/53444/1662974488-strain-stress-curve.png?auto=format&fit=max&w=1024&dpr=0.75 768w,https://www.datocms-assets.com/53444/1662974488-strain-stress-curve.png?auto=format&fit=max&w=1024 1024w,https://www.datocms-assets.com/53444/1662974488-strain-stress-curve.png?auto=format&fit=max&w=1024&dpr=1.5 1536w,https://www.datocms-assets.com/53444/1662974488-strain-stress-curve.png?auto=format&fit=max&w=1024&dpr=2 2048w,https://www.datocms-assets.com/53444/1662974488-strain-stress-curve.png?auto=format&fit=max&w=1024&dpr=3 3072w,https://www.datocms-assets.com/53444/1662974488-strain-stress-curve.png?auto=format&fit=max&w=1024&dpr=4 4096w"/><img src="https://www.datocms-assets.com/53444/1662974488-strain-stress-curve.png?auto=format&fit=max&w=1024" alt="Strain stress curve" style="position:absolute;left:0;top:0;width:100%;height:100%;max-width:none;max-height:none" loading="lazy"/></picture></noscript></div><figcaption class="css-38zu32">Strain stress curve</figcaption></figure><p>A stress-strain curve is typical of structural steel:</p><ol><li><p>Ultimate strength</p></li><li><p>Yield strength (yield point)</p></li><li><p>Rupture</p></li><li><p>Strain hardening region</p></li><li><p>Necking region</p></li><li><p>Apparent stress (F/A0)</p></li><li><p>Actual stress (F/A)</p></li></ol><h2 id="dewesoft-strain-gage-measurement-signal-conditioners" class="post-heading">Dewesoft strain gage measurement signal conditioners</h2><h3 id="sirius-strain-gage-daq-measurement-modules" class="post-heading">SIRIUS strain gage DAQ measurement modules</h3><p><a href="https://dewesoft.com/products/sirius">SIRIUS data acquisition systems</a> offer the best performance in signal conditioning and take no compromise on the acquired signals. SIRIUS simply brings the best signal conditioning you can buy today. SIRIUS DualCoreADC® technology boosts dual 24-bit delta-sigma AD converters with an anti-aliasing filter on each channel, achieving an astonishing 160 dB of dynamic range in the time and frequency domains. It offers a 200 kS/s sampling rate per channel and up to 8 channels per SIRIUS slice. This is the flagship of the Dewesoft product line - a masterpiece of hardware and software.</p><figure class="css-1bujgkd"><div style="overflow:hidden;position:relative;max-width:1024px"><img style="display:block;width:100%" src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciIHdpZHRoPSIxMDI0IiBoZWlnaHQ9IjYyNyI+PC9zdmc+" aria-hidden="true" alt=""/><img aria-hidden="true" alt="" src="data:image/png;base64,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" style="transition:opacity 500ms;opacity:1;position:absolute;left:-5%;top:-5%;width:110%;height:110%;max-width:none;max-height:none"/><noscript><picture><source srcSet="https://www.datocms-assets.com/53444/1654677172-sirius-modular.png?auto=format&fit=max&w=1024&dpr=0.25 256w,https://www.datocms-assets.com/53444/1654677172-sirius-modular.png?auto=format&fit=max&w=1024&dpr=0.5 512w,https://www.datocms-assets.com/53444/1654677172-sirius-modular.png?auto=format&fit=max&w=1024&dpr=0.75 768w,https://www.datocms-assets.com/53444/1654677172-sirius-modular.png?auto=format&fit=max&w=1024 1024w,https://www.datocms-assets.com/53444/1654677172-sirius-modular.png?auto=format&fit=max&w=1024&dpr=1.5 1536w,https://www.datocms-assets.com/53444/1654677172-sirius-modular.png?auto=format&fit=max&w=1024&dpr=2 2048w,https://www.datocms-assets.com/53444/1654677172-sirius-modular.png?auto=format&fit=max&w=1024&dpr=3 3072w,https://www.datocms-assets.com/53444/1654677172-sirius-modular.png?auto=format&fit=max&w=1024&dpr=4 4096w"/><img src="https://www.datocms-assets.com/53444/1654677172-sirius-modular.png?auto=format&fit=max&w=1024" alt="Dewesoft SIRIUS DAQ system" style="position:absolute;left:0;top:0;width:100%;height:100%;max-width:none;max-height:none" loading="lazy"/></picture></noscript></div><figcaption class="css-38zu32">Dewesoft SIRIUS DAQ system</figcaption></figure><p><strong>SIRIUS DualCoreADC DAQ modules for strain gages</strong></p><style data-emotion="css zipzvv">.css-zipzvv{display:block;white-space:nowrap;-webkit-overflow-scrolling:touch;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;max-width:100%;}</style><div class="chakra-table__container css-zipzvv"><style data-emotion="css 1qi9lo1">.css-1qi9lo1{font-variant-numeric:lining-nums tabular-nums;border-collapse:collapse;width:var(--chakra-sizes-full);max-width:100%;white-space:normal;}</style><table class="chakra-table css-1qi9lo1"><thead class="css-0"><tr class="css-0"><style data-emotion="css 1pt5pj9">.css-1pt5pj9{font-family:var(--chakra-fonts-heading);font-weight:var(--chakra-fontWeights-bold);text-transform:uppercase;letter-spacing:var(--chakra-letterSpacings-wider);-webkit-padding-start:var(--chakra-space-4);padding-inline-start:var(--chakra-space-4);-webkit-padding-end:var(--chakra-space-4);padding-inline-end:var(--chakra-space-4);padding-top:var(--chakra-space-1);padding-bottom:var(--chakra-space-1);line-height:var(--chakra-lineHeights-4);font-size:var(--chakra-fontSizes-xs);color:var(--chakra-colors-gray-600);border-bottom:var(--chakra-borders-1px);border-color:var(--chakra-colors-blackAlpha-100);text-align:left;}.css-1pt5pj9[data-is-numeric=true]{text-align:end;}</style><th class="css-1pt5pj9">Module</th><th class="css-1pt5pj9">Basic specs</th><th class="css-1pt5pj9">Comments</th></tr></thead><style data-emotion="css rdeq8s">.css-rdeq8s tr:nth-of-type(odd) th,.css-rdeq8s tr:nth-of-type(odd) td{border-bottom-width:1px;border-color:var(--chakra-colors-blackAlpha-100);}.css-rdeq8s tr:nth-of-type(odd) td{background:var(--chakra-colors-blackAlpha-100);}</style><tbody class="css-rdeq8s"><tr class="css-0"><style data-emotion="css 34pik7">.css-34pik7{text-align:start;-webkit-padding-start:var(--chakra-space-4);padding-inline-start:var(--chakra-space-4);-webkit-padding-end:var(--chakra-space-4);padding-inline-end:var(--chakra-space-4);padding-top:var(--chakra-space-2);padding-bottom:var(--chakra-space-2);font-size:var(--chakra-fontSizes-sm);line-height:var(--chakra-lineHeights-4);border-bottom:var(--chakra-borders-1px);border-color:var(--chakra-colors-blackAlpha-100);font-weight:var(--chakra-fontWeights-bold);white-space:pre-wrap;}.css-34pik7[data-is-numeric=true]{text-align:end;}</style><td class="css-34pik7">SIRIUS STG1-8 channels per slice</td><style data-emotion="css mca6xb">.css-mca6xb{text-align:start;-webkit-padding-start:var(--chakra-space-4);padding-inline-start:var(--chakra-space-4);-webkit-padding-end:var(--chakra-space-4);padding-inline-end:var(--chakra-space-4);padding-top:var(--chakra-space-2);padding-bottom:var(--chakra-space-2);font-size:var(--chakra-fontSizes-sm);line-height:var(--chakra-lineHeights-4);border-bottom:var(--chakra-borders-1px);border-color:var(--chakra-colors-blackAlpha-100);font-weight:var(--chakra-fontWeights-normal);white-space:pre-wrap;}.css-mca6xb[data-is-numeric=true]{text-align:end;}</style><td class="css-mca6xb">Full bridge Half bridge Quarter bridge 350Ω Quarter bridge 120Ω 3 and 4 wire Ranges up to ±50VAC/DC coupling Shunt 59.88 kΩ, 175kΩ bipolar 1000V isolation</td><td class="css-mca6xb">200 kHz/channel Dual 24-bit Sigma Delta 2W/channel Supports all strain types High input range</td></tr><tr class="css-0"><td class="css-34pik7">SIRIUS STGM1-8 channels per slice</td><td class="css-mca6xb">Full bridge Half bridge Quarter bridge 350Ω Quarter bridge 120Ω 3 wire Ranges up to ±50VAC/DC coupling Shunt 100 kΩ bipolar 1000V isolation</td><td class="css-mca6xb">200 kHz/channel Dual 24-bit Sigma Delta Low power (1.3 W/channel) Supports all strain types Sensor and amplifier balance</td></tr></tbody></table></div><p><strong>SIRUS high-density DAQ modules for strain gages</strong></p><div class="chakra-table__container css-zipzvv"><table class="chakra-table css-1qi9lo1"><thead class="css-0"><tr class="css-0"><th class="css-1pt5pj9">Module</th><th class="css-1pt5pj9">Basic specs</th><th class="css-1pt5pj9">Comments</th></tr></thead><tbody class="css-rdeq8s"><tr class="css-0"><td class="css-34pik7">SIRIUS HD STGS 16 channels per slice</td><td class="css-mca6xb">Full Half bridge Quarter bridge 350 Ω Quarter bridge 120 Ω 3 wire Ranges up to ±10V100 kΩ 500 V in pairs isolation</td><td class="css-mca6xb">200 kHz/channel 24-bit Sigma Delta Low power Supports all strain types</td></tr></tbody></table></div><p><strong>SIRIUS high-speed DAQ modules for strain gages</strong></p><p>1 MHz 16-bit SAR technology with software-selectable alias-free filtering is the perfect choice for transient recording. Up to 8 channels per SIRIUS module.</p><div class="chakra-table__container css-zipzvv"><table class="chakra-table css-1qi9lo1"><thead class="css-0"><tr class="css-0"><th class="css-1pt5pj9">Module</th><th class="css-1pt5pj9">Basic specs</th><th class="css-1pt5pj9">Comments</th></tr></thead><tbody class="css-rdeq8s"><tr class="css-0"><td class="css-34pik7">SIRIUS HS STGS 1-8 channels per slice</td><td class="css-mca6xb">Full bridge Half bridge Quarter bridge 350 Ω Quarter bridge 120 Ω 3, 4 wire Ranges up to ±50V 59.88 kΩ, 175 kΩ bipolar1000 V isolatio n</td><td class="css-mca6xb">High speed (1 MS/s) Supports all strain types High input range</td></tr></tbody></table></div><p></p><h3 id="krypton-strain-gage-daq-measurement-modules" class="post-heading">KRYPTON strain gage DAQ measurement modules</h3><p>The <a href="https://dewesoft.com/products/krypton">KRYPTON® DAQ systems line</a> is the most <strong>rugged and high-performance data acquisition system available today</strong>. They combine the power of Dewesoft signal conditioning and software with a powerful <a target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EtherCAT">EtherCAT® interface</a>, packaged in waterproof and high-impact enclosures.</p><figure class="css-1bujgkd"><div style="overflow:hidden;position:relative;max-width:400px"><img style="display:block;width:100%" src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciIHdpZHRoPSI0MDAiIGhlaWdodD0iMTMxIj48L3N2Zz4=" aria-hidden="true" alt=""/><img aria-hidden="true" alt="" src="data:image/png;base64,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" style="transition:opacity 500ms;opacity:1;position:absolute;left:-5%;top:-5%;width:110%;height:110%;max-width:none;max-height:none"/><noscript><picture><source srcSet="https://www.datocms-assets.com/53444/1657281675-krypton-menu.png?auto=format&fit=max&w=1024&dpr=0.25 100w,https://www.datocms-assets.com/53444/1657281675-krypton-menu.png?auto=format&fit=max&w=1024&dpr=0.5 200w,https://www.datocms-assets.com/53444/1657281675-krypton-menu.png?auto=format&fit=max&w=1024&dpr=0.75 300w,https://www.datocms-assets.com/53444/1657281675-krypton-menu.png?auto=format&fit=max&w=1024 400w,https://www.datocms-assets.com/53444/1657281675-krypton-menu.png?auto=format&fit=max&w=1024&dpr=1.5 600w,https://www.datocms-assets.com/53444/1657281675-krypton-menu.png?auto=format&fit=max&w=1024&dpr=2 800w,https://www.datocms-assets.com/53444/1657281675-krypton-menu.png?auto=format&fit=max&w=1024&dpr=3 1200w,https://www.datocms-assets.com/53444/1657281675-krypton-menu.png?auto=format&fit=max&w=1024&dpr=4 1600w"/><img src="https://www.datocms-assets.com/53444/1657281675-krypton-menu.png?auto=format&fit=max&w=1024" alt="KRYPTON DAQ modules" style="position:absolute;left:0;top:0;width:100%;height:100%;max-width:none;max-height:none" loading="lazy"/></picture></noscript></div><figcaption class="css-38zu32">KRYPTON DAQ modules</figcaption></figure><p>Key Features:</p><ul><li><p>Distributable - you can locate your data acquisition hardware close to the sensors.</p></li><li><p>Single cable with up to 100 meters (328 feet) between devices for power, data, and synchronization</p></li><li><p>Made for extreme environments - IP67, dustproof, waterproof, 100 g shock, and vibration resistant, wide temperature operating range</p></li></ul><p><strong>KRYPTON multichannel strain gage DAQ modules</strong></p><figure class="css-1bujgkd"><div style="overflow:hidden;position:relative;max-width:1000px"><img style="display:block;width:100%" src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciIHdpZHRoPSIxMDAwIiBoZWlnaHQ9IjI1NCI+PC9zdmc+" aria-hidden="true" alt=""/><img aria-hidden="true" alt="" src="data:image/png;base64,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" style="transition:opacity 500ms;opacity:1;position:absolute;left:-5%;top:-5%;width:110%;height:110%;max-width:none;max-height:none"/><noscript><picture><source srcSet="https://www.datocms-assets.com/53444/1662975068-krypton-6xstg.png?auto=format&fit=max&w=1024&dpr=0.25 250w,https://www.datocms-assets.com/53444/1662975068-krypton-6xstg.png?auto=format&fit=max&w=1024&dpr=0.5 500w,https://www.datocms-assets.com/53444/1662975068-krypton-6xstg.png?auto=format&fit=max&w=1024&dpr=0.75 750w,https://www.datocms-assets.com/53444/1662975068-krypton-6xstg.png?auto=format&fit=max&w=1024 1000w,https://www.datocms-assets.com/53444/1662975068-krypton-6xstg.png?auto=format&fit=max&w=1024&dpr=1.5 1500w,https://www.datocms-assets.com/53444/1662975068-krypton-6xstg.png?auto=format&fit=max&w=1024&dpr=2 2000w,https://www.datocms-assets.com/53444/1662975068-krypton-6xstg.png?auto=format&fit=max&w=1024&dpr=3 3000w,https://www.datocms-assets.com/53444/1662975068-krypton-6xstg.png?auto=format&fit=max&w=1024&dpr=4 4000w"/><img src="https://www.datocms-assets.com/53444/1662975068-krypton-6xstg.png?auto=format&fit=max&w=1024" alt="6-channel KRYPTON STG DAQ module" style="position:absolute;left:0;top:0;width:100%;height:100%;max-width:none;max-height:none" loading="lazy"/></picture></noscript></div><figcaption class="css-38zu32">6-channel KRYPTON STG DAQ module</figcaption></figure><figure class="css-1bujgkd"><div style="overflow:hidden;position:relative;max-width:1000px"><img style="display:block;width:100%" src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciIHdpZHRoPSIxMDAwIiBoZWlnaHQ9IjE4MiI+PC9zdmc+" aria-hidden="true" alt=""/><img aria-hidden="true" alt="" src="data:image/png;base64,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" style="transition:opacity 500ms;opacity:1;position:absolute;left:-5%;top:-5%;width:110%;height:110%;max-width:none;max-height:none"/><noscript><picture><source srcSet="https://www.datocms-assets.com/53444/1662975080-krypton-3xstg.png?auto=format&fit=max&w=1024&dpr=0.25 250w,https://www.datocms-assets.com/53444/1662975080-krypton-3xstg.png?auto=format&fit=max&w=1024&dpr=0.5 500w,https://www.datocms-assets.com/53444/1662975080-krypton-3xstg.png?auto=format&fit=max&w=1024&dpr=0.75 750w,https://www.datocms-assets.com/53444/1662975080-krypton-3xstg.png?auto=format&fit=max&w=1024 1000w,https://www.datocms-assets.com/53444/1662975080-krypton-3xstg.png?auto=format&fit=max&w=1024&dpr=1.5 1500w,https://www.datocms-assets.com/53444/1662975080-krypton-3xstg.png?auto=format&fit=max&w=1024&dpr=2 2000w,https://www.datocms-assets.com/53444/1662975080-krypton-3xstg.png?auto=format&fit=max&w=1024&dpr=3 3000w,https://www.datocms-assets.com/53444/1662975080-krypton-3xstg.png?auto=format&fit=max&w=1024&dpr=4 4000w"/><img src="https://www.datocms-assets.com/53444/1662975080-krypton-3xstg.png?auto=format&fit=max&w=1024" alt="3-channel KRYPTON STG DAQ module" style="position:absolute;left:0;top:0;width:100%;height:100%;max-width:none;max-height:none" loading="lazy"/></picture></noscript></div><figcaption class="css-38zu32">3-channel KRYPTON STG DAQ module</figcaption></figure><div class="chakra-table__container css-zipzvv"><table class="chakra-table css-1qi9lo1"><thead class="css-0"><tr class="css-0"><th class="css-1pt5pj9">Module</th><th class="css-1pt5pj9">Basic specs</th><th class="css-1pt5pj9">Comments</th></tr></thead><tbody class="css-rdeq8s"><tr class="css-0"><td class="css-34pik7">KRYPTON STG3 or 6 channels</td><td class="css-mca6xb">Full Half bridge Quarter bridge 350 Ω Quarter bridge 120 Ω 3 wire 100 kΩ shunt 20 kS/s sample rate Differential isolation voltage</td><td class="css-mca6xb">EtherCAT® Interface Supports all strain types, high input range Available with 3 or 6 channels</td></tr></tbody></table></div><p><strong>KRYPTON single-channel DAQ module for strain gages</strong></p><figure class="css-1bujgkd"><div style="overflow:hidden;position:relative;max-width:1000px"><img style="display:block;width:100%" src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciIHdpZHRoPSIxMDAwIiBoZWlnaHQ9IjQ0OSI+PC9zdmc+" aria-hidden="true" alt=""/><img aria-hidden="true" alt="" src="data:image/jpeg;base64,/9j/4AAQSkZJRgABAQAAAQABAAD/2wCEAAoHBwgHBgoPCAgLEgoSDhgNDhEWDhINDg0YFx8ZGBYTFiEaHysjGh0oHRUWJDUlKC0vMjIyGSI4PTcwPCsxMi8BCgsLDgoFEBAKHS8cFhwvLy8vLy8vLy8vLy8vLy8vLy8vLy8vLy8vLy8vLy8vLy8vLy8vLy8vLy8vLy8vLy8vL//AABEIAAsAGAMBIgACEQEDEQH/xAAYAAACAwAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAGBwABA//EAB4QAAEDBAMAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAEAAgMFESIxBBVB/8QAFQEBAQAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAgD/xAAUEQEAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA/9oADAMBAAIRAxEAPwBkVPnywQOsPECx1zldmcDtMGrsaYXYjSDYIY+wOA2iQnp1VmewXb4oteDGwAWaFak//9k=" style="transition:opacity 500ms;opacity:1;position:absolute;left:-5%;top:-5%;width:110%;height:110%;max-width:none;max-height:none"/><noscript><picture><source srcSet="https://www.datocms-assets.com/53444/1662975315-kryptoni-1xstg.jpg?auto=format&fit=max&w=1024&dpr=0.25 250w,https://www.datocms-assets.com/53444/1662975315-kryptoni-1xstg.jpg?auto=format&fit=max&w=1024&dpr=0.5 500w,https://www.datocms-assets.com/53444/1662975315-kryptoni-1xstg.jpg?auto=format&fit=max&w=1024&dpr=0.75 750w,https://www.datocms-assets.com/53444/1662975315-kryptoni-1xstg.jpg?auto=format&fit=max&w=1024 1000w,https://www.datocms-assets.com/53444/1662975315-kryptoni-1xstg.jpg?auto=format&fit=max&w=1024&dpr=1.5 1500w,https://www.datocms-assets.com/53444/1662975315-kryptoni-1xstg.jpg?auto=format&fit=max&w=1024&dpr=2 2000w,https://www.datocms-assets.com/53444/1662975315-kryptoni-1xstg.jpg?auto=format&fit=max&w=1024&dpr=3 3000w,https://www.datocms-assets.com/53444/1662975315-kryptoni-1xstg.jpg?auto=format&fit=max&w=1024&dpr=4 4000w"/><img src="https://www.datocms-assets.com/53444/1662975315-kryptoni-1xstg.jpg?auto=format&fit=max&w=1024" alt="1-channel isolated KRYPTONi-1xSTG DAQ module" style="position:absolute;left:0;top:0;width:100%;height:100%;max-width:none;max-height:none" loading="lazy"/></picture></noscript></div><figcaption class="css-38zu32">1-channel isolated KRYPTONi-1xSTG DAQ module</figcaption></figure><div class="chakra-table__container css-zipzvv"><table class="chakra-table css-1qi9lo1"><thead class="css-0"><tr class="css-0"><th class="css-1pt5pj9">Module</th><th class="css-1pt5pj9">Basic specs</th><th class="css-1pt5pj9">Comments</th></tr></thead><tbody class="css-rdeq8s"><tr class="css-0"><td class="css-34pik7">KRYPTON ONE STG 1 channel</td><td class="css-mca6xb">Full bridge Half bridge Quarter bridge 350 Ω Quarter bridge 120 Ω 3 wire 100 kΩ shunt 40 kS/s sample rate 125 Vrms Ch-GND isolation</td><td class="css-mca6xb">EtherCAT® Interface Supports all strain types High input range</td></tr></tbody></table></div><p></p><h3 id="iolite-daq-and-control-systems" class="post-heading">IOLITE DAQ and control systems</h3><p><a href="https://dewesoft.com/products/iolite">IOLITE® DAQ system</a> from Dewesoft is a real-time data acquisition system specifically made for industrial applications. They combine the best of both worlds - <strong>data acquisition and control</strong>, in an integrated way that other systems cannot match.</p><figure class="css-1bujgkd"><div style="overflow:hidden;position:relative;max-width:1024px"><img style="display:block;width:100%" src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciIHdpZHRoPSIxMDI0IiBoZWlnaHQ9IjM5OCI+PC9zdmc+" aria-hidden="true" alt=""/><img aria-hidden="true" alt="" src="data:image/png;base64,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" style="transition:opacity 500ms;opacity:1;position:absolute;left:-5%;top:-5%;width:110%;height:110%;max-width:none;max-height:none"/><noscript><picture><source srcSet="https://www.datocms-assets.com/53444/1651124421-iolite-r8-and-r12-daq-systems.png?auto=format&fit=max&w=1024&dpr=0.25 256w,https://www.datocms-assets.com/53444/1651124421-iolite-r8-and-r12-daq-systems.png?auto=format&fit=max&w=1024&dpr=0.5 512w,https://www.datocms-assets.com/53444/1651124421-iolite-r8-and-r12-daq-systems.png?auto=format&fit=max&w=1024&dpr=0.75 768w,https://www.datocms-assets.com/53444/1651124421-iolite-r8-and-r12-daq-systems.png?auto=format&fit=max&w=1024 1024w,https://www.datocms-assets.com/53444/1651124421-iolite-r8-and-r12-daq-systems.png?auto=format&fit=max&w=1024&dpr=1.5 1536w,https://www.datocms-assets.com/53444/1651124421-iolite-r8-and-r12-daq-systems.png?auto=format&fit=max&w=1024&dpr=2 2048w,https://www.datocms-assets.com/53444/1651124421-iolite-r8-and-r12-daq-systems.png?auto=format&fit=max&w=1024&dpr=3 3072w,https://www.datocms-assets.com/53444/1651124421-iolite-r8-and-r12-daq-systems.png?auto=format&fit=max&w=1024&dpr=4 4096w"/><img src="https://www.datocms-assets.com/53444/1651124421-iolite-r8-and-r12-daq-systems.png?auto=format&fit=max&w=1024" alt="IOLITE R8 and R12 data acquisition system" style="position:absolute;left:0;top:0;width:100%;height:100%;max-width:none;max-height:none" loading="lazy"/></picture></noscript></div><figcaption class="css-38zu32">IOLITE R8 and R12 data acquisition system</figcaption></figure><p>Key Features:</p><ul><li><p><strong>DUAL EtherCAT data bus:</strong> IOLITE uses two EtherCAT buses in parallel. The primary bus is used for full-speed buffered data acquisition to a computer. The secondary bus is mainly used for real-time data to any third-party control system.</p></li><li><p><strong>No-compromises Signal Conditioning:</strong> IOLITE features high-quality amplifiers that provide great signal quality and up to 20 kHz sampling rate.</p></li><li><p><strong>Redundant Power Supply:</strong> combined with dual EtherCAT® interfaces, this provides maximum system reliability.</p></li><li><p><strong>Choice of Chassis:</strong> IOLITE can be configured in the 19-inch cabinet compatible chassis or in more rugged SIRIUS-like compatible chassis.</p></li><li><p><strong>Price/Performance Ratio:</strong> IOLITE offers a great price/performance ratio and is suitable for test-bed and industrial applications.</p></li></ul><div class="chakra-table__container css-zipzvv"><table class="chakra-table css-1qi9lo1"><thead class="css-0"><tr class="css-0"><th class="css-1pt5pj9">Module</th><th class="css-1pt5pj9">Basic specs</th><th class="css-1pt5pj9">Comments</th></tr></thead><tbody class="css-rdeq8s"><tr class="css-0"><td class="css-34pik7">IOLITE-6XSTG 6 channels</td><td class="css-mca6xb">Full Half bridge Quarter bridge 350 Ω Quarter bridge 120 Ω 3 wire 100 kΩ shunt 20 kS/s sample rate Differential isolation voltage</td><td class="css-mca6xb">Supports all strain types High input range</td></tr></tbody></table></div><p></p></span></div></article></div></div></section></main><style data-emotion="css 1y1ta1y">.css-1y1ta1y{background:var(--chakra-colors-blackAlpha-200);padding-top:var(--chakra-space-14);padding-bottom:var(--chakra-space-4);}</style><footer class="css-1y1ta1y"><style data-emotion="css 1796i17">.css-1796i17{width:100%;-webkit-margin-start:auto;margin-inline-start:auto;-webkit-margin-end:auto;margin-inline-end:auto;-webkit-padding-start:var(--chakra-space-4);padding-inline-start:var(--chakra-space-4);-webkit-padding-end:var(--chakra-space-4);padding-inline-end:var(--chakra-space-4);max-width:var(--chakra-sizes-container-2xl);}</style><div 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href="https://dewesoft.com/blog/what-is-signal-amplifier">What is a signal amplifier</a></li><li class="css-itvw0n"><a href="https://dewesoft.com/blog/what-is-power-analysis">What is power analysis</a></li><li class="css-itvw0n"><a href="https://dewesoft.com/blog/what-is-condition-monitoring">What is condition monitoring</a></li><li class="css-itvw0n"><a href="https://dewesoft.com/blog/dewesoft-condition-monitoring-systems">How to perform condition monitoring</a></li><li class="css-itvw0n"><a href="https://dewesoft.com/blog/how-to-interpret-condition-monitoring-data">How to interpret machine condition monitoring data</a></li><li class="css-itvw0n"><a href="https://dewesoft.com/blog/what-is-can-bus">What is CAN bus</a></li><li class="css-itvw0n"><a href="https://dewesoft.com/blog/merging-data-acquisition-and-real-time-control-system">Merging DAQ and real-time control</a></li><li class="css-itvw0n"><a href="https://dewesoft.com/blog/what-is-adas">What is ADAS</a></li><li class="css-itvw0n"><a href="https://dewesoft.com/blog/types-of-adas-sensors">Types of ADAS sensors</a></li><li class="css-itvw0n"><a href="https://dewesoft.com/blog/how-are-adas-systems-and-autonomous-vehicles-tested">Testing ADAS systems</a></li><li class="css-itvw0n"><a href="https://dewesoft.com/blog/adas-standards-and-adas-safety-protocols">ADAS standards</a></li><li class="css-itvw0n"><a href="https://dewesoft.com/blog/what-is-modal-analysis">What is modal analysis</a></li><li class="css-itvw0n"><a href="https://dewesoft.com/blog/guide-to-fft-analysis">FFT Analysis</a></li><li class="css-itvw0n"><a href="https://dewesoft.com/blog/spectrum-analyzers-for-vibration-analysis">Spectrum analyzers for vibration analysis</a></li><li class="css-itvw0n"><a href="https://dewesoft.com/blog/list-of-data-acquisition-companies">List of DAQ companies</a></li><li class="css-itvw0n"><a href="https://dewesoft.com/blog/data-acquisition-synchronisation">DAQ Synchronisation</a></li><li class="css-itvw0n"><a href="https://dewesoft.com/blog/what-is-order-analysis">What is order analysis</a></li><li class="css-itvw0n"><a href="https://dewesoft.com/blog/what-is-ethercat-protocol">What is EtherCAT</a></li><li class="css-itvw0n"><a href="https://dewesoft.com/blog/measure-shock-vibration-with-accelerometers">Measuring shock and vibration</a></li><li class="css-itvw0n"><a href="https://dewesoft.com/blog/every-satellite-orbiting-earth-and-who-owns-them">Every satellite orbiting Earth</a></li><li class="css-itvw0n"><a href="https://dewesoft.com/blog/countries-electricity-source">Electricity sources by country</a></li><li class="css-itvw0n"><a href="https://dewesoft.com/blog/top-150-electric-vehicles-by-range">Top 150 electric cars by range</a></li><li class="css-itvw0n"><a href="https://dewesoft.com/blog/measure-digital-encoder-and-counter-sensors">How to measure with counter and encoder sensors</a></li><li class="css-itvw0n"><a href="https://dewesoft.com/blog/types-of-data-acquisition-systems">Types of Data Acquisition Systems</a></li><li class="css-itvw0n"><a href="https://dewesoft.com/blog/list-of-wind-tunnel-testing-facilities">Wind Tunnel Testing Facilities</a></li><li class="css-itvw0n"><a href="https://dewesoft.com/blog/what-is-signal-processing">Signal Processing</a></li></ul></div><div class="css-14bs28v"><ul role="list" class="css-155za0w"><p class="chakra-text css-wqt4vs">Case Studies</p><li class="css-itvw0n"><a href="https://dewesoft.com/blog/dynamic-measurements-on-suspension-bridges">Dynamic measurements on suspension bridge</a></li><li class="css-itvw0n"><a href="https://dewesoft.com/blog/sound-intensity-measurement-on-bobcat-loaders">Sound intensity measurement on loaders</a></li><li class="css-itvw0n"><a href="https://dewesoft.com/blog/lift-capacity-measurement-on-a-compact-excavator">Excavator lift capacity measurement</a></li><li class="css-itvw0n"><a href="https://dewesoft.com/blog/structural-vibration-monitoring-nasa-crawler">NASA's crawler vibration monitoring</a></li><li class="css-itvw0n"><a href="https://dewesoft.com/blog/improving-tractor-field-testing">Improving tractor field testing</a></li><li class="css-itvw0n"><a href="https://dewesoft.com/blog/large-scale-aerospace-structural-testing">Aerospace structural testing</a></li><li class="css-itvw0n"><a href="https://dewesoft.com/blog/perfomance-tuning-in-tractor-pulling-sport">Performance tuning in tractors</a></li><li class="css-itvw0n"><a href="https://dewesoft.com/blog/structural-health-monitoring-worlds-longest-bridge">Monitoring world's longest bridge</a></li><li class="css-itvw0n"><a href="https://dewesoft.com/blog/test-bench-for-large-launcher-solid-propellant-boosters">Rocket engine test bench</a></li><li class="css-itvw0n"><a href="https://dewesoft.com/blog/electric-powertrain-measurements-on-quadrofoil">Electric powertrain measurement on hydrofoil</a></li><li class="css-itvw0n"><a href="https://dewesoft.com/blog/nasa-pcm-telemetry-processing-station">NASA telemetry station</a></li><li class="css-itvw0n"><a href="https://dewesoft.com/blog/structural-testing-of-rocket-nose">Structural testing of rocket nose</a></li><li class="css-itvw0n"><a href="https://dewesoft.com/blog/emergency-ventilator-testing">Emergency ventilator testing</a></li><li class="css-itvw0n"><a href="https://dewesoft.com/blog/biogas-engine-testing">Biogas engine testing</a></li><li class="css-itvw0n"><a href="https://dewesoft.com/blog/testing-of-electric-household-appliances">Electric appliances testing</a></li><li class="css-itvw0n"><a href="https://dewesoft.com/blog/turbine-diagnostics-geothermal-power-plant">Geothermal turbine monitoring</a></li><li class="css-itvw0n"><a href="https://dewesoft.com/blog/non-destructive-monitoring-of-fruit-ripeness">Monitoring of fruit ripeness</a></li><li class="css-itvw0n"><a href="https://dewesoft.com/blog/human-heartbeat-simulation">Simulation of human heart rate</a></li><li class="css-itvw0n"><a href="https://dewesoft.com/blog/bridge-machine-condition-monitoring">Bridge condition monitoring</a></li><li class="css-itvw0n"><a href="https://dewesoft.com/blog/signal-conditioner-for-aerospace-propulsion-research">Aerospace propulsion research</a></li><li class="css-itvw0n"><a href="https://dewesoft.com/blog/dynamic-brake-testing-of-earth-moving-machines">Dynamic brake testing</a></li><li class="css-itvw0n"><a href="https://dewesoft.com/blog/brake-test-pressure-measurement-on-buses">Brake pressure measurement on buses</a></li><li class="css-itvw0n"><a href="https://dewesoft.com/blog/direction-stability-test-of-braking-vehicle">Direction stability test</a></li><li class="css-itvw0n"><a href="https://dewesoft.com/blog/train-brake-performance-testing-in-winter-conditions">Train brake performance testing</a></li><li class="css-itvw0n"><a href="https://dewesoft.com/blog/vehicle-dynamics-testing-based-on-iso-standards">Vehicle dynamics testing</a></li><li class="css-itvw0n"><a href="https://dewesoft.com/blog/space-thermal-protection-system-fitting-control">Fitting and bonding control of thermal protection system</a></li><li class="css-itvw0n"><a href="https://dewesoft.com/blog/rops-testing-tractor-cabin-structural-safety-test">ROPS testing</a></li><li class="css-itvw0n"><a href="https://dewesoft.com/blog/structural-health-monitoring-with-mems-accelerometers">Structural health monitoring with MEMS accelerometers</a></li><li class="css-itvw0n"><a href="https://dewesoft.com/blog/car-performance-tuning-of-bmw-m5-hurricane">Car performance tuning</a></li><li class="css-itvw0n"><a href="https://dewesoft.com/blog/oma-and-structural-monitoring-of-a-jetty">Structural monitoring of a jetty</a></li><li class="css-itvw0n"><a href="https://dewesoft.com/blog/structural-health-monitoring-of-the-railway-viaduct">Monitoring of the railway viaduct</a></li><li class="css-itvw0n"><a href="https://dewesoft.com/blog/vehicle-road-load-and-durability-testing">Road load data acquisition</a></li><li class="css-itvw0n"><a href="https://dewesoft.com/blog/temperature-measurement-on-a-racing-car">Racing car temperature measurement</a></li><li class="css-itvw0n"><a href="https://dewesoft.com/blog/performance-testing-electric-boat">Electric boat performance testing</a></li><li class="css-itvw0n"><a href="https://dewesoft.com/blog/troubleshooting-industrial-timber-packaging">Troubleshooting industrial timber packaging</a></li><li class="css-itvw0n"><a href="https://dewesoft.com/blog/certification-of-diesel-generators">Certification of diesel generators</a></li><li class="css-itvw0n"><a href="https://dewesoft.com/blog/vibration-analysis-of-mri-scanner">Vibration analysis of MRI scanner</a></li><li class="css-itvw0n"><a href="https://dewesoft.com/blog/high-voltage-switch-testing-with-synchronizer">High-voltage switch testing</a></li><li class="css-itvw0n"><a href="https://dewesoft.com/blog/vibration-test-on-high-voltage-reactor">Vibration on High-Voltage Reactor</a></li><li class="css-itvw0n"><a href="https://dewesoft.com/blog/daq-integration-with-ks-tornado-testbed">KS Tornado testbed integration</a></li><li class="css-itvw0n"><a href="https://dewesoft.com/blog/formula-student-race-car-exhaust-noise-testing">Formula Student Exhaust Noise Testing</a></li><li class="css-itvw0n"><a href="https://dewesoft.com/blog/car-seat-crash-test">Car seat crash test</a></li><li class="css-itvw0n"><a href="https://dewesoft.com/blog/electrical-testing-of-automotive-components">Automotive component testing</a></li><li class="css-itvw0n"><a href="https://dewesoft.com/blog/tire-noise-measurement">Tire noise measurement</a></li><li class="css-itvw0n"><a href="https://dewesoft.com/blog/structural-monitoring-orvieto-cathedral">Monitoring of the Orvieto cathedral</a></li><li class="css-itvw0n"><a href="https://dewesoft.com/blog/vibration-and-modal-analysis-on-space-telescope">Modal analysis on space telescope</a></li><li class="css-itvw0n"><a href="https://dewesoft.com/blog/correlating-power-measurements">Correlating power with vibration</a></li><li class="css-itvw0n"><a href="https://dewesoft.com/blog/data-acquisition-for-perfect-bbq">DAQ Cooks Up the Perfect BBQ</a></li><li class="css-itvw0n"><a href="https://dewesoft.com/blog/suspension-testing-on-formula-sae-racecar">Suspension testing on formula</a></li><li class="css-itvw0n"><a href="https://dewesoft.com/blog/high-voltage-testing-of-railway-infrastructure">High-voltage testing of railway infrastructure</a></li><li class="css-itvw0n"><a href="https://dewesoft.com/blog/upgrading-test-bench-controls">Pratt Miller’s test bench control</a></li></ul></div><div class="css-14bs28v"><ul role="list" class="css-155za0w"><p class="chakra-text css-wqt4vs">Application Notes</p><li class="css-itvw0n"><a href="https://dewesoft.com/blog/sound-power-level-measurement-on-a-notebook">Sound Power on Notebook</a></li><li class="css-itvw0n"><a href="https://dewesoft.com/blog/road-load-data-logger-for-mts-test-bench">MTS Test Bench</a></li><li class="css-itvw0n"><a href="https://dewesoft.com/blog/comparing-combustion-and-electric-motorcycle">Measuring combustion on electric motorcycle</a></li><li class="css-itvw0n"><a href="https://dewesoft.com/blog/iso-lane-change-test">Lane-change test</a></li><li class="css-itvw0n"><a href="https://dewesoft.com/blog/tractor-brake-test">Brake test on tractors</a></li><li class="css-itvw0n"><a href="https://dewesoft.com/blog/led-testing-efficiency-power-quality-analysis">LED Testing</a></li><li class="css-itvw0n"><a href="https://dewesoft.com/blog/paper-mill-condition-monitoring">Paper Mill Roles</a></li><li class="css-itvw0n"><a href="https://dewesoft.com/blog/energy-economizer-testing">Economizer Testing</a></li><li class="css-itvw0n"><a href="https://dewesoft.com/blog/evaluation-of-human-response-to-vibrations-in-buildings">Human Response to Vibrations in Buildings</a></li><li class="css-itvw0n"><a href="https://dewesoft.com/blog/energy-consumption-test-of-electric-motorcycle">Energy Consumption Test</a></li><li class="css-itvw0n"><a href="https://dewesoft.com/blog/lower-carbon-emissions-through-supervision-and-control">Industrial Energy Consumption</a></li><li class="css-itvw0n"><a href="https://dewesoft.com/blog/innovation-in-real-time-measurement-and-control-systems">Innovation in Supervisory Control</a></li><li class="css-itvw0n"><a href="https://dewesoft.com/blog/shielded-cables-in-electric-and-hybrid-vehicles">Influence of Shielded Cables</a></li><li class="css-itvw0n"><a href="https://dewesoft.com/blog/sirius-xhs-power-measurement">AC/DC Current Transducer</a></li><li class="css-itvw0n"><a href="https://dewesoft.com/blog/adas-testing-with-velodyne-lidar-data-acquisition">ADAS Testing With Velodyne Lidar DAQ</a></li><li class="css-itvw0n"><a href="https://dewesoft.com/blog/force-measurements-on-trampoline-jumpers">Trampoline Jumpers</a></li><li class="css-itvw0n"><a href="https://dewesoft.com/blog/mesh-wifi-network-and-remote-data-acquisition">Mesh WiFi</a></li><li class="css-itvw0n"><a href="https://dewesoft.com/blog/human-body-vibration-measurements-on-a-motorbike">HBV on Motorbike</a></li><li class="css-itvw0n"><a href="https://dewesoft.com/blog/bridge-structural-monitoring-prevents-collapses">Bridge Collapses Monitoring</a></li><li class="css-itvw0n"><a href="https://dewesoft.com/blog/measuring-the-effects-of-vibration-on-buildings">Measuring Effects of Vibration on Buildings</a></li><li class="css-itvw0n"><a href="https://dewesoft.com/blog/noise-floor-analysis">Noise floor analysis</a></li></ul></div></div><style data-emotion="css 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Learn the best practices and theory behind strain gauge measurement."},"content":null,"tag":"meta"},{"attributes":{"property":"og:description","content":"Strain and pressure sensors are widely used in many static and dynamic measurements. Learn the best practices and theory behind strain gauge measurement."},"content":null,"tag":"meta"},{"attributes":{"name":"twitter:description","content":"Strain and pressure sensors are widely used in many static and dynamic measurements. Learn the best practices and theory behind strain gauge measurement."},"content":null,"tag":"meta"},{"attributes":{"property":"og:image","content":"https://www.datocms-assets.com/53444/1662972602-strain-gauge.png?auto=format\u0026fit=max\u0026w=1200"},"content":null,"tag":"meta"},{"attributes":{"property":"og:image:width","content":"1200"},"content":null,"tag":"meta"},{"attributes":{"property":"og:image:height","content":"675"},"content":null,"tag":"meta"},{"attributes":{"property":"og:image:alt","content":"Strain gauge"},"content":null,"tag":"meta"},{"attributes":{"name":"twitter:image","content":"https://www.datocms-assets.com/53444/1662972602-strain-gauge.png?auto=format\u0026fit=max\u0026w=1200"},"content":null,"tag":"meta"},{"attributes":{"name":"twitter:image:alt","content":"Strain gauge"},"content":null,"tag":"meta"},{"attributes":{"property":"og:locale","content":"en"},"content":null,"tag":"meta"},{"attributes":{"property":"og:type","content":"article"},"content":null,"tag":"meta"},{"attributes":{"property":"og:site_name","content":"Data Acquisition | Test and Measurement Solutions"},"content":null,"tag":"meta"},{"attributes":{"property":"article:modified_time","content":"2023-09-07T13:05:13Z"},"content":null,"tag":"meta"},{"attributes":{"property":"article:publisher","content":"https://www.facebook.com/WeAreDewesoft/"},"content":null,"tag":"meta"},{"attributes":{"name":"twitter:card","content":"summary_large_image"},"content":null,"tag":"meta"},{"attributes":{"name":"twitter:site","content":"@https://twitter.com/dewesoft"},"content":null,"tag":"meta"}],"__typename":"BlogPostRecord","_firstPublishedAt":"2020-01-29T11:39:06+01:00","_publishedAt":"2023-09-07T15:10:52+02:00","_allSlugLocales":[{"locale":"de","value":"dehnung-und-druck-messen"},{"locale":"en","value":"measure-strain-and-pressure"},{"locale":"es","value":"medicion-tension-y-presion"},{"locale":"it","value":"guida-completa-strain-gauge"},{"locale":"pt","value":"medir-tensao-e-pressao"},{"locale":"sv","value":"matning-av-belastning-och-tryck"}],"id":"140854033","title":"What Is a Strain Gauge Sensor and How Does It Work?","shortTitle":"What is a strain gauge","excerpt":"Strain and pressure sensors are widely used in many static and dynamic measurements. Learn the best practices and theory behind strain gauge measurement.","slug":"measure-strain-and-pressure","cover":{"responsiveImage":{"src":"https://www.datocms-assets.com/53444/1662972602-strain-gauge.png?auto=format\u0026w=1200","width":1200,"height":675,"alt":"Strain gauge","base64":"data:image/jpeg;base64,/9j/4AAQSkZJRgABAQAAAQABAAD/2wCEAAoHBwgHBgoICAgXCgoLDhgQDg0VGhQeFR0YHSsaJCYVFiEaHysjGh0oHRsWJDUlKC0vMjIyHSI4PTcwPCsxMi8BCgsLDg4PFQ0QGi8cFhwvLy8vLy8vLy8vLy8vLy8vLy8vLy8vLy8vLy8vLy8vLy8vLy8vLy8vLy8vLy8vLy8vL//AABEIAA4AGAMBIgACEQEDEQH/xAAZAAACAwEAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAABBAMFBwD/xAAdEAABBQADAQAAAAAAAAAAAAABAAIDBAURIUEG/8QAFgEBAQEAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAQIA/8QAFBEBAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAP/aAAwDAQACEQMRAD8AzjLyxNSJJ7Kbj+ba6InlVWfoSw1XNHiYj37DWcIUOpjmtWBHiKh09Waes1p65XLB/9k="}},"pbc":{"value":{"schema":"dast","document":{"type":"root","children":[{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"span","value":"In this article we will discuss how you can measure strain and pressure with strain gage sensors, with enough detail so that you will:"}]},{"type":"list","style":"bulleted","children":[{"type":"listItem","children":[{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"span","value":"See how strain gage sensors work"}]}]},{"type":"listItem","children":[{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"span","value":"Learn how strain and pressure measurements are made"}]}]},{"type":"listItem","children":[{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"span","value":"Understand how you can incorporate them into your testing"}]}]}]},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"span","value":"Are you ready to get started? Let’s go!"}]}]}},"links":[]},"content":{"value":{"schema":"dast","document":{"type":"root","children":[{"type":"heading","level":2,"children":[{"type":"span","value":"Introduction to strain gauges"}]},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"span","value":"Strain gauge and pressure sensors are widely used in many measurement applications, from static to dynamic. For example, they are commonly used inside load cell sensors for"},{"type":"span","marks":["strong"],"value":" "},{"type":"span","value":"weight measurement, and in certain kinds of accelerometer sensors. Strain gauge sensors are used for measuring:"}]},{"type":"list","style":"bulleted","children":[{"type":"listItem","children":[{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deformation_(mechanics)","meta":[{"id":"target","value":"_blank"}],"type":"link","children":[{"type":"span","value":"strain"}]}]}]},{"type":"listItem","children":[{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"span","value":"weight"}]}]},{"type":"listItem","children":[{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"span","value":"force"}]}]},{"type":"listItem","children":[{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"span","value":"deflection"}]}]},{"type":"listItem","children":[{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vibration","meta":[{"id":"target","value":"_blank"}],"type":"link","children":[{"type":"span","value":"vibration"}]}]}]},{"type":"listItem","children":[{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"span","value":"load"}]}]},{"type":"listItem","children":[{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"url":"http://https//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torque","meta":[{"id":"target","value":"_blank"}],"type":"link","children":[{"type":"span","value":"torque"}]}]}]},{"type":"listItem","children":[{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pressure","meta":[{"id":"target","value":"_blank"}],"type":"link","children":[{"type":"span","value":"pressure"}]}]}]},{"type":"listItem","children":[{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stress_(mechanics)","meta":[{"id":"target","value":"_blank"}],"type":"link","children":[{"type":"span","value":"stress"}]},{"type":"span","value":"."}]}]}]},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"span","value":"In short, they are employed for the "},{"type":"span","marks":["strong"],"value":"measurement of forces"},{"type":"span","value":"."}]},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"span","value":"The strain gage is also sometimes called an electrical resistance strain gage, or simply a resistance strain gauge. Gage can also be spelt "},{"type":"span","marks":["emphasis"],"value":"gauge"},{"type":"span","value":" - this is simply a matter of convention and makes no difference."}]},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"span","value":"But they are also used in highly dynamic measurement applications, where their outputs are fluctuating widely because of the deformation of a mechanical object under test."}]},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"span","value":"Imagine the body panels of an automobile which is being driven rapidly across Belgian blocks at very high speeds. Or being mounted on a drive shaft spinning at thousands of RPMs, and being subjected to "},{"url":"https://www.flight-mechanic.com/stress-tension-compression-and-torsion/","meta":[{"id":"target","value":"_blank"}],"type":"link","children":[{"type":"span","value":"tension and torsion"}]},{"type":"span","value":" as the load on the shaft changes dynamically. There are countless "},{"type":"span","marks":["strong"],"value":"applications for strain gages"},{"type":"span","value":"."}]},{"item":"140855193","type":"block"},{"type":"heading","level":2,"children":[{"type":"span","value":"The strain gage sensor"}]},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"span","marks":["strong"],"value":"The property called “strain” is considered to be the ratio of change in length compared to the original unstressed length of an object. "}]},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"span","value":"Strain gage sensors (aka “strain gauge transducers”) can measure this change in length caused by an external force and convert it into an electrical signal, which can then be converted to digital values, displayed, captured and analyzed. This works because a strain gage sensor experiences a change in resistance as it is stretched or compressed."}]},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"span","value":"A "},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strain_gauge","meta":[{"id":"target","value":"_blank"}],"type":"link","children":[{"type":"span","value":"strain gage"}]},{"type":"span","value":" (aka “strain gauge”) measures strain by means of a change in resistance. In a single sensor strain gage, a metal foil pattern is mounted on a flexible substrate, which also serves to insulate the metal from the object under test. A current is run through the foil pattern. When the object under test is stressed (i.e., bent or twisted) in the axis parallel with the foil pattern, there is a change in resistance which is proportionate to the amount of deflection."}]},{"item":"140855194","type":"block"},{"type":"heading","level":3,"children":[{"type":"span","value":"Wheatstone bridge"}]},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"span","value":"When a conductor is stretched, its resistance increases. When it’s compressed, its resistance decreases. This change in resistance can be measured using a "},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheatstone_bridge","meta":[{"id":"target","value":"_blank"}],"type":"link","children":[{"type":"span","value":"Wheatstone bridge"}]},{"type":"span","value":". "}]},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"span","value":"As shown in the diagram below, a "},{"type":"span","marks":["strong"],"value":"Wheatstone bridge circuit"},{"type":"span","value":" measures an unknown electrical resistance (Rx) by balancing two legs of a bridge circuit, one leg of which has an unknown value. Since the other three resistors have known values, and one of them is also adjustable, the circuit can deduce what the resistance of Rx is at any point in time."}]},{"item":"140855337","type":"block"},{"item":"140855338","type":"block"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"span","value":"When one of the four resistors is being used to make a single-axis measurement, this is what is called a "},{"type":"span","marks":["strong"],"value":"quarter bridge "},{"type":"span","value":"hook-up. The signal conditioner must provide the three missing sensors, and balance the circuit, deducing the resistance value of the sensor in real-time, and converting that resistance to a proper strain measurement (when no current passes through V, the circuit is balanced)."}]},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"span","value":"Using two sensors, therefore, is a "},{"type":"span","marks":["strong"],"value":"half-bridge"},{"type":"span","value":", and measuring with all four sensors is a "},{"type":"span","marks":["strong"],"value":"full-bridge"},{"type":"span","value":" configuration. In the full-bridge diagram above, the sensor's output voltage is measured at C and B, while the excitation voltage is supplied at A and D."}]},{"type":"heading","level":3,"children":[{"type":"span","value":"Types of strain gauges sensors"}]},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"span","value":"There are strain gages with more than one sensor, which can measure the strain in more than one direction at a time. These are typically referred to as "},{"type":"span","marks":["strong"],"value":"strain gauge rosettes"},{"type":"span","value":", and they are available in different geometries for different applications."}]},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"span","value":"The most common rosettes offered are the "},{"type":"span","marks":["strong"],"value":"biaxial rosette"},{"type":"span","value":", where two sensors are mounted at 0° and 90° (perpendicular to each other), and the "},{"type":"span","marks":["strong"],"value":"triaxial rosette"},{"type":"span","value":", where three gages arranged in a specified pattern, such as 0° - 60° - 120°, or 0° - 45° - 90°."}]},{"item":"140855339","type":"block"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"span","value":"Mechanical engineering professor "},{"url":"https://www.depts.ttu.edu/me/faculty/jeff_hanson/index.php","meta":[{"id":"target","value":"_blank"}],"type":"link","children":[{"type":"span","value":"Jeff Hanson, Ph.D."}]},{"type":"span","value":" from Texas Tech University explains Strain Gauges Rosettes in this video:"}]},{"item":"140855389","type":"block"},{"type":"heading","level":3,"children":[{"type":"span","value":"Bridge completion explained"}]},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"span","value":"When the signal conditioner provides the missing resistors needed to complete the Wheatstone Bridge circuit, this is referred to as "},{"type":"span","marks":["strong"],"value":"bridge completion"},{"type":"span","value":". As an example, Dewesoft’s STG series signal conditioners provide this completion and even allow you to select between "},{"type":"span","marks":["strong"],"value":"120Ω and 350Ω completion resistors"},{"type":"span","value":"."}]},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"span","value":"Control over this completion is done completely via "},{"item":"121410331","type":"itemLink","children":[{"type":"span","value":"Dewesoft X data acquisition software"}]},{"type":"span","value":": there are no physical switches or settings that have to be made. In this case, the signal conditioner actually has the “missing” resistors in the hardware and switches them into the correct place on the circuit based on your setup in the software."}]},{"type":"heading","level":3,"children":[{"type":"span","value":"What Is the gauge factor?"}]},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"span","value":"When you purchase a strain gage sensor, the package will typically show the GF or "},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gauge_factor","meta":[{"id":"target","value":"_blank"}],"type":"link","children":[{"type":"span","value":"gauge factor"}]},{"type":"span","value":" (or "},{"type":"span","marks":["strong"],"value":"strain factor"},{"type":"span","value":"). This is a number around 2. It is important to know this when setting up the sensor in the software. This factor relates to the change in resistance caused by strain over the native resistance of the sensor, divided by the strain itself. Again, when setting up a sensor using "},{"item":"121410331","type":"itemLink","children":[{"type":"span","value":"Dewesoft X data acquisition software"}]},{"type":"span","value":" and a Dewesoft STG series signal conditioner, the "},{"type":"span","marks":["strong"],"value":"Gage Factor"},{"type":"span","value":" can be typed directly into the software, which will do all of the mathematics necessary to ensure perfect measurements."}]},{"type":"heading","level":3,"children":[{"type":"span","value":"Resistance change due to temperature - temperature compensation"}]},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"span","value":"At this point, you might be wondering about temperature and its effect on the accuracy of these measurements. After all, any time we talk about resistance measurements, the temperature is a factor because it can so easily change the measurement, causing wrong readings. Strain gage sensors are known to have a "},{"type":"span","marks":["strong"],"value":"sensitivity to temperature"},{"type":"span","value":", which will affect their accuracy unless compensated for."}]},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"span","value":"Temperature variations at the sensor are caused not only by the ambient temperature (imagine one sensor is in the sun, or mounted right onto a running engine, while another one is not) but also by the current that is powering the Wheatstone bridge itself! This is also known as the "},{"type":"span","marks":["strong"],"value":"self-heating phenomenon"},{"type":"span","value":"."}]},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"span","value":"The farther the excitation has to travel, the greater it will need to be, resulting in even more heating up of the sensor by the excitation itself. In addition, lead wire resistance itself may become a factor affecting the measurement, for example, in cases of exceptionally great distances between the sensor and the signal conditioner. "}]},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"span","value":"Because of these variables, "},{"type":"span","marks":["strong"],"value":"Dewesoft STG signal conditioners"},{"type":"span","value":" are designed to allow "},{"type":"span","marks":["strong"],"value":"SENSE lines"},{"type":"span","value":" to be connected to the corners of the "},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridge_circuit","meta":[{"id":"target","value":"_blank"}],"type":"link","children":[{"type":"span","value":"bridge circuit"}]},{"type":"span","value":". These lines allow the signal conditioner to measure the difference between the excitation at the conditioner and at the sensor, and automatically adjust the circuit accordingly, rejecting the error and ensuring accurate and stable readings."}]},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"span","value":"mgae"}]},{"item":"140855390","type":"block"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"span","value":"The dotted lines show that while it is possible to connect the sense lines at the connector, it is preferred to connect at the sensor itself to get the full benefit of this capability."}]},{"type":"heading","level":3,"children":[{"type":"span","value":"Internal shunt for strain gage calibration"}]},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"span","value":"A "},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shunt_(electrical)","meta":[{"id":"target","value":"_blank"}],"type":"link","children":[{"type":"span","value":"shunt"}]},{"type":"span","value":" is a resistor that is connected across one leg of the "},{"type":"span","marks":["strong"],"value":"Wheatstone bridge circuit"},{"type":"span","value":", temporarily unbalancing it. This method simulates a given strain, and since the value of the shunt resistor is known (typically 59.88 kΩ), it provides a known offset. The momentary switching in of this shunt cal resistor is often done both at the beginning and at the end of a test so that the measured data can be referenced to it during data analysis. Thus, any baseline shifts which may have occurred across the whole span of a long test can be detected and offset mathematically later on."}]},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"span","value":"Dewesoft STG signal conditioners provide an "},{"type":"span","marks":["strong"],"value":"internal shunt cal resistor"},{"type":"span","value":", eliminating the need to connect one externally (which also eliminates the need to touch the wiring!). In addition, "},{"item":"121410331","type":"itemLink","children":[{"type":"span","value":"Dewesoft X DAQ software"}]},{"type":"span","value":" allows you to engage the shunt cal with an on-screen click. "},{"type":"span","marks":["strong"],"value":"Shunt calibration"},{"type":"span","value":" can be done on a single channel, or on multiple channels at once."}]},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"span","value":"The accuracy of the "},{"type":"span","marks":["strong"],"value":"shunt resistor"},{"type":"span","value":", and indeed of the resistors within each strain gage sensor or transducer is important because it affects the accuracy of the final readings. Manufacturers like Dewesoft follow best practices when it comes to denoting the accuracy of the resistors, providing a nominal resistance and tolerance specifications. Nominal resistance represents the intended value in ohms, while the tolerance is the maximum possible deviation from the nominal value measured at 25°C."}]},{"type":"heading","level":3,"children":[{"type":"span","value":"Best practices for measuring with strain gage sensors"}]},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"span","value":"It is considered a best practice to use the lowest excitation voltage that you can, in order to avoid the self-heating phenomenon mentioned earlier. At the same time, it is extremely useful to have a selection of excitation levels to choose from. And it’s important that the excitation lines be isolated just like the signal lines are, to ensure low noise and optimal signal-to-noise ratio of your recorded data."}]},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"span","value":"This is also ensured by the advanced "},{"type":"span","marks":["strong"],"value":"AD converter electronics"},{"type":"span","value":" of all "},{"item":"122587348","type":"itemLink","children":[{"type":"span","value":"Dewesoft DAQ systems"}]},{"type":"span","value":" in general, and the "},{"type":"span","marks":["strong"],"value":"DualCoreADC® technology"},{"type":"span","value":" approach of "},{"item":"116657223","type":"itemLink","children":[{"type":"span","value":"SIRIUS DAQ"}]},{"type":"span","value":" hardware in particular. And since reducing the length of signal cables is especially important when it comes to strain sensors, the modular nature of all Dewesoft data acquisition systems is a "},{"type":"span","marks":["strong"],"value":"solid advantage"},{"type":"span","value":" in these applications."}]},{"item":"140855496","type":"block"},{"type":"heading","level":2,"children":[{"type":"span","value":"Strain and stress theory"}]},{"type":"heading","level":3,"children":[{"type":"span","value":"What is strain?"}]},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"span","value":"A strain is defined as the amount of deformation that an object experiences compared to its original size and shape (the ratio of increase in length compared to its original length). The term strain is typically used to describe the elongation of a section. An object can experience strain as the result of an external force acting upon it."}]},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"span","value":"A strain is a dimensionless quantity and is usually expressed in percentages. Typical measures for strain are less than 2 mm/m for steel and are often expressed in micro-strain units. One microstrain is the strain producing deformation of one part per million. The abbreviation for microstrain is given as "},{"type":"span","marks":["strong","emphasis"],"value":"µε"},{"type":"span","value":"."}]},{"item":"141065277","type":"block"},{"type":"heading","level":3,"children":[{"type":"span","value":"What is stress?"}]},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"span","value":"Stress is defined as an applied force per unit area. It usually occurs as a result of an applied force but is often due to the effects of force within a material or within a larger system."}]},{"item":"141065353","type":"block"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"span","value":"For example, let's imagine a wire that is anchored at the top and hanging down. We apply weights to the end of this wire to pull it down, thus applying a downward force. We can see that in the picture below, where "},{"type":"span","marks":["strong"],"value":"A"},{"type":"span","value":" is the original cross-sectional area of the wire, and L is the original wire length. In this example, the material (wire) experiences stress which is called axial stress."}]},{"item":"140855497","type":"block"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"span","value":"The units are the same as with pressure because the pressure is the special variation of stress. Stress is a more complex quantity than pressure because it fluctuates with direction and with the surface that it acts on."}]},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"span","value":"We can calculate the stress (σ) by multiplying strain (ε) and "},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Young%27s_modulus","meta":[{"id":"target","value":"_blank"}],"type":"link","children":[{"type":"span","value":"Young's modulus"}]},{"type":"span","value":" (E)."}]},{"item":"141065637","type":"block"},{"type":"heading","level":3,"children":[{"type":"span","value":"Force equation"}]},{"item":"141065638","type":"block"},{"item":"141065639","type":"block"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"span","value":"Therefore"}]},{"item":"141065640","type":"block"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"span","value":"Given that the elastic modulus (Young's modulus) of steel is 210000 N/mm2 and the cross-section of the sensor is 139 mm2 we get:"}]},{"item":"141065641","type":"block"},{"type":"heading","level":3,"children":[{"type":"span","value":"What is Young’s modulus?"}]},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"span","value":"Young's modulus, also known as the "},{"type":"span","marks":["strong"],"value":"tensile modulus"},{"type":"span","value":" or "},{"type":"span","marks":["strong"],"value":"elastic modulus"},{"type":"span","value":" is a measure of the stiffness of an elastic material and is a quantity used to characterize materials. "}]},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"span","value":"It is defined as the ratio of the "},{"type":"span","marks":["strong"],"value":"stress "},{"type":"span","value":"(force per unit area) along an axis over the "},{"type":"span","marks":["strong"],"value":"strain "},{"type":"span","value":"(ratio of deformation over initial length) along that axis in the range of stress which Hooke's law holds."}]},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"span","value":"A material whose Young's modulus value is very high is rigid."}]},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"span","value":"The Young's modulus [E], can be calculated by dividing the tensile stress by the extensional strain in the elastic (initial, linear) portion of the stress-strain curve:"}]},{"item":"141065642","type":"block"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"span","value":"Where:"}]},{"type":"list","style":"bulleted","children":[{"type":"listItem","children":[{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"span","value":"E is Young's modulus (modulus of elasticity);"}]}]},{"type":"listItem","children":[{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"span","value":"F is the force exerted on an object under tension;"}]}]},{"type":"listItem","children":[{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"span","value":"A0 is the original cross-sectional area through which the force is applied;"}]}]},{"type":"listItem","children":[{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"span","value":"ΔL is the amount by which the length of the object changes;"}]}]},{"type":"listItem","children":[{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"span","value":"L0 is the original length of the object."}]}]}]},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"span","value":"By the International System of Units, (SI), the unit of Young's modulus is the Pascal (Pa or N/m2 or m−1·kg·s−2). The practical units used are megapascals (MPa or N/mm2) or gigapascals (GPa or kN/mm2)."}]},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"span","value":"In the United States customary units, Young's modulus is expressed as pounds per square inch (psi)."}]},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"span","value":"A strain is usually expressed in μm/m (micrometer per meter), also known as "},{"type":"span","marks":["strong"],"value":"microstrain"},{"type":"span","value":", which has the symbol "},{"type":"span","marks":["strong","emphasis"],"value":"µε"},{"type":"span","value":". You may also see “mV/V,” which refers to the output in millivolts per volt of excitation. Strain gages need to be excited or driven with a supply voltage in order to provide an output that is proportional to the amount of strain that they are seeing along the measurement axis."}]},{"type":"heading","level":3,"children":[{"type":"span","value":"Measuring the modulus of elasticity"}]},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"span","value":"The modulus of elasticity and yield stress are two frequent material properties that can be calculated by performing tensile tests with a mechanical testing system."}]},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"span","value":"The procedure of mechanical testing systems is that the selected material is clamped between two grips. The bottom grip is tightened on the surface while the top grip moves up at a certain displacement rate."}]},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"span","value":"The testing system records the force that is needed to stretch the material and the suitable displacement of the grips. Engineers measure the original cross-sectional area of a specimen and the original length between the grips. After that, they are able to calculate stress from the force data and strain from the displacement data. All the data is then used to create stress-strain diagrams as shown in the picture below."}]},{"type":"heading","level":3,"children":[{"type":"span","value":"What is Poisson's ratio (ν)?"}]},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"span","value":"Poisson's ratio is the negative ratio of the transverse strain to the axial strain (assuming that the axial strain is in the direction of the applied load). This ratio is typically given by the Greek letter v"},{"type":"span","marks":["strong"],"value":" "},{"type":"span","value":"(also written as nu, and pronounced like the word “new”). You can visualize this effect by stretching a rubber band - as you pull its ends farther apart, the width of the band itself shrinks. Most materials exhibit a Poisson's ratio of between 0 and 0.5 ν. Steels typically measure at 0.3 ν, while rubber has is almost 0.5 ν."}]},{"type":"heading","level":3,"children":[{"type":"span","value":"Types of stress"}]},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"span","marks":["strong"],"value":"1. Normal stress"}]},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"span","value":"There are two normal stresses - TENSILE and COMPRESSIVE. Tensile stresses are positive, compressive stresses are negative. Normal stresses arise when tensile or compressive forces act against one another."}]},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"span","value":"In the picture below we can see a tensile load applied to a rectangular solid. The response of a rectangular solid to tensile loads is very dependent on the tensile stiffness and strength properties of the reinforcement fibers since these are far higher than the resin system on its own."}]},{"item":"140855832","type":"block"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"span","value":"The figure below shows a composite under a compressive load. Here, the adhesive and stiffness properties of the resin system are crucial, as it is the role of the resin to maintain the fibers as straight columns and to prevent them from buckling."}]},{"item":"140855833","type":"block"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"span","marks":["strong"],"value":"2. Shear stress"}]},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"span","value":"The figure below shows a composite experiencing a shear load. This load is trying to slide adjacent layers of fibers over each other. Under shear loads, the resin plays a major role, in transferring the stresses across the composite. For the composite to perform well under shear loads the resin element must not only exhibit good mechanical properties but must also have high adhesion to the reinforcement fiber. The interlaminar shear strength (ILSS) of a composite is often used to indicate this property in a multi-layer composite ('laminate')."}]},{"item":"140856522","type":"block"},{"item":"140856523","type":"block"},{"type":"heading","level":3,"children":[{"type":"span","value":"Types of strain"}]},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"span","marks":["strong"],"value":"1. Axial strain"}]},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"span","value":"“Axial strain” refers to how an object stretches or compresses as a result of force along its horizontal axis. It is defined mathematically as axial stress divided by Young’s Modulus."}]},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"span","marks":["strong"],"value":"2. Bending strain (moment strain)"}]},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"span","value":"“Bending strain” refers to how an object stretches on one side and contracts on the other due to force applied along its vertical axis. Also known as “moment strain,” bending strain is defined mathematically as the bending stress divided by Young’s Modulus of Elasticity."}]},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"span","marks":["strong"],"value":"3. Shear strain"}]},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"span","value":"“Shear Strain” combines the measurements of object deformation along both its horizontal and linear axes. It is defined mathematically as shear stress divided by the modulus of shear stress."}]},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"span","marks":["strong"],"value":"4. Torsional strain"}]},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"span","value":"“Torsional strain” refers to the circular force along both the horizontal and vertical axes of the object under test. It is defined mathematically as torsional stress divided by the torsional modulus of elasticity."}]},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"span","marks":["strong"],"value":"5. Compressive Strain"}]},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"span","value":"The compressive strain is produced when two equal and opposite forces act to compress an object. When this happens, the length of the object decreases under compressive stress."}]},{"type":"heading","level":3,"children":[{"type":"span","value":"What is the relationship between stress and strain?"}]},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"span","value":"The simplest way to visualize the relationship between stress and strain by means of a "},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stress%E2%80%93strain_curve","meta":[{"id":"target","value":"_blank"}],"type":"link","children":[{"type":"span","value":"Stress-Strain Curve"}]},{"type":"span","value":". You can see in the graphic below that this curve offers some very useful material properties. 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SIRIUS simply brings the best signal conditioning you can buy today. SIRIUS DualCoreADC® technology boosts dual 24-bit delta-sigma AD converters with an anti-aliasing filter on each channel, achieving an astonishing 160 dB of dynamic range in the time and frequency domains. It offers a 200 kS/s sampling rate per channel and up to 8 channels per SIRIUS slice. 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