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searchaux" style="display:none">16th-century Mexican politician</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Luis de Carvajal y de la Cueva</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Luis de Carvajal</div><br /><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1537</span><br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Mogadouro" title="Mogadouro">Mogadouro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Portugal" title="Kingdom of Portugal">Kingdom of Portugal</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">13 February 1591<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Mexico_City" title="Mexico City">Mexico City</a>, <a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_New_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Viceroyalty of New Spain">Viceroyalty of New Spain</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other names</th><td class="infobox-data nickname">Luis de Carabajal</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data">First governor of Nuevo Reino de León; prosecuted by the <a href="/wiki/Mexican_Inquisition" title="Mexican Inquisition">Mexican Inquisition</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Office</th><td class="infobox-data title">1st <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Nuevo_Le%C3%B3n" title="Governor of Nuevo León">Governor of Nuevo Reino de León</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Term</th><td class="infobox-data">1580–1588</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Diego_de_Montemayor" title="Diego de Montemayor">Diego de Montemayor</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Signature</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="infobox-signature skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Luis_de_Carvajal_signature.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Luis_de_Carvajal_signature.svg/150px-Luis_de_Carvajal_signature.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="51" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Luis_de_Carvajal_signature.svg/225px-Luis_de_Carvajal_signature.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Luis_de_Carvajal_signature.svg/300px-Luis_de_Carvajal_signature.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="173" /></a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Luis de Carvajal</b> (sometimes <b>Luis de Carabajal y de la Cueva</b>) (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1537</span> – 13 February 1591) was governor of the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish empire">Spanish</a> province of <a href="/wiki/Nuevo_Le%C3%B3n" title="Nuevo León">Nuevo León</a> in present-day <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a>, slave dealer, and the first Spanish subject known to have entered <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a> from Mexico across the lower <a href="/wiki/Rio_Grande" title="Rio Grande">Rio Grande</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-tshaonline.org_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tshaonline.org-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He was a Portuguese-born, Spanish Crown officer, who in 1579 was awarded a large swath of territory in New Spain, known as Nuevo Reino de León. He was born in <a href="/wiki/Mogadouro" title="Mogadouro">Mogadouro</a>, Portugal, around 1537, but was raised in the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Le%C3%B3n" title="Kingdom of León">Kingdom of León</a> at the home of the Count of <a href="/wiki/Benavente,_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Benavente, Spain">Benavente</a>, a contemporary and friend of <a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_Spain" title="Philip II of Spain">Philip II of Spain</a>, who named Carvajal Governor of Nuevo Reino de León and granted him many privileges<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> on the basis of previous services to the Spanish Crown.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The territory granted to Carvajal included some portions in the south that had been settled by other Spaniards who refused to accept the terms of the grant<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and sued Carvajal before the highest court in New Spain. The suits were decided in favor of Carvajal, but <a href="/wiki/%C3%81lvaro_Manrique_de_Z%C3%BA%C3%B1iga,_1st_Marquess_of_Villamanrique" title="Álvaro Manrique de Zúñiga, 1st Marquess of Villamanrique">Álvaro Manrique de Zúñiga, 1st Marquess of Villamanrique</a>, viceroy of New Spain, ordered the arrest of Carvajal in 1588. Carvajal was accused of enslaving large numbers of Indians, a major grievance of the indigenous population fueling the <a href="/wiki/Chichimeca_War" title="Chichimeca War">Chichimeca War</a>. Carvajal was also accused of several other offenses by the Inquisition in <a href="/wiki/Mexico_City" title="Mexico City">Mexico City</a>, but only the charge of concealing that his relatives secretly practiced Judaism was upheld. Sentenced to exile, he was sent back to the court's jail, where he died a year later.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luis_de_Carvajal_y_de_la_Cueva&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Carvajal was born circa 1537 in <a href="/wiki/Mogadouro" title="Mogadouro">Mogadouro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Portugal" title="Kingdom of Portugal">Portugal</a>, to Gaspar de Carvajal and Catalina de León, descendants of <a href="/wiki/Spanish_and_Portuguese_Jews" title="Spanish and Portuguese Jews">Jewish</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Marrano" title="Marrano">conversos</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Religious_conversion" title="Religious conversion">converts</a> to <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Church">Catholicism</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When he was eight years old, his family took him to <a href="/wiki/Benavente,_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Benavente, Spain">Benavente</a>, in the Spanish <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Le%C3%B3n" title="Kingdom of León">Kingdom of León</a>. There, he was placed, probably as a page, in the house of the Count of Benavente, where he learned the manners and language of a Spanish nobleman. He lived there until his maternal uncle, Duarte de León, a wealthy Portuguese contractor sent him to the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Cape_Verde" title="Portuguese Cape Verde">Portuguese islands of Cape Verde</a>. There Carvajal learned a variety of skills, including navigation, accounting, and probably some military skills. In 1560, D. Sebastian, king of Portugal, named him treasurer for the assets of the deceased.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1564, Carvajal left Cape Verde and went to <a href="/wiki/Seville" title="Seville">Seville</a>, where he married Guiomar Nuñez or Nunes, later known as Guitar de Ribera (1545–1582), the oldest daughter of Miguel Nuñez or Nunes (died 1577), a Portuguese-born <i><a href="/wiki/Converso" title="Converso">converso</a></i> merchant stationed in Santo Domingo as an agent in the slave trade.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the time Carvajal married, his father-in-law was involved in the transportation of wheat, a lucrative business in those days. He joined the business for about two years, but abandoned it because of his ambitious plans.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="First_sojourn_in_New_Spain">First sojourn in New Spain</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luis_de_Carvajal_y_de_la_Cueva&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: First sojourn in New Spain"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1567, Carvajal sailed for <a href="/wiki/New_Spain" title="New Spain">New Spain</a> in his own ship as Admiral of a merchant fleet that sailed from the Canary Islands. Upon his arrival in Veracruz, he purchased a cattle hacienda near Tampico, and settled in that village, become its mayor the following year.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In late 1568, Carvajal captured 78 Englishmen marooned on the <a href="/wiki/Tamaulipas" title="Tamaulipas">Tamaulipas</a> coast by <a href="/wiki/John_Hawkins_(naval_commander)" title="John Hawkins (naval commander)">John Hawkins</a>, who had lost some of his ships in a fight with the Spanish fleet at <a href="/wiki/Veracruz,_Veracruz" class="mw-redirect" title="Veracruz, Veracruz">Veracruz</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1572, <a href="/wiki/List_of_viceroys_of_New_Spain" title="List of viceroys of New Spain">Viceroy</a> <a href="/wiki/Mart%C3%ADn_Enr%C3%ADquez_de_Almanza" title="Martín Enríquez de Almanza">Martín Enríquez de Almanza</a> commissioned Carvajal a captain, sending him to open a road through the mountains between the <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A1nuco_(province)" title="Pánuco (province)">Pánuco</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mazapil_Municipality" title="Mazapil Municipality">Mazapil</a>. This long expedition resulted in the discovery, by Carvajal, of a mountain pass that allowed him to achieve his goal and enabled him to discover the lands that later become Nuevo Reino de León.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After that expedition was completed, Carvajal was sent to chastise hostile Indian bands at the mouth of the Río Bravo (<a href="/wiki/Rio_Grande" title="Rio Grande">Rio Grande</a>). He claimed to have punished the natives responsible for the massacre of 400 castaways from three ships wrecked on the coast en route to and from Spain. During the campaign, he crossed the lower Rio Grande into what is now <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a>. </p><p>Due to his reputation as an Indian fighter, Viceroy Enríquez de Almanza commissioned him in 1575 to join Capt. Francisco de Puga to pacify a large area north of Mexico City centered in Xalpa (present day <a href="/wiki/Jalpan_de_Serra" title="Jalpan de Serra">Jalpan de Serra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Queretaro" class="mw-redirect" title="Queretaro">Queretaro</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-:2_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Indian tribes collectively known as <a href="/wiki/Chichimeca" title="Chichimeca">Chichimecas</a> had destroyed the Catholic missions in the area. Carvajal, using Indian labor, built a fort and resettled a large number of "pacified" Indians near the fort, a policy known in Spanish Latin America as <a href="/wiki/Reductions" title="Reductions">reductions</a>. However, whatever victories he achieved did not endure as the local Indians, the <a href="/wiki/Pame_people" title="Pame people">Pames</a>, soon resumed the war. During this period, Carvajal continued his business dealings by trading in slaves and <a href="/wiki/Cochineal" title="Cochineal">cochineal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1578, after obtaining an endorsement from the viceroy and the Audiencia de México for his desire to be granted an important official charge by the king he went to Spain. After lengthy negotiations in the Consejo de Indias, on 31 May 1579 he succeeded in obtaining his desired post, and was awarded a large territory that was to be named Nuevo Reino de León.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From South to North that territory extended from Tampico to just below present day Dallas, Texas. A similar distance extended East to west.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Among the privileges granted to Carvajal by the king was that he could recruit, in Spain, up to 100 males, sixty of whom should be married, to be the first colonizers of his Nuevo Reino. Because of time limitations, the king ordered that the requirement that each should show proof of being an <a href="/wiki/Old_Christian" title="Old Christian">Old Christian</a> be waived.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was not the only time the king did so, but it did result in the recruitment of several <a href="/wiki/New_Christian" title="New Christian">New Christians</a>, including Carvajal's sister, Francisca de Carvajal, and her family, all of whom were later found to secretly practice Judaism and were burnt at the stake by the Spanish Inquisition in Mexico City.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Carvajal was also instructed to civilize, pacify, and Christianize the Indians in his domain, but forbidden to enslave them, an injunction he "never obeyed" in the words of a Mexican essayist.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Second_sojourn_in_New_Spain">Second sojourn in New Spain</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luis_de_Carvajal_y_de_la_Cueva&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Second sojourn in New Spain"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1579 Phillip II, King of Spain, granted him the title of governor and captain-general with the mission to "discover, pacify and settle" a new province in <a href="/wiki/New_Spain" title="New Spain">New Spain</a> to be called <a href="/wiki/New_Kingdom_of_Le%C3%B3n" title="New Kingdom of León">New Kingdom of León</a>, 200 leagues inland from the port of <a href="/wiki/Tampico" title="Tampico">Tampico</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Temkin2011_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Temkin2011-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The people recruited by Carvajal in Spain and Portugal were transported to the New world in a cargo ship, owned by Carvajal and named <i>La Urca de Panuco</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ship left Seville on 10 June 1580 and arrived in Tampico on 24 August of the same year. The following October he went to Mexico City to present his credentials to the new viceroy, the Count of Coruña. </p><p>In consideration of the appointment of governor, Carvajal undertook to colonize the territory at his own expense, being allowed to repay himself out of the revenues. His original jurisdiction was to comprise a somewhat ill-defined territory, beginning at the port of Tampico, extending along the <a href="/wiki/River_P%C3%A1nuco" class="mw-redirect" title="River Pánuco">River Pánuco</a>, and thence turning northward; but it was not to exceed 200 leagues either way. It would seem to have included <a href="/wiki/Tamaulipas" title="Tamaulipas">Tamaulipas</a>, as well as the states of Nuevo León and <a href="/wiki/Coahuila" title="Coahuila">Coahuila</a>, and parts of <a href="/wiki/San_Luis_Potos%C3%AD" title="San Luis Potosí">San Luis Potosí</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zacatecas" title="Zacatecas">Zacatecas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Durango" title="Durango">Durango</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chihuahua_(state)" title="Chihuahua (state)">Chihuahua</a> and Texas.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Towards the end of 1581, Carvajal started to settle the lesser-known parts of his territory, founding, as required by his capitulación with the king, several villages. On 10 December 1581, he founded Villa de la Cueva de León, no longer in existence, and in April 1582 he founded, as a city, Ciudad de León, now Cerralvo. About the same time he ordered his captain (and later Lieutenant) <a href="/wiki/Gaspar_Casta%C3%B1o_de_Sosa" title="Gaspar Castaño de Sosa">Gaspar Castaño de Sosa</a> to found Villa de San Luis, now Monterrey, the capital of the modern Mexican state of Nuevo León.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Castaño de Sosa is also known as the leader of the first attempt to establish a Spanish settlement in New Mexico. The attempt failed and Castaño de Sosa was arrested and punished by Spanish authorities for his unauthorized expedition.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As mentioned earlier, the territory granted to Carvajal by Philip II included lands that were contested by other Spaniards living in New Spain. These individuals sued Carvajal in the highest court in New Spain -The Audiencia de México. Lasting more than three years these legal suits were decided in favor of Carvajal.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But the litigants did not give up. Taking advantage of a sympathetic prosecutor and of the arrival of a new viceroy, they argued that Carvajal was enslaving pacified Indians. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arrest_and_trial">Arrest and trial</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luis_de_Carvajal_y_de_la_Cueva&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Arrest and trial"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In late 1588, Carvajal was arrested at Almadén (present day <a href="/wiki/Monclova" title="Monclova">Monclova</a>), which he had allegedly established as a base to carry out slaving raids.<sup id="cite_ref-tshaonline.org_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tshaonline.org-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Taken to Mexico City, he was imprisoned. </p><p>Spanish authorities said the Carvajal had a gang of "more than sixty soldiers" and to have made a fortune capturing and selling Indian slaves. They raided north along the Rio Grande, capturing hundreds of Indians whom they sold into slavery.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The government was attempting to find a peaceful solution to the long-running and bloody <a href="/wiki/Chichimeca_War" title="Chichimeca War">Chichimeca War</a>. Enslavement was one of the grievances of the Indians and a peaceful solution involved protecting the Indians against slavers. All along the frontier two successive Viceroys promoting peace with the Chichimecas cracked down on the slavers.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>New charges were also brought against Carvajal. This was based on the accusations that Carvajal's ancestors were New Christians, which contradicted the "Purity of Blood" laws required to obtain permission to settle in the New Spain. This was sufficient to have Carvajal transferred to the jails of the Inquisition. Although several charges against him were initially mentioned – including enslaving Native Americans, only the charge of covering up the practicing Judaism of his sister and her children remained. In the end he was sentenced to a six-year exile in an <a href="/wiki/Auto-da-f%C3%A9" title="Auto-da-fé">auto-da-fé</a> held on 24 February 1590 in Mexico City. However, before the sentence was carried out, he was sent back to the jail of the Court, where he died, nearly one year later, on 13 February 1591.<sup id="cite_ref-Temkin2011_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Temkin2011-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Members of Carvajal's family were also tried as Crypto-Jews. His nephew, Luis de Carvajal, became the head of a secret Crypto-Jewish community and was burned at the stake in 1596. His autobiography, long thought lost, was rediscovered and is now available online.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His two nieces, Ana and María, were not executed with their brother and reaccepted to the Catholic faith; María, accused of relapsing into Judaism, was executed by <a href="/wiki/Garrote" title="Garrote">garrote</a> in an <a href="/wiki/Auto_da_fe" class="mw-redirect" title="Auto da fe">auto da fe</a> on 25 March 1601 in <a href="/wiki/Mexico_City" title="Mexico City">Mexico City</a>, at twenty-nine years of age. Ana was tried again for practicing Judaism in secret and executed by garrote on 11 April 1649, at sixty-seven years of age.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luis_de_Carvajal_y_de_la_Cueva&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_Inquisition" title="Mexican Inquisition">Mexican Inquisition</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luis_de_Carvajal_y_de_la_Cueva&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-tshaonline.org-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-tshaonline.org_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tshaonline.org_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">"Handbook of Texas Online", Robert S. Weddle, "Carvajal Y De La Cueva, Luis De," accessed 13 August 2016, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/fcadn">http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/fcadn</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFTemkin2007" class="citation journal cs1">Temkin, Samuel (2007). "La Capitulación de Carvajal". <i>Revista de Humanidades</i>: 23, 105–139.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Revista+de+Humanidades&rft.atitle=La+Capitulaci%C3%B3n+de+Carvajal&rft.pages=23%2C+105-139&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Temkin&rft.aufirst=Samuel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuis+de+Carvajal+y+de+la+Cueva" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTemkin2006" class="citation journal cs1">Temkin, Samuel (2006). "Los Meritos y Services de Luis de Carvajal". <i>Revista de Humanidades</i>: 21, 47–185.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Revista+de+Humanidades&rft.atitle=Los+Meritos+y+Services+de+Luis+de+Carvajal&rft.pages=21%2C+47-185&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Temkin&rft.aufirst=Samuel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuis+de+Carvajal+y+de+la+Cueva" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTemkin2011" class="citation book cs1">Temkin, Samuel (2011). <i>Luis de Carvajal: The origins of Nuevo Reino de León</i>. Santa Fe, New Mexico: Sunstone Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86534-829-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86534-829-5"><bdi>978-0-86534-829-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Luis+de+Carvajal%3A+The+origins+of+Nuevo+Reino+de+Le%C3%B3n&rft.place=Santa+Fe%2C+New+Mexico&rft.pub=Sunstone+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-86534-829-5&rft.aulast=Temkin&rft.aufirst=Samuel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuis+de+Carvajal+y+de+la+Cueva" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/4015-carabajal">"Carabajal – JewishEncyclopedia.com"</a>. <i>www.jewishencyclopedia.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.jewishencyclopedia.com&rft.atitle=Carabajal+%E2%80%93+JewishEncyclopedia.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishencyclopedia.com%2Farticles%2F4015-carabajal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuis+de+Carvajal+y+de+la+Cueva" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTemkin2007" class="citation journal cs1">Temkin, Samuel (2007). "The Crypto-Jewish Ancestral Roots of Luis de Carvajal, Governor of Nuevo Reino de León,1580-1590". <i>Colonial Latin American Historical Review</i>. <b>16</b>: 65–93.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Colonial+Latin+American+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=The+Crypto-Jewish+Ancestral+Roots+of+Luis+de+Carvajal%2C+Governor+of+Nuevo+Reino+de+Le%C3%B3n%2C1580-1590.&rft.volume=16&rft.pages=65-93&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Temkin&rft.aufirst=Samuel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuis+de+Carvajal+y+de+la+Cueva" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cohen, Martin A. (2001), <i>The Martyr Luis de Carvajal</i>, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, pp. 50–51</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:3_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTemkin2008" class="citation journal cs1">Temkin, Samuel (2008). "Luis de Carvajal and his people". <i>Association of Jewish Studies Review</i>: 32, 79–100.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Association+of+Jewish+Studies+Review&rft.atitle=Luis+de+Carvajal+and+his+people&rft.pages=32%2C+79-100&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Temkin&rft.aufirst=Samuel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuis+de+Carvajal+y+de+la+Cueva" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cadena, Raul,<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rcadena.net/carvajal/carvajal.htm">"Luis Carvajal y de la Cueva"</a>, rcadena.net; accessed 13 August 2016.<span class="languageicon">(in Spanish)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Temkin2011-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Temkin2011_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Temkin2011_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTemkin2011" class="citation book cs1">Temkin, Samuel (2011). <i>Luis de Carvajal: The Origins of Nuevo Reino de León</i>. Sunstone Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0865348295" title="Special:BookSources/978-0865348295"><bdi>978-0865348295</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Luis+de+Carvajal%3A+The+Origins+of+Nuevo+Reino+de+Le%C3%B3n&rft.pub=Sunstone+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0865348295&rft.aulast=Temkin&rft.aufirst=Samuel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuis+de+Carvajal+y+de+la+Cueva" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTemkin2011" class="citation journal cs1">Temkin, Samuel (2011). "La Urca de Carvajal y sus pasajeros". <i>Revista de Humanidades</i>: 27–28, 179–210.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Revista+de+Humanidades&rft.atitle=La+Urca+de+Carvajal+y+sus+pasajeros&rft.pages=27-28%2C+179-210&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Temkin&rft.aufirst=Samuel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuis+de+Carvajal+y+de+la+Cueva" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTemkin2015" class="citation book cs1">Temkin, Samuel (2015). <i>Gaspar Castaño de Sosa: Conquistador, Explorador, Fundador</i>. Saltillo, Coahuila, México: Universidad Autónoma de Coahuila. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-607-9417-12-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-607-9417-12-3"><bdi>978-607-9417-12-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gaspar+Casta%C3%B1o+de+Sosa%3A+Conquistador%2C+Explorador%2C+Fundador&rft.place=Saltillo%2C+Coahuila%2C+M%C3%A9xico&rft.pub=Universidad+Aut%C3%B3noma+de+Coahuila&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-607-9417-12-3&rft.aulast=Temkin&rft.aufirst=Samuel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuis+de+Carvajal+y+de+la+Cueva" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTemkin2010" class="citation journal cs1">Temkin, Samuel (2010). "Caspar Castaño de Sosa's 'Illegal' Estrada". <i>New Mexico Historical Review</i>. <b>85</b>: 259–280.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Mexico+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=Caspar+Casta%C3%B1o+de+Sosa%27s+%27Illegal%27+Estrada&rft.volume=85&rft.pages=259-280&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Temkin&rft.aufirst=Samuel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuis+de+Carvajal+y+de+la+Cueva" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hammond, George P. and Rey, Apapito, The Rediscovery of New Mexico, 1580–1594, Albuquerque: U of NM Press, 1966, 297; Flint, Richard and Flint, Shirley Cushing, "Juan Morlete, Gaspar Castano de Sosa, and the Province of Nuevo León." <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120309230254/http://www.newmexicohistory.org/filedetails_docs.php?fileID=463">"New Mexico Office of the State Historian : Castaņo de Sosa, Gaspar"</a>. 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Berkeley: U of CA Press, 1952, 197–198</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPerelis2017" class="citation web cs1">Perelis, Ronnie (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://smarthistory.org/luis-de-carvajal-2/">"The manuscripts of Luis de Carvajal"</a>. <i>Smarthistory</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Smarthistory&rft.atitle=The+manuscripts+of+Luis+de+Carvajal&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Perelis&rft.aufirst=Ronnie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsmarthistory.org%2Fluis-de-carvajal-2%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuis+de+Carvajal+y+de+la+Cueva" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWiznitzer1962" class="citation journal cs1">Wiznitzer, Arnold (1962). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23874312">"Crypto-Jews in Mexico during the Seventeenth Century"</a>. <i>American Jewish Historical Quarterly</i>. <b>51</b> (4): 222–322. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0002-9068">0002-9068</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23874312">23874312</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Jewish+Historical+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Crypto-Jews+in+Mexico+during+the+Seventeenth+Century&rft.volume=51&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=222-322&rft.date=1962&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23874312%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0002-9068&rft.aulast=Wiznitzer&rft.aufirst=Arnold&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23874312&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuis+de+Carvajal+y+de+la+Cueva" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luis_de_Carvajal_y_de_la_Cueva&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Cohen, Martin A., "<i>The Martyr</i>", Albuquerque, U of NM Press, 1973. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>Hammond, George P. and Rey, Apapito., <i>The Rediscovery of New Mexico, 1580–1594,</i> Albuquerque: U of NM Press, 1966 <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>Landis, C.K. <i>Carabajal the Jew, a Legend of Monterey</i>, Vineland, N.J., 1894. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>Palacio, Vicente Riva. <i>El Libro Rojo</i>, Mexico, 1870. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>Toro, Alfonso. <i>La familia Carvajal: Estudio histórico sobre los judíos y la Inquisición de la Nueva España en el siglo XVI</i> (2 vols.), Mexico City: Patria, 1944. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></span></span> This article incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCyrus_Adler_and_George_Alexander_Kohut1901–1906" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Cyrus_Adler" title="Cyrus Adler">Cyrus Adler</a> and <a href="/wiki/George_Alexander_Kohut" title="George Alexander Kohut">George Alexander Kohut</a> (1901–1906). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=138&letter=C">"Carabajal"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Isidore_Singer" title="Isidore Singer">Singer, Isidore</a>; et al. (eds.). <i><a href="/wiki/The_Jewish_Encyclopedia" title="The Jewish Encyclopedia">The Jewish Encyclopedia</a></i>. New York: Funk & Wagnalls.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Carabajal&rft.btitle=The+Jewish+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Funk+%26+Wagnalls&rft.date=1901%2F1906&rft.au=Cyrus+Adler+and+George+Alexander+Kohut&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishencyclopedia.com%2Fview.jsp%3Fartid%3D138%26letter%3DC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuis+de+Carvajal+y+de+la+Cueva" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luis_de_Carvajal_y_de_la_Cueva&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></span></span> This article incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCyrus_Adler_and_George_Alexander_Kohut1901–1906" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Cyrus_Adler" title="Cyrus Adler">Cyrus Adler</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Kohut" title="Alexander Kohut">George Alexander Kohut</a> (1901–1906). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=138&letter=C">"Carabajal"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Isidore_Singer" title="Isidore Singer">Singer, Isidore</a>; et al. (eds.). <i><a href="/wiki/The_Jewish_Encyclopedia" title="The Jewish Encyclopedia">The Jewish Encyclopedia</a></i>. New York: Funk & Wagnalls<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 November</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Carabajal&rft.btitle=The+Jewish+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Funk+%26+Wagnalls&rft.date=1901%2F1906&rft.au=Cyrus+Adler+and+George+Alexander+Kohut&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishencyclopedia.com%2Fview.jsp%3Fartid%3D138%26letter%3DC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuis+de+Carvajal+y+de+la+Cueva" class="Z3988"></span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lectura.ilce.edu.mx:3000/biblioteca/sites/estados/libros/nleon/html/sec_14.html">Historia de Nuevo León by Israel Cavazos</a></li> <li>Raúl Cadena, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rcadena.net/carvajal/carvajal.htm">"Luis Carvajal y de la Cueva"</a>, rcadena.net <span class="languageicon">(in Spanish)</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/fcadn"><i>Handbook of Texas Online</i></a>, s.v. "Carvajal y de la Cueva, Luis de"; accessed 17 August 2007.</li> <li>David B. Green, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/this-day-in-jewish-history/.premium-1.690593">David B. Green, "This Day in Jewish History 1596: A Jewish Family Burns at the Stake in Mexico City"</a>; accessed 8 December 2015. <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(subscription required)</span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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Dias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crist%C3%B3v%C3%A3o_de_Mendon%C3%A7a" title="Cristóvão de Mendonça">Cristóvão de Mendonça</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crist%C3%B3v%C3%A3o_Jacques" title="Cristóvão Jacques">Cristóvão Jacques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diogo_C%C3%A3o" title="Diogo Cão">Diogo Cão</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diogo_da_Rocha" title="Diogo da Rocha">Diogo da Rocha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diogo_de_Azambuja" title="Diogo de Azambuja">Diogo de Azambuja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diogo_Dias" title="Diogo Dias">Diogo Dias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diogo_Fernandes_Pereira" title="Diogo Fernandes Pereira">Diogo Fernandes Pereira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diogo_Lopes_de_Sequeira" title="Diogo Lopes de Sequeira">Diogo Lopes de Sequeira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diogo_Rodrigues" title="Diogo Rodrigues">Diogo Rodrigues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diogo_Soares" title="Diogo Soares">Diogo Soares</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duarte_Fernandes" title="Duarte Fernandes">Duarte Fernandes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duarte_Pacheco_Pereira" title="Duarte Pacheco Pereira">Duarte Pacheco Pereira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Est%C3%AAv%C3%A3o_da_Gama_(c._1470)" title="Estêvão da Gama (c. 1470)">Estêvão da Gama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fern%C3%A3o_de_Loronha" title="Fernão de Loronha">Fernão de Loronha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fern%C3%A3o_do_P%C3%B3" title="Fernão do Pó">Fernão do Pó</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fern%C3%A3o_Gomes" title="Fernão Gomes">Fernão Gomes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fern%C3%A3o_Mendes_Pinto" title="Fernão Mendes Pinto">Fernão Mendes Pinto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fern%C3%A3o_Pires_de_Andrade" title="Fernão Pires de Andrade">Fernão Pires de Andrade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Serr%C3%A3o" title="Francisco Serrão">Francisco Serrão</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaspar_Corte-Real" title="Gaspar Corte-Real">Gaspar Corte-Real</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaspar_de_Lemos" title="Gaspar de Lemos">Gaspar de Lemos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gomes_de_Sequeira" title="Gomes de Sequeira">Gomes de Sequeira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gon%C3%A7alo_%C3%81lvares" title="Gonçalo Álvares">Gonçalo Álvares</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gon%C3%A7alo_Coelho" title="Gonçalo Coelho">Gonçalo Coelho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_Afonso_do_Estreito" title="João Afonso do Estreito">João Afonso do Estreito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_%C3%81lvares_Fagundes" title="João Álvares Fagundes">João Álvares Fagundes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_da_Gama" title="João da Gama">João da Gama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_da_Nova" title="João da Nova">João da Nova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_de_Santar%C3%A9m" title="João de Santarém">João de Santarém</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_Fernandes_Lavrador" title="João Fernandes Lavrador">João Fernandes Lavrador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_Grego" title="João Grego">João Grego</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_Infante" title="João Infante">João Infante</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_Serr%C3%A3o" title="João Serrão">João Serrão</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_Vaz_Corte-Real" title="João Vaz Corte-Real">João Vaz Corte-Real</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jorge_%C3%81lvares" title="Jorge Álvares">Jorge Álvares</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jorge_de_Menezes" title="Jorge de Menezes">Jorge de Menezes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lopes_Gon%C3%A7alves" title="Lopes Gonçalves">Lopes Gonçalves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louren%C3%A7o_de_Almeida" title="Lourenço de Almeida">Lourenço de Almeida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miguel_Corte-Real" title="Miguel Corte-Real">Miguel Corte-Real</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolau_Coelho" title="Nicolau Coelho">Nicolau Coelho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paulo_da_Gama" title="Paulo da Gama">Paulo da Gama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_%C3%81lvares_Cabral" title="Pedro Álvares Cabral">Pedro Álvares Cabral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Mascarenhas" title="Pedro Mascarenhas">Pedro Mascarenhas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pero_Dias" title="Pero Dias">Pero Dias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pero_Escobar" title="Pero Escobar">Pero Escobar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasco_da_Gama" title="Vasco da Gama">Vasco da Gama</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Overland</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afonso_de_Paiva" title="Afonso de Paiva">Afonso de Paiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandre_de_Serpa_Pinto" title="Alexandre de Serpa Pinto">Alexandre de Serpa Pinto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_%C3%81lvares_de_Almada" title="André Álvares de Almada">André Álvares de Almada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_%C3%81lvares" title="Francisco Álvares">Francisco Álvares</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Barreto" title="Francisco Barreto">Francisco Barreto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_de_Lacerda" title="Francisco de Lacerda">Francisco de Lacerda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gon%C3%A7alo_da_Silveira" title="Gonçalo da Silveira">Gonçalo da Silveira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermenegildo_Capelo" title="Hermenegildo Capelo">Hermenegildo Capelo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jer%C3%B3nimo_Lobo" title="Jerónimo Lobo">Jerónimo Lobo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Alberto_de_Oliveira_Anchieta" title="José Alberto de Oliveira Anchieta">José Alberto de Oliveira Anchieta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Sapateiro" title="José Sapateiro">José Sapateiro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louren%C3%A7o_Marques_(explorer)" title="Lourenço Marques (explorer)">Lourenço Marques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paulo_Dias_de_Novais" title="Paulo Dias de Novais">Paulo Dias de Novais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pero_da_Covilh%C3%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="Pero da Covilhã">Pero da Covilhã</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roberto_Ivens" title="Roberto Ivens">Roberto Ivens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sancho_de_Tovar" title="Sancho de Tovar">Sancho de Tovar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silva_Porto_(explorer)" title="Silva Porto (explorer)">Silva Porto</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Rodrigues_Ferreira" title="Alexandre Rodrigues Ferreira">Alexandre Rodrigues Ferreira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_Raposo_Tavares" title="António Raposo Tavares">António Raposo Tavares</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltasar_Fernandes" title="Baltasar Fernandes">Baltasar Fernandes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borba_Gato" title="Borba Gato">Borba Gato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Br%C3%A1s_Cubas" title="Brás Cubas">Brás Cubas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caramuru" title="Caramuru">Diogo Álvares Correia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domingos_Jorge_Velho" title="Domingos Jorge Velho">Domingos Jorge Velho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duarte_Coelho" title="Duarte Coelho">Duarte Coelho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martim_Soares_Moreno" title="Martim Soares Moreno">Martim Soares Moreno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Teixeira" title="Pedro Teixeira">Pedro Teixeira</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_da_Madalena" title="António da Madalena">António da Madalena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_de_Andrade" title="António de Andrade">António de Andrade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bento_de_G%C3%B3is" title="Bento de Góis">Bento de Góis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diogo_Veloso" title="Diogo Veloso">Diogo Veloso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domingo_Paes" title="Domingo Paes">Domingo Paes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Est%C3%AAv%C3%A3o_Cacella" title="Estêvão Cacella">Estêvão Cacella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fern%C3%A3o_Nunes" title="Fernão Nunes">Fernão Nunes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galeote_Pereira" title="Galeote Pereira">Galeote Pereira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_Cabral" title="João Cabral">João Cabral</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="wrap">In foreign service</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alberto_del_Canto" title="Alberto del Canto">Alberto del Canto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleixo_Garcia" title="Aleixo Garcia">Aleixo Garcia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_D%C3%ADaz_de_Cardoso" title="Antonio Díaz de Cardoso">Antonio Díaz de Cardoso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Est%C3%AAv%C3%A3o_Gomes" title="Estêvão Gomes">Estêvão Gomes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Magellan" title="Ferdinand Magellan">Ferdinand Magellan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaspar_Casta%C3%B1o_de_Sosa" title="Gaspar Castaño de Sosa">Gaspar Castaño de Sosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Ura" title="George Ura">George Ura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gin%C3%A9s_de_Mafra" title="Ginés de Mafra">Ginés de Mafra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Alfonse" title="Jean Alfonse">Jean Alfonse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_D%C3%ADaz_de_Sol%C3%ADs" title="Juan Díaz de Solís">Juan Díaz de Solís</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Rodr%C3%ADguez_Cabrillo" title="Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo">Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Luis de Carvajal y de la Cueva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lu%C3%ADs_Vaz_de_Torres" title="Luís Vaz de Torres">Luís Vaz de Torres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_de_Mederos" title="Manuel de Mederos">Manuel de Mederos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%91u%C3%B1o_Fern%C3%A1ndez_Lobo" title="Ñuño Fernández Lobo">Ñuño Fernández Lobo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Fernandes_de_Queir%C3%B3s" title="Pedro Fernandes de Queirós">Pedro Fernandes de Queirós</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebasti%C3%A3o_Rodrigues_Soromenho" title="Sebastião Rodrigues Soromenho">Sebastião Rodrigues Soromenho</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_discoveries" class="mw-redirect" title="Portuguese discoveries">Portuguese discoveries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000026243378">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/16127245">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/103877/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJpjhCWh9vk3yGhhVTkRrq">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n82207707">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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