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title="Discussion about changes from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Beginning</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Units" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Units"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Units</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Units-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Factors_that_determine_specific_heat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Factors_that_determine_specific_heat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Factors that determine specific heat</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Factors_that_determine_specific_heat-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Factors that determine specific heat subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Factors_that_determine_specific_heat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Temperature_and_pressure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Temperature_and_pressure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Temperature and pressure</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Temperature_and_pressure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Energetic_degrees_of_freedom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Energetic_degrees_of_freedom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Energetic degrees of freedom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Energetic_degrees_of_freedom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Usage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Usage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Usage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Usage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Specific heat</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 58 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-58" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">58 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="حرارة نوعية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حرارة نوعية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calor_especifica" title="Calor especifica – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Calor especifica" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calor_espec%C3%ADfico" title="Calor específico – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Calor específico" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/X%C3%BCsusi_istilik_tutumu" title="Xüsusi istilik tutumu – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Xüsusi istilik tutumu" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B4%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%91%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%86%D1%8C" title="Удзельная цеплаёмістасць – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Удзельная цеплаёмістасць" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Специфичен топлинен капацитет – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Специфичен топлинен капацитет" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spezifische_W%C3%A4rmekapazit%C3%A4t" title="Spezifische Wärmekapazität – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Spezifische Wärmekapazität" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specifi%C4%8Dna_toplota" title="Specifična toplota – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Specifična toplota" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B0_%C4%83%D1%88%C4%83%D1%88%C4%83%D0%BD%C4%83%C3%A7%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%C4%83%D1%88" title="Пайлавла ăшăшăнăçтарăш – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Пайлавла ăшăшăнăçтарăш" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C4%9Brn%C3%A1_tepeln%C3%A1_kapacita" title="Měrná tepelná kapacita – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Měrná tepelná kapacita" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varmefylde" title="Varmefylde – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Varmefylde" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spezifische_W%C3%A4rmekapazit%C3%A4t" title="Spezifische Wärmekapazität – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Spezifische Wärmekapazität" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erisoojus" title="Erisoojus – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Erisoojus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specific_heat_capacity" title="Specific heat capacity – English" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Specific heat capacity" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calor_espec%C3%ADfico" title="Calor específico – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Calor específico" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masa_varmokapacito" title="Masa varmokapacito – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Masa varmokapacito" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bero_espezifiko" title="Bero espezifiko – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Bero espezifiko" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B8%D8%B1%D9%81%DB%8C%D8%AA_%DA%AF%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C_%D9%88%DB%8C%DA%98%D9%87" title="ظرفیت گرمایی ویژه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ظرفیت گرمایی ویژه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capacit%C3%A9_thermique_massique" title="Capacité thermique massique – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Capacité thermique massique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calor_espec%C3%ADfica" title="Calor específica – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Calor específica" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B9%84%EC%97%B4%EC%9A%A9%EB%9F%89" title="비열용량 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="비열용량" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8F%D5%A5%D5%BD%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1%D6%80_%D5%BB%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%B4%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Տեսակարար ջերմունակություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Տեսակարար ջերմունակություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%8A%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE" title="विशिष्ट ऊष्मा धारिता – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="विशिष्ट ऊष्मा धारिता" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specifi%C4%8Dna_toplina" title="Specifična toplina – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Specifična toplina" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalor_jenis" title="Kalor jenis – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kalor jenis" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/E%C3%B0lisvarmi" title="Eðlisvarmi – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Eðlisvarmi" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calore_specifico" title="Calore specifico – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Calore specifico" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%A3%E1%83%97%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%97%E1%83%91%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%90" title="კუთრი თბოტევადობა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="კუთრი თბოტევადობა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savitoji_%C5%A1ilumin%C4%97_talpa" title="Savitoji šiluminė talpa – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Savitoji šiluminė talpa" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/glanejni_sroka%27e" title="glanejni sroka'e – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="glanejni sroka'e" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Специфичен топлински капацитет – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Специфичен топлински капацитет" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muatan_haba_tentu" title="Muatan haba tentu – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Muatan haba tentu" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soortelijke_warmte" title="Soortelijke warmte – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Soortelijke warmte" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%AF%94%E7%86%B1%E5%AE%B9%E9%87%8F" title="比熱容量 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="比熱容量" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spesifikk_varmekapasitet" title="Spesifikk varmekapasitet – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Spesifikk varmekapasitet" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spesifikk_varmekapasitet" title="Spesifikk varmekapasitet – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Spesifikk varmekapasitet" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solishtirma_issiqlik_sig%CA%BBimi" title="Solishtirma issiqlik sigʻimi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Solishtirma issiqlik sigʻimi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciep%C5%82o_w%C5%82a%C5%9Bciwe" title="Ciepło właściwe – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ciepło właściwe" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calor_espec%C3%ADfico" title="Calor específico – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Calor específico" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capacitate_termic%C4%83_masic%C4%83" title="Capacitate termică masică – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Capacitate termică masică" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%91%D0%BC%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C" title="Удельная теплоёмкость – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Удельная теплоёмкость" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caluri_spic%C3%ACficu" title="Caluri spicìficu – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Caluri spicìficu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hmotnostn%C3%A1_tepeln%C3%A1_kapacita" title="Hmotnostná tepelná kapacita – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Hmotnostná tepelná kapacita" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specifi%C4%8Dna_toplota" title="Specifična toplota – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Specifična toplota" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%DB%95%D8%B1%D9%85%DB%8C%DB%8C_%D8%AC%DB%86%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="گەرمیی جۆری – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="گەرمیی جۆری" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Специфична топлота – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Специфична топлота" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specifi%C4%8Dna_toplota" title="Specifična toplota – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Specifična toplota" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li 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class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p>Specific heat (<i>s</i>) is a particular type of <a href="/wiki/Heat_capacity" title="Heat capacity">heat capacity</a>. Specific heat is the <a href="/wiki/Thermodynamics" title="Thermodynamics">thermodynamic</a> property, which states the amount of heat required for a single unit of mass of a substance to be raised by one degree of temperature.<sup id="cite_ref-ebbing_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ebbing-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Varying ranges of specific heat values are seen for substances depending on the extent to which they absorb heat. The term heat capacity can be misleading since <a href="/wiki/Heat" title="Heat">heat</a> <i>q</i> is the term given to the addition or removal of <a href="/wiki/Energy" title="Energy">energy</a>, across a barrier to a substance or system, as a result of increasing or decreasing the temperature respectively. Temperature changes are really changes in energy. Therefore, specific heat and other forms of heat capacity are more accurately measures of the capacity of a substance to absorb energy as the temperature of the substance increases. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Units">Units</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Specific_heat&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Change section: Units" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Specific_heat&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Units"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Units are very important for expressing any thermodynamic property; the same is true for specific heat. Energy in the form of heat is expressed in <a href="/wiki/Joules" class="mw-redirect" title="Joules">Joules</a> (J) or kilojoules (kJ) which are the most common units associated with energy. One unit of mass is measured in grams or kilograms with regard to specific heat. Per one gram is the standard form used in tables of specific heat values, but references using one kilogram are sometimes seen. One degree of temperature is measured on either the Celsius or <a href="/wiki/Kelvin" title="Kelvin">Kelvin</a> scale, but usually Celsius. The most commonly associated units then for specific heat are J/(g•°C). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Factors_that_determine_specific_heat">Factors that determine specific heat</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Specific_heat&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Change section: Factors that determine specific heat" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Specific_heat&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Factors that determine specific heat"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Temperature_and_pressure">Temperature and pressure</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Specific_heat&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Change section: Temperature and pressure" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Specific_heat&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Temperature and pressure"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Two factors that change the specific heat of a material are pressure and temperature. Specific heat is defined at a standard, constant pressure (usually <a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_pressure" title="Atmospheric pressure">atmospheric pressure</a>) for materials and is generally reported at 25 °C (298.15 K). A standard temperature is used because specific heat has temperature dependence and can change at different temperature values.<sup id="cite_ref-engel_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-engel-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Specific heat is referred to as an <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intensive_and_extensive_properties_intensive_property." class="extiw" title="en:Intensive and extensive properties intensive property.">intensive property (en:Intensive and extensive properties intensive property.</a>) As long as the temperature and pressure are at the standard referenced values and no <a href="/wiki/States_of_matter" title="States of matter">phase</a> change occurs, the value for the specific heat of any material remains constant regardless of the mass of the material present .<sup id="cite_ref-ebbing_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ebbing-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Energetic_degrees_of_freedom">Energetic degrees of freedom</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Specific_heat&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Change section: Energetic degrees of freedom" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Specific_heat&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Energetic degrees of freedom"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A large factor in the magnitude of the specific heat of a material lies at the molecular level in the energetic <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Degrees_of_freedom_(physics_and_chemistry)_degrees_of_freedom" class="extiw" title="en:Degrees of freedom (physics and chemistry) degrees of freedom">en:Degrees of freedom (physics and chemistry) degrees of freedomavailable</a> to the material in the phase (solid, <a href="/wiki/Liquid" title="Liquid">liquid</a> or gas) in which it is found. Energetic degrees of freedom are of four types: translation, rotation, vibration and electronic. A minimum amount of energy is needed to reach each degree of freedom. Therefore, the amount of energy that can be stored in a substance depends on the type and number of the energetic degrees of freedom that contribute to the substance at a given temperature.<sup id="cite_ref-engel_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-engel-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Liquids generally have more low energy modes and more energetic degrees of freedom than solids and most gases. This broader range of possibilities within the degrees of freedom typically generates larger specific heats for liquid substances than for solids or gases. This trend can be seen in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat_capacity#Table_of_specific_heat_capacities_Table_of_specific_heat_capacities" class="extiw" title="en:Heat capacity">en:Heat capacity#Table of specific heat capacities Table of specific heat capacitiesand</a> by comparing liquid water to solid water (ice), copper, tin, <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a>, and graphite. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Usage">Usage</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Specific_heat&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Change section: Usage" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Specific_heat&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Usage"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Specific heat is used to calculate the amount of heat absorbed when energy is added to a material or substance through an increase in temperature over a defined range. Calculation of the amount of heat or energy added to a material is a relatively easy process as long as the initial and the final temperatures of the material are recorded, the mass of the material is reported and the specific heat is known. The specific heat, the mass of the material and the temperature scale must all be in the same units in order to accurately perform the calculation for heat. </p><p>The equation for calculating heat (<i>q</i>) is as follows: </p><p><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Q=s\times m\times \Delta T}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>Q</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mi>s</mi> <mo>×</mo> <mi>m</mi> <mo>×</mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <mi>T</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle Q=s\times m\times \Delta T}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/27d6053439df948eeb2b47ccbec5dd5a1fb55e3a" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:17.321ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Q=s\times m\times \Delta T}"></span> </p><p>In the equation, <i><b>s</b></i> is the specific heat in (J/g•°C). <i><b>m</b></i> is the mass of the substance in grams. <b>Δ<i>T</i></b> refers to the change in temperature (°C) observed in the substance. The convention is to subtract the initial temperature of the material from the final temperature after heating so <b>Δ<i>T</i></b> is <b>T<sub>Final</sub>-T<sub>Initial</sub></b> in the equation. Substituting all the values into the equation and multiplying through cancels the units of mass and temperature leaving the appropriate units of Joules for heat. Calculations such as this are useful in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calorimetry_calorimetry" class="extiw" title="en:Calorimetry calorimetry">en:Calorimetry calorimetry</a> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Specific_heat&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Change section: References" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Specific_heat&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: References"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r9724317">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-ebbing-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-ebbing_1-0">1.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-ebbing_1-1">1.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Ebbing, Darrell D.; Gammon, Steven D. General Chemistry. Belmont: Brooks/Cole, 2013. Print. p. 242.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-engel-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-engel_2-0">2.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-engel_2-1">2.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Engel, Thomas.; Reid, Philip. Physical Chemistry. Boston: Pearson, 2013. Print. pp.25-27.</span> </li> </ol></div></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Specific_heat&oldid=9182732">https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Specific_heat&oldid=9182732</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks catlinks-allhidden" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden category: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_created_with_the_Article_Wizard_from_2017" title="Category:Pages created with the Article Wizard from 2017">Pages created with the Article Wizard from 2017</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last changed on 10 November 2023, at 15:31.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_GNU_Free_Documentation_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the GNU Free Documentation License">GFDL</a>; additional terms may apply. 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