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La scission de la social-démocratie russe </a> </li> <li class="list-group-item "> <a class="d-block" title="MENCHEVISME, Divisions des mencheviks" href="/encyclopedie/menchevisme/2-divisions-des-mencheviks/"> 2. Divisions des mencheviks </a> </li> <li class="list-group-item "> <a class="d-block" title="MENCHEVISME, La révolution de 1917" href="/encyclopedie/menchevisme/3-la-revolution-de-1917/"> 3. La révolution de 1917 </a> </li> <li class="list-group-item "> <a class="d-block" title="MENCHEVISME, Bibliographie" href="/encyclopedie/menchevisme/4-bibliographie/"> 4. Bibliographie </a> </li> </ul> <button class="btn btn-sm btn-universalis" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#free-toc" aria-expanded="false" title="Afficher / masquer le sommaire"> <i aria-hidden="true" class="fa fa-fw fa-eye"></i> Sommaire </button> </div> <h1 class="mb-1"> <strong>MENCHEVISME</strong> </h1> <ul class="pagination justify-content-center public-links "><li class="page-item active"><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 1" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">1</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 2" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">2</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 3" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">3</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 4" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">4</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 5" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">5</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 6" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">6</a></li></ul><p class="text-sm text-muted mb-1">Article modifié le <time datetime="2025-01-29"> 29/01/2025 </time></p><div class="content paged type-article" ><div class="block_1" data-ucode="yL113041_0"><i class="anchor" id="yL113041_0"></i><p>Tout comme la dénomination de <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Le terme de bolchevisme, dérivé du substantif abstrait bolchinstvo (majorité), désigne la théorie révolutionnaire de Lénine et la praxis du Parti bolchevique dont celui-ci fut le fondateur, le dirigeant et le stratège. Les origines et l'évolution sémantique de ce mot, lointain souvenir d'un jargon d'exilés qui n'est entré dans le langage politique qu'à partir de la révolution..." title="Article : BOLCHEVISME" href="/encyclopedie/bolchevisme/">bolchevisme</a>, celle de menchevisme est issue du II<sup>e</sup> congrès du Parti ouvrier social-démocrate de Russie ( P.O.S.D.R.) qui siégea pendant un mois à Bruxelles puis à Londres en août 1903 et établit un nouveau clivage fondamental à l'intérieur du <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Le mouvement ouvrier est devenu une des données fondamentales du monde contemporain. Ne serait-ce d'abord qu'au point de vue quantitatif. On peut à l'heure présente évaluer à environ deux cents millions les effectifs des ouvriers qui adhèrent aux principales centrales syndicales internationales. Ces chiffres sont au total impressionnants quand on songe que ces centrales sont relativement ré..." title="Article : MOUVEMENT OUVRIER" href="/encyclopedie/mouvement-ouvrier/">mouvement ouvrier</a> russe. Les mencheviks (<em>menchinstvo </em>= minorité) doivent ce qualificatif au fait d'avoir été mis en minorité sur la question des instances dirigeantes du Parti ; en revanche, sur le problème central qui divisait le congrès et concernait la définition de membre du Parti devant faire l'objet du premier paragraphe des statuts, les participants rejetèrent les vues de <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Fondateur et bâtisseur de l'État soviétique, qui affiche d'emblée sa forte spécificité par rapport aux États existants, Lénine est l'un des hommes politiques qui a le plus profondément marqué le xx e siècle. Véritable icône pour des centaines de millions de nouveaux croyants en une religion inédite, le communisme, Lénine apparaît aujourd'hui, avec le recul du temps et la f..." title="Article : LÉNINE (1870-1924)" href="/encyclopedie/lenine/">Lénine</a> et de ses partisans, les bolcheviks (<em>bolchinstvo </em>= majorité), et adoptèrent celles de Martov qui s'affirmait ainsi comme l'un des principaux leaders du menchevisme et devait le rester jusqu'à sa mort en 1923.</p><div class="clearfix"></div><div class="media-container float-md-start me-2 col-md-3 text-center"><figure class="figure text-center w-100 mb-0 p-1" style="position: relative"><a data-ucode="PH996344" data-showMediaPlayer="1" class="protected media-reference-copy " title="Média : Axelrod" href="/media/axelrod-ph996344/"><img id="PH996344" loading="lazy" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/a/4/csm_ph996344_34ff750414.webp" class="figure-img rounded mx-auto media_resized" alt="Axelrod - crédits : Hulton Archive/ Getty Images" data-description="Pavel Borissovitch Axelrod (1850-1928), père de la social-démocratie russe." data-copyright="Hulton Archive/ Getty Images" width="730" height="1024" /></a><figcaption class="figure-caption"><p class="m-0 mt-1 fw-bold text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Axelrod </p><p class="m-0 copyright text-sm text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Hulton Archive/ Getty Images </p></figcaption></figure></div><p>Les divergences entre bolchevisme et menchevisme – indissociables dans leur opposition – recouvraient deux conceptions différentes de l'action politique et du Parti. Si le schéma centralisateur de Lénine, exposé en 1902 dans <em>Que faire ?</em>, n'avait pas soulevé plus tôt les querelles passionnées qui éclatèrent lors du II<sup>e</sup> Congrès, c'est qu'en fait futurs bolcheviks et mencheviks, regroupés autour du journal <em><a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Journal du Parti social-démocrate ouvrier russe (P.O.S.D.R.), l' Iskra ( L'Étincelle ) paraît du 11 décembre 1900 au 8 octobre 1905. En tout 112 numéros seront publiés à un rythme mensuel puis bimensuel à partir de 1902. Son histoire se confond avec celle de la social-démocratie russe, et l'on doit distinguer la vieille Iskra , dirigée conjointement par Lénine et Plekhanov (jusqu'..." title="Article : ISKRA" href="/encyclopedie/iskra/">Iskra</a></em>(<em>L'Étincelle</em>), étaient d'accord sur la nécessité primordiale d'un parti clandestin strictement structuré, du moins au stade initial. Ce qui différait, c'étaient les perspectives et la stratégie. Pour les mencheviks, en effet – P. B. Axelrod, l'un des pionniers du marxisme en Russie, s'en explique dans un article demeuré célèbre –, le rôle de la social-démocratie russe était d'accélérer la chute du tsarisme en catalysant la révolution démocratique bourgeoise, en la dirigeant même afin de permettre à son issue l'implantation légale du mouvement socialiste et de la doter d'une infrastructure calquée sur le modèle occidental : syndicats, organisations régionales dont l'une des tâches serait la propagande électorale, caisses d'assurances, bref, tout un réseau d'associations destinées à éduquer la classe ouvrière de Russie et à lui faire acquérir la conscience de classe nécessaire à l'accomplissement ultérieur d'une seconde révolution, la révolution socialiste. Cette conception, diffuse à la veille du II<sup>e</sup> Congrès, devait se cristalliser au cours de l'évolution du menchevisme, de 1903 à 1917.</p><div class="clearfix"></div></div><div class="block_1" data-ucode="yL113041_1"><i class="anchor" id="yL113041_1"></i><h2>La scission de la social-démocratie russe</h2><p>À la fin de 1903, la rédaction de l'organe central du Parti, l'<em>Iskra</em>, était passée aux mains de mencheviks qui contrôlaient également la Ligue des social-démocrates russes à l'étranger. Animé originellement d'un désir de conciliation des deux fractions rivales, Plekhanov, « le père du marxisme russe », abandonna Lénine, son allié d'hier, pour rejoindre à la fin de 1903 les mencheviks : Martov, Potresov, Zasulič, Axelrod (l'ancienne rédaction de l'<em>Iskra</em>), Alexandrova, Dejč, Trotski. Cette adhésion au menchevisme de tous les leaders de la social-démocratie russe devait avoir pour conséquence l'isolement des bolcheviks sur le plan international. Les dirigeants de la II<sup>e</sup> Internationale de toutes tendances faisaient confiance à l'« orthodoxie » des mencheviks exprimée dans leur condamnation du révisionnisme et prenaient position contre les bolcheviks. Ainsi <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Biographie de ROSA LUXEMBURG (1870-1919). Née près de Lublin, en Pologne sous domination russe, Rosa Luxemburg est issue d'une famille de commerçants juifs de tradition libérale.. Après des études au lycée de Varsovie , elle entre dès 1887 en relation avec des militants socialistes polonais. Obligée de passer à l'étranger à cause de son activité politique, elle s'installe à Zurich..." title="Article : ROSA LUXEMBURG (1870-1919)" href="/encyclopedie/rosa-luxemburg/">Rosa Luxemburg</a> soutenait-elle en 1904 une thèse sur les problèmes d'organisation très proche du menchevisme d'alors. Il est d'autres points sur lesquels portait cette parenté. L'idée d'auto-activité des masses, partiellement reprise à ceux que les « iskristes » avaient accusés naguère d'« économisme » et qui avaient rejoint les rangs du menchevisme, était issue d'une confiance dans l'action spontanée des<a href="javascript:" title="Lire la suite" class="read-more ms-1">[...]</a></p></div><div class="clearfix"></div></div><ul class="pagination justify-content-center public-links "><li class="page-item active"><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 1" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">1</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 2" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">2</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 3" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" 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src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/a/4/csm_ph996344_34ff750414.webp" class="figure-img rounded mx-auto media_resized" alt="Axelrod - crédits : Hulton Archive/ Getty Images" data-description="Pavel Borissovitch Axelrod (1850-1928), père de la social-démocratie russe." data-copyright="Hulton Archive/ Getty Images" width="730" height="1024" /> </a> <figcaption class="figure-caption"> <p class="m-0 mt-1 fw-bold text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Axelrod </p> <p class="m-0 copyright text-sm text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Hulton Archive/ Getty Images </p> </figcaption> </figure> </div> </div> </section> <section class="mb-5 d-print-none learn-more"> <i class="anchor" id="yL113041_REFERENCES"></i> <p class="title-minor">Autres références</p> <ul class="list-group"> <li class="list-group-item"> <h3 class="fs-5 m-0 mt-1"> <a href="/encyclopedie/pavel-borissovitch-axelrod/"> <span class="rg">AXELROD </span><span class="pc">PAVEL BORISSOVITCH </span><span class="rm">(1850-1928)</span> </a> </h3> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet mb-1 text-muted"> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">Écrit par <span rel="author">Paul CLAUDEL</span> </li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">398 mots</li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">1 média </li> </ul> <div class="d-none d-md-inline-block float-start me-3"> <a class="protected" title="Article : AXELROD PAVEL BORISSOVITCH (1850-1928)" href="/encyclopedie/pavel-borissovitch-axelrod/"> <img class="rounded shadow" loading="lazy" alt="Axelrod - crédits : Hulton Archive/ Getty Images" width="125" height="125" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/a/4/csm_ph996344_eeefc50f6a.webp"/> </a> </div> <div class="snippet-content mt-3"> <p> Né à Chklov dans une famille de paysans juifs, Axelrod suit les cours de l'école secondaire tout en organisant une école pour enfants de Juifs pauvres. À dix-huit ans il découvre Lassalle et s'engage dans le mouvement révolutionnaire. Populiste, il tente d'organiser à <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Capitale de l'Ukraine indépendante depuis 1991, Kiev (en ukrainien Kyiv) se situe dans le centre-nord rural du pays, près de la Biélorussie , aux confins des riches Terres noires céréalières, au sud, et des régions plus boisées et plus humides de la Polésie, au nord. La ville, qui fut longtemps l'une des portes d'entrée du monde slave oriental, a profité de la présence du Dniepr ..." title="Article : KIEV" href="/encyclopedie/kiev/">Kiev...</a></p> </div> </li> <li class="list-group-item"> <h3 class="fs-5 m-0 mt-1"> <a href="/encyclopedie/bolchevisme/"> <span class="rg">BOLCHEVISME</span> </a> </h3> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet mb-1 text-muted"> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">Écrit par <span rel="author">Georges HAUPT</span> </li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">7 596 mots</li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">6 médias </li> </ul> <div class="d-none d-md-inline-block float-start me-3"> <a class="protected" title="Article : BOLCHEVISME" href="/encyclopedie/bolchevisme/"> <img class="rounded shadow" loading="lazy" alt="Lénine à Moscou, 1919 - crédits : Keystone/ Getty Images" width="125" height="125" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/e/a/csm_ph996334_189b8201a4.webp"/> </a> </div> <div class="snippet-content mt-3"> <p>Le terme de bolchevisme, dérivé du substantif abstrait <em>bolchinstvo </em>(majorité), désigne la théorie révolutionnaire de <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Fondateur et bâtisseur de l'État soviétique, qui affiche d'emblée sa forte spécificité par rapport aux États existants, Lénine est l'un des hommes politiques qui a le plus profondément marqué le xx e siècle. Véritable icône pour des centaines de millions de nouveaux croyants en une religion inédite, le communisme, Lénine apparaît aujourd'hui, avec le recul du temps et la f..." title="Article : LÉNINE (1870-1924)" href="/encyclopedie/lenine/">Lénine</a> et la praxis du Parti bolchevique dont celui-ci fut le fondateur, le dirigeant et le stratège. Les origines et l'évolution sémantique de ce mot, lointain souvenir d'un...</p> </div> </li> <li class="list-group-item"> <h3 class="fs-5 m-0 mt-1"> <a href="/encyclopedie/iskra/"> <span class="rg">ISKRA</span> </a> </h3> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet mb-1 text-muted"> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">Écrit par <span rel="author">Vladimir Claude FISERA</span> </li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">1 018 mots</li> </ul> <div class="snippet-content mt-3"> <p> Journal du Parti social-démocrate ouvrier russe (P.O.S.D.R.), l'<em>Iskra </em>(<em>L'Étincelle</em>) paraît du 11 décembre 1900 au 8 octobre 1905. En tout 112 numéros seront publiés à un rythme mensuel puis bimensuel à partir de 1902. Son histoire se confond avec celle de la social-démocratie russe,...</p> </div> </li> <li class="list-group-item"> <h3 class="fs-5 m-0 mt-1"> <a href="/encyclopedie/lenine/#c4955"> <span class="rg">LÉNINE </span><span class="rm">(1870-1924)</span> </a> </h3> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet mb-1 text-muted"> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">Écrit par <span rel="author">Nicolas WERTH</span> </li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">6 896 mots</li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">6 médias </li> </ul> <div class="d-none d-md-inline-block float-start me-3"> <a class="protected" title="Article : L&Eacute;NINE (1870-1924)" href="/encyclopedie/lenine/"> <img class="rounded shadow" loading="lazy" alt="Lénine et Staline, 1922 - crédits : Laski Diffusion/ East News/ Hulton Archive/ Getty Images" width="125" height="125" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/b/2/csm_ph996336_a3a0bd5f33.webp"/> </a> </div> <div class="snippet-content mt-3"> Cette conception – inédite – du parti révolutionnaire est à l'origine de la division entremencheviks et bolcheviks lors du II<sup>e</sup> congrès du Parti ouvrier social-démocrate de Russie, tenu à Bruxelles, puis (la <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="C'est au xvii e siècle que le vocable « police » a reçu son acception moderne de service public chargé de la protection des personnes et des biens, du maintien des institutions et de la surveillance de l'opinion. La France fut l'un des premiers États européens à spécialiser des agents dans ce quadruple rôle, chaque régime politique privilégiant l'une ou l'autre de ces foncti..." title="Article : POLICE" href="/encyclopedie/police/">police</a> belge ayant interdit la réunion) à Londres en juillet 1903. Les cinquante... </div> </li> <li class="list-unstyled text-center mt-3"> <a class="btn btn-sm btn-primary" title="Afficher la liste complète des références" rel="related" href="/index/menchevisme/"> Afficher les 10 références <i aria-hidden="true" class="fa fa-fw fa-chevron-right"></i> </a> </li> </ul> </section> <section class="mb-5 d-print-none article-indexes learn-more"> <i class="anchor" id="yL113041_INDEXES"></i> <p class="title-minor">Voir aussi</p> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet"> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : RÉVISIONNISME" href="/index/revisionnisme/"> <span class="rg">RÉVISIONNISME</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : PRAVDA" href="/index/pravda/"> <span class="rg">PRAVDA</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : INTERNATIONALE DEUXIÈME (1889-1914)" href="/index/deuxieme-internationale/"> <span class="rg">INTERNATIONALE </span><span class="pc">DEUXIÈME </span><span class="rm">(1889-1914)</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : FÉVRIER 1917 RÉVOLUTION DE" href="/index/revolution-de-fevrier-1917/"> <span class="rg">FÉVRIER 1917 </span><span class="pc">RÉVOLUTION DE</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : OCTOBRE RÉVOLUTION D' (1917)" href="/index/revolution-d-octobre/"> <span class="rg">OCTOBRE </span><span class="pc">RÉVOLUTION D' </span><span class="rm">(1917)</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : RÉVOLUTION RUSSE DE 1905" href="/index/revolution-russe-de-1905/"> <span class="rg">RÉVOLUTION RUSSE DE 1905</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : SOCIAL-DÉMOCRATIE" href="/index/social-democratie/"> <span class="rg">SOCIAL-DÉMOCRATIE</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : RUSSIE, histoire, de 1801 à 1917" href="/index/russie-histoire-de-1801-a-1917/"> <span class="rg">RUSSIE, </span><em class="it">histoire, de 1801 à 1917</em> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : POSDR (Parti ouvrier social-démocrate de Russie)" href="/index/posdr-parti-ouvrier-social-democrate-de-russie/"> <span class="rg">POSDR </span><span class="rm">(Parti ouvrier social-démocrate de Russie)</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : SOCIALISTES MOUVEMENTS" href="/index/mouvements-socialistes/"> <span class="rg">SOCIALISTES </span><span class="pc">MOUVEMENTS</span> </a> </li> </ul> </section> </div> <div class="col-lg-4 col-xl-3 px-0 d-none d-lg-block side-bar position-relative"> <div id="ad_rightslot" class="pub-container text-center"> <div class="pub-placeholder"></div> </div> <div id="ad_rightslot2" class="pub-container text-center"> <div class="pub-placeholder"></div> </div> <a class="wrapper cta" href="/abonnement" title="Abonnez-vous à Universalis pour 1 euro" data-matomo-category="CTA" data-matomo-name="Clic" data-matomo-value="Col 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