Economics news for those working in the Civil Service

<!doctype html> <html lang="en" class="no-js"> <head> <script type="text/javascript" async=true> (function() { var host = window.location.hostname; var element = document.createElement('script'); var firstScript = document.getElementsByTagName('script')[0]; var url = 'https://cmp.inmobi.com' .concat('/choice/', '1C3fJ9awG115y', '/', host, '/choice.js?tag_version=V3'); var uspTries = 0; var uspTriesLimit = 3; element.async = true; element.type = 'text/javascript'; element.src = url; firstScript.parentNode.insertBefore(element, firstScript); function makeStub() { var TCF_LOCATOR_NAME = '__tcfapiLocator'; var queue = []; var win = window; var cmpFrame; function addFrame() { var doc = win.document; var otherCMP = !!(win.frames[TCF_LOCATOR_NAME]); if (!otherCMP) { if (doc.body) { var iframe = doc.createElement('iframe'); iframe.style.cssText = 'display:none'; iframe.name = TCF_LOCATOR_NAME; doc.body.appendChild(iframe); } else { setTimeout(addFrame, 5); } } return !otherCMP; } function tcfAPIHandler() { var gdprApplies; var args = arguments; if (!args.length) { return queue; } else if (args[0] === 'setGdprApplies') { if ( args.length > 3 && args[2] === 2 && typeof args[3] === 'boolean' ) { gdprApplies = args[3]; if (typeof args[2] === 'function') { args[2]('set', true); } } } else if (args[0] === 'ping') { var retr = { gdprApplies: gdprApplies, cmpLoaded: false, cmpStatus: 'stub' }; if (typeof args[2] === 'function') { args[2](retr); } } else { if(args[0] === 'init' && typeof args[3] === 'object') { args[3] = Object.assign(args[3], { tag_version: 'V3' }); } queue.push(args); } } function postMessageEventHandler(event) { var msgIsString = typeof event.data === 'string'; var json = {}; try { if (msgIsString) { json = JSON.parse(event.data); } else { json = event.data; } } catch (ignore) {} var payload = json.__tcfapiCall; if (payload) { window.__tcfapi( payload.command, payload.version, function(retValue, success) { var returnMsg = { __tcfapiReturn: { returnValue: retValue, success: success, callId: payload.callId } }; if (msgIsString) { returnMsg = JSON.stringify(returnMsg); } if (event && event.source && event.source.postMessage) { event.source.postMessage(returnMsg, '*'); } }, payload.parameter ); } } while (win) { try { if (win.frames[TCF_LOCATOR_NAME]) { cmpFrame = win; break; } } catch (ignore) {} if (win === window.top) { break; } win = win.parent; } if (!cmpFrame) { addFrame(); win.__tcfapi = tcfAPIHandler; win.addEventListener('message', postMessageEventHandler, false); } }; makeStub(); function makeGppStub() { const CMP_ID = 10; const SUPPORTED_APIS = [ '2:tcfeuv2', '6:uspv1', '7:usnatv1', '8:usca', '9:usvav1', '10:uscov1', '11:usutv1', '12:usctv1' ]; window.__gpp_addFrame = function (n) { if (!window.frames[n]) { if (document.body) { var i = document.createElement("iframe"); i.style.cssText = "display:none"; i.name = n; document.body.appendChild(i); } else { window.setTimeout(window.__gpp_addFrame, 10, n); } } }; window.__gpp_stub = function () { var b = arguments; __gpp.queue = __gpp.queue || []; __gpp.events = __gpp.events || []; if (!b.length || (b.length == 1 && b[0] == "queue")) { return __gpp.queue; } if (b.length == 1 && b[0] == "events") { return __gpp.events; } var cmd = b[0]; var clb = b.length > 1 ? b[1] : null; var par = b.length > 2 ? b[2] : null; if (cmd === "ping") { clb( { gppVersion: "1.1", // must be “Version.Subversion”, current: “1.1” cmpStatus: "stub", // possible values: stub, loading, loaded, error cmpDisplayStatus: "hidden", // possible values: hidden, visible, disabled signalStatus: "not ready", // possible values: not ready, ready supportedAPIs: SUPPORTED_APIS, // list of supported APIs cmpId: CMP_ID, // IAB assigned CMP ID, may be 0 during stub/loading sectionList: [], applicableSections: [-1], gppString: "", parsedSections: {}, }, true ); } else if (cmd === "addEventListener") { if (!("lastId" in __gpp)) { __gpp.lastId = 0; } __gpp.lastId++; var lnr = __gpp.lastId; __gpp.events.push({ id: lnr, callback: clb, parameter: par, }); clb( { eventName: "listenerRegistered", listenerId: lnr, // Registered ID of the listener data: true, // positive signal pingData: { gppVersion: "1.1", // must be “Version.Subversion”, current: “1.1” cmpStatus: "stub", // possible values: stub, loading, loaded, error cmpDisplayStatus: "hidden", // possible values: hidden, visible, disabled signalStatus: "not ready", // possible values: not ready, ready supportedAPIs: SUPPORTED_APIS, // list of supported APIs cmpId: CMP_ID, // list of supported APIs sectionList: [], applicableSections: [-1], gppString: "", parsedSections: {}, }, }, true ); } else if (cmd === "removeEventListener") { var success = false; for (var i = 0; i < __gpp.events.length; i++) { if (__gpp.events[i].id == par) { __gpp.events.splice(i, 1); success = true; break; } } clb( { eventName: "listenerRemoved", listenerId: par, // Registered ID of the listener data: success, // status info pingData: { gppVersion: "1.1", // must be “Version.Subversion”, current: “1.1” cmpStatus: "stub", // possible values: stub, loading, loaded, error cmpDisplayStatus: "hidden", // possible values: hidden, visible, disabled signalStatus: "not ready", // possible values: not ready, ready supportedAPIs: SUPPORTED_APIS, // list of supported APIs cmpId: CMP_ID, // CMP ID sectionList: [], applicableSections: [-1], gppString: "", parsedSections: {}, }, }, true ); } else if (cmd === "hasSection") { clb(false, true); } else if (cmd === "getSection" || cmd === "getField") { clb(null, true); } //queue all other commands else { __gpp.queue.push([].slice.apply(b)); } }; window.__gpp_msghandler = function (event) { var msgIsString = typeof event.data === "string"; try { var json = msgIsString ? JSON.parse(event.data) : event.data; } catch (e) { var json = null; } if (typeof json === "object" && json !== null && "__gppCall" in json) { var i = json.__gppCall; window.__gpp( i.command, function (retValue, success) { var returnMsg = { __gppReturn: { returnValue: retValue, success: success, callId: i.callId, }, }; event.source.postMessage(msgIsString ? JSON.stringify(returnMsg) : returnMsg, "*"); }, "parameter" in i ? i.parameter : null, "version" in i ? i.version : "1.1" ); } }; if (!("__gpp" in window) || typeof window.__gpp !== "function") { window.__gpp = window.__gpp_stub; window.addEventListener("message", window.__gpp_msghandler, false); window.__gpp_addFrame("__gppLocator"); } }; makeGppStub(); var uspStubFunction = function() { var arg = arguments; if (typeof window.__uspapi !== uspStubFunction) { setTimeout(function() { if (typeof window.__uspapi !== 'undefined') { window.__uspapi.apply(window.__uspapi, arg); } }, 500); } }; var checkIfUspIsReady = function() { uspTries++; if (window.__uspapi === uspStubFunction && uspTries < uspTriesLimit) { console.warn('USP is not accessible'); } else { clearInterval(uspInterval); } }; if (typeof window.__uspapi === 'undefined') { window.__uspapi = uspStubFunction; var uspInterval = setInterval(checkIfUspIsReady, 6000); } })(); </script> <meta charset="utf-8" /><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge" /><meta name="language" content="en" /><meta name="generator" content="Isle Interactive Ltd" /><meta name="designer" content="Isle Interactive Ltd" /><meta name="viewport" content="initial-scale=1.0, width=device-width, maximum-scale=1" /><meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no" /><meta name="application-name" content="Civil Service World" /><meta name="msapplication-TileColor" content="#ffffff" /><meta name="msapplication-config" content="/_img/_favicons/browserconfig.xml" /><meta name="theme-color" content="#ffffff" /> <meta name="robots" content="index, follow" /> <meta name="revisit-after" content="14 days" /><link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="/_img/_favicons/apple-touch-icon.png" /><link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="/_img/_favicons/favicon-32x32.png" /><link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href="/_img/_favicons/favicon-16x16.png" /><link rel="manifest" href="/_img/_favicons/manifest.json" /><link rel="mask-icon" href="/_img/_favicons/safari-pinned-tab.svg" color="#231f20" /><link rel="shortcut icon" href="/favicon.ico" /><link rel="stylesheet" href="/_styles/core.css?v13" media="screen" /><link rel="stylesheet" href="/_styles/layout.css?v20" media="screen" /><link href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Arvo:400,700|Noto+Sans:400,700|Oswald:400,500&display=swap" rel="stylesheet" /> <script src="//ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/jquery/2.2.4/jquery.min.js"></script> <script>!window.jQuery && document.write('<script src="/_scripts/jquery.js"><\/script>')</script> <script src="/_scripts/modernizr.js"></script> <script src="/_scripts/core.js?v8"></script> <script src="/_scripts/plugins.js"></script>  <script async src="https://securepubads.g.doubleclick.net/tag/js/gpt.js"></script> <script> window.googletag = window.googletag || {cmd: []}; </script> <script> // define variables to hold gpt slot objects var gptSlots = []; var slot1,slot2,slot3,slot4; googletag.cmd.push(function() { headerMapping = googletag.sizeMapping(). addSize([0, 0], [1, 1]). addSize([320, 0], [[320, 50], [320, 100]]). addSize([801, 0], [728, 90]). addSize([1201, 0], [[970, 90], [970, 250], [728, 90]]). build(); fullwidthMapping = googletag.sizeMapping(). addSize([0, 0], [1, 1]). addSize([300, 0], [300, 250]). addSize([801, 0], [728, 90]). addSize([1201, 0], [[970, 90], [970, 250], [728, 90]]). build(); skinMapping = googletag.sizeMapping(). addSize([1201, 0], [1, 1]). build(); slot1 = googletag.defineSlot('/1048162/csw/professions-main_header', [[320, 50], [970, 250], [970, 90], [320, 100], [1, 1], [728, 90]], 'div-gpt-ad-1597745819096-0').defineSizeMapping(headerMapping).setTargeting('CSW1', 'lazyload').addService(googletag.pubads()); slot2 = googletag.defineSlot('/1048162/csw/professions-main_mid', [[970, 250], [970, 90], [728, 90], [300, 250]], 'div-gpt-ad-1597745819096-1').defineSizeMapping(fullwidthMapping).setTargeting('CSW2', 'lazyload').addService(googletag.pubads()); slot3 = googletag.defineSlot('/1048162/csw/professions-main_bot', [[970, 250], [970, 90], [728, 90], [300, 250]], 'div-gpt-ad-1597745819096-2').defineSizeMapping(fullwidthMapping).setTargeting('CSW3', 'lazyload').addService(googletag.pubads()); slot4 = googletag.defineSlot('/1048162/csw/professions-main_skin', [1, 1], 'div-gpt-ad-1597745819096-3').defineSizeMapping(skinMapping).setTargeting('CSW4', 'lazyload').addService(googletag.pubads()); googletag.defineSlot('/1048162/csw/professions-main_pixel-1', [1, 1], 'div-gpt-ad-1597745819096-4').setTargeting('CSW5', 'lazyload').addService(googletag.pubads()); googletag.defineSlot('/1048162/csw/professions-main_pixel-2', [1, 1], 'div-gpt-ad-1597745819096-5').setTargeting('CSW6', 'lazyload').addService(googletag.pubads()); googletag.pubads().disableInitialLoad(); googletag.pubads().enableSingleRequest(); googletag.pubads().collapseEmptyDivs(); googletag.pubads().enableLazyLoad({ fetchMarginPercent: 200, renderMarginPercent: 100, mobileScaling: 2.0 }); googletag.enableServices(); googletag.pubads().setTargeting("metadata","Economics");googletag.pubads().setTargeting("environment","production");gptSlots.push(slot1, slot2, slot3, slot4); }); </script>   <script>(function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start': new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0], j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src= 'https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f); })(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-KQF5SF4');</script>  <script async src="https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js?client=ca-pub-9004706736602092" crossorigin="anonymous"></script>  <script type="text/javascript"> var _elqQ = _elqQ || []; _elqQ.push(['elqSetSiteId', '1690315']); _elqQ.push(['elqTrackPageView']); (function () { function async_load() { var s = document.createElement('script'); s.type = 'text/javascript'; s.async = true; s.src = '//img06.en25.com/i/elqCfg.min.js'; var x = document.getElementsByTagName('script')[0]; x.parentNode.insertBefore(s, x); } if (window.addEventListener) window.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', async_load, false); else if (window.attachEvent) window.attachEvent('onload', async_load); })(); </script>   <script id="poool-engage" src="https://assets.poool.fr/engage.min.js" async></script> <script> const script = document.getElementById('poool-engage'); script.addEventListener('load', function() { Engage.init('B7H7E-5SALK-J1YCN-ZNZ63') .autoCreate(); }); </script> <script type="text/javascript" src='https://www.google.com/recaptcha/api.js'></script><script src="https://cdn.p-n.io/pushly-sdk.min.js?domain_key=vTxfg56DfluOC4iasj8CMw1LU8uuuRDm0Ykq" async></script> <script> window.PushlySDK = window.PushlySDK || []; function pushly() { window.PushlySDK.push(arguments) } pushly('load', { domainKey: 'vTxfg56DfluOC4iasj8CMw1LU8uuuRDm0Ykq', sw: '/assets/pushly/pushly-sdk-worker.js' }); </script> <meta property="og:site_name" content="Civil Service World" /> <meta property="og:locale" content="en_GB" /> <meta property="og:title" content="Economics news for those working in the Civil Service | Civil Service World magazine" /> <meta property="og:description" content="Read the latest news on Economics specifically relevant for those working inside the Civil Service. Register for our newsletter" /> <meta property="og:url" content="https://www.civilserviceworld.com/professions/economics.htm" /> <meta property="og:image" content="https://www.civilserviceworld.com/_img/share.jpg" /> <meta property="og:image:type" content="image/jpeg" /> <meta property="og:type" content="article" /> <meta property="article:published_time" content="2020-04-09 15:59:09" /> <meta property="article:modified_time" content="2022-03-23 07:29:16" /> <link rel="canonical" href="https://www.civilserviceworld.com/professions/economics.htm" /><meta name="Description" content="Read the latest news on Economics specifically relevant for those working inside the Civil Service. Register for our newsletter" /><title> Economics news for those working in the Civil Service | Civil Service World magazine </title></head> <body >  <noscript><iframe src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-KQF5SF4" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe></noscript>  <form method="post" action="/professions/economics.htm" id="form1"> <div class="aspNetHidden"> <input type="hidden" name="__EVENTTARGET" id="__EVENTTARGET" value="" /> <input type="hidden" name="__EVENTARGUMENT" id="__EVENTARGUMENT" value="" /> <input type="hidden" name="__VIEWSTATE" id="__VIEWSTATE" value="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" /> </div> <script type="text/javascript"> //<![CDATA[ var theForm = document.forms['form1']; if (!theForm) { theForm = document.form1; } function __doPostBack(eventTarget, eventArgument) { if (!theForm.onsubmit || (theForm.onsubmit() != false)) { theForm.__EVENTTARGET.value = eventTarget; theForm.__EVENTARGUMENT.value = eventArgument; theForm.submit(); } } //]]> </script> <script src="/WebResource.axd?d=WEgD7NKkB4g2YhEKaAOFuV2JTSx80PFw2VWdoM3g5ExEFX45g3QGEWe3vHFMZdwzw-SQjuXcOP_Xg2UV13bOj6R-fMzQW5sh1UTpASeLdxk1&t=638563308220000000" type="text/javascript"></script> <script src="/ScriptResource.axd?d=tVqrBSYiv4wOo-8eu2O6jpyYnjAudSV_njQIStw0swZkNFACY1S4yx7KvjQKkVEu1AXsp-wM5WiZ77M13avvDBs2srKghljh9sJeb2r1i_cll1vs9D96hrVwjKyIaoZX-rKDZjmhwlRohK2wKfMnXQry-mHZEteXd5wiXkLEyOA1&t=ffffffffc820c398" type="text/javascript"></script> <script src="/ScriptResource.axd?d=vtFa1jM1__6ci6HPBAHHES1S1H30Xf4RZKFGBk1vursz5o_9ZQQ5XiryzmJSIBnnwGMYUX6i3AHHLtq9IZG5ddla3m05zDlm7DAbrmE5Xsua-FytOK1XVHAg1KW89J1BDPxcIrWcT6zOH12FcPe25Yk3Ht6aYHSWufeshyCep6gSri1Ar3ePV95jkx0Iuuda0&t=ffffffffc820c398" type="text/javascript"></script> <header> <noscript> <div class="msg msgError nojavascript"> <p> This site requires JavaScript for certain functions and interactions to work. Please turn on JavaScript for the best possible experience.</p> </div> </noscript> <div class="hdr-ad"> <div class="row--ad">  <div id='div-gpt-ad-1597745819096-0' class="csw-ad"> <script> googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.display('div-gpt-ad-1597745819096-0'); }); </script> </div> </div> </div> <div class="hdr-top">  <div class="hdr-topRight"> <div class="hdr-register"> <a href="/more/newsletter-registration.htm" class="hdr-reg">Register for our newsletter</a> </div> <div class="burger"> <div class="hamburger"> <span></span> </div> <div class="b-label">Menu</div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="hdr-main"> <div class="hdr-social"> <a href="https://www.facebook.com/civilserviceworld" target="_blank" class="icon icon--facebook"></a> <a href="https://x.com/CSWnews" target="_blank" class="icon icon--x"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" shape-rendering="geometricPrecision" text-rendering="geometricPrecision" image-rendering="optimizeQuality" fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" viewBox="0 0 512 462.799"><path fill-rule="nonzero" d="M403.229 0h78.506L310.219 196.04 512 462.799H354.002L230.261 301.007 88.669 462.799h-78.56l183.455-209.683L0 0h161.999l111.856 147.88L403.229 0zm-27.556 415.805h43.505L138.363 44.527h-46.68l283.99 371.278z"/></svg> </a> <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/company/civil-service-world" target="_blank" class="icon icon--linkedIn"></a> </div> <a href="/" class="logo hideText">Civil Service World</a> <div class="hdr-promo"> <div class="promo-text"> <p class="oswald">Register for<br>our newsletter</p> <a href="/more/newsletter-registration.htm" class="btn btn--xsmall" >Register</a> </div> <div class="promo-img"> <img alt="Register" src="/ugc-1/uploads/pageblocks/6193/96d561fb82ad85233ce7797799fb8479.jpg"> </div> </div> </div> <div class="hdr-nav"> <div class="nav-main"> <nav class="menu"> <ul><li><a href="/" title="Civil service, Westminster, Whitehall news & analysis for civil servants | Civil Service World maga"><span>Home</span></a></li><li class="noSub liHasChildren"><a href="/news.htm" title="News | Civil Service | Civil Service World magazine"><span>News</span></a><ul><li><a href="/news/brexit.htm" title="Brexit news for those working in the Civil Service | Civil Service World magazine"><span>Brexit</span></a></li><li><a href="/news/civil-service-reform.htm" title="Civil Service Reform news for those working in the Civil Service | Civil Service World magazine"><span>Civil Service Reform</span></a></li><li><a href="/news/coronavirus.htm" title="Latest Coronavirus news for those working in the Civil Service | Civil Service World magazine"><span>Coronavirus</span></a></li><li><a href="/news/defence.htm" title="Security & Defence news for those working in the Civil Service | Civil Service World magazine"><span>Security & Defence</span></a></li><li><a href="/news/economy.htm" title="News about the Economy for those working in the Civil Service | Civil Service World magazine"><span>Economy</span></a></li><li><a href="/news/education.htm" title="News on Education specific for those working in the Civil Service | Civil Service World magazine"><span>Education</span></a></li><li><a href="/news/energy-environment.htm" title="Energy & Environment news for those working in the Civil Service | Civil Service World magazine"><span>Energy & Environment</span></a></li><li><a href="/news/foreign-affairs.htm" title="Foreign Affairs news for those working in the Civil Service | Civil Service World magazine"><span>Foreign Affairs</span></a></li><li><a href="/news/health-social-care.htm" title="Health & Social Care news for those working in the Civil Service | Civil Service World magazine"><span>Health & Social Care</span></a></li><li><a href="/news/justice-home-affairs.htm" title="Justice & Home Affairs news for those working in the Civil Service | Civil Service World magazine"><span>Justice & Home Affairs</span></a></li><li><a href="/news/leadership.htm" title="Leadership news for those working in the Civil Service | Civil Service World magazine"><span>Leadership</span></a></li><li><a href="/news/culture.htm" title="News on Culture for those working in the Civil Service | Civil Service World magazine"><span>Culture</span></a></li><li><a href="/news/local-devolved.htm" title="Local & Devolved news for those working in the Civil Service | Civil Service World magazine"><span>Local & Devolved</span></a></li><li><a href="/news/politics-constitution.htm" title="Politics & Constitutional news for those working in the Civil Service | Civil Service World magazin"><span>Politics & Constitution</span></a></li><li><a href="/news/transport.htm" title="Transport news for those working in the Civil Service | Civil Service World magazine"><span>Transport</span></a></li></ul></li><li><a href="/comment.htm" title="Comment, analysis and opinion on the Civil Service | Civil Service World magazine"><span>Comment</span></a></li><li><a href="/in-depth.htm" title="In Depth articles from the Civil Service | Civil Service World magazine"><span>In Depth</span></a></li><li class="noSub liHasChildren liOn"><a href="/professions.htm" class="on" title="Articles by Professions within the Civil Service | Civil Service World magazine"><span>Professions</span></a><ul><li><a href="/professions/analysis.htm" title="Analysis news within Civil Service | Civil Service World magazine"><span>Analysis</span></a></li><li><a href="/professions/commercial.htm" title="Commercial news within Civil Service | Civil Service World magazine"><span>Commercial</span></a></li><li><a href="/professions/digital-data-technology.htm" title="Digital, Data & Technology news within Civil Service | Civil Service World magazine"><span>Digital, Data & Technology</span></a></li><li><a href="/professions/operational-delivery.htm" title="Operational Delivery news within Civil Service | Civil Service World magazine"><span>Operational Delivery</span></a></li><li><a href="/professions/fraud-error-debt-grants.htm" title="Fraud, Error Debt & Grants news with the Civil Service | Civil Service World magazine"><span>Fraud, Error Debt & Grants</span></a></li><li><a href="/professions/hr.htm" title="HR news within the Civil Service | Civil Service World magazine"><span>HR</span></a></li><li><a href="/professions/legal.htm" title="Legal news related to Civil Service | Civil Service World magazine"><span>Legal</span></a></li><li><a href="/professions/project-delivery.htm" title="Project Delivery news for those working in the Civil Service | Civil Service World magazine"><span>Project Delivery</span></a></li><li><a href="/professions/property-estates.htm" title="Property & Estates news for those working in the Civil Service | Civil Service World magazine"><span>Property & Estates</span></a></li><li><a href="/professions/communications.htm" title="Communications news for those working in the Civil Service | Civil Service World magazine"><span>Communications</span></a></li><li><a href="/professions/finance.htm" title="Finance news for those working in the Civil Service | Civil Service World magazine"><span>Finance</span></a></li><li class="liOn"><a href="/professions/economics.htm" class="on" title="Economics news for those working in the Civil Service | Civil Service World magazine"><span>Economics</span></a></li><li><a href="/professions/planning.htm" title="Planning news for those working in the Civil Service | Civil Service World magazine"><span>Planning</span></a></li><li><a href="/professions/science-engineering.htm" title="Science & Engineering news for those working in the Civil Service | Civil Service World magazine"><span>Science & Engineering</span></a></li><li><a href="/professions/statistics.htm" title="Statistics news for those working in the Civil Service | Civil Service World magazine"><span>Statistics</span></a></li><li><a href="/professions/government-tax-profession.htm" title="Government Tax Profession news for those working in the Civil Service | Civil Service World magazin"><span>Government Tax Profession</span></a></li><li><a href="/professions/internal-audit.htm" title="Internal Audit news for those working in the Civil Service | Civil Service World magazine"><span>Internal Audit</span></a></li><li><a href="/professions/knowledge-information-management.htm" title="Knowledge & Information Management news | Civil Service World magazine"><span>Knowledge & Information Management</span></a></li><li><a href="/professions/medical.htm" title="Latest Medical news for those working in the Civil Service | Civil Service World magazine"><span>Medical</span></a></li><li><a href="/professions/policy.htm" title="Policy news for those working in the Civil Service | Civil Service World magazine"><span>Policy</span></a></li></ul></li><li><a href="/counter-fraud-zone.htm" title="Counter Fraud Zone"><span>Counter Fraud Zone</span></a></li><li class="navDisableClick navMobToggle liHasChildren"><a href="/events.htm" title="Upcoming Events | Civil Service World magazine"><span>Events</span></a><ul><li><a href="/events/upcoming-events.htm" title="Upcoming Events | Civil Service World magazine"><span>Upcoming Events</span></a></li><li><a href="/events/watch-on-demand.htm" title="Watch On-Demand | Civil Service World magazine"><span>Watch On Demand</span></a></li></ul></li><li><a href="/resources.htm" title="Resources available | Civil Service World magazine"><span>Resources</span></a></li><li class="navDisableClick navMobToggle liHasChildren"><a href="/more.htm" title="More | Civil Service World magazine"><span>More</span></a><ul><li><a href="/more/permanent-secretaries-roundup.htm" title="Permanent Secretaries Roundup"><span>Permanent Secretaries Roundup</span></a></li><li><a href="/more/training-hub.htm" title="Training Hub"><span>Public Sector Training Hub</span></a></li><li><a href="/more/awards.htm" title="Civil Service Awards within the Civil Service community | Civil Service World magazine"><span>Civil Service Awards</span></a></li><li><a href="/more/write-for-us.htm" title="Write for us at CSW | Civil Service World magazine"><span>Write for us</span></a></li><li class="external"><a href="https://www.civilserviceworld.com/magazine.htm" title="Civil Service World - e-Version | Civil Service World magazine"><span>e-Version</span></a></li><li><a href="/more/commercial-opportunities.htm" title="Commercial Opportunities through CSW | Civil Service World magazine"><span>Commercial Opportunities</span></a></li><li><a href="/more/newsletter-registration.htm" title="Newsletter registration | Civil Service World magazine"><span>Newsletter registration</span></a></li><li><a href="/more/podcasts.htm" title="The Civil Service World Podcast | Civil Service World magazine"><span>Podcasts</span></a></li><li><a href="/more/contact-us.htm" title="Contact Us | Civil Service World mmagazine"><span>Contact Us</span></a></li><li><a href="/more/about-csw.htm" title="About the Civil Service World magazine | Civil Service World magazine"><span>About CSW</span></a></li><li><a href="/members/directory.htm" title="Members Directory"><span>Members Directory</span></a></li></ul></li></ul> </nav> <div class="nav-search icon icon--search"><span>Search</span></div> </div> <div class="nav-sub"> <nav class="greedy-nav"> <ul class="nav level2"><li class=""><a href="/professions/analysis.htm" title="Analysis news within Civil Service | Civil Service World magazine"><span>Analysis</span></a> </li><li class=""><a href="/professions/commercial.htm" title="Commercial news within Civil Service | Civil Service World magazine"><span>Commercial</span></a> </li><li class=""><a href="/professions/digital-data-technology.htm" title="Digital, Data & Technology news within Civil Service | Civil Service World magazine"><span>Digital, Data & Technology</span></a> </li><li class=""><a href="/professions/operational-delivery.htm" title="Operational Delivery news within Civil Service | Civil Service World magazine"><span>Operational Delivery</span></a> </li><li class=""><a href="/professions/fraud-error-debt-grants.htm" title="Fraud, Error Debt & Grants news with the Civil Service | Civil Service World magazine"><span>Fraud, Error Debt & Grants</span></a> </li><li class=""><a href="/professions/hr.htm" title="HR news within the Civil Service | Civil Service World magazine"><span>HR</span></a> </li><li class=""><a href="/professions/legal.htm" title="Legal news related to Civil Service | Civil Service World magazine"><span>Legal</span></a> </li><li class=""><a href="/professions/project-delivery.htm" title="Project Delivery news for those working in the Civil Service | Civil Service World magazine"><span>Project Delivery</span></a> </li><li class=""><a href="/professions/property-estates.htm" title="Property & Estates news for those working in the Civil Service | Civil Service World magazine"><span>Property & Estates</span></a> </li><li class=""><a href="/professions/communications.htm" title="Communications news for those working in the Civil Service | Civil Service World magazine"><span>Communications</span></a> </li><li class=""><a href="/professions/finance.htm" title="Finance news for those working in the Civil Service | Civil Service World magazine"><span>Finance</span></a> </li><li class="on"><a href="/professions/economics.htm" title="Economics news for those working in the Civil Service | Civil Service World magazine"><span>Economics</span></a> </li><li class=""><a href="/professions/planning.htm" title="Planning news for those working in the Civil Service | Civil Service World magazine"><span>Planning</span></a> </li><li class=""><a href="/professions/science-engineering.htm" title="Science & Engineering news for those working in the Civil Service | Civil Service World magazine"><span>Science & Engineering</span></a> </li><li class=""><a href="/professions/statistics.htm" title="Statistics news for those working in the Civil Service | Civil Service World magazine"><span>Statistics</span></a> </li><li class=""><a href="/professions/government-tax-profession.htm" title="Government Tax Profession news for those working in the Civil Service | Civil Service World magazin"><span>Government Tax Profession</span></a> </li><li class=""><a href="/professions/internal-audit.htm" title="Internal Audit news for those working in the Civil Service | Civil Service World magazine"><span>Internal Audit</span></a> </li><li class=""><a href="/professions/knowledge-information-management.htm" title="Knowledge & Information Management news | Civil Service World magazine"><span>Knowledge & Information Management</span></a> </li><li class=""><a href="/professions/medical.htm" title="Latest Medical news for those working in the Civil Service | Civil Service World magazine"><span>Medical</span></a> </li><li class=""><a href="/professions/policy.htm" title="Policy news for those working in the Civil Service | Civil Service World magazine"><span>Policy</span></a> </li></ul> <ul class="hidden-links hidden"></ul> <div class="gn-more"> <span class="icon icon--minusSlim">More</span> </div> </nav> </div> <div class="nav-bottom"> <div class="nav-social"> <p>Follow us:</p> <a href="https://www.facebook.com/civilserviceworld" target="_blank" class="icon icon--facebook"></a> <a href="https://x.com/CSWnews" target="_blank" class="icon icon--x"> <svg viewBox="0 0 14 12" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xml:space="preserve" style="fill-rule:evenodd;clip-rule:evenodd;stroke-linejoin:round;stroke-miterlimit:2"><path d="M11.026 0h2.146L8.483 5.083 14 12H9.68L6.296 7.805 2.425 12H.276l5.017-5.437L0 0h4.43l3.058 3.834L11.026 0Zm-.754 10.781h1.19L3.783 1.155H2.507l7.765 9.626Z" style="fill-rule:nonzero"/></svg> </a> <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/company/civil-service-world" target="_blank" class="icon icon--linkedIn"></a> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="sticky-header clearFix"> <a class="logo-sticky" href="/"> <img src="/_img/logo-sticky.svg" /> </a> <nav class="sticky-nav"> <ul><li><a href="/" title="Civil service, Westminster, Whitehall news & analysis for civil servants | Civil Service World maga"><span>Home</span></a></li><li class="noSub liHasChildren"><a href="/news.htm" title="News | Civil Service | Civil Service World magazine"><span>News</span></a><ul><li><a href="/news/brexit.htm" title="Brexit news for those working in the Civil Service | Civil Service World magazine"><span>Brexit</span></a></li><li><a href="/news/civil-service-reform.htm" title="Civil Service Reform news for those working in the Civil Service | Civil Service World magazine"><span>Civil Service Reform</span></a></li><li><a href="/news/coronavirus.htm" title="Latest Coronavirus news for those working in the Civil Service | Civil Service World magazine"><span>Coronavirus</span></a></li><li><a href="/news/defence.htm" title="Security & Defence news for those working in the Civil Service | Civil Service World magazine"><span>Security & Defence</span></a></li><li><a href="/news/economy.htm" title="News about the Economy for those working in the Civil Service | Civil Service World magazine"><span>Economy</span></a></li><li><a href="/news/education.htm" title="News on Education specific for those working in the Civil Service | Civil Service World magazine"><span>Education</span></a></li><li><a href="/news/energy-environment.htm" title="Energy & Environment news for those working in the Civil Service | Civil Service World magazine"><span>Energy & Environment</span></a></li><li><a href="/news/foreign-affairs.htm" title="Foreign Affairs news for those working in the Civil Service | Civil Service World magazine"><span>Foreign Affairs</span></a></li><li><a href="/news/health-social-care.htm" title="Health & Social Care news for those working in the Civil Service | Civil Service World magazine"><span>Health & Social Care</span></a></li><li><a href="/news/justice-home-affairs.htm" title="Justice & Home Affairs news for those working in the Civil Service | Civil Service World magazine"><span>Justice & Home Affairs</span></a></li><li><a href="/news/leadership.htm" title="Leadership news for those working in the Civil Service | Civil Service World magazine"><span>Leadership</span></a></li><li><a href="/news/culture.htm" title="News on Culture for those working in the Civil Service | Civil Service World magazine"><span>Culture</span></a></li><li><a href="/news/local-devolved.htm" title="Local & Devolved news for those working in the Civil Service | Civil Service World magazine"><span>Local & Devolved</span></a></li><li><a href="/news/politics-constitution.htm" title="Politics & Constitutional news for those working in the Civil Service | Civil Service World magazin"><span>Politics & Constitution</span></a></li><li><a href="/news/transport.htm" title="Transport news for those working in the Civil Service | Civil Service World magazine"><span>Transport</span></a></li></ul></li><li><a href="/comment.htm" title="Comment, analysis and opinion on the Civil Service | Civil Service World magazine"><span>Comment</span></a></li><li><a href="/in-depth.htm" title="In Depth articles from the Civil Service | Civil Service World magazine"><span>In Depth</span></a></li><li class="noSub liHasChildren liOn"><a href="/professions.htm" class="on" title="Articles by Professions within the Civil Service | Civil Service World magazine"><span>Professions</span></a><ul><li><a href="/professions/analysis.htm" title="Analysis news within Civil Service | Civil Service World magazine"><span>Analysis</span></a></li><li><a href="/professions/commercial.htm" title="Commercial news within Civil Service | Civil Service World magazine"><span>Commercial</span></a></li><li><a href="/professions/digital-data-technology.htm" title="Digital, Data & Technology news within Civil Service | Civil Service World magazine"><span>Digital, Data & Technology</span></a></li><li><a href="/professions/operational-delivery.htm" title="Operational Delivery news within Civil Service | Civil Service World magazine"><span>Operational Delivery</span></a></li><li><a href="/professions/fraud-error-debt-grants.htm" title="Fraud, Error Debt & Grants news with the Civil Service | Civil Service World magazine"><span>Fraud, Error Debt & Grants</span></a></li><li><a href="/professions/hr.htm" title="HR news within the Civil Service | Civil Service World magazine"><span>HR</span></a></li><li><a href="/professions/legal.htm" title="Legal news related to Civil Service | Civil Service World magazine"><span>Legal</span></a></li><li><a href="/professions/project-delivery.htm" title="Project Delivery news for those working in the Civil Service | Civil Service World magazine"><span>Project Delivery</span></a></li><li><a href="/professions/property-estates.htm" title="Property & Estates news for those working in the Civil Service | Civil Service World magazine"><span>Property & Estates</span></a></li><li><a href="/professions/communications.htm" title="Communications news for those working in the Civil Service | Civil Service World magazine"><span>Communications</span></a></li><li><a href="/professions/finance.htm" title="Finance news for those working in the Civil Service | Civil Service World magazine"><span>Finance</span></a></li><li class="liOn"><a href="/professions/economics.htm" class="on" title="Economics news for those working in the Civil Service | Civil Service World magazine"><span>Economics</span></a></li><li><a href="/professions/planning.htm" title="Planning news for those working in the Civil Service | Civil Service World magazine"><span>Planning</span></a></li><li><a href="/professions/science-engineering.htm" title="Science & Engineering news for those working in the Civil Service | Civil Service World magazine"><span>Science & Engineering</span></a></li><li><a href="/professions/statistics.htm" title="Statistics news for those working in the Civil Service | Civil Service World magazine"><span>Statistics</span></a></li><li><a href="/professions/government-tax-profession.htm" title="Government Tax Profession news for those working in the Civil Service | Civil Service World magazin"><span>Government Tax Profession</span></a></li><li><a href="/professions/internal-audit.htm" title="Internal Audit news for those working in the Civil Service | Civil Service World magazine"><span>Internal Audit</span></a></li><li><a href="/professions/knowledge-information-management.htm" title="Knowledge & Information Management news | Civil Service World magazine"><span>Knowledge & Information Management</span></a></li><li><a href="/professions/medical.htm" title="Latest Medical news for those working in the Civil Service | Civil Service World magazine"><span>Medical</span></a></li><li><a href="/professions/policy.htm" title="Policy news for those working in the Civil Service | Civil Service World magazine"><span>Policy</span></a></li></ul></li><li><a href="/counter-fraud-zone.htm" title="Counter Fraud Zone"><span>Counter Fraud Zone</span></a></li><li class="navDisableClick navMobToggle liHasChildren"><a href="/events.htm" title="Upcoming Events | Civil Service World magazine"><span>Events</span></a><ul><li><a href="/events/upcoming-events.htm" title="Upcoming Events | Civil Service World magazine"><span>Upcoming Events</span></a></li><li><a href="/events/watch-on-demand.htm" title="Watch On-Demand | Civil Service World magazine"><span>Watch On Demand</span></a></li></ul></li><li><a href="/resources.htm" title="Resources available | Civil Service World magazine"><span>Resources</span></a></li><li class="navDisableClick navMobToggle liHasChildren"><a href="/more.htm" title="More | Civil Service World magazine"><span>More</span></a><ul><li><a href="/more/permanent-secretaries-roundup.htm" title="Permanent Secretaries Roundup"><span>Permanent Secretaries Roundup</span></a></li><li><a href="/more/training-hub.htm" title="Training Hub"><span>Public Sector Training Hub</span></a></li><li><a href="/more/awards.htm" title="Civil Service Awards within the Civil Service community | Civil Service World magazine"><span>Civil Service Awards</span></a></li><li><a href="/more/write-for-us.htm" title="Write for us at CSW | Civil Service World magazine"><span>Write for us</span></a></li><li class="external"><a href="https://www.civilserviceworld.com/magazine.htm" title="Civil Service World - e-Version | Civil Service World magazine"><span>e-Version</span></a></li><li><a href="/more/commercial-opportunities.htm" title="Commercial Opportunities through CSW | Civil Service World magazine"><span>Commercial Opportunities</span></a></li><li><a href="/more/newsletter-registration.htm" title="Newsletter registration | Civil Service World magazine"><span>Newsletter registration</span></a></li><li><a href="/more/podcasts.htm" title="The Civil Service World Podcast | Civil Service World magazine"><span>Podcasts</span></a></li><li><a href="/more/contact-us.htm" title="Contact Us | Civil Service World mmagazine"><span>Contact Us</span></a></li><li><a href="/more/about-csw.htm" title="About the Civil Service World magazine | Civil Service World magazine"><span>About CSW</span></a></li><li><a href="/members/directory.htm" title="Members Directory"><span>Members Directory</span></a></li></ul></li></ul> </nav> <div class="sticky-srch"></div> <div class="burger"> <div class="hamburger"> <span></span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="search-overlay"> <div id="hdr_pnlSearch" class="hdr-searchBar" onkeypress="javascript:return WebForm_FireDefaultButton(event, 'hdr_btnSearch')"> <input name="ctl00$hdr$txtSearch" type="text" id="hdr_txtSearch" class="text sb-keyword" placeholder="Enter keyword/s" /> <input type="submit" name="ctl00$hdr$btnSearch" value="Search" id="hdr_btnSearch" class="btn btn--medium sb-btn" /> </div> <span class="search-close icon icon--close"></span> </div> <main> <div class="template template--1col "> <div class="title-bar "> <div class="container"> <div class="tb-title-tagline"> <h1 class="tb-title"> Economics </h1> <div class="tb-tagline arvo"> Keep up-to-date with the latest Economics news from Civil Service World </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="main-content"> <div class="container"> <div class="row"> <div class="fp flx flx--wr"> <div class="fp-main "> <div class="news-item clearFix"> <div class="ni-image"> <a href="/professions/article/barton-fcdo-needs-new-funding-model"> <img data-src="/siteimg/feat-panel-main/ugc-1/fullnews/news/29757/32772_original.jpg" class=" lazyload" alt="Barton: FCDO needs new funding model"> </a> </div> <div class="ni-content flx flx--col flx--jc"> <div class="ni-meta"> <span class="ni-date">19 Nov</span> <span class="ni-cat"><a href="/professions/economics">Economics</a></span> </div> <a href="/professions/article/barton-fcdo-needs-new-funding-model"> <h2>Barton: FCDO needs new funding model</h2> <div class="ni-summary">Department will require hundreds of millions of pounds more after 2026-27, perm sec says</div> </a> <div class="ni-author">by <a href="/news/author/tevye-markson">Tevye Markson</a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="fp-list flx flx--wr clearFix"> <div class="news-item flx flx--ai flx--wr"> <div class="ni-image"> <a href="/professions/article/budget-15-realterms-increase-to-spending-but-some-departments-lose-out"> <img data-src="/siteimg/feat-panel-thumb/ugc-1/fullnews/news/29687/32696_original.jpg" class=" lazyload" alt="Budget: Departments' day-to-day spending to rise 1.5% in real terms"> </a> </div> <div class="ni-content"> <div class="ni-meta"> <span class="ni-date">30 Oct</span> <span class="ni-cat"><a href="/professions/economics">Economics</a></span> </div> <div class="ni-title"> <a href="/professions/article/budget-15-realterms-increase-to-spending-but-some-departments-lose-out">Budget: Departments' day-to-day spending to rise 1.5% in real terms</a> </div> </div> </div><div class="news-item flx flx--ai flx--wr"> <div class="ni-image"> <a href="/professions/article/evidencing-the-value-of-health-is-the-key-to-uniting-health-and-growth"> <img data-src="/siteimg/feat-panel-thumb/ugc-1/fullnews/news/29629/32632_original.jpg" class=" lazyload" alt="Evidencing the value of health is the key to uniting health and growth"> </a> </div> <div class="ni-content"> <div class="ni-meta"> <span class="ni-date">15 Oct</span> <span class="ni-cat"><a href="/professions/economics">Economics</a></span> </div> <div class="ni-title"> <a href="/professions/article/evidencing-the-value-of-health-is-the-key-to-uniting-health-and-growth">Evidencing the value of health is the key to uniting health and growth</a> </div> </div> </div><div class="news-item flx flx--ai flx--wr"> <div class="ni-image"> <a href="/professions/article/torsten-bell-great-britain-book-review-resolution-foundation-labour"> <img data-src="/siteimg/feat-panel-thumb/ugc-1/fullnews/news/29415/32460_original.jpg" class=" lazyload" alt="Book review: Torsten Bell's well-evidenced argument might appeal to think tank economists, but will it convince ministers?"> </a> </div> <div class="ni-content"> <div class="ni-meta"> <span class="ni-date">05 Sep</span> <span class="ni-cat"><a href="/professions/economics">Economics</a></span> </div> <div class="ni-title"> <a href="/professions/article/torsten-bell-great-britain-book-review-resolution-foundation-labour">Book review: Torsten Bell's well-evidenced argument might appeal to think tank economists, but will it convince ministers?</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row row--ad row--anchor">  <div id='div-gpt-ad-1597745819096-1' class="csw-ad"> <script> googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.display('div-gpt-ad-1597745819096-1'); }); </script> </div> </div> <div class="row "> <div class=""> <div class="news-list news-list--x4 "><div class="news-item"> <div class="ni-image"> <a href="/professions/article/hmt-acted-within-the-law-bowler-defends-officials-over-spring-budget-preparations"> <img data-src="/siteimg/list-x-four/ugc-1/fullnews/news/29714/32727_original.jpg" class=" lazyload" alt="'The Treasury acted within the law’: Bowler defends officials over Spring Budget preparations"> </a> </div> <div class="ni-content"> <div class="ni-meta"> <span class="ni-date">07 Nov</span> <span class="ni-cat"><a href="/professions/economics">Economics</a></span> </div> <div class="ni-title h3"> <a href="/professions/article/hmt-acted-within-the-law-bowler-defends-officials-over-spring-budget-preparations">'The Treasury acted within the law’: Bowler defends officials over Spring Budget preparations</a> </div> <div class="ni-desc"> <a href="/professions/article/hmt-acted-within-the-law-bowler-defends-officials-over-spring-budget-preparations"> Perm sec says previous budget framework put more onus on OBR to ask questions than HMT to provide information on its own initiative </a> </div> </div> </div><div class="news-item"> <div class="ni-image"> <a href="/professions/article/reeves-budget-fiscal-rule-reform-public-sector-net-worth-debt-ippr-report"> <img data-src="/siteimg/list-x-four/ugc-1/fullnews/news/29602/32594_original.jpg" class=" lazyload" alt="Budget: No.10 says it will stick with fiscal rules"> </a> </div> <div class="ni-content"> <div class="ni-meta"> <span class="ni-date">08 Oct</span> <span class="ni-cat"><a href="/professions/economics">Economics</a></span> </div> <div class="ni-title h3"> <a href="/professions/article/reeves-budget-fiscal-rule-reform-public-sector-net-worth-debt-ippr-report">Budget: No.10 says it will stick with fiscal rules</a> </div> <div class="ni-desc"> <a href="/professions/article/reeves-budget-fiscal-rule-reform-public-sector-net-worth-debt-ippr-report"> Confirmation of commitment to rules comes as IPPR report suggests reforming them could unlock £57bn of spending </a> </div> </div> </div><div class="news-item"> <div class="ni-image"> <a href="/professions/article/reeves-pledges-real-terms-increase-government-spending-labour-party-conference"> <img data-src="/siteimg/list-x-four/ugc-1/fullnews/news/29546/32525_original.jpg" class=" lazyload" alt="Chancellor pledges real-terms increase to government spending"> </a> </div> <div class="ni-content"> <div class="ni-meta"> <span class="ni-date">23 Sep</span> <span class="ni-cat"><a href="/professions/economics">Economics</a></span> </div> <div class="ni-title h3"> <a href="/professions/article/reeves-pledges-real-terms-increase-government-spending-labour-party-conference">Chancellor pledges real-terms increase to government spending</a> </div> <div class="ni-desc"> <a href="/professions/article/reeves-pledges-real-terms-increase-government-spending-labour-party-conference"> But Reeves does not rule out cuts to individual departments' budgets over the course of this parliament </a> </div> </div> </div><div class="news-item"> <div class="ni-image"> <a href="/professions/article/reeves-budget-cutting-public-spending-damage-foundations-economy"> <img data-src="/siteimg/list-x-four/ugc-1/fullnews/news/29517/32503_original.jpg" class=" lazyload" alt="Cutting public spending would 'damage foundations of the economy', Reeves warned"> </a> </div> <div class="ni-content"> <div class="ni-meta"> <span class="ni-date">16 Sep</span> <span class="ni-cat"><a href="/professions/economics">Economics</a></span> </div> <div class="ni-title h3"> <a href="/professions/article/reeves-budget-cutting-public-spending-damage-foundations-economy">Cutting public spending would 'damage foundations of the economy', Reeves warned</a> </div> <div class="ni-desc"> <a href="/professions/article/reeves-budget-cutting-public-spending-damage-foundations-economy"> Former cabinet secretary Lord O'Donnell among economists who have urged the chancellor to update fiscal rules instead </a> </div> </div> </div><div class="news-item"> <div class="ni-image"> <a href="/professions/article/reeves-departments-billions-pounds-savings-autumn-budget"> <img data-src="/siteimg/list-x-four/ugc-1/fullnews/news/29451/32434_original.jpg" class=" lazyload" alt="Reeves tells departments to find billions of pounds in savings ahead of Budget"> </a> </div> <div class="ni-content"> <div class="ni-meta"> <span class="ni-date">29 Aug</span> <span class="ni-cat"><a href="/professions/economics">Economics</a></span> </div> <div class="ni-title h3"> <a href="/professions/article/reeves-departments-billions-pounds-savings-autumn-budget">Reeves tells departments to find billions of pounds in savings ahead of Budget</a> </div> <div class="ni-desc"> <a href="/professions/article/reeves-departments-billions-pounds-savings-autumn-budget"> Health and Education departments among those asked to make big savings ahead of October budget, according to reports </a> </div> </div> </div><div class="news-item"> <div class="ni-image"> <a href="/professions/article/reeves-efficiencies-drive-consultancy-spend-controls-speech"> <img data-src="/siteimg/list-x-four/ugc-1/fullnews/news/29333/32305_original.jpg" class=" lazyload" alt="Reeves to announce efficiencies drive and consultancy spend squeeze in major speech"> </a> </div> <div class="ni-content"> <div class="ni-meta"> <span class="ni-date">29 Jul</span> <span class="ni-cat"><a href="/professions/economics">Economics</a></span> </div> <div class="ni-title h3"> <a href="/professions/article/reeves-efficiencies-drive-consultancy-spend-controls-speech">Reeves to announce efficiencies drive and consultancy spend squeeze in major speech</a> </div> <div class="ni-desc"> <a href="/professions/article/reeves-efficiencies-drive-consultancy-spend-controls-speech"> Chancellor will set out reforms to "put an end to wasteful spending in government" and address £20bn black hole </a> </div> </div> </div><div class="news-item"> <div class="ni-image"> <a href="/professions/article/book-review-neil-lee-innovation-for-the-masses"> <img data-src="/siteimg/list-x-four/ugc-1/fullnews/news/29290/32255_original.jpg" class=" lazyload" alt="Book review: Neil Lee’s Innovation for the Masses is an ideal book for policymakers"> </a> </div> <div class="ni-content"> <div class="ni-meta"> <span class="ni-date">22 Jul</span> <span class="ni-cat"><a href="/professions/economics">Economics</a></span> </div> <div class="ni-title h3"> <a href="/professions/article/book-review-neil-lee-innovation-for-the-masses">Book review: Neil Lee’s Innovation for the Masses is an ideal book for policymakers</a> </div> <div class="ni-desc"> <a href="/professions/article/book-review-neil-lee-innovation-for-the-masses"> Can we drive innovation and also build greater equality? This solution-focused guide suggests so </a> </div> </div> </div><div class="news-item"> <div class="ni-image"> <a href="/professions/article/national-wealth-fund-uk-infrastructure-bank-british-business-bank"> <img data-src="/siteimg/list-x-four/ugc-1/fullnews/news/29257/32217_original.jpg" class=" lazyload" alt="National Wealth Fund to bring together existing bodies"> </a> </div> <div class="ni-content"> <div class="ni-meta"> <span class="ni-date">09 Jul</span> <span class="ni-cat"><a href="/professions/economics">Economics</a></span> </div> <div class="ni-title h3"> <a href="/professions/article/national-wealth-fund-uk-infrastructure-bank-british-business-bank">National Wealth Fund to bring together existing bodies</a> </div> <div class="ni-desc"> <a href="/professions/article/national-wealth-fund-uk-infrastructure-bank-british-business-bank"> UK Infrastructure Bank and the British Business Bank to be 'aligned' under investment plan </a> </div> </div> </div><div class="news-item"> <div class="ni-image"> <a href="/professions/article/ifs-says-civil-service-has-been-held-down-unbelievably"> <img data-src="/siteimg/list-x-four/ugc-1/fullnews/news/29208/32156_original.jpg" class=" lazyload" alt="IFS: Civil service pay has been ‘held down unbelievably’"> </a> </div> <div class="ni-content"> <div class="ni-meta"> <span class="ni-date">25 Jun</span> <span class="ni-cat"><a href="/professions/economics">Economics</a></span> </div> <div class="ni-title h3"> <a href="/professions/article/ifs-says-civil-service-has-been-held-down-unbelievably">IFS: Civil service pay has been ‘held down unbelievably’</a> </div> <div class="ni-desc"> <a href="/professions/article/ifs-says-civil-service-has-been-held-down-unbelievably"> Paul Johnson says pay for officials is just one example of why public service cuts will be so difficult to achieve for next government </a> </div> </div> </div><div class="news-item"> <div class="ni-image"> <a href="/professions/article/conservative-manifesto-silent-department-spending-cuts-ifs-resolution-foundation"> <img data-src="/siteimg/list-x-four/ugc-1/fullnews/news/29164/32110_original.jpg" class=" lazyload" alt="IFS: Conservative manifesto 'silent' on departmental spending cuts"> </a> </div> <div class="ni-content"> <div class="ni-meta"> <span class="ni-date">12 Jun</span> <span class="ni-cat"><a href="/professions/economics">Economics</a></span> </div> <div class="ni-title h3"> <a href="/professions/article/conservative-manifesto-silent-department-spending-cuts-ifs-resolution-foundation">IFS: Conservative manifesto 'silent' on departmental spending cuts</a> </div> <div class="ni-desc"> <a href="/professions/article/conservative-manifesto-silent-department-spending-cuts-ifs-resolution-foundation"> Think tank warns the party's plans signal "an even tougher time" for departments </a> </div> </div> </div><div class="news-item"> <div class="ni-image"> <a href="/professions/article/sunak-starmer-tax-claim-treasury-civil-servants-costed-labout-2000-claim"> <img data-src="/siteimg/list-x-four/ugc-1/fullnews/news/29138/32077_original.jpg" class=" lazyload" alt="Treasury perm sec warned ministers over Tory tax claim"> </a> </div> <div class="ni-content"> <div class="ni-meta"> <span class="ni-date">05 Jun</span> <span class="ni-cat"><a href="/professions/economics">Economics</a></span> </div> <div class="ni-title h3"> <a href="/professions/article/sunak-starmer-tax-claim-treasury-civil-servants-costed-labout-2000-claim">Treasury perm sec warned ministers over Tory tax claim</a> </div> <div class="ni-desc"> <a href="/professions/article/sunak-starmer-tax-claim-treasury-civil-servants-costed-labout-2000-claim"> James Bowler said ministers should not say a Conservative costing was produced by civil servants </a> </div> </div> </div><div class="news-item"> <div class="ni-image"> <a href="/professions/article/public-sector-productivity-drive-spending-pressures-ifs-report"> <img data-src="/siteimg/list-x-four/ugc-1/fullnews/news/29136/32072_original.jpg" class=" lazyload" alt="Public sector productivity drive 'unlikely to ease spending pressures', IFS warns"> </a> </div> <div class="ni-content"> <div class="ni-meta"> <span class="ni-date">04 Jun</span> <span class="ni-cat"><a href="/professions/economics">Economics</a></span> </div> <div class="ni-title h3"> <a href="/professions/article/public-sector-productivity-drive-spending-pressures-ifs-report">Public sector productivity drive 'unlikely to ease spending pressures', IFS warns</a> </div> <div class="ni-desc"> <a href="/professions/article/public-sector-productivity-drive-spending-pressures-ifs-report"> Institute for Fiscal Studies predicts reduced waiting lists and courts backlogs will come before budget savings </a> </div> </div> </div><div class="news-item"> <div class="ni-image"> <a href="/professions/article/scottish-government-announces-93-threeyear-pay-increase-for-civil-servants"> <img data-src="/siteimg/list-x-four/ugc-1/fullnews/news/29125/32058_original.jpg" class=" lazyload" alt="Scottish Government announces 9.3% three-year pay framework"> </a> </div> <div class="ni-content"> <div class="ni-meta"> <span class="ni-date">31 May</span> <span class="ni-cat"><a href="/professions/economics">Economics</a></span> </div> <div class="ni-title h3"> <a href="/professions/article/scottish-government-announces-93-threeyear-pay-increase-for-civil-servants">Scottish Government announces 9.3% three-year pay framework</a> </div> <div class="ni-desc"> <a href="/professions/article/scottish-government-announces-93-threeyear-pay-increase-for-civil-servants"> Finance minister says the public sector pay policy provides an above-inflation increase </a> </div> </div> </div><div class="news-item"> <div class="ni-image"> <a href="/professions/article/departments-face-uncharted-territory-because-of-spendingreview-uncertainty"> <img data-src="/siteimg/list-x-four/ugc-1/fullnews/news/29035/31962_original.jpg" class=" lazyload" alt="Departments face 'uncharted territory' because of spending review uncertainty"> </a> </div> <div class="ni-content"> <div class="ni-meta"> <span class="ni-date">03 May</span> <span class="ni-cat"><a href="/professions/economics">Economics</a></span> </div> <div class="ni-title h3"> <a href="/professions/article/departments-face-uncharted-territory-because-of-spendingreview-uncertainty">Departments face 'uncharted territory' because of spending review uncertainty</a> </div> <div class="ni-desc"> <a href="/professions/article/departments-face-uncharted-territory-because-of-spendingreview-uncertainty"> Civil servants must be resourced to begin full planning now, Institute for Government warns<br /> </a> </div> </div> </div><div class="news-item"> <div class="ni-image"> <a href="/professions/article/dwp-accused-of-cherrypicking-most-positive-scenario-in-lauding-economic-benefits-of-universal-credit"> <img data-src="/siteimg/list-x-four/ugc-1/fullnews/news/29016/31944_original.jpg" class=" lazyload" alt="MPs accuse DWP of 'cherry-picking' evidence on Universal Credit impact"> </a> </div> <div class="ni-content"> <div class="ni-meta"> <span class="ni-date">29 Apr</span> <span class="ni-cat"><a href="/professions/economics">Economics</a></span> </div> <div class="ni-title h3"> <a href="/professions/article/dwp-accused-of-cherrypicking-most-positive-scenario-in-lauding-economic-benefits-of-universal-credit">MPs accuse DWP of 'cherry-picking' evidence on Universal Credit impact</a> </div> <div class="ni-desc"> <a href="/professions/article/dwp-accused-of-cherrypicking-most-positive-scenario-in-lauding-economic-benefits-of-universal-credit"> Report says department has based its assessment of the impact UC to the labour market on "the most positive scenario" </a> </div> </div> </div><div class="news-item"> <div class="ni-image"> <a href="/in-depth/article/productivity-puzzle-corner-can-you-dig-it"> <img data-src="/siteimg/list-x-four/ugc-1/fullnews/news/28992/31916_original.jpg" class=" lazyload" alt="Productivity puzzle corner: Can you dig it?"> </a> </div> <div class="ni-content"> <div class="ni-meta"> <span class="ni-date">22 Apr</span> <span class="ni-cat"><a href="/professions/economics">Economics</a></span> </div> <div class="ni-title h3"> <a href="/in-depth/article/productivity-puzzle-corner-can-you-dig-it">Productivity puzzle corner: Can you dig it?</a> </div> <div class="ni-desc"> <a href="/in-depth/article/productivity-puzzle-corner-can-you-dig-it"> In this third instalment of this series on public sector productivity it’s time to turn to some definitions. Which are very simple. And very, very, complicated </a> </div> </div> </div><div class="news-item"> <div class="ni-image"> <a href="/professions/article/debt-management-office-picks-replacement-for-20year-chief"> <img data-src="/siteimg/list-x-four/ugc-1/fullnews/news/28983/31909_original.jpg" class=" lazyload" alt="Debt Management Office appoints first female chief exec"> </a> </div> <div class="ni-content"> <div class="ni-meta"> <span class="ni-date">18 Apr</span> <span class="ni-cat"><a href="/professions/economics">Economics</a></span> </div> <div class="ni-title h3"> <a href="/professions/article/debt-management-office-picks-replacement-for-20year-chief">Debt Management Office appoints first female chief exec</a> </div> <div class="ni-desc"> <a href="/professions/article/debt-management-office-picks-replacement-for-20year-chief"> Chancellor says Jessica Pulay is "held in the highest regard on the international stage" </a> </div> </div> </div><div class="news-item"> <div class="ni-image"> <a href="/in-depth/article/ben-cropper-on-challenging-perceptions-and-crossing-disciplinary-barriers"> <img data-src="/siteimg/list-x-four/ugc-1/fullnews/news/28929/31841_original.jpg" class=" lazyload" alt="'What does it take to do my job well? A curious, analytical mindset': DBT's Ben Cropper on challenging perceptions and crossing disciplinary barriers"> </a> </div> <div class="ni-content"> <div class="ni-meta"> <span class="ni-date">02 Apr</span> <span class="ni-cat"><a href="/professions/economics">Economics</a></span> </div> <div class="ni-title h3"> <a href="/in-depth/article/ben-cropper-on-challenging-perceptions-and-crossing-disciplinary-barriers">'What does it take to do my job well? A curious, analytical mindset': DBT's Ben Cropper on challenging perceptions and crossing disciplinary barriers</a> </div> <div class="ni-desc"> <a href="/in-depth/article/ben-cropper-on-challenging-perceptions-and-crossing-disciplinary-barriers"> CSW meets Ben Cropper, director of analysis and chief economist at the Department for Business and Trade </a> </div> </div> </div><div class="news-item"> <div class="ni-image"> <a href="/in-depth/article/productivity-puzzle-corner-the-efficiency-wars-redux"> <img data-src="/siteimg/list-x-four/ugc-1/fullnews/news/28919/31826_original.jpg" class=" lazyload" alt="Productivity puzzle corner: The Efficiency Wars redux"> </a> </div> <div class="ni-content"> <div class="ni-meta"> <span class="ni-date">28 Mar</span> <span class="ni-cat"><a href="/professions/economics">Economics</a></span> </div> <div class="ni-title h3"> <a href="/in-depth/article/productivity-puzzle-corner-the-efficiency-wars-redux">Productivity puzzle corner: The Efficiency Wars redux</a> </div> <div class="ni-desc"> <a href="/in-depth/article/productivity-puzzle-corner-the-efficiency-wars-redux"> In a new series of articles, Professor Colin Talbot will explore public sector productivity in the UK. This issue is increasingly on the agenda of both main contenders as they vie to form the next government and is something that will likely occupy civil servants whoever wins </a> </div> </div> </div><div class="news-item"> <div class="ni-image"> <a href="/professions/article/treasury-cat-little-replacement-plans-second-perm-sec-beth-russell"> <img data-src="/siteimg/list-x-four/ugc-1/fullnews/news/28858/31754_original.jpg" class=" lazyload" alt="Treasury shakes up leadership as Cat Little departs"> </a> </div> <div class="ni-content"> <div class="ni-meta"> <span class="ni-date">13 Mar</span> <span class="ni-cat"><a href="/professions/economics">Economics</a></span> </div> <div class="ni-title h3"> <a href="/professions/article/treasury-cat-little-replacement-plans-second-perm-sec-beth-russell">Treasury shakes up leadership as Cat Little departs</a> </div> <div class="ni-desc"> <a href="/professions/article/treasury-cat-little-replacement-plans-second-perm-sec-beth-russell"> Beth Russell will take on new responsibilities while the Treasury considers recruiting a replacement second perm sec </a> </div> </div> </div><div class="news-item"> <div class="ni-image"> <a href="/professions/article/stats-watchdog-rebukes-treasury-minister-over-misleading-tax-cut-claim"> <img data-src="/siteimg/list-x-four/ugc-1/fullnews/news/28774/31660_original.jpg" class=" lazyload" alt="Stats watchdog rebukes Treasury minister over ‘misleading’ tax-cut claim"> </a> </div> <div class="ni-content"> <div class="ni-meta"> <span class="ni-date">20 Feb</span> <span class="ni-cat"><a href="/professions/economics">Economics</a></span> </div> <div class="ni-title h3"> <a href="/professions/article/stats-watchdog-rebukes-treasury-minister-over-misleading-tax-cut-claim">Stats watchdog rebukes Treasury minister over ‘misleading’ tax-cut claim</a> </div> <div class="ni-desc"> <a href="/professions/article/stats-watchdog-rebukes-treasury-minister-over-misleading-tax-cut-claim"> UKSA chair says comments claiming taxes for average earner have fallen by £1,000 could have misled the public </a> </div> </div> </div><div class="news-item"> <div class="ni-image"> <a href="/professions/article/northern-ireland-heading-for-1bn-overspend-with-fair-pay-award"> <img data-src="/siteimg/list-x-four/ugc-1/fullnews/news/28437/31271_original.jpg" class=" lazyload" alt="Northern Ireland heading for £1bn overspend"> </a> </div> <div class="ni-content"> <div class="ni-meta"> <span class="ni-date">10 Nov 2023</span> <span class="ni-cat"><a href="/professions/economics">Economics</a></span> </div> <div class="ni-title h3"> <a href="/professions/article/northern-ireland-heading-for-1bn-overspend-with-fair-pay-award">Northern Ireland heading for £1bn overspend</a> </div> <div class="ni-desc"> <a href="/professions/article/northern-ireland-heading-for-1bn-overspend-with-fair-pay-award"> 'Fair' public sector pay awards set to add £590m to overspend, Department of Finance perm sec says </a> </div> </div> </div><div class="news-item"> <div class="ni-image"> <a href="/professions/article/departments-facing-16-budget-cut-think-tank-warns"> <img data-src="/siteimg/list-x-four/ugc-1/fullnews/news/28419/31251_original.jpg" class=" lazyload" alt="Departments facing 16% real-terms budget cuts, think tank predicts"> </a> </div> <div class="ni-content"> <div class="ni-meta"> <span class="ni-date">06 Nov 2023</span> <span class="ni-cat"><a href="/professions/economics">Economics</a></span> </div> <div class="ni-title h3"> <a href="/professions/article/departments-facing-16-budget-cut-think-tank-warns">Departments facing 16% real-terms budget cuts, think tank predicts</a> </div> <div class="ni-desc"> <a href="/professions/article/departments-facing-16-budget-cut-think-tank-warns"> Such a big five-year drop in spending "looks completely undeliverable", Resolution Foundation research director says </a> </div> </div> </div><div class="news-item"> <div class="ni-image"> <a href="/professions/article/fast-stream-achieves-target-of-recruiting-50-stem-grads"> <img data-src="/siteimg/list-x-four/ugc-1/fullnews/news/28379/31206_original.jpg" class=" lazyload" alt="Fast Stream hits 50% STEM grads recruitment target"> </a> </div> <div class="ni-content"> <div class="ni-meta"> <span class="ni-date">26 Oct 2023</span> <span class="ni-cat"><a href="/professions/economics">Economics</a></span> </div> <div class="ni-title h3"> <a href="/professions/article/fast-stream-achieves-target-of-recruiting-50-stem-grads">Fast Stream hits 50% STEM grads recruitment target</a> </div> <div class="ni-desc"> <a href="/professions/article/fast-stream-achieves-target-of-recruiting-50-stem-grads"> Jeremy Quin says target is part of plan to "put innovation at the very core of policy making"<br /> </a> </div> </div> </div></div> <div class="paging"> <ul class="pagination"> <li class="on"> <a href="?news_pg=1" class="on">1</a> </li> <li class=""> <a href="?news_pg=2" class="">2</a> </li> <li class=""> <a href="?news_pg=3" class="">3</a> </li> <li class=""> <a href="?news_pg=4" class="">4</a> </li> <li class=""> <a href="?news_pg=5" class="">5</a> </li> <li class="next"> <a href="?news_pg=2" class="next">></a> </li> <li class="last"> <a href="?news_pg=32" class="last">>></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div><div class="row row--ad">  <div id='div-gpt-ad-1597745819096-2' class="csw-ad"> <script> googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.display('div-gpt-ad-1597745819096-2'); }); </script> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </main> <footer> <div class="container"> <div class="ftr-col ftr-col--left clearFix"> <div class="ftr-subsWrap"> <div class="h2">Exclusive insight into the world of the civil service</div> <div class="ftr-subs"> <a class="clearFix" href="/more/newsletter-registration.htm"> <div class="ftrs-img"> <img class="lazyload" data-src="/ugc-1/uploads/pageblocks/11/93f24420313820e47ec6866c214ff2bb.jpg" alt="Subscribe" > </div> <div class="ftrs-text"> <p>Access to:</p> <ul> <li>Monthly magazines</li> <li>Daily e-bulletins</li> <li>Podcasts</li> </ul> <p><span class="btn btn--xsmall">Register</span></p> </div> </a> </div> <div class="subs-popup subs-popup--membership"> <div class="subs-close"><span class="icon icon--subsClose">Close</span></div> <div class="h4 h4--sm">Sign up to the Civil Service World newsletter today!</div> <div><a href="/more/newsletter-registration.htm" class="btn btn--small">Find out more</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="ftr-social"> <div class="h3 nato">Follow us</div> <a href="https://www.facebook.com/civilserviceworld" target="_blank" class="icon icon--facebook"></a> <a href="https://x.com/CSWnews" target="_blank" class="icon icon--x"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" shape-rendering="geometricPrecision" text-rendering="geometricPrecision" image-rendering="optimizeQuality" fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" viewBox="0 0 512 462.799"><path fill-rule="nonzero" d="M403.229 0h78.506L310.219 196.04 512 462.799H354.002L230.261 301.007 88.669 462.799h-78.56l183.455-209.683L0 0h161.999l111.856 147.88L403.229 0zm-27.556 415.805h43.505L138.363 44.527h-46.68l283.99 371.278z"/></svg> </a> <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/company/civil-service-world" target="_blank" class="icon icon--linkedIn"></a> </div> <div class="ftr-copyWrap"> <p>Registered in England & Wales under No. 07291783</p> <p>© Political Holdings Limited <script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script></p> </div> </div> <div class="ftr-col ftr-col--right clearFix flx flx--wr"> <div class="ftr-subcol ftr-subcol--1"> <div class="h3 nato">Quick Links</div> <ul> <li><a href="/home.htm">Home</a></li> <li><a href="/news.htm">News</a></li> <li><a href="/comment.htm">Comment</a></li> <li><a href="/in-depth.htm">In Depth</a></li> <li><a href="/professions.htm">Professions</a></li> <li><a href="/events.htm">Events</a></li> <li><a href="/resources.htm">White Papers</a></li> <li><a href="/more/commercial-opportunities.htm">Commercial Opportunities</a></li> <li><a href="/more/contact-us.htm">Contact Us</a></li> </ul> <span class="icon icon--chevDown"></span> </div> <div class="ftr-subcol ftr-subcol--1"> <div class="h3 nato">Services</div> <ul> <li><a href="https://www.totalpolitics.com/media/" target="_blank">Media</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.totalpolitics.com/events/" target="_blank">Events</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.totalpolitics.com/training/" target="_blank">Training</a></li> </ul> <span class="icon icon--chevDown"></span> </div> <div class="ftr-subcol ftr-subcol--1"> <div class="h3 nato">Media & Publishing</div> <ul> <li><a href="https://www.politicshome.com/" target="_blank">PoliticsHome</a></li> <li><a href="http://www.theparliamentmagazine.eu/" target="_blank">The Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="http://www.holyrood.com" target="_blank">Holyrood</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.politicshome.com/thehouse">The House Magazine</a></li> <li><a href="http://www.publictechnology.net/" target="_blank">PublicTechnology</a></li> <li><a href="http://www.trainingjournal.com" target="_blank">Training Journal</a></li> </ul> <span class="icon icon--chevDown"></span> </div> <div class="ftr-subcol ftr-subcol--1 ftr-subcol--last"> <div class="h3 nato">About Us</div> <ul> <li><a href="https://www.totalpolitics.com/" target="_blank">Total Politics Group</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.totalpolitics.com/docs/privacy-policy.pdf" target="_blank">Privacy Policy</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.totalpolitics.com/docs/Website_Terms_and_Conditions_of_Use.pdf" target="_blank">Terms & Conditions</a></li> </ul> <span class="icon icon--chevDown"></span> </div>   </div> </div> </footer>   <div id='div-gpt-ad-1597745819096-3'> <script> googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.display('div-gpt-ad-1597745819096-3'); }); </script> </div>  <div id='div-gpt-ad-1597745819096-4'> <script> googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.display('div-gpt-ad-1597745819096-4'); }); </script> </div>  <div id='div-gpt-ad-1597745819096-5'> <script> googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.display('div-gpt-ad-1597745819096-5'); }); </script> </div> <script type="text/javascript"> //<![CDATA[ Sys.WebForms.PageRequestManager._initialize('ctl00$ajax', 'form1', [], [], [], 90, 'ctl00'); //]]> </script>  <script async src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=UA-994571-8"></script> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);} gtag('js', new Date()); gtag('config', 'UA-994571-8'); </script> <script> (function(h,o,t,j,a,r){ h.hj=h.hj||function(){(h.hj.q=h.hj.q||[]).push(arguments)}; h._hjSettings={hjid:1500412,hjsv:6}; a=o.getElementsByTagName('head')[0]; r=o.createElement('script');r.async=1; r.src=t+h._hjSettings.hjid+j+h._hjSettings.hjsv; a.appendChild(r); })(window,document,'https://static.hotjar.com/c/hotjar-','.js?sv='); </script>  <script async type="text/javascript"> function dodsCheckQuantCast () { if (typeof(window.__tcfapi) !== 'function') { setTimeout(function () { dodsCheckQuantCast(); }, 250); } else { __tcfapi('getTCData', 2, function(tcData, success) { if (!success || tcData.cmpStatus != "loaded") { setTimeout(function () { dodsCheckQuantCast(); }, 250); } else { __tcfapi('addEventListener', 2, function(tcData, success) { if (success) { dodsGetVendorConsents(tcData); } }); } }); } } dodsCheckQuantCast(); function dodsGetVendorConsents(tcData) { // Google GDPR checks console.log('Google GDPR checks', tcData.eventStatus, tcData.gdprApplies); if(tcData.eventStatus === 'tcloaded' || tcData.eventStatus === 'useractioncomplete') { if (!tcData.gdprApplies) { console.log('GDPR does not apply'); // Do nothing as all ads allowed } else { console.log('GDPR applies'); // GDPR applies // Purpose 1 refers to the storage and/or access of information on a device. var hasDeviceStorageAndAccessConsent = tcData.purpose.consents[1] || false; // Google Requires Consent for Purpose 1 console.log('Storage consent', hasDeviceStorageAndAccessConsent); if (hasDeviceStorageAndAccessConsent) { var hasGoogleAdvertisingProductsConsent = tcData.vendor.consents[755] || false; // Google Advertising (IAB Vendor ID 755) console.log('Google consent', hasGoogleAdvertisingProductsConsent); if (hasGoogleAdvertisingProductsConsent) { var hasPersonalizedProfileConsent = tcData.purpose.consents[3] || false; var hasPersonalizedAdsConsent = tcData.purpose.consents[4] || false; // Check if have add personalization consent Purpose 3 and 4 console.log('Google personalization consent', hasPersonalizedAdsConsent, hasPersonalizedProfileConsent); if( hasPersonalizedAdsConsent && hasPersonalizedProfileConsent ) { // Set request non-personalized ads to false. (do nothing as default) } else { // Set request non-personalized ads to true. googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.pubads().setRequestNonPersonalizedAds(1); }); } } } } // Refresh the ads after the consent has been configured googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.pubads().refresh(); }); } } </script> <div class="aspNetHidden"> <input type="hidden" name="__VIEWSTATEGENERATOR" id="__VIEWSTATEGENERATOR" value="90059987" /> </div></form> </body> </html>

CINXE.COM

Economics news for those working in the Civil Service | Civil Service World magazine