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id="toc-Etymology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etymology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Etymology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etymology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Related_names" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Related_names"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Related names</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Related_names-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Description_by_Bede,_8th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Description_by_Bede,_8th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Description by Bede, 8th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Description_by_Bede,_8th_century-sublist" 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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Connection_to_Easter_Hares"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Connection to Easter Hares</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Connection_to_Easter_Hares-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_modern_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_modern_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>In modern culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-In_modern_culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle In modern culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-In_modern_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Modern_paganism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_paganism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Modern paganism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_paganism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fiction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fiction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Fiction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fiction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Erroneous_association_with_Ishtar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Erroneous_association_with_Ishtar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Erroneous association with Ishtar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Erroneous_association_with_Ishtar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Science_and_technology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Science_and_technology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Science and technology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Science_and_technology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Politics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul 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Available in 26 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-26" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">26 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostara" title="Ostara – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Ostara" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%92ostre" title="Ēostre – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Ēostre" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7" title="أوستارا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أوستارا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Остара – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Остара" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostara" title="Ostara – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Ostara" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostara" title="Ostara – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Ostara" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CF%8C%CF%83%CF%84%CF%81%CE%B5" title="Εόστρε – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Εόστρε" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostara" title="Ostara – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ostara" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostara" title="Ostara – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Ostara" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%87" title="ایستره – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ایستره" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89ostre" title="Éostre – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Éostre" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostara" title="Ostara – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Ostara" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%97%90%EC%98%A4%EC%8A%A4%ED%8A%B8%EB%A0%88" title="에오스트레 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="에오스트레" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%95%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1" title="Օստարա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Օստարա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eostre" title="Eostre – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Eostre" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostara" title="Ostara – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Ostara" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostara_(godin)" title="Ostara (godin) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Ostara (godin)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostara" title="Ostara – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Ostara" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%92ostre" title="Ēostre – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ēostre" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eostre" title="Eostre – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Eostre" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostara" title="Ostara – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Ostara" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Остара – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Остара" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%92ostre" title="Ēostre – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Ēostre" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostara_(jumalatar)" title="Ostara (jumalatar) – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ostara (jumalatar)" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%92ostre" title="Ēostre – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Ēostre" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%AD%90%E7%B5%B2%E5%A1%94%E6%8B%89" title="歐絲塔拉 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="歐絲塔拉" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" 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//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Germanic goddess</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Ostara" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Ostara_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Ostara (disambiguation)">Ostara (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ostara_by_Johannes_Gehrts.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Ostara_by_Johannes_Gehrts.jpg/220px-Ostara_by_Johannes_Gehrts.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="326" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Ostara_by_Johannes_Gehrts.jpg/330px-Ostara_by_Johannes_Gehrts.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Ostara_by_Johannes_Gehrts.jpg/440px-Ostara_by_Johannes_Gehrts.jpg 2x" data-file-width="477" data-file-height="706" /></a><figcaption><i>Ostara</i> (1884) by <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Gehrts" title="Johannes Gehrts">Johannes Gehrts</a>. The goddess flies through the heavens surrounded by Roman-inspired <a href="/wiki/Putto" title="Putto">putti</a>, beams of light, and animals. Germanic people look up at the goddess from the realm below.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Ēostre</b> (<a href="/wiki/Proto-Germanic_language" title="Proto-Germanic language">Proto-Germanic</a>: *<i lang="gem">Austrō(n)</i>) is a <a href="/wiki/List_of_Germanic_deities" title="List of Germanic deities">West Germanic</a> spring goddess. The name is reflected in <a href="/wiki/Old_English_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old English language">Old English</a>: <i lang="ang"><a href="/wiki/Asterisk#Historical_linguistics" title="Asterisk">*</a>Ēastre</i> (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ang-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Old_English" title="Help:IPA/Old English">[ˈæːɑstre]</a></span>; <a href="/wiki/Northumbrian_Old_English" title="Northumbrian Old English">Northumbrian dialect</a>: <span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang">Ēastro</i></span>, <a href="/wiki/Mercian_dialect" title="Mercian dialect">Mercian</a> and <a href="/wiki/West_Saxon_dialect_(Old_English)" class="mw-redirect" title="West Saxon dialect (Old English)">West Saxon</a> dialects: <span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang">Ēostre</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ang-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Old_English" title="Help:IPA/Old English">[ˈeːostre]</a></span>),<sup id="cite_ref-Sievers_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sievers-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-EASTETYM_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EASTETYM-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Old_High_German_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old High German language">Old High German</a>: *<i lang="goh">Ôstara</i>, and <a href="/wiki/Old_Saxon_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Saxon language">Old Saxon</a>: *<i lang="osx">Āsteron</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimek199674_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimek199674-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKroonen201343_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKroonen201343-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By way of the <a href="/wiki/Germanic_calendar" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanic calendar">Germanic month</a> bearing her name (Northumbrian: <span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang">Ēosturmōnaþ</i></span>, West Saxon: <span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang">Ēastermōnaþ</i></span>; Old High German: <i lang="goh">Ôstarmânoth</i>), she is the namesake of the festival of <a href="/wiki/Easter" title="Easter">Easter</a> in some languages. The Old English deity Ēostre is attested solely by <a href="/wiki/Bede" title="Bede">Bede</a> in his 8th-century work <i><a href="/wiki/The_Reckoning_of_Time" title="The Reckoning of Time">The Reckoning of Time</a></i>, where Bede states that during <span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang">Ēosturmōnaþ</i></span> (the equivalent of April), <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_paganism" title="Anglo-Saxon paganism">pagan Anglo-Saxons</a> had held feasts in Ēostre's honour, but that this tradition had died out by his time, replaced by the Christian <a href="/wiki/Easter#Theological_significance" title="Easter">Paschal month</a>, a celebration of the <a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">resurrection of Jesus</a>. </p><p>Additionally, scholars have linked the goddess's name to a variety of Germanic personal names, a series of location names (<a href="/wiki/Toponymy" title="Toponymy">toponyms</a>), and, discovered in 1958, over 150 inscriptions from the 2nd century CE referring to the <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Matres_and_Matronae" title="Matres and Matronae">matronae</a> Austriahenae</i></span>, goddesses with connected names venerated on the European continent. </p><p>By way of <a href="/wiki/Linguistic_reconstruction" title="Linguistic reconstruction">linguistic reconstruction</a>, the matter of a goddess called <span title="Proto-Germanic-language text">*<i lang="gem">Austrō(n)</i></span> in the <a href="/wiki/Proto-Germanic_language" title="Proto-Germanic language">Proto-Germanic language</a> has been examined in detail since the foundation of <a href="/wiki/Germanic_philology" title="Germanic philology">Germanic philology</a> in the 19th century by scholar <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Grimm" title="Jacob Grimm">Jacob Grimm</a> and others. As the <a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic languages</a> descend from <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_language" title="Proto-Indo-European language">Proto-Indo-European</a> (PIE), <a href="/wiki/Historical_linguistics" title="Historical linguistics">historical linguists</a> have traced the name to a Proto-Indo-European goddess of the dawn *<i><span title="Proto-Indo-European-language text" class="Unicode" style="white-space:nowrap;"><span lang="ine"><a href="/wiki/Hausos" class="mw-redirect" title="Hausos">H₂ewsṓs</a></span></span></i>, from which may descend the Common Germanic divinity at the origin of the Old English <i>Ēostre</i> and the Old High German *<i>Ôstara</i>. </p><p>Theories connecting Ēostre with records of Germanic <a href="/wiki/Easter_customs" class="mw-redirect" title="Easter customs">Easter customs</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Hare#In_mythology_and_folklore" title="Hare">hares</a> and <a href="/wiki/Easter_egg" title="Easter egg">eggs</a>, have been proposed. Whether the goddess was an invention of Bede has been a debate among some scholars, particularly prior to the discovery of the <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">matronae Austriahenae</i></span> and further developments in <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_studies" title="Indo-European studies">Indo-European studies</a>. Due to these latter developments, she is generally accepted as a genuine pagan goddess among modern scholars. Ēostre and Ostara are sometimes referenced in modern popular culture and are venerated in some forms of <a href="/wiki/Heathenry_(new_religious_movement)" title="Heathenry (new religious movement)">Germanic neopaganism</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Name">Name</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Etymology">Etymology</h3></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Theonym" title="Theonym">theonyms</a> <span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text">*<i lang="ang">Ēastre</i></span> (<a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a>) and <span title="Old High German (ca. 750-1050)-language text">*<i lang="goh">Ôstara</i></span> (<a href="/wiki/Old_High_German" title="Old High German">Old High German</a>) are <a href="/wiki/Cognates" class="mw-redirect" title="Cognates">cognates</a> – linguistic siblings stemming from a common origin. They derive from the <a href="/wiki/Proto-Germanic" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Germanic">Proto-Germanic</a> theonym <span title="Proto-Germanic-language text">*<i lang="gem"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/Austr%C7%AD" class="extiw" title="wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/Austrǭ">Austrō(n)</a></i></span>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimek199674_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimek199674-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKroonen201343_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKroonen201343-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> itself a descendant of <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Indo-European">Proto-Indo-European</a> (PIE) *<i><span title="Proto-Indo-European-language text" class="Unicode" style="white-space:nowrap;"><span lang="ine">h₂ews-reh₂</span></span></i> (cf. <a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_language" title="Lithuanian language">Lithuanian</a> <span title="Lithuanian-language text"><i lang="lt">auš(t)rà</i></span>, 'dawn, daybreak'), extended from the PIE root *<i><span title="Proto-Indo-European-language text" class="Unicode" style="white-space:nowrap;"><span lang="ine"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/h%E2%82%82ews-" class="extiw" title="wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/h₂ews-">h₂ews-</a></span></span></i>, meaning 'to shine, glow (red)'.<sup id="cite_ref-WATKINS-2021_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WATKINS-2021-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKroonen201343_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKroonen201343-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The modern English <i>east</i> also derives from this root, via the Proto-Germanic <a href="/wiki/Adverb" title="Adverb">adverb</a> <span title="Proto-Germanic-language text">*<i lang="gem">aust(e)raz</i></span> ('east, eastwards'), from an earlier PIE *<i><span title="Proto-Indo-European-language text" class="Unicode" style="white-space:nowrap;"><span lang="ine">h₂ews-tero-</span></span></i> ('east, towards the dawn').<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKroonen201343_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKroonen201343-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to linguist Guus Kroonen, the Germanic and Baltic languages replaced the old formation *<i><span title="Proto-Indo-European-language text" class="Unicode" style="white-space:nowrap;"><span lang="ine"><a href="/wiki/H%E2%82%82%C3%A9ws%C5%8Ds" class="mw-redirect" title="H₂éwsōs">h₂éws-os</a></span></span></i>, the name of the PIE <a href="/wiki/Dawn_goddess" class="mw-redirect" title="Dawn goddess">dawn-goddess</a>, with a form in <i><span title="Proto-Germanic-language text">*<i lang="gem">-reh₂-</i></span></i>, likewise found in the Lithuanian deity <a href="/wiki/Au%C5%A1rin%C4%97" title="Aušrinė">Aušrinė</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKroonen201343_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKroonen201343-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Saxon England">Anglo-Saxon England</a>, her springtime festival gave its name to a month (Northumbrian: <span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang">Ēosturmōnaþ</i></span>, West Saxon: <span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang">Eastermonað</i></span>),<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESermon2008333_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESermon2008333-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the rough equivalent of April, then to the Christian feast of <i><a href="/wiki/Easter" title="Easter">Easter</a></i> that eventually displaced it.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimek199674_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimek199674-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWest2007217–218_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWest2007217–218-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In southern Medieval Germany, the festival <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Ôstarûn</i></span> similarly gave its name to the month <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Ôstarmânôth</i></span>, and to the modern feast of <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Ostern</i></span> ('Easter'), suggesting that a goddess named *Ôstara was also worshipped there.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimek1996255_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimek1996255-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWest2007217–218_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWest2007217–218-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The name of the month survived into 18th-century German as <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Ostermonat</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESermon2008335_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESermon2008335-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An <a href="/wiki/Old_Saxon" title="Old Saxon">Old Saxon</a> equivalent of the spring goddess named *Āsteron may also be reconstructed from the term <span title="Old Saxon-language text"><i lang="osx">asteronhus</i></span>, which is translated by most scholars as 'Easter-house', which would parallel the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Dutch" title="Middle Dutch">Medieval Flemish</a> <span title="Middle Dutch (ca. 1050-1350)-language text"><i lang="dum">Paeshuys</i></span> ('Easter-house').<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESermon2008337–338_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESermon2008337–338-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Frankish historian <a href="/wiki/Einhard" title="Einhard">Einhard</a> also writes in his <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Vita_Karoli_Magni" title="Vita Karoli Magni">Vita Karoli Magni</a></i></span> (early 9th century CE) that after <a href="/wiki/Charlemagne" title="Charlemagne">Charlemagne</a> defeated and converted the continental Saxons to Christianity, he gave Germanic names to the Latin months of the year, which included the Easter-month <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Ostarmanoth</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESermon2008334_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESermon2008334-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Old English <span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang">Ēostre</i></span> is therefore a distant cognate of numerous other dawn goddesses attested among Indo-European-speaking peoples, including <a href="/wiki/Ushas" title="Ushas">Uṣás</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eos" title="Eos">Ēṓs</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Aurora_(mythology)" title="Aurora (mythology)">Aurōra</a>. In the words of the <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Indo-European_Culture" title="Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture">Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture</a></i>, "a Proto-Indo-European goddess of the dawn is supported both by the evidence of cognate names and the similarity of mythic representation of the dawn goddess among various <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a> groups.<span class="nowrap"> </span>[...] All of this evidence permits us to posit a Proto-Indo-European *<i><span title="Proto-Indo-European-language text" class="Unicode" style="white-space:nowrap;"><span lang="ine"><a href="/wiki/Hausos" class="mw-redirect" title="Hausos">h<sub>a</sub>éusōs</a></span></span></i> 'goddess of dawn' who was characterized as a 'reluctant' bringer of light for which she is punished. In three of the Indo-European stocks, <a href="/wiki/Baltic_languages" title="Baltic languages">Baltic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> and <a href="/wiki/Indo-Iranian_languages" title="Indo-Iranian languages">Indo-Iranian</a>, the existence of a Proto-Indo-European 'goddess of the dawn' is given additional linguistic support in that she is designated the 'daughter of heaven'."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMalloryAdams1997148–149_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalloryAdams1997148–149-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Related_names">Related names</h3></div> <p>Additionally, scholars have linked the goddess's name to a variety of Germanic personal names, a series of location names (<a href="/wiki/Toponymy" title="Toponymy">toponyms</a>) in England, and, discovered in 1958, over 150 inscriptions from the 2nd–3rd century CE referring to the <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Matres_and_Matronae" title="Matres and Matronae">matronae</a> Austriahenae</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShaw201152–53_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShaw201152–53-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A cluster of place names in England and a variety of English and continental Germanic names include the element *<span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang">ēoster</i></span>, an early Old English word reconstructed by <a href="/wiki/Historical_linguistics" title="Historical linguistics">linguists</a> and potentially an earlier form of the goddess name Ēostre. The <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Austerfield" title="Council of Austerfield">Council of Austerfield</a> called by King <a href="/wiki/Aldfrith_of_Northumbria" title="Aldfrith of Northumbria">Aldfrith of Northumbria</a> shortly before 704 convened at a place described in contemporary records both as <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">in campo qui <span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang">Eostrefeld</i></span> dicitur</i></span> and <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">in campo qui dicitur <span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang">Oustraefelda</i></span></i></span>, which have led to the site's being identified with <a href="/wiki/Austerfield" title="Austerfield">Austerfield</a> near <a href="/wiki/Bawtry" title="Bawtry">Bawtry</a> in <a href="/wiki/South_Yorkshire" title="South Yorkshire">South Yorkshire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such locations also include <a href="/wiki/Eastry" title="Eastry">Eastry</a> (<span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang">Eastrgena</i></span>, 788 CE) in <a href="/wiki/Kent" title="Kent">Kent</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eastrea" title="Eastrea">Eastrea</a> (<span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang">Estrey</i></span>, 966 CE) in <a href="/wiki/Cambridgeshire" title="Cambridgeshire">Cambridgeshire</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Eastrington" title="Eastrington">Eastrington</a> (<span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang">Eastringatun</i></span>, 959 CE) in the <a href="/wiki/East_Riding_of_Yorkshire" title="East Riding of Yorkshire">East Riding of Yorkshire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShaw201159–60_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShaw201159–60-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The element *<span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang">ēoster</i></span> also appears in the Old English name <span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang">Easterwine</i></span>, a name borne by Bede's monastery abbot in <a href="/wiki/Monkwearmouth%E2%80%93Jarrow_Abbey" title="Monkwearmouth–Jarrow Abbey">Wearmouth–Jarrow</a> and which appears an additional three times in the <a href="/wiki/Durham_Liber_Vitae" title="Durham Liber Vitae">Durham <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Liber Vitae</i></span></a>. The name <span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang">Aestorhild</i></span> also appears in the <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Liber Vitae</i></span>, and is likely the ancestor of the Middle English name <span title="Middle English (1100-1500)-language text"><i lang="enm">Estrild</i></span>. Various continental Germanic names include the element, including <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Austrechild" class="mw-redirect" title="Austrechild">Austrechild</a>, Austrighysel, Austrovald</i></span>, and <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Ostrulf</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShaw201160_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShaw201160-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1958, over 150 Romano-Germanic votive inscriptions to the <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">matronae Austriahenae</i></span>, a triad of goddesses, were discovered near <a href="/wiki/Morken-Harff" class="mw-redirect" title="Morken-Harff">Morken-Harff</a>, Germany. They are datable to around 150–250 CE. Most of these inscriptions are in an incomplete state, yet many are at least reasonably legible. Some of these inscriptions refer to the <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Austriates</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShaw201152,_63_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShaw201152,_63-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The name of these goddesses certainly derives from the stem <i>austri</i>-, which, if Germanic, would be cognate with the Old English <i>Eostre</i>, although the goddesses might equally have developed entirely independently.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESermon2008340_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESermon2008340-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description_by_Bede,_8th_century"><span id="Description_by_Bede.2C_8th_century"></span>Description by Bede, 8th century</h2></div> <p><span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang">Ēosturmōnaþ</i></span> ('Ēostre's month') was the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Saxon">Anglo-Saxon</a> name for the month of April.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In chapter 15 (<span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">De mensibus Anglorum</i></span>, 'The English months') of his 8th-century work <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">De temporum ratione</i></span> ("<i><a href="/wiki/The_Reckoning_of_Time" title="The Reckoning of Time">The Reckoning of Time</a></i>"), <a href="/wiki/Bede" title="Bede">Bede</a> describes the indigenous month names of the English people. After describing the worship of the goddess <a href="/wiki/Rheda_(mythology)" title="Rheda (mythology)">Rheda</a> during the Anglo-Saxon month of <span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang">Hrēþ-mōnaþ</i></span>, Bede writes about <span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang">Ēosturmōnaþ</i></span>, the month of the goddess Ēostre:<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1157697682">.mw-parser-output .verse_translation .translated{padding-left:2em!important}@media only screen and (max-width:43.75em){.mw-parser-output .verse_translation.wrap_when_small td{display:block;padding-left:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .verse_translation.wrap_when_small .translated{padding-left:0.5em!important}}</style> <table role="presentation" class="verse_translation" style="margin-left:1em !important"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"> <td><div style="font-style:italic;text-align:left" lang="la" class="poem"> <p><span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang">Eostur-monath</i></span>, qui nunc Paschalis mensis interpretatur, quondam a Dea illorum quæ <span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang">Eostre</i></span> vocabatur, et cui in illo festa celebrabant nomen habuit: a cujus nomine nunc Paschale tempus cognominant, consueto antiquæ observationis vocabulo gaudia novæ solemnitatis vocantes.<sup id="cite_ref-GILES179_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GILES179-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </div> </td> <td class="translated"><div style="font-style:roman;text-align:left" lang="" class="poem"> <p><span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang">Eosturmonath</i></span> has a name which is now translated "Paschal month", and which was once called after a goddess of theirs named <span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang">Eostre</i></span>, in whose honour feasts were celebrated in that month. Now they designate that Paschal season by her name, calling the joys of the new rite by the time-honoured name of the old observance.<sup id="cite_ref-WALLIS54_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WALLIS54-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Before the discovery of the <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">matronae Austriahenae</i></span> in 1958, scholarship on this topic frequently raised the question of whether Bede invented the deity. In 1892, <a href="/wiki/Charles_J._Billson" title="Charles J. Billson">Charles J. Billson</a> noted that scholars before his writing were divided about the existence of Bede's account of Ēostre, stating that "among authorities who have no doubt as to her existence are <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Grimm" title="Wilhelm Grimm">W. Grimm</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Wackernagel" title="Wilhelm Wackernagel">Wackernagel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karl_Joseph_Simrock" title="Karl Joseph Simrock">Sinrock</a>  [<i><a href="/wiki/Sic" title="Sic">sic</a></i>], and Wolf. On the other hand, Weinhold rejects the idea on philological grounds, and so do Heinrich Leo and Hermann Oesre. Kuhn says, 'The Anglo-Saxon Eostre looks like an invention of Bede;' and <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Mannhardt" title="Wilhelm Mannhardt">Mannhardt</a> also dismisses her as an etymological <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Deus_ex_machina" title="Deus ex machina">dea ex machina</a></i></span>." Billson wrote that "the whole question turns<span class="nowrap"> </span>[...] upon Bede's credibility", and that "one is inclined to agree with Grimm, that it would be uncritical to saddle this eminent Father of the Church, who keeps Heathendom at arms' length and tells us less of than he knows, with the invention of this goddess." Billson pointed out that the <a href="/wiki/Christianization" title="Christianization">Christianization</a> of England started at the end of the 6th century, and, by the 7th, was completed. Billson argued that, as Bede was born in 672, Bede must have had opportunities to learn the names of the native goddesses of the Anglo-Saxons, "who were hardly extinct in his lifetime."<sup id="cite_ref-BILLSON448_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BILLSON448-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to philologist <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Simek" title="Rudolf Simek">Rudolf Simek</a> in 1984, despite expressions of doubts, Bede's account of Ēostre should not be disregarded. Simek opined that a "spring-like fertility goddess" must be assumed rather than a "goddess of sunrise" regardless of the name, reasoning that "otherwise the Germanic goddesses (and <a href="/wiki/Matres_and_Matronae" title="Matres and Matronae">matrons</a>) are mostly connected with prosperity and growth". Simek pointed to a comparison with the goddess <a href="/wiki/Rheda_(mythology)" title="Rheda (mythology)">Rheda</a>, also attested by Bede.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimek199674_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimek199674-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2011 Philip A. Shaw wrote that the subject has seen "a lengthy history of arguments for and against Bede's goddess Ēostre, with some scholars taking fairly extreme positions on either side" and that some theories against the goddess have gained popular cultural prominence. Shaw noted that "much of this debate, however, was conducted in ignorance of a key piece of evidence, as it was not discovered until 1958. This evidence is furnished by over 150 Romano-Germanic votive inscriptions to deities named the <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">matronae Austriahenae</i></span>, found near Morken-Harff and datable to around 150–250 AD". Most of these inscriptions are in an incomplete state, yet most are complete enough for reasonable clarity of the inscriptions. As early as 1966 scholars have linked these names etymologically with Ēostre and an element found in Germanic personal names.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShaw201152_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShaw201152-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shaw argued against a functional interpretation of the available evidence and concluded that "the etymological connections of her name suggests that her worshippers saw her geographical and social relationship with them as more central than any functions she may have had".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShaw201170–71_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShaw201170–71-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In a 2022 paper published in <i>Folklore</i>, scholar Richard Sermon rejects Shaw's proposal that Ēostre was a localized goddess. Sermon takes particular issue with Shaw's rejection of an association with the dawn: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Nevertheless, my main objection is that Shaw fails to offer any explanation as to why his local group-specific goddess would have been celebrated at that particular time of year. Shaw sees no reason to doubt Bede's claim that Eosturmonath was named after the goddess Eostre, and finds it hard to believe that Bede would have invented such an explanation given his reputation as a careful researcher (Shaw 2012), yet he ignores the one piece of evidence Bede provides about her cult: the timing of her month and celebrations. If we accept that the month name combines two elements meaning 'east' or 'eastern' and 'month', then the appearance of the equinoctial sunrise and its nearest full-moonrise, in their most easterly positions on the horizon, provide a logical explanation for both the timing and etymology of Eosturmonath. Thus, Shaw's theory cannot be said to have 'done away' with any arguments connecting Eostre—the goddess Bede tells us was worshipped in that month—with the dawn or the spring.<sup id="cite_ref-SERMON-2022-154-155_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SERMON-2022-154-155-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reception">Reception</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jacob_Grimm">Jacob Grimm</h3></div> <p>In his 1835 <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Mythologie" title="Deutsche Mythologie">Deutsche Mythologie</a></i></span>, philologist <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Grimm" title="Jacob Grimm">Jacob Grimm</a> cites comparative evidence to reconstruct a potential <a href="/wiki/Continental_Germanic_mythology" title="Continental Germanic mythology">continental Germanic goddess</a> whose name would have been preserved in the <a href="/wiki/Old_High_German" title="Old High German">Old High German</a> name of Easter, *<span title="Old High German (ca. 750-1050)-language text"><i lang="goh">Ostara</i></span>. Addressing skepticism towards goddesses mentioned by Bede, Grimm comments that "there is nothing improbable in them, nay the first of them is justified by clear traces in the vocabularies of Germanic tribes."<sup id="cite_ref-GRIMM289_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GRIMM289-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Specifically regarding Ēostre, Grimm continues that: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>We Germans to this day call April <span title="Middle High German (ca. 1050-1500)-language text"><i lang="gmh">ostermonat</i></span>, and <span title="Old High German (ca. 750-1050)-language text"><i lang="goh">ôstarmânoth</i></span> is found as early as <a href="/wiki/Einhard" title="Einhard">Eginhart</a> (<span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">temp. <a href="/wiki/Vita_Karoli_Magni" title="Vita Karoli Magni">Car. Mag.</a></i></span>). The great Christian festival, which usually falls in April or the end of March, bears in the oldest of OHG remains the name <span title="Old High German (ca. 750-1050)-language text"><i lang="goh">ôstarâ</i></span><span class="nowrap"> </span>[...] it is mostly found in the plural, because two days<span class="nowrap"> </span>[...] were kept at Easter. This <span title="Old High German (ca. 750-1050)-language text"><i lang="goh">Ostarâ</i></span>, like the [Anglo-Saxon] <span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang">Eástre</i></span>, must in heathen religion have denoted a higher being, whose worship was so firmly rooted, that the Christian teachers tolerated the name, and applied it to one of their own grandest anniversaries.<sup id="cite_ref-GRIMM290_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GRIMM290-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Grimm notes that "all of the nations bordering on us have retained the Biblical <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">pascha</i></span>; even <a href="/wiki/Ulfilas" title="Ulfilas">Ulphilas</a> writes <span title="Gothic-language text"><span lang="got">𐍀𐌰𐍃𐌺𐌰</span></span>, not <span title="Gothic-language text"><span lang="got">𐌰𐌿𐍃𐍄𐍂𐍉</span></span> (<span title="Gothic-language romanization"><i lang="got-Latn">paska</i></span> not <span title="Gothic-language romanization"><i lang="got-Latn">áustrô</i></span>), though he must have known the word". Grimm details that the Old High German adverb <span title="Old High German (ca. 750-1050)-language text"><i lang="goh">ôstar</i></span> "expresses movement towards the rising sun", as did the <a href="/wiki/Old_Norse" title="Old Norse">Old Norse</a> term <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">austr</i></span>, and potentially also Anglo-Saxon <span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang">ēastor</i></span> and Gothic <span title="Gothic-language text"><span lang="got"><a href="/wiki/Asterisk#Historical_linguistics" title="Asterisk">*</a>𐌰𐌿𐍃𐍄𐍂</span></span> (<span title="Gothic-language romanization"><i lang="got-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Asterisk#Historical_linguistics" title="Asterisk">*</a>áustr</i></span>). Grimm compares these terms to the identical Latin term <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">auster</i></span>, and contends that the cult of the goddess may have been centred around an Old Norse form, <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">Austra</i></span>, or that her cult may have already been extinct by the time of Christianization.<sup id="cite_ref-GRIMM290-291_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GRIMM290-291-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Grimm notes that the Old Norse <i><a href="/wiki/Prose_Edda" title="Prose Edda">Prose Edda</a></i> book <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non"><a href="/wiki/Gylfaginning" title="Gylfaginning">Gylfaginning</a></i></span> attests to a male being called <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non"><a href="/wiki/Nor%C3%B0ri,_Su%C3%B0ri,_Austri_and_Vestri" class="mw-redirect" title="Norðri, Suðri, Austri and Vestri">Austri</a></i></span>, whom he describes as a "spirit of light." Grimm comments that a female version would have been <span title="Proto-Germanic-language text">*<i lang="gem">Austra</i></span>, yet that the High German and Saxon peoples seem to have only formed <span title="Old High German (ca. 750-1050)-language text"><i lang="goh">Ostarâ</i></span> and <span title="Old Saxon-language text"><i lang="osx">Eástre</i></span>, feminine, and not <span title="Old High German (ca. 750-1050)-language text"><i lang="goh">Ostaro</i></span> and <span title="Old Saxon-language text"><i lang="osx">Eástra</i></span>, masculine. Grimm additionally speculates on the nature of the goddess and surviving folk customs that may have been associated with her in Germany: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p><span title="Old High German (ca. 750-1050)-language text"><i lang="goh">Ostara</i></span>, <span title="Old Saxon-language text"><i lang="osx">Eástre</i></span> seems therefore to have been the divinity of the radiant dawn, of upspringing light, a spectacle that brings joy and blessing, whose meaning could be easily adapted by the resurrection-day of the Christian's God. <i>Bonfires</i> were lighted at Easter and according to popular belief of long standing, the moment the sun rises on Easter Sunday morning, he gives <i>three joyful leaps</i>, he dances for joy<span class="nowrap"> </span>[...] Water drawn on the Easter morning is, like that at Christmas, holy and healing<span class="nowrap"> </span>[...] here also heathen notions seems to have grafted themselves on great Christian festivals. Maidens clothed in white, who at Easter, at the season of returning spring, show themselves in clefts of the rock and on mountains, are suggestive of the ancient goddess.<sup id="cite_ref-GRIMM291_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GRIMM291-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>In the second volume of <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Deutsche Mythologie</i></span>, Grimm picked up the subject of Ostara again, speculating on possible connections between the goddess and various German Easter customs, including Easter eggs: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>But if we admit, goddesses, then, in addition to <a href="/wiki/Nerthus" title="Nerthus">Nerthus</a>, <span title="Old High German (ca. 750-1050)-language text"><i lang="goh">Ostara</i></span> has the strongest claim to consideration. To what we said on [page] 290 I can add some significant facts. The heathen Easter had much in common with May-feast and the reception of spring, particularly in the matter of bonfires. Then, through long ages there seem to have lingered among the people <i>Easter-games</i> so-called, which the church itself had to tolerate: I allude especially to the custom of <i>Easter eggs</i>, and to the <i>Easter tale</i> which preachers told from the pulpit for the people's amusement, connecting it with Christian reminiscences.<sup id="cite_ref-GRIMM780-781_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GRIMM780-781-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Grimm commented on further Easter time customs, including unique sword dances and particular baked goods ("pastry of heathenish form"). In addition, Grimm weighed a potential connection to the <a href="/wiki/Slavic_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavic peoples">Slavic</a> spring goddess <span title="Slavic languages collective text"><i lang="sla"><a href="/wiki/Vesna_(mythology)" title="Vesna (mythology)">Vesna</a></i></span> and the Lithuanian <span title="Lithuanian-language text"><i lang="lt"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vasara_(mythology)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vasara (mythology) (page does not exist)">Vasara</a></i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-GRIMM780-781_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GRIMM780-781-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to anthropologist Krystal D'Costa, there is no evidence to connect the tradition of Easter eggs with Ostara. Eggs became a symbol in Christianity associated with rebirth as early as the 1st century CE, via the iconography of the <a href="/wiki/Phoenix_(mythology)" title="Phoenix (mythology)">Phoenix</a> egg. D'Costa theorizes that eggs became associated with Easter specifically in medieval Europe, when eating them was prohibited during the fast of <a href="/wiki/Lent" title="Lent">Lent</a>. D'Costa highlights that a common practice in England at that time was for children to go door-to-door begging for eggs on the Saturday before Lent began. People handed out eggs as special treats for children prior to their fast.<sup id="cite_ref-D'Costa_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-D'Costa-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Connection_to_Easter_Hares">Connection to Easter Hares</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Easter_Bunny_Postcard_1907.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Easter_Bunny_Postcard_1907.jpg/220px-Easter_Bunny_Postcard_1907.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="356" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Easter_Bunny_Postcard_1907.jpg/330px-Easter_Bunny_Postcard_1907.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e5/Easter_Bunny_Postcard_1907.jpg 2x" data-file-width="336" data-file-height="544" /></a><figcaption>An Easter postcard from 1907 depicting a rabbit</figcaption></figure> <p>In Northern Europe, Easter imagery often involves <a href="/wiki/Easter_Bunny" title="Easter Bunny">hares and rabbits</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Bott_2011_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bott_2011-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first scholar to make a connection between the goddess Eostre and hares was Adolf Holtzmann in his book <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Deutsche Mythologie</i></span>. Holtzmann wrote of the tradition, "the Easter Hare is inexplicable to me, but probably the hare was the sacred animal of Ostara; just as there is a hare on the statue of <a href="/wiki/Abnoba" title="Abnoba">Abnoba</a>." Citing folk <a href="/wiki/Easter_customs" class="mw-redirect" title="Easter customs">Easter customs</a> in <a href="/wiki/Leicestershire" title="Leicestershire">Leicestershire</a>, England, where "the profits of the land called Harecrop Leys were applied to providing a meal which was thrown on the ground at the 'Hare-pie Bank'", late 19th-century scholar <a href="/wiki/Charles_Isaac_Elton" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Isaac Elton">Charles Isaac Elton</a> speculated on a connection between these customs and the worship of Ēostre.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his late 19th-century study of the hare in folk custom and mythology, Charles J. Billson cited numerous incidents of folk customs involving hares around the Easter season in Northern Europe. Billson said that "whether there was a goddess named Ēostre, or not, and whatever connection the hare may have had with the ritual of Saxon or British worship, there are good grounds for believing that the sacredness of this animal reaches back into an age still more remote, where it is probably a very important part of the great Spring Festival of the prehistoric inhabitants of this island."<sup id="cite_ref-BILLSON448_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BILLSON448-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Adolf Holtzmann had also speculated that "the hare must once have been a bird, because it lays eggs" in modern German folklore. From this statement, numerous later sources built a modern legend in which the goddess Eostre transformed a bird into an egg-laying hare.<sup id="cite_ref-Winick2016_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Winick2016-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A response to a question about the origins of Easter hares in the 8 June 1889 issue of the journal <i>American Notes and Queries</i> stated: "In Germany and among the Pennsylvania Germans toy rabbits or hares made of canton flannel stuffed with cotton are given as gifts on Easter morning. The children are told that this Osh’ter has laid the Easter eggs. This curious idea is thus explained: The hare was originally a bird, and was changed into a quadruped by the goddess Ostara; in gratitude to Ostara or Eastre, the hare exercises its original bird function to lay eggs for the goddess on her festal day."<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to folklorist Stephen Winick, by 1900, many popular sources had picked up the story of Eostre and the hare. One described the story as one of the oldest in mythology, "despite the fact that it was then less than twenty years old."<sup id="cite_ref-Winick2016_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Winick2016-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some scholars have further linked customs and imagery involving hares to both Ēostre and the Norse goddess <a href="/wiki/Freyja" title="Freyja">Freyja</a>. Writing in 1972, John Andrew Boyle cited commentary contained within an etymology dictionary by A. Ernout and <a href="/wiki/Antoine_Meillet" title="Antoine Meillet">A. Meillet</a>, where the authors write that "Little else<span class="nowrap"> </span>[...] is known about [Ēostre], but it has been suggested that her lights, as goddess of the dawn, were carried by hares. And she certainly represented spring <a href="/wiki/Fecundity" title="Fecundity">fecundity</a>, and love and carnal pleasure that leads to fecundity." Boyle responded that nothing is known about Ēostre outside of Bede's single passage, that the authors had seemingly accepted the identification of Ēostre with the Norse goddess Freyja, yet that the hare is not associated with Freyja either. Boyle writes that "her carriage, we are told by <a href="/wiki/Snorri_Sturluson" title="Snorri Sturluson">Snorri</a>, was drawn by a pair of cats – animals, it is true, which like hares were the familiars of witches, with whom Freyja seems to have much in common." However, Boyle adds that "on the other hand, when the authors speak of the hare as the 'companion of <a href="/wiki/Aphrodite" title="Aphrodite">Aphrodite</a> and of <a href="/wiki/Satyr" title="Satyr">satyrs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cupid" title="Cupid">cupids</a>' and point out that 'in the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a> it appears beside the figure of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Luxuria_(mythology)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Luxuria (mythology) (page does not exist)">Luxuria</a>', they are on much surer ground and can adduce the evidence of their illustrations."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoyle1973323–324_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoyle1973323–324-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The earliest evidence for the Easter Hare (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Osterhase</i></span>) was recorded in south-west Germany in 1678 by the professor of medicine <a href="/wiki/Georg_Franck_von_Franckenau" title="Georg Franck von Franckenau">Georg Franck von Franckenau</a>, but it remained unknown in other parts of Germany until the 18th century. Scholar Richard Sermon writes that "hares were frequently seen in gardens in spring, and thus may have served as a convenient explanation for the origin of the colored eggs hidden there for children. Alternatively, there is a European tradition that hares laid eggs, since a hare's scratch or form and a <a href="/wiki/Lapwing" title="Lapwing">lapwing</a>'s nest look very similar, and both occur on grassland and are first seen in the spring. In the nineteenth century the influence of Easter cards, toys, and books was to make the Easter Hare/Rabbit popular throughout Europe. German immigrants then exported the custom to Britain and America where it evolved into the <a href="/wiki/Easter_Bunny" title="Easter Bunny">Easter Bunny</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESermon2008341_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESermon2008341-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_modern_culture">In modern culture</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_paganism">Modern paganism</h3></div> <p>A holiday named for the goddess is part of the neopagan <a href="/wiki/Wicca" title="Wicca">Wiccan</a> <a href="/wiki/Wheel_of_the_Year" title="Wheel of the Year">Wheel of the Year</a> (Ostara, 21 March).<sup id="cite_ref-HUBBARD175_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HUBBARD175-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In some forms of <a href="/wiki/Heathenry_(new_religious_movement)" title="Heathenry (new religious movement)">modern Germanic paganism</a>, Ēostre (or Ostara) is venerated. Regarding this veneration, Carole M. Cusack comments that, among adherents, Ēostre is "associated with the coming of spring and the dawn, and her festival is celebrated at the <a href="/wiki/March_equinox" title="March equinox">spring equinox</a>. Because she brings renewal, rebirth from the death of winter, some Heathens associate Ēostre with <a href="/wiki/I%C3%B0unn" title="Iðunn">Iðunn</a>, keeper of the apples of youth in <a href="/wiki/Norse_mythology" title="Norse mythology">Scandinavian mythology</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-CUSACK354-355_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CUSACK354-355-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fiction">Fiction</h3></div> <p>In the first season of the TV series <i><a href="/wiki/American_Gods_(TV_series)" title="American Gods (TV series)">American Gods</a>,</i> based on the <a href="/wiki/American_Gods" title="American Gods">novel of the same name</a>, Ostara is portrayed by <a href="/wiki/Kristin_Chenoweth" title="Kristin Chenoweth">Kristin Chenoweth</a>. In the series, Ostara has survived into the modern age by forming an alliance with the Goddess of Media (<a href="/wiki/Gillian_Anderson" title="Gillian Anderson">Gillian Anderson</a>) and capitalising on the Christian holiday. <a href="/wiki/Odin" title="Odin">Odin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ian_McShane" title="Ian McShane">Ian McShane</a>) forces her to accept that those who celebrate Easter are worshipping Jesus and not her, causing her to join his rebellion against the New Gods.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Erroneous_association_with_Ishtar">Erroneous association with Ishtar</h3></div> <p>In 1853, Scottish protestant minister <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Hislop" title="Alexander Hislop">Alexander Hislop</a> published <i><a href="/wiki/The_Two_Babylons" title="The Two Babylons">The Two Babylons</a></i>, an anti-Catholic tract. In the tract, Hislop connects modern English <i>Easter</i> with the <a href="/wiki/East_Semitic" class="mw-redirect" title="East Semitic">East Semitic</a> theonym <i><a href="/wiki/Ishtar" class="mw-redirect" title="Ishtar">Ishtar</a></i> by way of <a href="/wiki/Folk_etymology" title="Folk etymology">folk etymology</a>. For example, from <i>The Two Babylons</i>, third edition: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>What means the term Easter itself? It is not a Christian name. It bears its Chaldean origin on its very forehead. Easter is nothing else than <a href="/wiki/Astarte" title="Astarte">Astarte</a>, one of the titles of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Beltis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Beltis (page does not exist)">Beltis</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Heaven_(antiquity)" title="Queen of Heaven (antiquity)">queen of heaven</a>, whose name, as pronounced by the people of <a href="/wiki/Ninevah" class="mw-redirect" title="Ninevah">Ninevah</a>, was evidently identical with that now in common use in this country. This name as found by Layard on the Assyrian monuments, is Ishtar.<sup id="cite_ref-HISLOP-103_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HISLOP-103-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Because Hislop's claims have no linguistics foundation, his claims were rejected, but the <i>Two Babylons</i> would go on to have some influence in popular culture.<sup id="cite_ref-HISLOP-RESPONSE_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HISLOP-RESPONSE-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 2000s, a popular <a href="/wiki/Internet_meme" title="Internet meme">Internet meme</a> similarly claimed an incorrect linguistic connection between English <i>Easter</i> and <i>Ishtar</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-D'Costa_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-D'Costa-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Science_and_technology">Science and technology</h3></div> <p>The name has been adopted for an <a href="/wiki/Asteroid" title="Asteroid">asteroid</a> (<a href="/wiki/343_Ostara" title="343 Ostara">343 Ostara</a>, 1892 by <a href="/wiki/Max_Wolf" title="Max Wolf">Max Wolf</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-SCHMADEL44_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SCHMADEL44-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In music, the name <span title="Old High German (ca. 750-1050)-language text"><i lang="goh">Ostara</i></span> has been adopted as a name by the musical group <a href="/wiki/Ostara_(band)" title="Ostara (band)">Ostara</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-DIESEL-GERTEN136_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DIESEL-GERTEN136-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and as the names of albums by <a href="/wiki/Zoviet_France" title="Zoviet France">:zoviet*france:</a> (<i>Eostre</i>, 1984) and <a href="/wiki/The_Wishing_Tree_(band)" title="The Wishing Tree (band)">The Wishing Tree</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Ostara_(album)" title="Ostara (album)">Ostara</a></i>, 2009). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Politics">Politics</h3></div> <p>Politically, the name of Ostara was in the early 20th century invoked as the name of a <a href="/wiki/Pan-Germanism" title="Pan-Germanism">German nationalist</a> <a href="/wiki/Ostara_(magazine)" title="Ostara (magazine)">magazine</a>, book series and publishing house established in 1905 at <a href="/wiki/M%C3%B6dling" title="Mödling">Mödling</a>, <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimek1996255_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimek1996255-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Peterborough_Chronicle_cropped.jpg/23px-Peterborough_Chronicle_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="23" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Peterborough_Chronicle_cropped.jpg/35px-Peterborough_Chronicle_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Peterborough_Chronicle_cropped.jpg/47px-Peterborough_Chronicle_cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="297" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Anglo-Saxon_England" title="Portal:Anglo-Saxon England">Anglo-Saxon England portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non"><a href="/wiki/Aurvandil" class="mw-redirect" title="Aurvandil">Aurvandil</a></i></span>, a Germanic being associated with stars, the first element of whose name is cognate to <span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang">Ēostre</i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dellingr" title="Dellingr">Dellingr</a>, a potential personification of the dawn in Norse mythology</li> <li><span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang"><a href="/wiki/Hengist_and_Horsa" title="Hengist and Horsa">Hengist and Horsa</a></i></span>, <a href="/wiki/Euhemerism" title="Euhemerism">euhemerised</a> Old English deities, possibly extending from Proto-Indo-European religion</li> <li><span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang"><a href="/wiki/M%C5%8Ddraniht" title="Mōdraniht">Mōdraniht</a></i></span>, the Old English "Mothers' night," also attested by Bede</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_High_German_lullaby" title="Old High German lullaby">Old High German lullaby</a>, a lullaby in Old High German that mentions <span title="Old High German (ca. 750-1050)-language text"><span lang="goh" style="font-style: normal;">Ostara</span></span>, generally held to be a literary forgery</li> <li><span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang"><a href="/wiki/T%C3%BDr" title="Týr">Tīw</a></i></span>, the Old English extension of the Proto-Indo-European <a href="/wiki/Sky_deity" title="Sky deity">sky deity</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Sievers-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sievers_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sievers 1901 p. 98</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wright, 85, §208</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EASTETYM-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-EASTETYM_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Barnhart" title="Robert Barnhart">Barnhart, Robert K.</a> <i>The Barnhart Concise Dictionary of Etymology</i> (1995) <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-270084-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-06-270084-7">0-06-270084-7</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESimek199674-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimek199674_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimek199674_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimek199674_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimek199674_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSimek1996">Simek 1996</a>, p. 74.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKroonen201343-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKroonen201343_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKroonen201343_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKroonen201343_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKroonen201343_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKroonen201343_5-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKroonen2013">Kroonen 2013</a>, p. 43.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WATKINS-2021-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WATKINS-2021_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Watkins 2006 [2000]: 2021.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESermon2008333-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESermon2008333_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSermon2008">Sermon 2008</a>, p. 333.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWest2007217–218-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWest2007217–218_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWest2007217–218_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWest2007">West 2007</a>, pp. 217–218.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESimek1996255-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimek1996255_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimek1996255_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSimek1996">Simek 1996</a>, p. 255.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESermon2008335-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESermon2008335_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSermon2008">Sermon 2008</a>, p. 335.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESermon2008337–338-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESermon2008337–338_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSermon2008">Sermon 2008</a>, pp. 337–338: "The term <i>asteronhus</i> could mean either 'Eastern-house' or 'Easterhouse', although current research tends to favor the latter of these two readings (Hessmann 2000). This interpretation is paralleled in the Flemish place-name and surname <i>Paashuis</i> or <i>Paeschhuis</i>, also meaning 'Easter-house', of which the earliest known example is <i>Paeshuys</i> recorded at Antwerp in 1386 (Debrabandere 1993: 1073)."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESermon2008334-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESermon2008334_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSermon2008">Sermon 2008</a>, p. 334.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalloryAdams1997148–149-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMalloryAdams1997148–149_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMalloryAdams1997">Mallory & Adams 1997</a>, pp. 148–149.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShaw201152–53-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShaw201152–53_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShaw2011">Shaw 2011</a>, pp. 52–53.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cubitt, Catherine (1995). <i>Anglo-Saxon Church Councils c.650–c.850</i>. London: Leicester University Press, pp 302f. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7185-1436-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-7185-1436-X">0-7185-1436-X</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShaw201159–60-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShaw201159–60_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShaw2011">Shaw 2011</a>, pp. 59–60.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShaw201160-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShaw201160_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShaw2011">Shaw 2011</a>, p. 60.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShaw201152,_63-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShaw201152,_63_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShaw2011">Shaw 2011</a>, pp. 52, 63.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESermon2008340-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESermon2008340_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSermon2008">Sermon 2008</a>, p. 340.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cockayne, Thomas. "The shrine: a collection of occasional papers on dry subjects" p. 69</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nabkal.de/beda/beda_15.html">Chapter XV, De mensibus Anglorum.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GILES179-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-GILES179_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Giles (1843:179).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WALLIS54-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WALLIS54_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wallis (1999:54).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BILLSON448-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BILLSON448_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BILLSON448_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Billson (1892:448).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShaw201152-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShaw201152_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShaw2011">Shaw 2011</a>, p. 52.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShaw201170–71-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShaw201170–71_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShaw2011">Shaw 2011</a>, pp. 70–71.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SERMON-2022-154-155-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SERMON-2022-154-155_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sermon 2022: 154-155.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GRIMM289-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-GRIMM289_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Grimm (1882:289).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GRIMM290-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-GRIMM290_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Grimm (1882:290).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GRIMM290-291-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-GRIMM290-291_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Grimm (1882:290—291).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GRIMM291-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-GRIMM291_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Grimm (1882:291).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GRIMM780-781-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GRIMM780-781_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GRIMM780-781_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Grimm (1883:780–781).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-D'Costa-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-D'Costa_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-D'Costa_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFD'Costa" class="citation web cs1">D'Costa, Krystal. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/anthropology-in-practice/beyond-ishtar-the-tradition-of-eggs-at-easter/">"Beyond Ishtar: The Tradition of Eggs at Easter"</a>. <i>Scientific American</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180328170422/https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/anthropology-in-practice/beyond-ishtar-the-tradition-of-eggs-at-easter/">Archived</a> from the original on 28 March 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Scientific+American&rft.atitle=Beyond+Ishtar%3A+The+Tradition+of+Eggs+at+Easter&rft.aulast=D%27Costa&rft.aufirst=Krystal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblogs.scientificamerican.com%2Fanthropology-in-practice%2Fbeyond-ishtar-the-tradition-of-eggs-at-easter%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C4%92ostre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bott_2011-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bott_2011_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBott2011" class="citation web cs1">Bott, Adrian (23 April 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/belief/2011/apr/23/easter-pagan-roots">"The modern myth of the Easter bunny"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=The+modern+myth+of+the+Easter+bunny&rft.date=2011-04-23&rft.aulast=Bott&rft.aufirst=Adrian&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fcommentisfree%2Fbelief%2F2011%2Fapr%2F23%2Feaster-pagan-roots&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C4%92ostre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElton,_Charles_Isaac1882" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Isaac_Elton" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Isaac Elton">Elton, Charles Isaac</a> (1882). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/originsofenglis00elto#page/390/mode/2up/search/harecrop">"Origins of English History"</a>. <i>Nature</i>. <b>25</b> (648): 391. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1882Natur..25..501T">1882Natur..25..501T</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F025501a0">10.1038/025501a0</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4097604">4097604</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Origins+of+English+History&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=648&rft.pages=391&rft.date=1882&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4097604%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F025501a0&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1882Natur..25..501T&rft.au=Elton%2C+Charles+Isaac&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Foriginsofenglis00elto%23page%2F390%2Fmode%2F2up%2Fsearch%2Fharecrop&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C4%92ostre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Winick2016-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Winick2016_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Winick2016_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Winick, Stephen. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blogs.loc.gov/folklife/2016/04/ostara-and-the-hare/">Ostara and the Hare: Not Ancient, but Not As Modern As Some Skeptics Think</a>. <i>Folklife Today</i>, 28 April 2016. Accessed 8 May 2019 at <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://blogs.loc.gov/folklife/2016/04/ostara-and-the-hare/">https://blogs.loc.gov/folklife/2016/04/ostara-and-the-hare/</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>American Notes and Queries</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-g48AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA64">June 8, 1889, pp. 64–65</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoyle1973323–324-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoyle1973323–324_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBoyle1973">Boyle & 1973</a>, pp. 323–324.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESermon2008341-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESermon2008341_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSermon2008">Sermon 2008</a>, p. 341.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HUBBARD175-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HUBBARD175_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hubbard (2007:175).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CUSACK354-355-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CUSACK354-355_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cusack (2008:354–355).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGriffiths2017" class="citation news cs1">Griffiths, Eleanor Blye (19 June 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.radiotimes.com/news/2017-06-19/american-gods-mythology-guide-meet-germanic-spring-goddess-ostara">"<i>American Gods</i> mythology guide: Meet Germanic spring goddess Ostara"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Radio_Times" title="Radio Times">Radio Times</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 June</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Radio+Times&rft.atitle=American+Gods+mythology+guide%3A+Meet+Germanic+spring+goddess+Ostara&rft.date=2017-06-19&rft.aulast=Griffiths&rft.aufirst=Eleanor+Blye&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.radiotimes.com%2Fnews%2F2017-06-19%2Famerican-gods-mythology-guide-meet-germanic-spring-goddess-ostara&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C4%92ostre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HISLOP-103-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HISLOP-103_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hislop (1903:103).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HISLOP-RESPONSE-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HISLOP-RESPONSE_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See, for example, contemporary discussion in anonymous (1859:338-340).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SCHMADEL44-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SCHMADEL44_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Schmadel (2003:44)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DIESEL-GERTEN136-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DIESEL-GERTEN136_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Diesel, Gerten (2007:136).</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li>Anonymous (1859). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KWpFAQAAMAAJ&pg=PR6">Review: <i>The Two Babylons</i></a> in <i><a href="/wiki/Saturday_Review_(London_newspaper)" title="Saturday Review (London newspaper)">The Saturday Review</a></i>, Vol. VIII, pp. 338–340. John W. Parker and Son.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Barnhart" title="Robert Barnhart">Barnhart, Robert K.</a> (1995). <i>The Barnhart Concise Dictionary of Etymology: The Origins of American English Words</i>. <a href="/wiki/HarperCollins" title="HarperCollins">HarperCollins</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-270084-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-06-270084-7">0-06-270084-7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_J._Billson" title="Charles J. Billson">Billson, Charles J.</a> (1892). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Folk-Lore/Volume_3/The_Easter_Hare" class="extiw" title="s:Folk-Lore/Volume 3/The Easter Hare">The Easter Hare</a>" as published in <i><a href="/wiki/Folk-Lore" title="Folk-Lore">Folk-Lore</a></i>, Vol. 3, No. 4 (December 1892). Taylor & Francis, Ltd. on behalf of Folklore Enterprises Ltd.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoyle1973" class="citation journal cs1">Boyle, John Andrew (1973). "The Hare in Myth and Reality: A Review Article". <i>Folklore</i>. <b>84</b> (4): 313–326. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F0015587X.1973.9716525">10.1080/0015587X.1973.9716525</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0015-587X">0015-587X</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1259837">1259837</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Folklore&rft.atitle=The+Hare+in+Myth+and+Reality%3A+A+Review+Article&rft.volume=84&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=313-326&rft.date=1973&rft.issn=0015-587X&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1259837%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F0015587X.1973.9716525&rft.aulast=Boyle&rft.aufirst=John+Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C4%92ostre" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Cusack, Carole M. (2008). "The Return of the Goddess: Mythology, Witchcraft and Feminist Spirituality" as published in Pizza, Murphy. Lewis, James R. (Editors). <i>Handbook of Contemporary Paganism</i>. <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill Publishers</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9004163735" title="Special:BookSources/9004163735">9004163735</a></li> <li>Diesel, Andreas. Gerten, Dieter (2007). <i>Looking for Europe: <span title="German-language text"><span lang="de">Neofolk und Hintergründe</span></span></i>. Index Verlag. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-936878-02-1" title="Special:BookSources/3-936878-02-1">3-936878-02-1</a></li> <li>Grimm, Jacob (James Steven Stallybrass Trans.) (1882). <i><a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Mythologie" title="Deutsche Mythologie">Teutonic Mythology: Translated from the Fourth Edition with Notes and Appendix</a></i> Vol. I. London: George Bell and Sons.</li> <li>Grimm, Jacob (James Steven Stallybrass Trans.) (1883). <i><a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Mythologie" title="Deutsche Mythologie">Teutonic Mythology: Translated from the Fourth Edition with Notes and Appendix</a></i> Vol. II. London: George Bell and Sons.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Hislop" title="Alexander Hislop">Hislop, Alexander</a> (1903). <i><a href="/wiki/The_Two_Babylons" title="The Two Babylons">The Two Babylons</a></i>. Third edition. S.W. Partridge. Web.</li> <li>Hubbard, Benjamin Jerome. Hatfield, John T. Santucci, James A. (2007). <i>An Educator's Classroom Guide to America's Religious Beliefs and Practices</i>. Libraries Unlimited. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-59158-409-4" title="Special:BookSources/1-59158-409-4">1-59158-409-4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Allen_Giles" title="John Allen Giles">Giles, John Allen</a> (1843). <i>The Complete Works of the Venerable Bede, in the Original Latin, Collated with the Manuscripts, and Various Print Editions, Accompanied by a New English Translation of the Historical Works, and a Life of the Author. Vol. VI: Scientific Tracts and Appendix.</i> London: Whittaker and Co., Ave Maria Lane.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKroonen2013" class="citation book cs1">Kroonen, Guus (2013). <i>Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic</i>. Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004183407" title="Special:BookSources/9789004183407"><bdi>9789004183407</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Etymological+Dictionary+of+Proto-Germanic&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9789004183407&rft.aulast=Kroonen&rft.aufirst=Guus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C4%92ostre" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalloryAdams1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/J._P._Mallory" title="J. P. Mallory">Mallory, J. P.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Q._Adams" title="Douglas Q. Adams">Adams, Douglas Q.</a> (1997). <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Indo-European_Culture" title="Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture">Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Taylor_%26_Francis" title="Taylor & Francis">Taylor & Francis</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-884964-98-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-884964-98-2"><bdi>1-884964-98-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Indo-European+Culture&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=1-884964-98-2&rft.aulast=Mallory&rft.aufirst=J.+P.&rft.au=Adams%2C+Douglas+Q.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C4%92ostre" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSermon2008" class="citation journal cs1">Sermon, Richard (2008). "From Easter to Ostara: the Reinvention of a Pagan Goddess?". <i>Time and Mind</i>. <b>1</b> (3): 331–343. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2752%2F175169708X329372">10.2752/175169708X329372</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1751-696X">1751-696X</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:161574008">161574008</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time+and+Mind&rft.atitle=From+Easter+to+Ostara%3A+the+Reinvention+of+a+Pagan+Goddess%3F&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=331-343&rft.date=2008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A161574008%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1751-696X&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2752%2F175169708X329372&rft.aulast=Sermon&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C4%92ostre" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShaw2011" class="citation book cs1">Shaw, Philip A. (2011). <i>Pagan goddesses in the early Germanic world : Eostre, Hreda and the cult of matrons</i>. Bristol Classical Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7156-3797-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7156-3797-5"><bdi>978-0-7156-3797-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pagan+goddesses+in+the+early+Germanic+world+%3A+Eostre%2C+Hreda+and+the+cult+of+matrons&rft.pub=Bristol+Classical+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-7156-3797-5&rft.aulast=Shaw&rft.aufirst=Philip+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C4%92ostre" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutz_D._Schmadel" title="Lutz D. Schmadel">Schmadel, Lutz D.</a> (2003). <i>Dictionary of Minor Planet Names</i>, fifth edition, illustrated. Springer. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-540-00238-3" title="Special:BookSources/3-540-00238-3">3-540-00238-3</a></li></ul> <p><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSermon2022" class="citation journal cs1">Sermon, Richard (2022). "Eostre and the <i>Matronae Austriahenae</i>". <i>Folklore</i>. <b>133</b> (2): 139–157. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F0015587X.2021.1959143">10.1080/0015587X.2021.1959143</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:249536135">249536135</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Folklore&rft.atitle=Eostre+and+the+Matronae+Austriahenae&rft.volume=133&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=139-157&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F0015587X.2021.1959143&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A249536135%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Sermon&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C4%92ostre" class="Z3988"></span> </p> <ul><li>Sievers, Eduard (Albert S. Cook Ed. Trans.) (1903) <i>An Old English grammar</i> Third Edition. <a href="/wiki/Ginn_and_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Ginn and Company">Ginn and Company</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimek1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Simek" title="Rudolf Simek">Simek, Rudolf</a> (1996). <i>Dictionary of Northern Mythology</i>. D.S. Brewer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85991-513-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85991-513-7"><bdi>978-0-85991-513-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Northern+Mythology&rft.pub=D.S.+Brewer&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-85991-513-7&rft.aulast=Simek&rft.aufirst=Rudolf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C4%92ostre" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Wallis, Faith (Trans.) (1999). <i>Bede: The Reckoning of Time</i>. <a href="/wiki/Liverpool_University_Press" title="Liverpool University Press">Liverpool University Press</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85323-693-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-85323-693-3">0-85323-693-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calvert_Watkins" title="Calvert Watkins">Watkins, Calvert</a> (2006 [2000]). <i>The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots</i>. <a href="/wiki/Houghton_Mifflin_Harcourt" title="Houghton Mifflin Harcourt">Houghton Mifflin Harcourt</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-618-08250-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-618-08250-6">0-618-08250-6</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWest2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Martin_Litchfield_West" title="Martin Litchfield West">West, Martin L.</a> (2007). <i>Indo-European Poetry and Myth</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-928075-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-928075-9"><bdi>978-0-19-928075-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indo-European+Poetry+and+Myth&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-19-928075-9&rft.aulast=West&rft.aufirst=Martin+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C4%92ostre" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Wright_(linguist)" title="Joseph Wright (linguist)">Wright, Joseph</a> and Wright, Elisabeth Mary. (1914) <i>Old English Grammar</i> Second Edition. Humphrey Milford Oxford University Press</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCusack2007" class="citation journal cs1">Cusack, Carole (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/738468">"The Goddess Eostre: Bede's Text and Contemporary Pagan Tradition(s)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Pomegranate" title="The Pomegranate">The Pomegranate</a></i>. <b>9</b> (1): 22–40. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1558%2Fpome.v9i1.22">10.1558/pome.v9i1.22</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Pomegranate&rft.atitle=The+Goddess+Eostre%3A+Bede%27s+Text+and+Contemporary+Pagan+Tradition%28s%29&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=22-40&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1558%2Fpome.v9i1.22&rft.aulast=Cusack&rft.aufirst=Carole&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F738468&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C4%92ostre" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurphyAmeen2020" class="citation journal cs1">Murphy, Luke John; Ameen, Carly (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2Fopar-2020-0109">"The Shifting Baselines of the British Hare Goddess"</a>. <i>Open Archaeology</i>. <b>6</b> (1): 214–235. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2Fopar-2020-0109">10.1515/opar-2020-0109</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Open+Archaeology&rft.atitle=The+Shifting+Baselines+of+the+British+Hare+Goddess&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=214-235&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2Fopar-2020-0109&rft.aulast=Murphy&rft.aufirst=Luke+John&rft.au=Ameen%2C+Carly&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1515%252Fopar-2020-0109&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C4%92ostre" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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href="/wiki/Template:Anglo-Saxon_paganism" title="Template:Anglo-Saxon paganism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Anglo-Saxon_paganism" title="Template talk:Anglo-Saxon paganism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Anglo-Saxon_paganism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Anglo-Saxon paganism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Anglo-Saxon_paganism_and_mythology" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_paganism" title="Anglo-Saxon paganism">Anglo-Saxon paganism</a> and mythology</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#cc9;;width:1%">Gods and divine figures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86sir" title="Æsir">Ēse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beowa" title="Beowa">Beowa</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ēostre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frigg" title="Frigg">Frige</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gefjon" title="Gefjon">Gefjon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rheda_(mythology)" title="Rheda (mythology)">Hretha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yngvi" title="Yngvi">Ing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seaxn%C4%93at" title="Seaxnēat">Saxnot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thor" title="Thor">Þunor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%BDr" title="Týr">Tiw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wade_(folklore)" title="Wade (folklore)">Wade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wayland_the_Smith" title="Wayland the Smith">Wayland the Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odin" title="Odin">Wōden</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#cc9;;width:1%">Heroic figures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agilaz" class="mw-redirect" title="Agilaz">Ægil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beowa" title="Beowa">Beowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ermanaric" title="Ermanaric">Eormenric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finn_(Frisian)" title="Finn (Frisian)">Finn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hengist_and_Horsa" title="Hengist and Horsa">Hengist and Horsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sceafa" title="Sceafa">Sceafa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waldere" title="Waldere">Waldere</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#cc9;;width:1%">Other beings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cofgod" title="Cofgod">Cofgod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_dragon" title="Germanic dragon">Dragon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwarf_(folklore)" title="Dwarf (folklore)">Dwarf (Dweorh)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elf" title="Elf">Elf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idis_(Germanic)" title="Idis (Germanic)">Ides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B6tunn" title="Jötunn">Eoten/Thurs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mare_(folklore)" title="Mare (folklore)">Mare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nixie_(folklore)" title="Nixie (folklore)">Neck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W%C3%A6lcyrge" class="mw-redirect" title="Wælcyrge">Wælcyrge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wight" title="Wight">Wight</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#cc9;;width:1%">Locations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Midgard" title="Midgard">Middangeard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#cc9;;width:1%">Sources</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_Chronicle" title="Anglo-Saxon Chronicle">Anglo-Saxon Chronicle</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/%C3%86cerbot" title="Æcerbot">Æcerbot</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rune_poems#Anglo-Saxon_Rune_Poem" class="mw-redirect" title="Rune poems">Anglo-Saxon Rune Poem</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Beowulf" title="Beowulf">Beowulf</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/De_temporum_ratione" class="mw-redirect" title="De temporum ratione">De temporum ratione</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Deor" title="Deor">Deor</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ealuscerwen" title="Ealuscerwen">Ealuscerwen</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnesburg_Fragment" title="Finnesburg Fragment">Finnesburg Fragment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franks_Casket" title="Franks Casket">Franks Casket</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Historia_ecclesiastica_gentis_Anglorum" class="mw-redirect" title="Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum">Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nine_Herbs_Charm" title="Nine Herbs Charm">Nine Herbs Charm</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spong_Hill" title="Spong Hill">Spong Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutton_Hoo" title="Sutton Hoo">Sutton Hoo</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Widsith" title="Widsith">Widsith</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wi%C3%B0_f%C3%A6rstice" title="Wið færstice">Wið færstice</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#cc9;;width:1%">Society and culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beot" title="Beot">Bēot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bl%C3%B3t" title="Blót">Blōtan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_burial" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Saxon burial">Burial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Germanic_calendars" title="Early Germanic calendars">Early Germanic calendars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folkmoot" class="mw-redirect" title="Folkmoot">Folkmoot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frith" title="Frith">Frith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_paganism" title="Germanic paganism">Germanic paganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%B6rgr" title="Hörgr">Hearg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horses_in_Germanic_paganism" title="Horses in Germanic paganism">Horses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_law" title="Anglo-Saxon law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maypole" title="Maypole">Maypole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_metrical_charms" title="Anglo-Saxon metrical charms">Metrical charms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moot_hill" title="Moot hill">Moot hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_runes" title="Anglo-Saxon runes">Runes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rings_in_Germanic_cultures" class="mw-redirect" title="Rings in Germanic cultures">Rings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scop" title="Scop">Scop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbel" title="Symbel">Symbel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thegn" title="Thegn">Thegn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thing_(assembly)" title="Thing (assembly)">Thing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thyle" title="Thyle">Thyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weregild" title="Weregild">Weregild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lva" class="mw-redirect" title="Völva">Wicce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wetlands_and_islands_in_Germanic_paganism" title="Wetlands and islands in Germanic paganism">Wetlands and islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilweorthunga" title="Wilweorthunga">Wilweorthunga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wyrd" title="Wyrd">Wyrd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yule" title="Yule">Yule</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#cc9;;width:1%">Modern pagan revival</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heathenry_(new_religious_movement)" title="Heathenry (new religious movement)">Heathenry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seax-Wica" title="Seax-Wica">Seax-Wica</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2" style="background-color:#cc9;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Anglo-Saxon_paganism" title="Category:Anglo-Saxon paganism">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Anglo-Saxon_months" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Anglo-Saxon_months" title="Template:Anglo-Saxon months"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Anglo-Saxon_months" title="Template talk:Anglo-Saxon months"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Anglo-Saxon_months" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Anglo-Saxon months"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Anglo-Saxon_months" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Early_Germanic_calendars#Month_names" title="Early Germanic calendars">Anglo-Saxon months</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang"><a href="/wiki/%C3%86fterra_G%C4%93ola" class="mw-redirect" title="Æfterra Gēola">Æfterra Gēola</a></i></span> (January)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang"><a href="/wiki/Solm%C5%8Dna%C3%BE" title="Solmōnaþ">Solmōnaþ</a></i></span> (February)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang"><a href="/wiki/Hr%C4%93%C3%BEm%C5%8Dna%C3%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="Hrēþmōnaþ">Hrēþmōnaþ</a></i></span> (March)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang"><a href="/wiki/%C4%92osturm%C5%8Dna%C3%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="Ēosturmōnaþ">Ēosturmōnaþ</a></i></span> (April)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang"><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Erimilcem%C5%8Dna%C3%BE" title="Þrimilcemōnaþ">Þrimilcemōnaþ</a></i></span> (May)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang"><a href="/wiki/%C7%A2rra-L%C4%AB%C3%B0a" title="Ǣrra-Līða">Ǣrra-Līða</a></i></span> (June)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang"><a href="/wiki/%C3%86ftera_L%C4%AB%C3%BEa" class="mw-redirect" title="Æftera Līþa">Æftera Līþa</a></i></span> (July)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang"><a href="/wiki/W%C4%93odm%C5%8Dna%C3%BE" title="Wēodmōnaþ">Wēodmōnaþ</a></i></span> (August)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang"><a href="/wiki/H%C4%81li%C4%A1m%C5%8Dna%C3%BE" title="Hāliġmōnaþ">Hāliġmōnaþ</a></i></span> (September)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang"><a href="/wiki/Winterfylleth" title="Winterfylleth">Winterfylleþ</a></i></span> (October)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang"><a href="/wiki/Bl%C5%8Dtm%C5%8Dna%C3%BE" title="Blōtmōnaþ">Blōtmōnaþ</a></i></span> (November)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang"><a href="/wiki/%C7%A2rra_G%C4%93ola" class="mw-redirect" title="Ǣrra Gēola">Ǣrra Gēola</a></i></span> (December)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <dl><dt><span class="nowrap">See also</span></dt> <dd><span class="nowrap"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ēostre</a></span></dd> <dd><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/M%C5%8Ddraniht" title="Mōdraniht">Mōdraniht</a></span></dd> <dd><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Rheda_(mythology)" title="Rheda (mythology)">Rheda</a></span></dd> <dd><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lunar_calendar" title="Lunar calendar">Lunar calendar</a></span></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Easter_and_its_cycle" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: gold"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Easter" title="Template:Easter"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Easter" title="Template talk:Easter"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Easter" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Easter"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Easter_and_its_cycle" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Easter" title="Easter">Easter</a> and <a href="/wiki/Easter_cycle" title="Easter cycle">its cycle</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lent" title="Lent">Lent</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #ffea7d"><a href="/wiki/Pre-Lent" title="Pre-Lent">Pre-Lent</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Septuagesima" title="Septuagesima">Septuagesima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexagesima" title="Sexagesima">Sexagesima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quinquagesima" title="Quinquagesima">Quinquagesima</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #ffea7d"><a href="/wiki/Carnival" title="Carnival">Carnival</a> (<a href="/wiki/Shrovetide" title="Shrovetide">Shrovetide</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shrove_Monday" title="Shrove Monday">Shrove Monday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrove_Tuesday" title="Shrove Tuesday">Shrove Tuesday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mardi_Gras" title="Mardi Gras">Mardi Gras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Face_of_Jesus" title="Holy Face of Jesus">Holy Face of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fastelavn" title="Fastelavn">Fastelavn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maslenitsa" title="Maslenitsa">Maslenitsa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #ffea7d">Lent proper</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ash_Wednesday" title="Ash Wednesday">Ash Wednesday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Lent" title="Great Lent">Great Lent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temptation_of_Christ" title="Temptation of Christ">Temptation of Christ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Sunday_of_Lent" class="mw-redirect" title="First Sunday of Lent">First Sunday of Lent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ember_days" title="Ember days">Ember days</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laetare_Sunday" title="Laetare Sunday">Laetare Sunday</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mothering_Sunday" title="Mothering Sunday">Mothering Sunday</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #ffea7d"><a href="/wiki/Passiontide" title="Passiontide">Passiontide</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Passion_Sunday" title="Passion Sunday">Passion Sunday</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lenten_veil" title="Lenten veil">Lenten veil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lenten_shrouds" title="Lenten shrouds">Lenten shrouds</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friday_of_Sorrows" title="Friday of Sorrows">Friday of Sorrows</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #ffea7d">Music</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ave_Regina_caelorum" title="Ave Regina caelorum">Ave Regina caelorum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passion_(music)" title="Passion (music)">Passion (music)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Passion_hymns" title="List of Passion hymns">Passion hymns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stabat_Mater" title="Stabat Mater">Stabat Mater</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Holy_Week" title="Holy Week">Holy Week</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #ffea7d"><a href="/wiki/Palm_Sunday" title="Palm Sunday">Palm Sunday</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Triumphal_entry_into_Jerusalem" title="Triumphal entry into Jerusalem">Triumphal entry into Jerusalem</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #ffea7d">Ferias</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Monday" title="Holy Monday">Holy Monday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Tuesday" title="Holy Tuesday">Holy Tuesday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Wednesday" title="Holy Wednesday">Holy Wednesday</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #ffea7d"><a href="/wiki/Paschal_Triduum" title="Paschal Triduum">Triduum</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tenebrae" title="Tenebrae">Tenebrae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #ffea7d"><a href="/wiki/Maundy_Thursday" title="Maundy Thursday">Maundy Thursday</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chrism_Mass" title="Chrism Mass">Chrism Mass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Last_Supper" title="Last Supper">Last Supper</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crotalus_(instrument)" title="Crotalus (instrument)">Crotalus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Last_Supper_in_Christian_art" title="Last Supper in Christian art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farewell_Discourse" title="Farewell Discourse">Farewell Discourse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_of_the_Lord%27s_Supper" title="Mass of the Lord's Supper">Mass of the Lord's Supper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maundy_(foot_washing)" title="Maundy (foot washing)">Foot washing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stripping_of_the_Altar" title="Stripping of the Altar">Stripping of the Altar</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #ffea7d"><a href="/wiki/Good_Friday" title="Good Friday">Good Friday</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Passion_of_Jesus" title="Passion of Jesus">Passion of Jesus</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Arma_Christi" title="Arma Christi">Arma Christi</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stations_of_the_Cross" title="Stations of the Cross">Stations of the Cross</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">Crucifixion of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Descent_from_the_Cross" title="Descent from the Cross">Descent from the Cross</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lamentation_of_Christ" title="Lamentation of Christ">Lamentation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epitaphios_(liturgical)" title="Epitaphios (liturgical)">Epitaphios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epitaphios_Thrinos" title="Epitaphios Thrinos">Encomia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piet%C3%A0" title="Pietà">Pietà</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burial_of_Jesus" title="Burial of Jesus">Burial of Jesus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Jesus" title="Tomb of Jesus">Tomb of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Easter_Sepulchre" title="Easter Sepulchre">Easter Sepulchre</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Good_Friday_prayer" title="Good Friday prayer">Good Friday prayer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Good_Friday_prayer_for_the_Jews" title="Good Friday prayer for the Jews">for the Jews</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorzkie_%C5%BCale" title="Gorzkie żale">Gorzkie żale</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #ffea7d"><a href="/wiki/Holy_Saturday" title="Holy Saturday">Holy Saturday</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harrowing_of_Hell" title="Harrowing of Hell">Harrowing of Hell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Awi%C4%99conka" title="Święconka">Święconka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #ffea7d"><a href="/wiki/Easter_Vigil" title="Easter Vigil">Easter Vigil</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paschal_candle" title="Paschal candle">Paschal candle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Fire" title="Holy Fire">Holy Fire</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lumen_Christi" title="Lumen Christi">Lumen Christi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Exsultet" title="Exsultet">Exsultet</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artos" title="Artos">Artos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rite_of_Christian_Initiation_of_Adults" class="mw-redirect" title="Rite of Christian Initiation of Adults">Rite of Christian Initiation of Adults</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #ffea7d">Traditions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burning_of_Judas" title="Burning of Judas">Burning of Judas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Week_procession" title="Holy Week procession">Processions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #ffea7d">By location</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Colombia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Week_in_Popay%C3%A1n" title="Holy Week in Popayán">Popayán</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Week_processions_in_Guatemala" title="Holy Week processions in Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li>Italy <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Week_in_Barcellona_Pozzo_di_Gotto" title="Holy Week in Barcellona Pozzo di Gotto">Barcellona Pozzo di Gotto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Week_in_Ruvo_di_Puglia" title="Holy Week in Ruvo di Puglia">Ruvo di Puglia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Week_in_Malta" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy Week in Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Week_in_Mexico" title="Holy Week in Mexico">Mexico</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Week_in_Taxco" title="Holy Week in Taxco">Taxco</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Week_in_the_Philippines" title="Holy Week in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li>Portugal <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Week_in_Braga" title="Holy Week in Braga">Braga</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Week_in_Spain" title="Holy Week in Spain">Spain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Week_in_Cuenca" title="Holy Week in Cuenca">Cuenca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Week_in_M%C3%A1laga" title="Holy Week in Málaga">Málaga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Week_in_Salamanca" title="Holy Week in Salamanca">Salamanca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Week_in_San_Crist%C3%B3bal_de_La_Laguna" title="Holy Week in San Cristóbal de La Laguna">San Cristóbal de La Laguna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Week_in_Santa_Cruz_de_La_Palma" title="Holy Week in Santa Cruz de La Palma">Santa Cruz de La Palma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Week_in_Seville" title="Holy Week in Seville">Seville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Week_in_Valladolid" title="Holy Week in Valladolid">Valladolid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Week_in_Viveiro" title="Holy Week in Viveiro">Viveiro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Week_in_Zamora" title="Holy Week in Zamora">Zamora</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Easter" title="Easter">Easter</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Day" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #ffea7d"><a href="/wiki/Easter" title="Easter">Day</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">Resurrection of Jesus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus_in_Christian_art" title="Resurrection of Jesus in Christian art">Art</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myrrhbearers" title="Myrrhbearers">Myrrhbearers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_to_Emmaus" class="mw-redirect" title="Road to Emmaus">Road to Emmaus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paschal_Homily" title="Paschal Homily">Paschal Homily</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunrise_service" title="Sunrise service">Sunrise service</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #ffea7d"><a href="/wiki/Date_of_Easter" title="Date of Easter">Date</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_dates_for_Easter" title="List of dates for Easter">List of dates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Date_of_Easter" title="Date of Easter">Calculation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #ffea7d"><a href="/wiki/Eastertide" title="Eastertide">Season</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #ffea7d">Liturgical features</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alleluia" title="Alleluia">Alleluia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentecostarion" title="Pentecostarion">Pentecostarion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paschal_trikirion" title="Paschal trikirion">Trikirion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #ffea7d"><a href="/wiki/Octave_of_Easter" title="Octave of Easter">Octave</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Bright_Week" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #ffea7d"><a href="/wiki/Bright_Week" title="Bright Week">Bright Week</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Easter" title="Easter">Easter Sunday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Easter_Monday" title="Easter Monday">Easter Monday</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Amigus-dyngus" title="Śmigus-dyngus">Śmigus-dyngus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Easter_whip" title="Easter whip">Easter whip</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Easter_Tuesday" title="Easter Tuesday">Easter Tuesday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Easter_Wednesday" class="mw-redirect" title="Easter Wednesday">Wednesday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Easter_Thursday" class="mw-redirect" title="Easter Thursday">Thursday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Easter_Friday" title="Easter Friday">Friday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Easter_Saturday" title="Easter Saturday">Saturday</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Sunday_of_Easter" title="Second Sunday of Easter">Second Sunday of Easter</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Doubting_Thomas" title="Doubting Thomas">Doubting Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_Mercy_Sunday" title="Divine Mercy Sunday">Divine Mercy Sunday</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radonitsa" title="Radonitsa">Radonitsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Sunday_of_Easter" title="Third Sunday of Easter">Third Sunday of Easter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Sunday_of_Easter" title="Fourth Sunday of Easter">Fourth Sunday of Easter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mid-Pentecost" title="Mid-Pentecost">Mid-Pentecost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Sunday_of_Easter" title="Fifth Sunday of Easter">Fifth Sunday of Easter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rogation_days" title="Rogation days">Rogation days</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #ffea7d"><a href="/wiki/Ascensiontide" class="mw-redirect" title="Ascensiontide">Ascensiontide</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ascension_of_Jesus" title="Ascension of Jesus">Ascension of Jesus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ascension_of_Jesus_in_Christian_art" title="Ascension of Jesus in Christian art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feast_of_the_Ascension" title="Feast of the Ascension">Feast of the Ascension</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cenacle" title="Cenacle">Cenacle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novena" title="Novena">Novena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthias_the_Apostle" title="Matthias the Apostle">Matthias the Apostle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #ffea7d"><a href="/wiki/Easter_traditions" title="Easter traditions">Traditions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Easter_basket" title="Easter basket">Basket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Easter_bonnet" title="Easter bonnet">Bonnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Easter_Bunny" title="Easter Bunny">Bunny</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Easter_Bilby" title="Easter Bilby">Bilby</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Easter_seals_(philately)" title="Easter seals (philately)">Easter seals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Easter_food" title="Easter food">Food</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paschal_greeting" title="Paschal greeting">Greeting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Easter_parade" title="Easter parade">Parade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pace_Egg_play" title="Pace Egg play">Pace Egg play</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Easter_postcard" title="Easter postcard">Postcard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rouketopolemos" title="Rouketopolemos">Rouketopolemos</a></li> <li>Saitopolemos</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scoppio_del_carro" title="Scoppio del carro">Scoppio del carro</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #ffea7d"><a href="/wiki/Easter_egg" title="Easter egg">Easter eggs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Egg_dance" title="Egg dance">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egg_decorating" title="Egg decorating">Decorating</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Egg_decorating_in_Slavic_culture" title="Egg decorating in Slavic culture">in Slavic culture</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egg_rolling" title="Egg rolling">Rolling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egg_hunt" title="Egg hunt">Hunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osterbrunnen" title="Osterbrunnen">Osterbrunnen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egg_tapping" title="Egg tapping">Tapping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Easter_egg_tree" title="Easter egg tree">Tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egg_tossing" title="Egg tossing">Tossing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #ffea7d">By country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pisanica_(Croatian)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pisanica (Croatian)">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pisanka_(Polish)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pisanka (Polish)">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pysanka" class="mw-redirect" title="Pysanka">Ukraine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #ffea7d">By country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fasika" title="Fasika">Ethiopia and Eritrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Easter_in_Italy" title="Easter in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Easter_in_Latvia" title="Easter in Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Easter_in_Poland" title="Easter in Poland">Poland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #ffea7d">Pre-Christian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ēostre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #ffea7d">Music</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Easter_Oratorio" title="Easter Oratorio">Easter Oratorio</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/I_Will_Mention_the_Loving-kindnesses" title="I Will Mention the Loving-kindnesses">I Will Mention the Loving-kindnesses</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Russian_Easter_Festival_Overture" title="Russian Easter Festival Overture">Russian Easter Festival Overture</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salzburg_Easter_Festival" title="Salzburg Easter Festival">Salzburg Easter Festival</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #ffea7d">Liturgical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Regina_caeli" title="Regina caeli">Regina caeli</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paschal_troparion" title="Paschal troparion">Troparion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victimae_paschali_laudes" title="Victimae paschali laudes">Victimae paschali laudes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #ffea7d">Cantatas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bleib_bei_uns,_denn_es_will_Abend_werden,_BWV_6" title="Bleib bei uns, denn es will Abend werden, BWV 6"><i>Bleib bei uns, denn es will Abend werden</i>, BWV 6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christ_lag_in_Todes_Banden,_BWV_4" title="Christ lag in Todes Banden, BWV 4"><i>Christ lag in Todes Banden</i>, BWV 4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Der_Friede_sei_mit_dir,_BWV_158" title="Der Friede sei mit dir, BWV 158"><i>Der Friede sei mit dir</i>, BWV 158</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Der_Himmel_lacht!_Die_Erde_jubilieret,_BWV_31" title="Der Himmel lacht! Die Erde jubilieret, BWV 31"><i>Der Himmel lacht! Die Erde jubilieret</i>, BWV 31</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ein_Herz,_das_seinen_Jesum_lebend_wei%C3%9F,_BWV_134" title="Ein Herz, das seinen Jesum lebend weiß, BWV 134"><i>Ein Herz, das seinen Jesum lebend weiß</i>, BWV 134</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erfreut_euch,_ihr_Herzen,_BWV_66" title="Erfreut euch, ihr Herzen, BWV 66"><i>Erfreut euch, ihr Herzen</i>, BWV 66</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ich_lebe,_mein_Herze,_zu_deinem_Erg%C3%B6tzen,_BWV_145" title="Ich lebe, mein Herze, zu deinem Ergötzen, BWV 145"><i>Ich lebe, mein Herze, zu deinem Ergötzen</i>, BWV 145</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #ffea7d"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Easter_hymns" title="List of Easter hymns">Hymns</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christ_the_Lord_Is_Risen_Today" title="Christ the Lord Is Risen Today">Christ the Lord Is Risen Today</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_Christ_Is_Risen_Today" title="Jesus Christ Is Risen Today">Jesus Christ Is Risen Today</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O_filii_et_filiae" title="O filii et filiae">O filii et filiae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Strife_is_O%27er,_the_Battle_Done" title="The Strife is O'er, the Battle Done">The Strife is O'er, the Battle Done</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #ffea7d">Choral music</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Surrexit_a_mortuis" title="Surrexit a mortuis">Surrexit a mortuis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #ffea7d">Film and TV</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Easter_films" title="List of Easter films">Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Easter_television_episodes" title="List of Easter television episodes">Television episodes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pentecost" title="Pentecost">Pentecost</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Season" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #ffea7d"><a href="/wiki/Pentecost_season" title="Pentecost season">Season</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Octave" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #ffea7d"><a href="/wiki/Octave_of_Pentecost" class="mw-redirect" title="Octave of Pentecost">Octave</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pentecost" title="Pentecost">Pentecost Sunday</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Whitsun" title="Whitsun">Whitsun</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whit_Monday" title="Whit Monday">Whit Monday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whit_Tuesday" title="Whit Tuesday">Whit Tuesday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ember_days" title="Ember days">Ember days</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feast_of_Christ_the_Priest" title="Feast of Christ the Priest">Feast of Christ the Priest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinity_Sunday" title="Trinity Sunday">Trinity Sunday</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feast_of_Corpus_Christi" title="Feast of Corpus Christi">Feast of Corpus Christi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feast_of_the_Sacred_Heart" title="Feast of the Sacred Heart">Feast of the Sacred Heart</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Neopagan_witchcraft" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Neopagan_witchcraft" title="Template:Neopagan witchcraft"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Neopagan_witchcraft" title="Template talk:Neopagan witchcraft"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Neopagan_witchcraft" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Neopagan witchcraft"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Neopagan_witchcraft" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Neopagan_witchcraft" title="Neopagan witchcraft">Neopagan witchcraft</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Wicca" title="History of Wicca">History of Wicca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etymology_of_Wicca" title="Etymology of Wicca">Etymology of Wicca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_pagan_views_on_LGBT_people#Wicca" title="Modern pagan views on LGBT people">Wicca and LGBT people</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dettmer_v._Landon" title="Dettmer v. Landon">Dettmer v. Landon</a></i></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="10" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pentacle_(fixed_width).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Pentacle_%28fixed_width%29.svg/90px-Pentacle_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Pentacle_%28fixed_width%29.svg/135px-Pentacle_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Pentacle_%28fixed_width%29.svg/180px-Pentacle_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Traditions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/British_Traditional_Wicca" class="mw-redirect" title="British Traditional Wicca">British Traditional</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexandrian_Wicca" title="Alexandrian Wicca">Alexandrian Wicca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algard_Wicca" class="mw-redirect" title="Algard Wicca">Algard Wicca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Star_Wicca" title="Blue Star Wicca">Blue Star Wicca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Valley_Wicca" title="Central Valley Wicca">Central Valley Wicca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chthonioi_Alexandrian_Wicca" title="Chthonioi Alexandrian Wicca">Chthonioi Alexandrian Wicca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gardnerian_Wicca" title="Gardnerian Wicca">Gardnerian Wicca</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1734_Tradition" title="1734 Tradition">1734 Tradition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Wicca" title="Celtic Wicca">Celtic Wicca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_and_School_of_Wicca" title="Church and School of Wicca">Church and School of Wicca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cochrane%27s_Craft" title="Cochrane's Craft">Cochrane's Craft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Howard_(Wiccan)" title="Raymond Howard (Wiccan)">Coven of Atho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dianic_Wicca" title="Dianic Wicca">Dianic Wicca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faery_Wicca" title="Faery Wicca">Faery Wicca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feri_Tradition" title="Feri Tradition">Feri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Wicca" title="Georgian Wicca">Georgian Wicca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odyssean_Wicca" title="Odyssean Wicca">Odyssean Wicca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reclaiming_(Neopaganism)" title="Reclaiming (Neopaganism)">Reclaiming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seax-Wica" title="Seax-Wica">Seax-Wica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stregheria" title="Stregheria">Stregheria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Eclectic_Wicca" title="Universal Eclectic Wicca">Universal Eclectic Wicca</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Notable<br />figures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Gardner" title="Gerald Gardner">Gerald Gardner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doreen_Valiente" title="Doreen Valiente">Doreen Valiente</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alex_Sanders_(Wiccan)" title="Alex Sanders (Wiccan)">Alex Sanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxine_Sanders" title="Maxine Sanders">Maxine Sanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sybil_Leek" title="Sybil Leek">Sybil Leek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edith_Woodford-Grimes" title="Edith Woodford-Grimes">Dafo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margot_Adler" title="Margot Adler">Margot Adler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Henry_Anderson" title="Victor Henry Anderson">Victor Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleanor_Bone" title="Eleanor Bone">Artemis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gavin_Bone" title="Gavin Bone">Gavin Bone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lois_Bourne" title="Lois Bourne">Lois Bourne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_L._Bracelin" title="Jack L. Bracelin">Jack Bracelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Buckland" title="Raymond Buckland">Raymond Buckland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eddie_Buczynski" title="Eddie Buczynski">Eddie Buczynski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zsuzsanna_Budapest" title="Zsuzsanna Budapest">Zsuzsanna Budapest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Cardell" title="Charles Cardell">Charles Cardell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ipsita_Roy_Chakraverti" title="Ipsita Roy Chakraverti">Ipsita Roy Chakraverti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patricia_Crowther_(Wiccan)" title="Patricia Crowther (Wiccan)">Patricia Crowther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vivianne_Crowley" title="Vivianne Crowley">Vivianne Crowley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Cochrane_(witch)" title="Robert Cochrane (witch)">Robert Cochrane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_Cunningham" title="Scott Cunningham">Scott Cunningham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phyllis_Curott" title="Phyllis Curott">Phyllis Curott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cerridwen_Fallingstar" title="Cerridwen Fallingstar">Cerridwen Fallingstar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janet_Farrar" title="Janet Farrar">Janet Farrar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stewart_Farrar" title="Stewart Farrar">Stewart Farrar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raven_Grimassi" title="Raven Grimassi">Raven Grimassi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gavin_Frost" class="mw-redirect" title="Gavin Frost">Gavin Frost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yvonne_Frost" class="mw-redirect" title="Yvonne Frost">Yvonne Frost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Heselton" title="Philip Heselton">Philip Heselton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederic_Lamond_(Wiccan)" title="Frederic Lamond (Wiccan)">Frederic Lamond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosaleen_Norton" title="Rosaleen Norton">Rosaleen Norton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silver_RavenWolf" title="Silver RavenWolf">Silver RavenWolf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Starhawk" title="Starhawk">Starhawk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Bearwalker_Wilson" title="Joseph Bearwalker Wilson">Joseph Wilson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Deities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Triple_Goddess_(Neopaganism)" title="Triple Goddess (Neopaganism)">Triple Goddess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horned_God" title="Horned God">Horned God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Man" title="Green Man">Green Man</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Green_man_(spirit_of_nature)" class="mw-redirect" title="Green man (spirit of nature)">Spirit of nature</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holly_King_and_Oak_King" title="Holly King and Oak King">Holly King / Oak King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mother_goddess" title="Mother goddess">Mother goddess</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Key<br />concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wicca" title="Wicca">Wicca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiccan_morality" title="Wiccan morality">Wiccan morality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiccan_Rede" title="Wiccan Rede">Wiccan Rede</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_of_Three_(Wicca)" title="Rule of Three (Wicca)">Rule of Three</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiccan_views_of_divinity" title="Wiccan views of divinity">Wiccan views of divinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coven" title="Coven">Coven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Craft_name" title="Craft name">Craft name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magic_(supernatural)" title="Magic (supernatural)">Magic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witchcraft" title="Witchcraft">Witchcraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_magic" title="White magic">White magic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otherworld" title="Otherworld">Otherworld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Summerland" title="The Summerland">The Summerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reincarnation" title="Reincarnation">Reincarnation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma" title="Karma">Karma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skyclad_(Neopaganism)" title="Skyclad (Neopaganism)">Skyclad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Summoner_(Wicca)" title="Summoner (Wicca)">Summoner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watchtower_(magic)" title="Watchtower (magic)">Watchtower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Familiar" title="Familiar">Familiar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animism" title="Animism">Animism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rites<br /> and ritual</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drawing_down_the_Moon_(ritual)" title="Drawing down the Moon (ritual)">Drawing down the Moon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_rite" title="Great rite">Great rite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Handfasting" title="Handfasting">Handfasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiccaning" title="Wiccaning">Wiccaning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fivefold_kiss" title="Fivefold kiss">Fivefold kiss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magic_circle" title="Magic circle">Magic circle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cone_of_power" title="Cone of power">Cone of power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbal_medicine" title="Herbal medicine">Herbal medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scrying" title="Scrying">Scrying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incantation" title="Incantation">Spellwork / Incantation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banishing" title="Banishing">Banishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divination" title="Divination">Divination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invocation" title="Invocation">Invocation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Initiation" title="Initiation">Initiation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rite_of_passage" title="Rite of passage">Rite of passage</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eko_Eko_Azarak" title="Eko Eko Azarak">Eko Eko Azarak</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solitary_practitioner" title="Solitary practitioner">Solitary practitioner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiral_dance" title="Spiral dance">Spiral dance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Holidays</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wheel_of_the_Year" title="Wheel of the Year">Wheel of the Year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solstice" title="Solstice">Solstice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equinox" title="Equinox">Equinox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imbolc" title="Imbolc">Imbolc</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ostara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beltane" title="Beltane">Beltane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midsummer" title="Midsummer">Midsummer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lughnasadh" title="Lughnasadh">Lughnasadh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheel_of_the_Year#Autumnal_equinox_(Mabon)" title="Wheel of the Year">Mabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samhain" title="Samhain">Samhain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yule" title="Yule">Yule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esbat" title="Esbat">Esbat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wild_Hunt#In_modern_Paganism" title="Wild Hunt">Wild Hunt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Paraphernalia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Magical_tools_in_Wicca" title="Magical tools in Wicca">Magical tools in Wicca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altar_(Wicca)" title="Altar (Wicca)">Altar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amulet" title="Amulet">Amulet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athame" title="Athame">Athame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altar_bell" title="Altar bell">Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Besom" title="Besom">Besom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boline" title="Boline">Boline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Shadows" title="Book of Shadows">Book of Shadows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candle" title="Candle">Candles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cauldron" title="Cauldron">Cauldron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censer" title="Censer">Censer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalice#Wicca" title="Chalice">Chalice/Goblet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drinking_horn" title="Drinking horn">Horn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incense" title="Incense">Incense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parchment" title="Parchment">Parchment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentacle" title="Pentacle">Pentacle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runic_magic#Modern_systems" title="Runic magic">Runes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scourge" title="Scourge">Scourge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Figurine" title="Figurine">Statue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talisman" title="Talisman">Talisman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarot" title="Tarot">Tarot deck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wand" title="Wand">Wand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch%27s_ladder" title="Witch's ladder">Witch's ladder</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Literature</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Aradia,_or_the_Gospel_of_the_Witches" title="Aradia, or the Gospel of the Witches">Aradia, or the Gospel of the Witches</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Meaning_of_Witchcraft" title="The Meaning of Witchcraft">The Meaning of Witchcraft</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Spiral_Dance" title="The Spiral Dance">The Spiral Dance</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/What_Witches_Do" title="What Witches Do">What Witches Do</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Witchcraft_Today" title="Witchcraft Today">Witchcraft Today</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Charge_of_the_Goddess" title="Charge of the Goddess">Charge of the Goddess</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Enchanted_Feminism" title="Enchanted Feminism">Enchanted Feminism</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Neopagan_movements#Wicca" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Neopagan movements">List of Wiccan organisations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bricket_Wood_coven" title="Bricket Wood coven">Bricket Wood coven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Forest_coven" title="New Forest coven">New Forest coven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neopagan_witchcraft" title="Neopagan witchcraft">Neopagan witchcraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch-cult_hypothesis" title="Witch-cult hypothesis">Witch-cult hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left-hand_path_and_right-hand_path" title="Left-hand path and right-hand path">Left-hand path and right-hand path</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cunning_folk_in_Britain" title="Cunning folk in Britain">Cunning folk in Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_witchcraft" title="European witchcraft">European witchcraft</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Malleus_Maleficarum" title="Malleus Maleficarum">Malleus Maleficarum</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_healer#Granny_women" title="Folk healer">Granny woman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cunning_folk" title="Cunning folk">Cunning folk</a></li> <li>Magical alphabets <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Runes" class="mw-redirect" title="Runes">Runes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theban_alphabet" title="Theban alphabet">Theban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_alphabet" title="Hebrew alphabet">Hebrew</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witching_hour" title="Witching hour">Witching hour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_hunt" title="Witch hunt">Witch hunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witches%27_Sabbath" title="Witches' Sabbath">Witches' Sabbath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flying_ointment" title="Flying ointment">Flying ointment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Witchcraft_and_Magic" title="Museum of Witchcraft and Magic">Museum of Witchcraft and Magic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witchcraft_Research_Association" title="Witchcraft Research Association">Witchcraft Research Association</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ēostre&oldid=1251325684">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ēostre&oldid=1251325684</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a 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