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Setup</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 13 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-13" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">13 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux_Unified_Key_Setup" title="Linux Unified Key Setup – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Linux Unified Key Setup" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dm-crypt#Erweiterung_mit_LUKS" title="Dm-crypt – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Dm-crypt" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/LUKS" title="LUKS – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="LUKS" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/LUKS" title="LUKS – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="LUKS" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux_Unified_Key_Setup" title="Linux Unified Key Setup – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Linux Unified Key Setup" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/LUKS" title="LUKS – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="LUKS" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/LUKS" title="LUKS – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="LUKS" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux_Unified_Key_Setup" title="Linux Unified Key Setup – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Linux Unified Key Setup" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux_Unified_Key_Setup" title="Linux Unified Key Setup – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Linux Unified Key Setup" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/LUKS" title="LUKS – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="LUKS" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux_Unified_Key_Setup" title="Linux Unified Key Setup – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Linux Unified Key Setup" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/LUKS" title="LUKS – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="LUKS" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux%E7%B5%B1%E4%B8%80%E5%AF%86%E9%91%B0%E8%A8%AD%E7%BD%AE" title="Linux統一密鑰設置 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="Linux統一密鑰設置" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Disk encryption software</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"LUKS" redirects here. For the American painter, see <a href="/wiki/George_Luks" title="George Luks">George Luks</a>.</div> <p>The <b>Linux Unified Key Setup</b> (<b>LUKS</b>) is a <a href="/wiki/Disk_encryption" title="Disk encryption">disk encryption</a> specification created by Clemens Fruhwirth in 2004 and originally intended for <a href="/wiki/Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a>. </p><p>LUKS implements a platform-independent standard on-disk format for use in various tools. This facilitates compatibility and interoperability among different programs and operating systems, and assures that they all implement <a href="/wiki/Password_management" class="mw-redirect" title="Password management">password management</a> in a secure and documented manner.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linux_Unified_Key_Setup&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Description"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>LUKS is used to encrypt a <a href="/wiki/Block_device" class="mw-redirect" title="Block device">block device</a>. The contents of the encrypted device are arbitrary, and therefore any filesystem can be encrypted, including <a href="/wiki/Swap_partition" class="mw-redirect" title="Swap partition">swap partitions</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is an unencrypted <a href="/wiki/Header_(computing)" title="Header (computing)">header</a> at the beginning of an encrypted volume, which allows up to 8 (LUKS1) or 32 (LUKS2) <a href="/wiki/Encryption_key" class="mw-redirect" title="Encryption key">encryption keys</a> to be stored along with encryption parameters such as cipher type and key size.<sup id="cite_ref-redhat_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-redhat-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The presence of this header is a major difference between LUKS and <a href="/wiki/Dm-crypt" title="Dm-crypt">dm-crypt</a>, since the header allows multiple different passphrases to be used, with the ability to change and remove them. If the header is lost or corrupted, the device will no longer be decryptable.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Encryption is done with a multi-layer approach. First, the block device is encrypted using a <i>master key.</i> This master key is encrypted with each active <i>user key</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> User keys are derived from passphrases, <a href="/wiki/FIDO_Alliance" title="FIDO Alliance">FIDO2</a> security keys, <a href="/wiki/Trusted_Platform_Module" title="Trusted Platform Module">TPMs</a> or <a href="/wiki/Smart_card" title="Smart card">smart cards</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The multi-layer approach allows users to change their passphrase without re-encrypting the whole block device. Key slots can contain information to verify user passphrases or other types of keys. </p><p>There are two versions of LUKS, with LUKS2 featuring resilience to header corruption, and using the <a href="/wiki/Argon2" title="Argon2">Argon2</a> <a href="/wiki/Key_derivation_function" title="Key derivation function">key derivation function</a> by default, whereas LUKS1 uses <a href="/wiki/PBKDF2" title="PBKDF2">PBKDF2</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Conversion between both versions of LUKS is possible in certain situations, but some features may not be available with LUKS1 such as Argon2.<sup id="cite_ref-redhat_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-redhat-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> LUKS2 uses <a href="/wiki/JSON" title="JSON">JSON</a> as a metadata format.<sup id="cite_ref-redhat_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-redhat-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-luks2-format_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-luks2-format-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Available cryptographic algorithms depend on individual kernel support of the host. <a href="/wiki/Libgcrypt" title="Libgcrypt">Libgcrypt</a> can be used as a backend for hashing, which supports all of its algorithms.<sup id="cite_ref-man8cryptsetup_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-man8cryptsetup-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is up to the operating system vendor to choose the default algorithm.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> LUKS1 makes use of an <a href="/wiki/Anti-forensics" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-forensics">anti-forensics</a> technique called AFsplitter, allowing for secure <a href="/wiki/Data_erasure" title="Data erasure">data erasure</a> and protection.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="LUKS_with_LVM">LUKS with LVM</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linux_Unified_Key_Setup&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: LUKS with LVM"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Logical_Volume_Manager_(Linux)" title="Logical Volume Manager (Linux)">Logical Volume Management</a> can be used alongside LUKS.<sup id="cite_ref-archwiki_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-archwiki-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dt>LVM on LUKS</dt> <dd>When LVM is used on an unlocked LUKS container, all underlying partitions (which are LVM logical volumes) can be encrypted with a single key. This is akin to splitting a LUKS container into multiple partitions. The LVM structure is not visible until the disk is decrypted.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dt>LUKS on LVM</dt> <dd>When LUKS is used to encrypt LVM logical volumes, an encrypted volume can span multiple devices. The underlying LVM volume group is visible without decrypting the encrypted volumes.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Full_disk_encryption">Full disk encryption</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linux_Unified_Key_Setup&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Full disk encryption"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Debian_Graphical_Installer_Partman-auto_init_automatically_partition_1.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Debian_Graphical_Installer_Partman-auto_init_automatically_partition_1.png/220px-Debian_Graphical_Installer_Partman-auto_init_automatically_partition_1.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Debian_Graphical_Installer_Partman-auto_init_automatically_partition_1.png/330px-Debian_Graphical_Installer_Partman-auto_init_automatically_partition_1.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Debian_Graphical_Installer_Partman-auto_init_automatically_partition_1.png/440px-Debian_Graphical_Installer_Partman-auto_init_automatically_partition_1.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Debian-Installer" title="Debian-Installer">Debian-Installer</a> showing an option for automated partitioning with <a href="/wiki/Logical_Volume_Manager_(Linux)" title="Logical Volume Manager (Linux)">LVM</a> on LUKS</figcaption></figure> <p>A common usage of LUKS is to provide <a href="/wiki/Full_disk_encryption" class="mw-redirect" title="Full disk encryption">full disk encryption</a>, which involves encrypting the <a href="/wiki/Root_directory" title="Root directory">root partition</a> of an operating system installation, which protects the operating system files from being <a href="/wiki/Evil_maid_attack" title="Evil maid attack">tampered with</a> or read by <a href="/wiki/Adversary_(cryptography)" title="Adversary (cryptography)">unauthorized parties</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-archwiki_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-archwiki-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On a Linux system, the <a href="/wiki/Boot_partition" class="mw-redirect" title="Boot partition">boot partition</a> (<code>/boot</code>) may be encrypted if the <a href="/wiki/Bootloader" title="Bootloader">bootloader</a> itself supports LUKS (e.g. <a href="/wiki/GRUB" class="mw-redirect" title="GRUB">GRUB</a>). This is undertaken to prevent tampering with the <a href="/wiki/Linux_kernel" title="Linux kernel">Linux kernel</a>. However, the <a href="/wiki/Bootloader#first_stage_bootloader" title="Bootloader">first stage bootloader</a> or an <a href="/wiki/EFI_system_partition" title="EFI system partition">EFI system partition</a> cannot be encrypted (see <a href="/wiki/Full_disk_encryption#The_boot_key_problem" class="mw-redirect" title="Full disk encryption">Full disk encryption#The boot key problem</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-archwiki_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-archwiki-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On mobile Linux systems, <a href="/wiki/PostmarketOS" title="PostmarketOS">postmarketOS</a> has developed <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wiki.postmarketos.org/wiki/Osk-sdl">osk-sdl</a> to allow a full disk encrypted system to be unlocked using a touch screen. </p><p>For systems running <a href="/wiki/Systemd" title="Systemd">systemd</a>, the <code>systemd-homed</code> component can be used to encrypt individual <a href="/wiki/Home_directory" title="Home directory">home directories</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Operating_system_support">Operating system support</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linux_Unified_Key_Setup&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Operating system support"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Reference_implementation_(computing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Reference implementation (computing)">reference implementation</a> for LUKS operates on Linux and is based on an enhanced version of <a href="/wiki/Cryptsetup" class="mw-redirect" title="Cryptsetup">cryptsetup</a>, using <a href="/wiki/Dm-crypt" title="Dm-crypt">dm-crypt</a> as the disk encryption backend. Under <a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a> <a href="/wiki/Windows" class="mw-redirect" title="Windows">Windows</a>, LUKS-encrypted disks can be used via the <a href="/wiki/Windows_Subsystem_for_Linux" title="Windows Subsystem for Linux">Windows Subsystem for Linux</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (Formerly, this was possible with LibreCrypt,<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which currently has fundamental security holes,<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and which succeeded <a href="/wiki/FreeOTFE" title="FreeOTFE">FreeOTFE</a>, formerly DoxBox.) </p><p><a href="/wiki/DragonFly_BSD" title="DragonFly BSD">DragonFly BSD</a> supports LUKS.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Installer_support">Installer support</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linux_Unified_Key_Setup&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Installer support"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Several Linux distributions allow the root device to be encrypted upon OS installation. These installers include <a href="/wiki/Calamares_(software)" title="Calamares (software)">Calamares</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ubiquity_(software)" title="Ubiquity (software)">Ubiquity</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Debian-Installer" title="Debian-Installer">Debian-Installer</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and more. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="On-disk_format">On-disk format</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linux_Unified_Key_Setup&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: On-disk format"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>LUKS headers are backward compatible; newer versions of LUKS are able to read headers of previous versions.<sup id="cite_ref-luks1-standard_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-luks1-standard-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="LUKS1">LUKS1</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linux_Unified_Key_Setup&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: LUKS1"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>LUKS1 Header<sup id="cite_ref-luks1-standard_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-luks1-standard-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2">Offset</th> <th>Data type</th> <th>Description </th></tr> <tr> <td><span aria-hidden="true" style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span><span aria-hidden="true" style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>0</td> <td><span aria-hidden="true" style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span><span aria-hidden="true" style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>0<sub>hex</sub></td> <td>char[6]</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Magic_number_(programming)" title="Magic number (programming)">Magic number</a> {'L', 'U', 'K', 'S', 0xBA, 0xBE } </td></tr> <tr> <td><span aria-hidden="true" style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span><span aria-hidden="true" style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>6</td> <td><span aria-hidden="true" style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span><span aria-hidden="true" style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>6<sub>hex</sub></td> <td>uint16_t</td> <td>LUKS Version (0x0001 for LUKS1) </td></tr> <tr> <td><span aria-hidden="true" style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span><span aria-hidden="true" style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>8</td> <td><span aria-hidden="true" style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span><span aria-hidden="true" style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>8<sub>hex</sub></td> <td>char[32]</td> <td>Cipher Algorithm (e.g. "twofish", "aes") </td></tr> <tr> <td><span aria-hidden="true" style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>40</td> <td><span aria-hidden="true" style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>28<sub>hex</sub></td> <td>char[32]</td> <td>Cipher mode (e.g. "cbc-essiv:sha256") </td></tr> <tr> <td><span aria-hidden="true" style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>72</td> <td><span aria-hidden="true" style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>48<sub>hex</sub></td> <td>char[32]</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cryptographic_hash_function" title="Cryptographic hash function">Cryptographic hash function</a> (e.g. "sha1", "ripemd160") </td></tr> <tr> <td>104</td> <td><span aria-hidden="true" style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>68<sub>hex</sub></td> <td>uint32_t</td> <td>Payload offset (position of encrypted data) in 512 byte offsets </td></tr> <tr> <td>108</td> <td><span aria-hidden="true" style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>6C<sub>hex</sub></td> <td>uint32_t</td> <td>Number of key bytes </td></tr> <tr> <td>112</td> <td><span aria-hidden="true" style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>70<sub>hex</sub></td> <td>char[20]</td> <td><a href="/wiki/PBKDF2" title="PBKDF2">PBKDF2</a> master key <a href="/wiki/Checksum" title="Checksum">checksum</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>132</td> <td><span aria-hidden="true" style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>84<sub>hex</sub></td> <td>char[32]</td> <td>PBKDF2 master key salt parameter </td></tr> <tr> <td>164</td> <td><span aria-hidden="true" style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>A4<sub>hex</sub></td> <td>uint32_t</td> <td>PBKDF2 master key iterations (Default: 10) </td></tr> <tr> <td>168</td> <td><span aria-hidden="true" style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>A8<sub>hex</sub></td> <td>char[40]</td> <td><a href="/wiki/UUID" class="mw-redirect" title="UUID">UUID</a> of the partition (e.g. "504c9fa7-d080-4acf-a829-73227b48fb89") </td></tr> <tr> <td>208</td> <td><span aria-hidden="true" style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>D0<sub>hex</sub></td> <td>(48 Bytes)</td> <td>Keyslot 1 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4">… </td></tr> <tr> <td>544</td> <td>220<sub>hex</sub></td> <td>(48 Bytes)</td> <td>Keyslot 8 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"><i>592 Bytes total</i> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Format of each keyslot </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Offset</th> <th>Data type</th> <th>Description </th></tr> <tr> <td><span aria-hidden="true" style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>0</td> <td>uint32_t</td> <td>State of keyslot: Active=0x00AC71F3; Disabled=0x0000DEAD </td></tr> <tr> <td><span aria-hidden="true" style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>4</td> <td>uint32_t</td> <td>PBKDF2 iteration parameter </td></tr> <tr> <td><span aria-hidden="true" style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>8</td> <td>char[32]</td> <td>PBKDF2 salt parameter </td></tr> <tr> <td>40</td> <td>uint32_t</td> <td>Start sector of key </td></tr> <tr> <td>44</td> <td>uint32_t</td> <td>Number of anti-forensic stripes (Default: 4000) </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3"><i>48 Bytes total</i> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="LUKS2">LUKS2</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linux_Unified_Key_Setup&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: LUKS2"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>LUKS2 devices begin with a binary header intended to allow recognition and fast detection by <a href="/wiki/Blkid" class="mw-redirect" title="Blkid">blkid</a>, which also contains information such as <a href="/wiki/Checksum" title="Checksum">checksums</a>. All strings used in a LUKS2 header are <a href="/wiki/Null-terminated_string" title="Null-terminated string">null-terminated strings</a>. Directly after the binary header comes the JSON area, containing the objects <code>config</code> (configuration), <code>keyslots</code>, <code>digests</code>, <code>segments</code> (describes encrypted areas on the disk), and <code>tokens</code> containing extra metadata.<sup id="cite_ref-luks2-format_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-luks2-format-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The binary format for regular <code>luks2</code> keyslots are mostly similar to their predecessor, with the addition of different per-keyslot algorithms. Another type of key exists to allow redundancy in the case that a re-encryption process is interrupted.<sup id="cite_ref-luks2-format_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-luks2-format-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Examples">Examples</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linux_Unified_Key_Setup&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Examples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Cryptsetup" class="mw-redirect" title="Cryptsetup">Cryptsetup</a> is the reference implementation of the LUKS frontend. </p><p>To encrypt a device with the path <code>/dev/sda1</code>: </p> <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-console mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span></span><span class="gp"># </span>cryptsetup<span class="w"> </span>luksFormat<span class="w"> </span>/dev/sda1 </pre></div> <p>To unlock an encrypted device, where <code>name</code> is the <a href="/wiki/Dm-crypt" title="Dm-crypt">mapped</a> device name: </p> <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-console mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span></span><span class="gp"># </span>cryptsetup<span class="w"> </span>open<span class="w"> </span>/dev/sda1<span class="w"> </span>name </pre></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Re-encrypting">Re-encrypting</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linux_Unified_Key_Setup&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Re-encrypting"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Re-encrypting a LUKS container can be done either with the <code>cryptsetup</code> tool itself, or with a legacy tool called <code>cryptsetup-reencrypt</code>. These tools can also be used to add encryption to an existing unencrypted filesystem, or remove encryption from a block device.<sup id="cite_ref-man8cryptsetup_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-man8cryptsetup-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Both methods have similar syntax: </p> <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-console mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span></span><span class="gp"># </span>cryptsetup<span class="w"> </span>reencrypt<span class="w"> </span>/dev/sda1 </pre></div> <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-console mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span></span><span class="gp"># </span>cryptsetup-reencrypt<span class="w"> </span>/dev/sda1 </pre></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linux_Unified_Key_Setup&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_disk_encryption_software" title="Comparison of disk encryption software">Comparison of disk encryption software</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linux_Unified_Key_Setup&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFFruhwirth2018" class="citation web cs1">Fruhwirth, Clemens (2018-01-20). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gitlab.com/cryptsetup/cryptsetup/-/wikis/LUKS-standard/on-disk-format.pdf">"LUKS On-Disk Format Specification Version 1.2.3"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-09-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=LUKS+On-Disk+Format+Specification+Version+1.2.3&rft.date=2018-01-20&rft.aulast=Fruhwirth&rft.aufirst=Clemens&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgitlab.com%2Fcryptsetup%2Fcryptsetup%2F-%2Fwikis%2FLUKS-standard%2Fon-disk-format.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+Unified+Key+Setup" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://docs.fedoraproject.org/en-US/quick-docs/encrypting-drives-using-LUKS/">"Encrypting drives using LUKS"</a>. <i>Fedora Docs</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Fedora+Docs&rft.atitle=Encrypting+drives+using+LUKS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdocs.fedoraproject.org%2Fen-US%2Fquick-docs%2Fencrypting-drives-using-LUKS%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+Unified+Key+Setup" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-redhat-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-redhat_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-redhat_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-redhat_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://access.redhat.com/documentation/en-us/red_hat_enterprise_linux/8/html/security_hardening/encrypting-block-devices-using-luks_security-hardening">"Chapter 12. Encrypting block devices using LUKS"</a>. <i>Red Hat Customer Portal</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Red+Hat+Customer+Portal&rft.atitle=Chapter+12.+Encrypting+block+devices+using+LUKS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Faccess.redhat.com%2Fdocumentation%2Fen-us%2Fred_hat_enterprise_linux%2F8%2Fhtml%2Fsecurity_hardening%2Fencrypting-block-devices-using-luks_security-hardening&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+Unified+Key+Setup" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.golinuxcloud.com/how-to-encrypt-hard-disk-partition-luks-linux/">"How to Encrypt Hard Disk (partition) using LUKS in Linux"</a>. 27 February 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=How+to+Encrypt+Hard+Disk+%28partition%29+using+LUKS+in+Linux&rft.date=2019-02-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.golinuxcloud.com%2Fhow-to-encrypt-hard-disk-partition-luks-linux%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+Unified+Key+Setup" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.linode.com/docs/guides/encrypt-data-disk-with-dm-crypt/">"How to Encrypt Your Data with dm-crypt"</a>. <i>Linode</i>. 22 November 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Linode&rft.atitle=How+to+Encrypt+Your+Data+with+dm-crypt&rft.date=2022-11-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.linode.com%2Fdocs%2Fguides%2Fencrypt-data-disk-with-dm-crypt%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+Unified+Key+Setup" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBossiVisconti2015" class="citation journal cs1">Bossi, Simone; Visconti, Andrea (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eprint.iacr.org/2016/274.pdf">"What Users Should Know About Full Disk Encryption Based on LUKS"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=What+Users+Should+Know+About+Full+Disk+Encryption+Based+on+LUKS&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Bossi&rft.aufirst=Simone&rft.au=Visconti%2C+Andrea&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feprint.iacr.org%2F2016%2F274.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+Unified+Key+Setup" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wiki.archlinux.org/title/Systemd-cryptenroll">"systemd-cryptenroll - ArchWiki"</a>. <i>wiki.archlinux.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-11-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=wiki.archlinux.org&rft.atitle=systemd-cryptenroll+-+ArchWiki&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwiki.archlinux.org%2Ftitle%2FSystemd-cryptenroll&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+Unified+Key+Setup" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blog.g3rt.nl/luks-smartcard-or-token.html">"How to encrypt a LUKS container using a smart card or token"</a>. 20 April 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=How+to+encrypt+a+LUKS+container+using+a+smart+card+or+token&rft.date=2014-04-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblog.g3rt.nl%2Fluks-smartcard-or-token.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+Unified+Key+Setup" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://infosecwriteups.com/how-luks-works-with-full-disk-encryption-in-linux-6452ad1a42e8">"How LUKS works with Full Disk Encryption in Linux"</a>. 25 September 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=How+LUKS+works+with+Full+Disk+Encryption+in+Linux&rft.date=2021-09-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Finfosecwriteups.com%2Fhow-luks-works-with-full-disk-encryption-in-linux-6452ad1a42e8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+Unified+Key+Setup" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-luks2-format-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-luks2-format_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-luks2-format_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-luks2-format_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gitlab.com/cryptsetup/cryptsetup/blob/master/docs/on-disk-format-luks2.pdf">"on-disk-format-luks2.pdf"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 7 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=on-disk-format-luks2.pdf&rft.date=2024-03-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgitlab.com%2Fcryptsetup%2Fcryptsetup%2Fblob%2Fmaster%2Fdocs%2Fon-disk-format-luks2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+Unified+Key+Setup" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-man8cryptsetup-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-man8cryptsetup_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-man8cryptsetup_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="plainlinksneverexpand"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://linux.die.net/man/8/cryptsetup">cryptsetup(8)</a></code></span> – <a href="/wiki/Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a> Administration and Privileged Commands <a href="/wiki/Man_page" title="Man page">Manual</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eforensicsmag.com/breaking-luks-encryption-by-oleg-afonin/">"Breaking LUKS Encryption"</a>. <i>eForensics</i>. 21 August 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=eForensics&rft.atitle=Breaking+LUKS+Encryption&rft.date=2020-08-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feforensicsmag.com%2Fbreaking-luks-encryption-by-oleg-afonin%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+Unified+Key+Setup" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://clemens.endorphin.org/AFsplitter">"AFsplitter"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=AFsplitter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fclemens.endorphin.org%2FAFsplitter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+Unified+Key+Setup" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-archwiki-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-archwiki_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-archwiki_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-archwiki_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wiki.archlinux.org/title/Dm-crypt/Encrypting_an_entire_system">"dm-crypt/Encrypting an entire system"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=dm-crypt%2FEncrypting+an+entire+system&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwiki.archlinux.org%2Ftitle%2FDm-crypt%2FEncrypting_an_entire_system&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+Unified+Key+Setup" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tonisagrista.com/blog/2020/arch-encryption/">"Arch with LVM on LUKS"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Arch+with+LVM+on+LUKS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftonisagrista.com%2Fblog%2F2020%2Farch-encryption%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+Unified+Key+Setup" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://amkeisntall.wordpress.com/2014/09/12/luks-on-lvm-encrypted-logical-volumes-and-secure-backups/">"LUKS on LVM: encrypted logical volumes and secure backups"</a>. 12 September 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=LUKS+on+LVM%3A+encrypted+logical+volumes+and+secure+backups&rft.date=2014-09-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Famkeisntall.wordpress.com%2F2014%2F09%2F12%2Fluks-on-lvm-encrypted-logical-volumes-and-secure-backups%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+Unified+Key+Setup" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://systemd.io/HOME_DIRECTORY/">"Home Directories"</a>. <i>systemd</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=systemd&rft.atitle=Home+Directories&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsystemd.io%2FHOME_DIRECTORY%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+Unified+Key+Setup" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://devblogs.microsoft.com/commandline/servicing-the-windows-subsystem-for-linux-wsl-2-linux-kernel/">"Servicing the Windows Subsystem for Linux (WSL) 2 Linux Kernel"</a>. <i>Microsoft Developer Blogs</i>. 16 April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Microsoft+Developer+Blogs&rft.atitle=Servicing+the+Windows+Subsystem+for+Linux+%28WSL%29+2+Linux+Kernel&rft.date=2021-04-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdevblogs.microsoft.com%2Fcommandline%2Fservicing-the-windows-subsystem-for-linux-wsl-2-linux-kernel%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+Unified+Key+Setup" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/t-d-k/LibreCrypt">"LibreCrypt"</a>. <i>GitHub</i>. 27 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GitHub&rft.atitle=LibreCrypt&rft.date=2022-07-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgithub.com%2Ft-d-k%2FLibreCrypt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+Unified+Key+Setup" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/t-d-k/LibreCrypt/issues/38">"Flaw in driver allows privilege escalation. Feedback wanted · Issue #38 · t-d-k/LibreCrypt"</a>. <i>GitHub</i>. 30 September 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GitHub&rft.atitle=Flaw+in+driver+allows+privilege+escalation.+Feedback+wanted+%C2%B7+Issue+%2338+%C2%B7+t-d-k%2FLibreCrypt&rft.date=2015-09-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgithub.com%2Ft-d-k%2FLibreCrypt%2Fissues%2F38&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+Unified+Key+Setup" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/t-d-k/LibreCrypt/issues/39">"Driver allows writing to arbitrary devices · Issue #39 · t-d-k/LibreCrypt"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/GitHub" title="GitHub">GitHub</a></i>. 7 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GitHub&rft.atitle=Driver+allows+writing+to+arbitrary+devices+%C2%B7+Issue+%2339+%C2%B7+t-d-k%2FLibreCrypt&rft.date=2015-10-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgithub.com%2Ft-d-k%2FLibreCrypt%2Fissues%2F39&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+Unified+Key+Setup" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dragonflybsd.org/features/#index6h2">"DragonFly's Major Features List"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=DragonFly%27s+Major+Features+List&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dragonflybsd.org%2Ffeatures%2F%23index6h2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+Unified+Key+Setup" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMichael_Larabel2016" class="citation web cs1">Michael Larabel (8 May 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.phoronix.com/scan.php?page=news_item&px=Calamares-LUKS-Support">"Calamares Installer Adds LUKS Encryption Support"</a>. <i>Phoronix</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Phoronix&rft.atitle=Calamares+Installer+Adds+LUKS+Encryption+Support&rft.date=2016-05-08&rft.au=Michael+Larabel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.phoronix.com%2Fscan.php%3Fpage%3Dnews_item%26px%3DCalamares-LUKS-Support&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+Unified+Key+Setup" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.maketecheasier.com/encrypt-hard-disk-in-ubuntu/">"How to Encrypt Your Hard Disk in Ubuntu"</a>. <i>Make Tech Easier</i>. 13 January 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Make+Tech+Easier&rft.atitle=How+to+Encrypt+Your+Hard+Disk+in+Ubuntu&rft.date=2017-01-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.maketecheasier.com%2Fencrypt-hard-disk-in-ubuntu%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+Unified+Key+Setup" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wiki.debian.org/DebianInstaller/PartmanCrypto">"PartmanCrypto"</a>. <i>Debian Wiki</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Debian+Wiki&rft.atitle=PartmanCrypto&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwiki.debian.org%2FDebianInstaller%2FPartmanCrypto&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+Unified+Key+Setup" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-luks1-standard-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-luks1-standard_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-luks1-standard_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gitlab.com/cryptsetup/cryptsetup/wikis/LUKS-standard/on-disk-format.pdf">"LUKS On-Disk Format Specification"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=LUKS+On-Disk+Format+Specification&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgitlab.com%2Fcryptsetup%2Fcryptsetup%2Fwikis%2FLUKS-standard%2Fon-disk-format.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+Unified+Key+Setup" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man8/cryptsetup-reencrypt.8.html">"CRYPTSETUP-REENCRYPT(8) Man page"</a>. <i>man7.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=man7.org&rft.atitle=CRYPTSETUP-REENCRYPT%288%29+Man+page&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fman7.org%2Flinux%2Fman-pages%2Fman8%2Fcryptsetup-reencrypt.8.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinux+Unified+Key+Setup" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linux_Unified_Key_Setup&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="official-website"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gitlab.com/cryptsetup/cryptsetup/blob/master/README.md">Official website</a></span></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gitlab.com/cryptsetup/cryptsetup/wikis/FrequentlyAskedQuestions">Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/t-d-k/librecrypt">LibreCrypt: Implementation for Windows</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gitlab.com/cryptsetup/cryptsetup/wikis/Specification">LUKS1 Specification</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gitlab.com/cryptsetup/cryptsetup/blob/master/docs/on-disk-format-luks2.pdf">LUKS2 Specification</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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title="Linux kernel oops">Kernel oops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tux_(mascot)" title="Tux (mascot)">Tux</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Template:Linux_kernel" title="Template:Linux kernel">more…</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Controversies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Linux" title="Criticism of Linux">Criticism of Linux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_desktop_Linux" title="Criticism of desktop Linux">Criticism of desktop Linux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GNU/Linux_naming_controversy" title="GNU/Linux naming controversy">GNU/Linux naming controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanenbaum%E2%80%93Torvalds_debate" title="Tanenbaum–Torvalds debate">Tanenbaum–Torvalds debate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SCO%E2%80%93Linux_disputes" title="SCO–Linux disputes">SCO and Linux</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Linux_distribution" title="Linux distribution">Distributions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_Linux_distributions" title="Comparison of Linux distributions">General comparison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Linux_distributions" title="List of Linux distributions">Distributions list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_netbook-oriented_Linux_distributions" title="Comparison of netbook-oriented Linux distributions">Netbook-specific comparison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Linux_distributions_that_run_from_RAM" title="List of Linux distributions that run from RAM">Distributions that run from RAM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light-weight_Linux_distribution" title="Light-weight Linux distribution">Lightweight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security-focused_operating_system#Linux" title="Security-focused operating system">Security-focused operating system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Package_manager" title="Package manager">Package manager</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Package_format" title="Package format">Package format</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_software_package_management_systems" title="List of software package management systems">List of software package managers</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LinuxChix" title="LinuxChix">LinuxChix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linux_Counter" title="Linux Counter">Linux Counter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linux_Documentation_Project" title="Linux Documentation Project">Linux Documentation Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linux_Foundation" title="Linux Foundation">Linux Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linux_Mark_Institute" title="Linux Mark Institute">Linux Mark Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linux_user_group" title="Linux user group">Linux User Group (LUG)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Linux_adoption" title="Linux adoption">Adoption</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Linux_adopters" title="List of Linux adopters">Adopters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linux_desktop_environments" class="mw-redirect" title="Linux desktop environments">Desktop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linux_on_embedded_systems" title="Linux on embedded systems">Embedded</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linux_gaming" class="mw-redirect" title="Linux gaming">Gaming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linux_for_mobile_devices" title="Linux for mobile devices">Mobile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linux_range_of_use" title="Linux range of use">Range of use</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linux_malware" title="Linux malware">Linux malware</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DistroWatch" title="DistroWatch">DistroWatch</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Free_Software_Magazine" title="Free Software Magazine">Free Software Magazine</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Full_Circle_(magazine)" title="Full Circle (magazine)">Full Circle</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hacker_Public_Radio" title="Hacker Public Radio">Hacker Public Radio</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linux.com" title="Linux.com">Linux.com</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Linux_Format" title="Linux Format">Linux Format</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Linux_Gazette" title="Linux Gazette">Linux Gazette</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Linux_Journal" title="Linux Journal">Linux Journal</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Linux_Magazine" title="Linux Magazine">Linux Magazine</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/LinuxUser" title="LinuxUser">LinuxUser</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ubuntu_User" title="Ubuntu User">Ubuntu User</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linux_Outlaws" title="Linux Outlaws">Linux Outlaws</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Linux_Voice" title="Linux Voice">Linux Voice</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LugRadio" title="LugRadio">LugRadio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LWN.net" title="LWN.net">LWN.net</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoronix_Test_Suite#Phoronix_website" title="Phoronix Test Suite">Phoronix</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Revolution_OS" title="Revolution OS">Revolution OS</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Code_(2001_film)" title="The Code (2001 film)"><i>The Code</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_computer_security_certifications" title="List of computer security certifications">Professional related certifications</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CompTIA_Linux%2B" class="mw-redirect" title="CompTIA Linux+">CompTIA Linux+</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linux_Foundation_Linux_Certification" class="mw-redirect" title="Linux Foundation Linux Certification">Linux Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Hat_Certification_Program" title="Red Hat Certification Program">Red Hat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubuntu_Professional_Certification" title="Ubuntu Professional Certification">Ubuntu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:NewTux.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/NewTux.svg/12px-NewTux.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/NewTux.svg/19px-NewTux.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/NewTux.svg/25px-NewTux.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="625" data-file-height="750" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Linux" title="Portal:Linux">Linux portal</a></b></li> <li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Free_and_open-source_software_logo_%282009%29.svg/15px-Free_and_open-source_software_logo_%282009%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Free_and_open-source_software_logo_%282009%29.svg/23px-Free_and_open-source_software_logo_%282009%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Free_and_open-source_software_logo_%282009%29.svg/30px-Free_and_open-source_software_logo_%282009%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Free_and_open-source_software" title="Portal:Free and open-source software">Free and open-source software portal</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Linux" title="Category:Linux">Category</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cryptographic_software793" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Cryptographic_software" title="Template:Cryptographic software"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Cryptographic_software" title="Template talk:Cryptographic software"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cryptographic_software" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Cryptographic software"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cryptographic_software793" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Encryption_software" title="Encryption software">Cryptographic software</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Email_client" title="Email client">Email clients</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Mail" title="Apple Mail">Apple Mail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autocrypt" title="Autocrypt">Autocrypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claws_Mail" title="Claws Mail">Claws Mail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enigmail" title="Enigmail">Enigmail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GNU_Privacy_Guard" title="GNU Privacy Guard">GPG</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gpg4win" title="Gpg4win">Gpg4win</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kontact" title="Kontact">Kontact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Outlook" title="Microsoft Outlook">Outlook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pretty_Easy_privacy" title="Pretty Easy privacy">p≡p</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pretty_Good_Privacy" title="Pretty Good Privacy">PGP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylpheed" title="Sylpheed">Sylpheed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozilla_Thunderbird" title="Mozilla Thunderbird">Thunderbird</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Secure_communication" title="Secure communication">Secure<br />communication</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Off-the-Record_Messaging" class="mw-redirect" title="Off-the-Record Messaging">OTR</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adium" title="Adium">Adium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BitlBee" title="BitlBee">BitlBee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centericq" title="Centericq">Centericq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ChatSecure" title="ChatSecure">ChatSecure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climm" title="Climm">climm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jitsi" title="Jitsi">Jitsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kopete" title="Kopete">Kopete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Profanity_(instant_messaging_client)" title="Profanity (instant messaging client)">Profanity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Secure_Shell" title="Secure Shell">SSH</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dropbear_(software)" title="Dropbear (software)">Dropbear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lsh" title="Lsh">lsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenSSH" title="OpenSSH">OpenSSH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PuTTY" title="PuTTY">PuTTY</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SecureCRT" title="SecureCRT">SecureCRT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WinSCP" title="WinSCP">WinSCP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WolfSSH" title="WolfSSH">wolfSSH</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Transport_Layer_Security" title="Transport Layer Security">TLS & SSL</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BBM_Enterprise" title="BBM Enterprise">BBM Enterprise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bouncy_Castle_(cryptography)" title="Bouncy Castle (cryptography)">Bouncy Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenSSL#BoringSSL" title="OpenSSL">BoringSSL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botan_(programming_library)" title="Botan (programming library)">Botan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cryptlib" title="Cryptlib">cryptlib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GnuTLS" title="GnuTLS">GnuTLS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Java_Secure_Socket_Extension" title="Java Secure Socket Extension">JSSE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LibreSSL" title="LibreSSL">LibreSSL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MatrixSSL" title="MatrixSSL">MatrixSSL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_Security_Services" title="Network Security Services">NSS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenSSL" title="OpenSSL">OpenSSL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mbed_TLS" title="Mbed TLS">mbed TLS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BSAFE" title="BSAFE">BSAFE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security_Support_Provider_Interface" title="Security Support Provider Interface">SChannel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SSLeay" title="SSLeay">SSLeay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stunnel" title="Stunnel">stunnel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TeamNote" title="TeamNote">TeamNote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WolfSSL" title="WolfSSL">wolfSSL</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Virtual_private_network" title="Virtual private network">VPN</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Check_Point_VPN-1" class="mw-redirect" title="Check Point VPN-1">Check Point VPN-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LogMeIn_Hamachi" title="LogMeIn Hamachi">Hamachi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Openswan" title="Openswan">Openswan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenVPN" title="OpenVPN">OpenVPN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SoftEther_VPN" title="SoftEther VPN">SoftEther VPN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/StrongSwan" title="StrongSwan">strongSwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tinc_(protocol)" title="Tinc (protocol)">Tinc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WireGuard" title="WireGuard">WireGuard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/ZRTP" title="ZRTP">ZRTP</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jitsi" title="Jitsi">Jitsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linphone" title="Linphone">Linphone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jami_(software)" title="Jami (software)">Jami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zfone" title="Zfone">Zfone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Peer-to-peer" title="Peer-to-peer">P2P</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bitmessage" title="Bitmessage">Bitmessage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Briar_(software)" title="Briar (software)">Briar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RetroShare" class="mw-redirect" title="RetroShare">RetroShare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tox_(protocol)" title="Tox (protocol)">Tox</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Double_Ratchet_Algorithm" title="Double Ratchet Algorithm">DRA</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Matrix_(protocol)" title="Matrix (protocol)">Matrix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OMEMO" title="OMEMO">OMEMO</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cryptocat" title="Cryptocat">Cryptocat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ChatSecure" title="ChatSecure">ChatSecure</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wire_Swiss" title="Wire Swiss">Proteus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Session_(software)" title="Session (software)">Session</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signal_Protocol" title="Signal Protocol">Signal Protocol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Facebook_Messenger" class="mw-redirect" title="Facebook Messenger">Facebook Messenger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Allo" title="Google Allo">Google Allo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Messages" title="Google Messages">Google Messages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signal_(software)" title="Signal (software)">Signal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TextSecure" title="TextSecure">TextSecure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WhatsApp" title="WhatsApp">WhatsApp</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Disk_encryption" title="Disk encryption">Disk encryption</a><br /><span style="font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_disk_encryption_software" title="Comparison of disk encryption software">Comparison</a>)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BestCrypt" title="BestCrypt">BestCrypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BitLocker" title="BitLocker">BitLocker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CrossCrypt" title="CrossCrypt">CrossCrypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cryptoloop" title="Cryptoloop">Cryptoloop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dm-crypt" title="Dm-crypt">dm-crypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DriveSentry" title="DriveSentry">DriveSentry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E4M" title="E4M">E4M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ECryptfs" title="ECryptfs">eCryptfs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FileVault" title="FileVault">FileVault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FreeOTFE" title="FreeOTFE">FreeOTFE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GBDE" title="GBDE">GBDE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geli_(software)" title="Geli (software)">geli</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">LUKS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PGPDisk" title="PGPDisk">PGPDisk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_Disk" title="Private Disk">Private Disk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scramdisk" title="Scramdisk">Scramdisk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sentry_2020" title="Sentry 2020">Sentry 2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TrueCrypt" title="TrueCrypt">TrueCrypt</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/TrueCrypt_version_history" title="TrueCrypt version history">History</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VeraCrypt" title="VeraCrypt">VeraCrypt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anonymity#Anonymity_on_the_Internet" title="Anonymity">Anonymity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GNUnet#File_sharing" title="GNUnet">GNUnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I2P" title="I2P">I2P</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Java_Anon_Proxy" title="Java Anon Proxy">Java Anon Proxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tor_(network)" title="Tor (network)">Tor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vidalia_(software)" title="Vidalia (software)">Vidalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RetroShare" class="mw-redirect" title="RetroShare">RetroShare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ricochet_(software)" title="Ricochet (software)">Ricochet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wickr" title="Wickr">Wickr</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/File_system" title="File system">File systems</a> <span style="font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/List_of_cryptographic_file_systems" title="List of cryptographic file systems">List</a>)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/EncFS" title="EncFS">EncFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encrypting_File_System" title="Encrypting File System">EFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ECryptfs" title="ECryptfs">eCryptfs</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">LUKS</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=PEFS&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PEFS (page does not exist)">PEFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubberhose_(file_system)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rubberhose (file system)">Rubberhose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/StegFS" title="StegFS">StegFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tahoe-LAFS" title="Tahoe-LAFS">Tahoe-LAFS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Security-focused_operating_system" title="Security-focused operating system">Security-focused<br />operating system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tails_(operating_system)" title="Tails (operating system)">Tails</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qubes" class="mw-redirect" title="Qubes">Qubes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Service providers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freenet" class="mw-redirect" title="Freenet">Freenet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tresorit" title="Tresorit">Tresorit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wuala" title="Wuala">Wuala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NordLocker" title="NordLocker">NordLocker</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Educational</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CrypTool" title="CrypTool">CrypTool</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anti%E2%80%93computer_forensics" title="Anti–computer forensics">Anti–computer forensics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/USBKill" title="USBKill">USBKill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BusKill" title="BusKill">BusKill</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_cryptography" title="Outline of cryptography">Outline of cryptography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_cryptography" title="Timeline of cryptography">Timeline of cryptography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hash_function" title="Hash function">Hash functions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cryptographic_hash_function" title="Cryptographic hash function">Cryptographic hash function</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_hash_functions" title="List of hash functions">List of hash functions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homomorphic_encryption" title="Homomorphic encryption">Homomorphic encryption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/End-to-end_encryption" title="End-to-end encryption">End-to-end encryption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S/MIME" title="S/MIME">S/MIME</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Cryptographic_software" 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