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Available in 20 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-20" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">20 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%88_%D9%83%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%8A" title="إنيو كوساي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إنيو كوساي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/O%C4%81n-ch%C5%8D%CD%98_kau-ch%C3%A8" title="Oān-chō͘ kau-chè – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Oān-chō͘ kau-chè" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enjo_k%C5%8Dsai" title="Enjo kōsai – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Enjo kōsai" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enjok%C5%8Dsai" title="Enjokōsai – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Enjokōsai" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enjo_k%C5%8Dsai" title="Enjo kōsai – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Enjo kōsai" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%88-%DA%A9%D8%B3%D8%A7%DB%8C" title="انجو-کسای – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="انجو-کسای" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enjo_k%C5%8Dsai" title="Enjo kōsai – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Enjo kōsai" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AF%B8%EC%84%B1%EB%85%84%EC%9E%90_%EC%84%B1%EB%A7%A4%EB%A7%A4" title="미성년자 성매매 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="미성년자 성매매" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enjo_k%C5%8Dsai" title="Enjo kōsai – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Enjo kōsai" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enjo_k%C5%8Dsai" title="Enjo kōsai – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Enjo kōsai" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enjo_kosai" title="Enjo kosai – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Enjo kosai" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%8F%B4%E5%8A%A9%E4%BA%A4%E9%9A%9B" title="援助交際 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="援助交際" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enjo_k%C5%8Dsai" title="Enjo kōsai – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Enjo kōsai" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enjo_k%C5%8Dsai" title="Enjo kōsai – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Enjo kōsai" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B7%D1%91-%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B9" title="Эндзё-косай – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Эндзё-косай" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enjo_k%C5%8Dsai" title="Enjo kōsai – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Enjo kōsai" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B7%D1%8C%D0%BE-%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B9" title="Ендзьо-косай – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ендзьо-косай" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enjo_k%C5%8Dsai" title="Enjo kōsai – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Enjo kōsai" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%8F%B4%E4%BA%A4" title="援交 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="援交" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%8F%B4%E5%8A%A9%E4%BA%A4%E9%9A%9B" title="援助交際 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="援助交際" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q700781#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li 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<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Japanese term for "compensated dating"</div> <p> <b>Enjo kōsai</b><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%8F%B4%E5%8A%A9%E4%BA%A4%E9%9A%9B" class="extiw" title="wikt:援助交際">援助交際</a></span></span>, literally "aid or support" and "congress, intercourse, intermingling")</span>, shortened to <b>enkō</b><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">援交</span></span>)</span>, is a type of <a href="/wiki/Transactional_sex" title="Transactional sex">transactional</a> relationship similar to the Western <a href="/wiki/Sugar_dating" title="Sugar dating">sugar dating</a>. It is the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese language</a> term for the practice of older men giving money and/or luxury gifts to attractive young women for sexual favors. The female participants range from school girls (or <a href="/wiki/JK_business" title="JK business">JK business</a>) to <a href="/wiki/Housewives" class="mw-redirect" title="Housewives">housewives</a>. The term is often translated as "<b>compensated dating</b>" or "<b>subsidized dating</b>". </p><p>The opposite case of women paying men, <b>gyaku enjo kōsai</b><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">逆援助交際</span></span>, <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">gyaku</i></span> <span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">逆</span></span> meaning "reverse")</span>, is rarer, but <a href="/wiki/Host_and_hostess_club" class="mw-redirect" title="Host and hostess club">host clubs</a> do exist. Fraudulent solicitations from fictive women offering to pay for sex is a common tactic in <a href="/wiki/Phishing" title="Phishing">phishing</a> emails.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definition">Definition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Enjo_k%C5%8Dsai&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Definition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The most common connotation of the term enjo-kōsai in Japan is that it is a form of <a href="/wiki/Child_prostitution" title="Child prostitution">child prostitution</a> whereby participating girls sell their bodies in exchange for designer goods or money. However, some organizations and writers have argued that enjo-kōsai is distinct from <a href="/wiki/Prostitution" title="Prostitution">prostitution</a>, and can include just spending time together for compensation. Some women's centers in Japan, include "the exchange of a girl's company or time" as part of this equation<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and insist that these other activities define enjo-kōsai. <a href="/wiki/Anthropologist" title="Anthropologist">Anthropologist</a> <a href="/wiki/Laura_Miller_(anthropologist)" title="Laura Miller (anthropologist)">Laura Miller</a> argues in her research that the majority of enjo-kōsai dates consist of groups of girls going with a group of older men to a <a href="/wiki/Karaoke_bar" class="mw-redirect" title="Karaoke bar">karaoke bar</a> for several hours and being paid for their time.<sup id="cite_ref-miller_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-miller-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Furthermore, in a 1998 survey by the <a href="/wiki/Asian_Women%27s_Fund" title="Asian Women's Fund">Asian Women's Fund</a>, researchers found that fewer than 10 percent of all high school girls engage in enjo-kōsai and over 90 percent of the girls interviewed attested to feeling uncomfortable with the exchange or purchase of sexual services for money.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On October 26, 2015, the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Human_Rights_Council" title="United Nations Human Rights Council">United Nations Human Rights Council</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Special_Rapporteur_on_the_sale_of_children,_child_prostitution_and_child_pornography" class="mw-redirect" title="Special Rapporteur on the sale of children, child prostitution and child pornography">Special Rapporteur on the sale of children, child prostitution and child pornography</a> announced that 30% of Japanese minors are involved in enjo-kōsai. On November 2, she revised that estimate to 13%, citing a translation error.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-yahoo171115_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-yahoo171115-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In response, the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Japan)" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Japan)">Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan</a> insisted on disclosing the source and basis of the figure of 13%, and urged the Special Rapporteur to retract her statement, arguing that it was unacceptable to quote unsubstantiated figures to emphasize that this was an urgent matter for the Special Rapporteur to address, or to quote unreliable information in a press conference or report that even the source could not reveal.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The UN Special Rapporteur finally wrote to the Japanese government to report that she would no longer use the 13% figure and would not mention it in her report to the UN Human Rights Council because she concluded that there was no official or recent data to support the figure and that any reference to the data was misleading.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-yahoo171115_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-yahoo171115-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Perceptions_in_Japanese_society">Perceptions in Japanese society</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Enjo_k%C5%8Dsai&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Perceptions in Japanese society"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A 1997 poll in the Japanese <a href="/wiki/TV_Asahi" title="TV Asahi">TV Asahi</a> program <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asa_Made_Nama_Terebi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Asa Made Nama Terebi (page does not exist)">Asa Made Nama Terebi</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9C%9D%E3%81%BE%E3%81%A7%E7%94%9F%E3%83%86%E3%83%AC%E3%83%93!" class="extiw" title="ja:朝まで生テレビ!">ja</a>]</span></i> showed that 70 percent of respondents opposed enjo-kōsai involving sexual interactions, while 30 percent approved of it.<sup id="cite_ref-cornell_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cornell-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Typically, it is perceived as an extension of Japan's growing focus on <a href="/wiki/Consumerism" title="Consumerism">materialism</a>, much of which is what critics claim is the cause of enjo-kōsai. Critics worry that girls involved in enjo-kōsai will grow up to be unfit wives and mothers. This perception arises from suspicions that when these girls are adults, they will quickly abandon their loyalties and commitments to their family for offers of money and material benefits.<sup id="cite_ref-cornell_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cornell-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, certain <a href="/wiki/Feminist" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminist">feminists</a> regard enjo-kōsai as an empowering way to "undermine patriarchal models of propriety used to evaluate and control women".<sup id="cite_ref-miller_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-miller-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 241">: 241 </span></sup> Control over their bodies and means to support themselves is a new kind of independence for these girls. Good women in Japan are supposed to be sensible, modest, nurturing and respectful, yet girls participating in enjo-kōsai clearly reject such virtues of female restraint and modesty in Japan. Feminists such as <a href="/wiki/Chizuko_Ueno" title="Chizuko Ueno">Chizuko Ueno</a> point out that the accidental access of girls to this dating market was not a matter of ethics, but of probability.<sup id="cite_ref-cornell_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cornell-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sooner or later, these girls and young women would, in a desire for financial independence, tap into this market for their own empowerment. However, Ueno points out that while engaging in enjo-kōsai may appear beneficial for young women in the short term, it also reinforces patriarchal power structures by leaving the notion that women's bodies exist to serve male desire unchallenged.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Media_depiction">Media depiction</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Enjo_k%C5%8Dsai&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Media depiction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Within Japan, the media tends to show enjo-kōsai in a rather negative light. The typical scenario involves a girl desperate for money, so she decides to partake in enjo-kōsai. Only later does she stop when a friend or individual intervenes and informs her of the potential risks and consequences of her behavior. Several examples from films and television series are listed below. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Masato_Harada" title="Masato Harada">Masato Harada</a>'s 1997 film <i><a href="/wiki/Bounce_Ko_Gals" title="Bounce Ko Gals">Bounce Ko Gals</a></i> follows the story of a Japanese schoolgirl in Tokyo who is convinced to try enjo-kōsai as a way to raise money quickly after being robbed. Harada uses the plot as a metaphor for and critique of Japanese consumerism, in which everything including people becomes a product. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Hideaki_Anno" title="Hideaki Anno">Hideaki Anno</a>'s 1998 movie <i><a href="/wiki/Love_%26_Pop" title="Love & Pop">Love & Pop</a></i>, the main character, a 16-year-old high school girl named Hiromi, goes on subsidized dates in order to purchase a ring she adores. Her parents do not pay much attention to her and Hiromi often hangs out with her three closest friends who have been going on subsidized dates. Hiromi follows her friends and begins doing the same. Throughout the movie, they meet with different kinds of men and accompany them in various activities. These activities include having dinner at a restaurant, tasting a man's cooking, singing at a karaoke bar and visiting in a video rental store. Although Hiromi nearly gives in and has sex for the remainder of money needed for the ring, her date gives her a lesson on why she should not do so. </p><p>In the Japanese live action drama series <i>GTO</i> (<i><a href="/wiki/Great_Teacher_Onizuka" title="Great Teacher Onizuka">Great Teacher Onizuka</a></i>), a female student named Miyabi, out of boredom and lack of adult supervision at home, pressures her friends, Chikako and Erika, to go on subsidized dates with older men, and to steal their money when the men are in the showers. Chikako accidentally meets their teacher Onizuka on one of these dates. In the hotel room, Chikako insists that Onizuka take a shower. Onizuka realizes the trap, stops Chikako's attempt to escape, and teaches her a lesson why her first sexual experience should come out of love and not have anything to do with money. Incidentally, Onizuka (himself a virgin) learns the same lesson from that very occasion. </p><p>Conversation over the controversy of enjo-kōsai even finds its way into shows geared toward girls (<i><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Djo" class="mw-redirect" title="Shōjo">shōjo</a></i>) between the ages of 11 and 14 in the form of the highly popular <i><a href="/wiki/Gals!" title="Gals!">Super Gals!</a></i> 2001 anime series. During the first episode of the series, straight A student Aya goes on subsidized dates because she wants to have money and fun like the other girls, but also because her strict parents and schedule do not allow her to have a job. </p><p>In the 1998 anime series <i><a href="/wiki/Initial_D" title="Initial D">Initial D</a></i>, highschool student Natsuki Mogi is into enjo-kōsai, going out with a rich older man ("Papa") who gives her gifts in exchange. </p><p>In the anime series <i><a href="/wiki/My-HiME" title="My-HiME">My-HiME</a></i>, it's believed that a shady girl named <a href="/wiki/Nao_Yuuki" class="mw-redirect" title="Nao Yuuki">Nao Yuuki</a> is into enjo-kōsai. She does use her computer to arrange dates over the internet, under the name <i>Juliet</i>, but instead of going through them, she uses her "Child" creature named Julia to rob her patrons and beat them up. It is explained later that Nao does it out of revenge on men and especially thieves, since thieves killed her father and seriously injured Nao's mother leaving her in a coma. </p><p>In the 2018 anime series <i><a href="/wiki/FLCL_Progressive" title="FLCL Progressive">FLCL Progressive</a></i>, Aiko is a girl-for-hire for Goro Mouri.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The 2020 anime series <i><a href="/wiki/Rent-A-Girlfriend" title="Rent-A-Girlfriend">Rent-A-Girlfriend</a></i>, first serialized as a manga in 2017, inverts the portrayal of enjo-kōsai by focusing on the main male character, Kazuya Kinoshita, who rents a girlfriend after being dumped by his <a href="/wiki/Ex_(relationship)" title="Ex (relationship)">ex</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Japanese_idol" title="Japanese idol">Japanese idol</a> group <a href="/wiki/AKB48" title="AKB48">AKB48</a>'s second major label single, "<a href="/wiki/Seifuku_ga_Jama_o_Suru" title="Seifuku ga Jama o Suru">Seifuku ga Jama o Suru</a>"<span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">制服が邪魔をする</span></span>, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">(School) uniform is getting in the way</i></span>)</span> drew public attention with its controversial music video, which is a literal visualization of the lyrics, somewhat hinting at the subject of enjo-kōsai. Even the <a href="/wiki/Advertising_slogan" title="Advertising slogan">sales copy</a> on its TV commercial was "Otousan, gomennasai"<span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">お父さん、ごめんなさい</span></span>, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">Sorry, dad</i></span><span style="margin-left:.09em">)</span></span>, a comment made by <a href="/wiki/Atsuko_Maeda" title="Atsuko Maeda">Atsuko Maeda</a>, who played a key role on its video clip.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Societal_backdrop">Societal backdrop</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Enjo_k%C5%8Dsai&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Societal backdrop"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although the greater part of Japanese society discourages this type of behavior, that has not stopped teachers, monks, government officials, company executives, and others of high social status from being arrested for their involvement with enjo kōsai.<sup id="cite_ref-routledge_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-routledge-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Government_regulation">Government regulation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Enjo_k%C5%8Dsai&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Government regulation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Prostitution has been illegal in Japan since 1958, but only prostitutes and <a href="/wiki/Pimps" class="mw-redirect" title="Pimps">pimps</a> were punished, with clients escaping any penalty from the law. During <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Commander_of_the_Allied_Powers" class="mw-redirect" title="Supreme Commander of the Allied Powers">SCAP</a>'s occupation of Japan, the Child Welfare Law was introduced into legislation as a means to protect children from "lewd behavior". Many have criticized the law as being too vague to protect Japanese children from sexual abuse and say it does not do enough to keep girls away from sex markets.<sup id="cite_ref-cornell_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cornell-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the 1990s enjo-kōsai, as well as other forms of child exploitation, gained national attention in Japan leading to international awareness.<sup id="cite_ref-cambridge_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cambridge-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to pressure from outside <a href="/wiki/NGO" class="mw-redirect" title="NGO">NGOs</a> and other industrialized nations, the Tokyo government updated its laws relating to child exploitation. The Law for Punishing Acts Related to Child Prostitution and Child Pornography and for Protecting Children, which prohibited an adult from paying a person under the age of 18 for obscene acts, was passed in 1999.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>To combat enjo-kōsai and other forms of juvenile misbehavior, many <a href="/wiki/Prefectures" class="mw-redirect" title="Prefectures">prefectures</a> have instituted a program of <i>hodō</i><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A3%9C%E5%B0%8E" class="extiw" title="ja:補導">補導</a></span></span>, "guidance", "protective custody")</span>. <i>Hodōin</i> are plain-clothed police officers who approach youths who appear to be participating in <a href="/wiki/Juvenile_delinquency" title="Juvenile delinquency">juvenile delinquency</a> (out past 11 p.m., under-age smoking, under-age drinking, etc.) and offer guidance against such behavior. When police consider it necessary, teens are taken to a juvenile center or police station for "formal guidance" and entered into a confidential police directory.<sup id="cite_ref-cornell_11-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cornell-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since enjo-kōsai is seen as a moral problem relating to Japanese youth, care is taken not to ostracize the girls but instead give them assistance and advice to steer them away from enjo-kōsai. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_countries_or_districts">Other countries or districts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Enjo_k%C5%8Dsai&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Other countries or districts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Taiwan">Taiwan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Enjo_k%C5%8Dsai&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Taiwan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The use of the term began to spread to other East Asian places in the late 1990s via media. The idea of compensated dating became popular in Taiwan after the airing of the Japanese <i><a href="/wiki/Dorama" class="mw-redirect" title="Dorama">dorama</a></i> <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=God,_Please_Give_Me_More_Time&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="God, Please Give Me More Time (page does not exist)">God, Please Give Me More Time</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Fuji_Television" title="Fuji Television">JOCX</a>), in which a young woman engages in the activity and suffers social and physical costs. In the end, however, the heroine is able to turn her life around and seems to project a positive image for youth. According to scholar Oi-Wan Lam, Taiwanese teens identified with the love story's plot and the <a href="/wiki/Subculture" title="Subculture">subculture</a> of the characters. Lam also points to the similarities between Taiwanese and Japanese subcultures, and the notion that enjo-kōsai is not actually an occupation, writing, "Sex work is not recognized by the society as a form of work".<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to this recognition, teens in both cultures feel they will not suffer consequences for participating in the activity. </p><p>A key difference between enjo-kōsai in Japan and Taiwan is the way in which girls set up dates with clients. While <a href="/wiki/Telephone_clubs" class="mw-redirect" title="Telephone clubs">telephone clubs</a> were the main venues that facilitated enjo-kōsai in Japan, the Internet facilitates meetings between girls and clients in Taiwan. Due to this, there have been attempts by several NGOs and the Taiwanese government to regulate Internet sites. Efforts at regulation are compounded by the fact that NGOs and the Taiwanese government sometimes apply the term enjo-kōsai to mean more than just teenage compensated dating, but also prostitution and Internet pornography sites. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="South_Korea">South Korea</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Enjo_k%C5%8Dsai&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: South Korea"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Compensated dating also happens in <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a>, where the South Korean government considers it a form of prostitution. An annual report by <a href="/wiki/ECPAT" title="ECPAT">ECPAT International</a>, published in 2004, asserts that 222 girls 18 and younger were arrested for participating in enjo-kōsai in the year 2000.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> South Korea, similar to Japan, passed a law in 2000 protecting children from exploitation and prostitution. Yet due to the nature of enjo-kōsai, specifically the decision of the girl to participate in the act, the girls who do enjo-kōsai are not protected under the law and are subject to punishment under the law. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hong_Kong">Hong Kong</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Enjo_k%C5%8Dsai&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Hong Kong"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to social workers, teenagers as young as 15 advertise themselves as available for "compensated dating".<sup id="cite_ref-teen_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-teen-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The practice is becoming more acceptable among Hong Kong teenage girls, who do not think compensated dating is a kind of prostitution. Some believe it is different because it does not involve sexual intercourse and they can choose their clients, who range from teenage boys to married men. Some even think they are helping others.<sup id="cite_ref-teen_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-teen-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The internet allows girls more opportunities to offer to shop, eat out or go to a movie with men in return for payment to fulfill their material needs. However, due to the nature of this practice, sexual intercourse unavoidably happens in many cases. In April 2008, the brutal <a href="/wiki/Murder_of_Wong_Ka-mui" title="Murder of Wong Ka-mui">murder of Wong Ka-mui</a>, a 16-year-old girl who was taking part in compensated dating, drew attention to the issue.<sup id="cite_ref-fiends_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fiends-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Enjo_k%C5%8Dsai&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>With the economy in recession<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> and tuition costs rising, many students are heavily in debt. Faced with financial difficulties, a number of female college students or new grads are turning to a "<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/sugar_daddy" class="extiw" title="wikt:sugar daddy">sugar daddy</a>" for financial help. According to a report by <i>The Huffington Post</i> in 2011, the arrangements involve women signing up for free on websites as "<a href="/wiki/Mistress_(lover)" title="Mistress (lover)">sugar baby</a>" candidates, using their college email addresses. Male clients, referred to as "sugar daddies", join these websites with paid subscriptions as proof of their financial means. The individuals are matched online, followed by in-person meetings at a public place, such as a coffee shop. Each candidate decides whether the other candidate is suitable, i.e. age, physique, personality etc. If the candidate is desirable, the next date may involve sex. <i>The Huffington Post</i> reported compensation of about $500 per night. Ideal "sugar babies" appear to be college students below the "mid twenties".<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Enjo_k%C5%8Dsai&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Age_disparity_in_sexual_relationships" title="Age disparity in sexual relationships">Age disparity in sexual relationships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burusera" title="Burusera">Burusera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kogal" title="Kogal">Kogal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geisha" title="Geisha">Geisha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution" title="Prostitution">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salaryman" title="Salaryman">Salaryman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar_baby" class="mw-redirect" title="Sugar baby">Sugar baby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treating_(dating)" title="Treating (dating)">Treating (dating)</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Enjo_k%C5%8Dsai&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBackhaus,_Peter2012" class="citation cs2">Backhaus, Peter (24 September 2012), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.japantimes.co.jp/life/2012/09/24/language/indecent-proposals-the-language-of-japanese-dating-spam/">"Indecent proposals: the language of Japanese dating spam"</a>, <i>The Japan Times</i></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Japan+Times&rft.atitle=Indecent+proposals%3A+the+language+of+Japanese+dating+spam&rft.date=2012-09-24&rft.au=Backhaus%2C+Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.japantimes.co.jp%2Flife%2F2012%2F09%2F24%2Flanguage%2Findecent-proposals-the-language-of-japanese-dating-spam%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnjo+k%C5%8Dsai" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dawncenter.or.jp/english/publication/edawn/9911/mean.html">The Meaning of Enjo-Kousai</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303175522/http://www.dawncenter.or.jp/english/publication/edawn/9911/mean.html">Archived</a> 3 March 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback 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"An Analytical Study on the Causes of and Attitudes Toward 'Enjo Kōsai' among Female High School Students in Japan". <i>Professor, Tokyo Gakugei University</i>: 75–76.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Professor%2C+Tokyo+Gakugei+University&rft.atitle=An+Analytical+Study+on+the+Causes+of+and+Attitudes+Toward+%27Enjo+K%C5%8Dsai%27+among+Female+High+School+Students+in+Japan&rft.pages=75-76&rft.date=1997-03&rft.au=Fukutomi+Mamoru&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnjo+k%C5%8Dsai" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211018120346/https://www.ohchr.org/en/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=16700&LangID=E">"Clarification of the Special Rapporteur on the sale of children, child prostitution and child pornography following her end-of-mission press conference in Japan"</a>. <i>www.ohchr.org</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ohchr.org/en/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=16700&LangID=E">the original</a> on 18 October 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=www.ohchr.org&rft.atitle=Clarification+of+the+Special+Rapporteur+on+the+sale+of+children%2C+child+prostitution+and+child+pornography+following+her+end-of-mission+press+conference+in+Japan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ohchr.org%2Fen%2FNewsEvents%2FPages%2FDisplayNews.aspx%3FNewsID%3D16700%26LangID%3DE&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnjo+k%C5%8Dsai" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-yahoo171115-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-yahoo171115_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-yahoo171115_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210416083243/https://news.yahoo.co.jp/articles/a337ceb62b10bfc8ed0cc675093d3bcebc2f2f08"><bdi lang="ja">援助交際13％発言の「国連特別報告者」の役割は何だったのか</bdi></a> (in Japanese). Yahoo Japan News. 17 November 2015. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.yahoo.co.jp/articles/a337ceb62b10bfc8ed0cc675093d3bcebc2f2f08">the original</a> on 16 April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E6%8F%B4%E5%8A%A9%E4%BA%A4%E9%9A%9B13%EF%BC%85%E7%99%BA%E8%A8%80%E3%81%AE%E3%80%8C%E5%9B%BD%E9%80%A3%E7%89%B9%E5%88%A5%E5%A0%B1%E5%91%8A%E8%80%85%E3%80%8D%E3%81%AE%E5%BD%B9%E5%89%B2%E3%81%AF%E4%BD%95%E3%81%A0%E3%81%A3%E3%81%9F%E3%81%AE%E3%81%8B&rft.pub=Yahoo+Japan+News&rft.date=2015-11-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.yahoo.co.jp%2Farticles%2Fa337ceb62b10bfc8ed0cc675093d3bcebc2f2f08&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnjo+k%C5%8Dsai" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210206201251/https://www.mofa.go.jp/press/release/press4e_000912.html">"Demarche to the Special Rapporteur on the sale of children, child prostitution and child pornography"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Japan)" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Japan)">Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan</a>. 9 November 2015. 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Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan. 11 November 2015. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mofa.go.jp/press/release/press4e_000915.html">the original</a> on 18 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Reply+from+the+Special+Rapporteur+on+the+sale+of+children%2C+child+prostitution+and+child+pornography&rft.pub=Ministry+of+Foreign+Affairs+of+Japan&rft.date=2015-11-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mofa.go.jp%2Fpress%2Frelease%2Fpress4e_000915.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnjo+k%C5%8Dsai" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201112012513/https://news.tv-asahi.co.jp/news_politics/articles/000062328.html"><bdi lang="ja">「日本の女子高生援助交際13%」国連報告者が撤回</bdi></a> (in Japanese). <a href="/wiki/TV_Asahi" title="TV Asahi">TV Asahi</a>. 12 November 2015. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.tv-asahi.co.jp/news_politics/articles/000062328.html">the original</a> on 12 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E3%80%8C%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E3%81%AE%E5%A5%B3%E5%AD%90%E9%AB%98%E7%94%9F%E6%8F%B4%E5%8A%A9%E4%BA%A4%E9%9A%9B13%25%E3%80%8D%E5%9B%BD%E9%80%A3%E5%A0%B1%E5%91%8A%E8%80%85%E3%81%8C%E6%92%A4%E5%9B%9E&rft.pub=TV+Asahi&rft.date=2015-11-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.tv-asahi.co.jp%2Fnews_politics%2Farticles%2F000062328.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnjo+k%C5%8Dsai" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cornell-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cornell_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cornell_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cornell_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cornell_11-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cornell_11-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Leheny, David. Think Global, Fear Local: Sex, Violence and Anxiety in Contemporary Japan. New York: Cornell University Press, 2006.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUeno,_Chizuko2003" class="citation journal cs1">Ueno, Chizuko (2003). "Self-determination on sexuality? Commercialization of sex among teenage girls in Japan". <i>Inter-Asia Cultural Studies</i>. <b>4</b> (2): 317–324. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F1464937032000113060">10.1080/1464937032000113060</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143133036">143133036</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Inter-Asia+Cultural+Studies&rft.atitle=Self-determination+on+sexuality%3F+Commercialization+of+sex+among+teenage+girls+in+Japan&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=317-324&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F1464937032000113060&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143133036%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.au=Ueno%2C+Chizuko&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnjo+k%C5%8Dsai" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCubillas2019" class="citation news cs1">Cubillas, Sean (14 December 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbr.com/10-things-that-dont-make-sense-about-the-flcl-sequels/">"10 Things That Don't Make Sense About the FLCL Sequels"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/CBR.com" class="mw-redirect" title="CBR.com">CBR.com</a></i>. <q>Aiko, for whatever reason, breaks that mold by wearing a few too many hats. She's a rent-a-girlfriend who's nice and innocent while on payroll yet distant when off</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CBR.com&rft.atitle=10+Things+That+Don%27t+Make+Sense+About+the+FLCL+Sequels&rft.date=2019-12-14&rft.aulast=Cubillas&rft.aufirst=Sean&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbr.com%2F10-things-that-dont-make-sense-about-the-flcl-sequels%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnjo+k%C5%8Dsai" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cultofpop.com/wingsofmyheart/version10/?p=282">AKB48's "Seifuku ga jama wo suru"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130408015918/http://www.cultofpop.com/wingsofmyheart/version10/?p=282">Archived</a> 8 April 2013 at <a href="/wiki/Archive.today" title="Archive.today">archive.today</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-routledge-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-routledge_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kingston, Jeff. Japan's Quiet Transformation: Social Change and Civil Society in the 21st Century. RoutledgeCurzon, New York: 2004.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOkubo2016" class="citation web cs1">Okubo, Maki (12 August 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160813110630/http://www.asahi.com/ajw/articles/AJ201608120074.html">"Former child prostitutes cry out in pain at Tokyo exhibition"</a>. <i>The Asahi Shimbun</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.asahi.com/ajw/articles/AJ201608120074.html">the original</a> on 13 August 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 September</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Asahi+Shimbun&rft.atitle=Former+child+prostitutes+cry+out+in+pain+at+Tokyo+exhibition&rft.date=2016-08-12&rft.aulast=Okubo&rft.aufirst=Maki&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.asahi.com%2Fajw%2Farticles%2FAJ201608120074.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnjo+k%C5%8Dsai" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSahara2016" class="citation news cs1">Sahara, Kento (2 September 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-japan-prostitution-idUSKCN1180IT">"Japan exhibition puts child prostitution in the limelight"</a>. <i>Reuters</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Japan+exhibition+puts+child+prostitution+in+the+limelight&rft.date=2016-09-02&rft.aulast=Sahara&rft.aufirst=Kento&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-japan-prostitution-idUSKCN1180IT&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnjo+k%C5%8Dsai" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cambridge-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-cambridge_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Goodman, Roger. Family and Social Policy in Japan: Anthropological Approaches (Contemporary Japanese Society). Cambridge University Press. 2002.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=a9h&AN=9704242116&site=ehost-live">Tokyo bill to outlaw sex with youths for money</a>. <i>New York Times</i>; 4 April 1997, Vol. 146.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Oi-Wan Lam, "Why Did Enjo Kōsai Anchor in Taiwan But Not in Hong Kong? Or the Convergence of "Enjo" and "Kōsai" in Teenage Sex Work." Inter-Asia Cultural Studies; August 2003, Vol. 4 Issue 2, p353, 11p.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYoshimi_Nagamine2004" class="citation news cs1">Yoshimi Nagamine (5 May 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090318065813/http://www.lexisnexis.com/us/lnacademic/results/docview/docview.do?risb=21_T2500913662&format=GNBFI&sort=BOOLEAN&startDocNo=1&resultsUrlKey=29_T2500913673&cisb=22_T2500913672&treeMax=true&treeWidth=0&csi=145202&docNo=1">"article"</a>. <i>The Daily Yomiuri</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lexisnexis.com/us/lnacademic/results/docview/docview.do?risb=21_T2500913662&format=GNBFI&sort=BOOLEAN&startDocNo=1&resultsUrlKey=29_T2500913673&cisb=22_T2500913672&treeMax=true&treeWidth=0&csi=145202&docNo=1">the original</a> on 18 March 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Yomiuri&rft.atitle=article&rft.date=2004-05-05&rft.au=Yoshimi+Nagamine&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lexisnexis.com%2Fus%2Flnacademic%2Fresults%2Fdocview%2Fdocview.do%3Frisb%3D21_T2500913662%26format%3DGNBFI%26sort%3DBOOLEAN%26startDocNo%3D1%26resultsUrlKey%3D29_T2500913673%26cisb%3D22_T2500913672%26treeMax%3Dtrue%26treeWidth%3D0%26csi%3D145202%26docNo%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnjo+k%C5%8Dsai" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-teen-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-teen_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-teen_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNickkita_Lau2007" class="citation news cs1">Nickkita Lau (15 October 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090311154018/http://www.thestandard.com.hk/news_detail.asp?pp_cat=11&art_id=55133&sid=15810773&con_type=1&d_str=20071015&sear_year=2007">"Teen girls sell sex via the internet"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Standard_(Hong_Kong)" title="The Standard (Hong Kong)">The Standard</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thestandard.com.hk/news_detail.asp?pp_cat=11&art_id=55133&sid=15810773&con_type=1&d_str=20071015&sear_year=2007">the original</a> on 11 March 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Standard&rft.atitle=Teen+girls+sell+sex+via+the+internet&rft.date=2007-10-15&rft.au=Nickkita+Lau&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thestandard.com.hk%2Fnews_detail.asp%3Fpp_cat%3D11%26art_id%3D55133%26sid%3D15810773%26con_type%3D1%26d_str%3D20071015%26sear_year%3D2007&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnjo+k%C5%8Dsai" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fiends-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-fiends_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarol_Chung2008" class="citation news cs1">Carol Chung (30 June 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090311154038/http://www.thestandard.com.hk/news_detail.asp?pp_cat=30&art_id=67897&sid=19575157&con_type=1&d_str=20080630&sear_year=2008">"Teen escorts risk sex fiends"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Standard_(Hong_Kong)" title="The Standard (Hong Kong)">The Standard</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thestandard.com.hk/news_detail.asp?pp_cat=30&art_id=67897&sid=19575157&con_type=1&d_str=20080630&sear_year=2008">the original</a> on 11 March 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Standard&rft.atitle=Teen+escorts+risk+sex+fiends&rft.date=2008-06-30&rft.au=Carol+Chung&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thestandard.com.hk%2Fnews_detail.asp%3Fpp_cat%3D30%26art_id%3D67897%26sid%3D19575157%26con_type%3D1%26d_str%3D20080630%26sear_year%3D2008&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnjo+k%C5%8Dsai" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/07/29/seeking-arrangement-college-students_n_913373.html?page=1">"College Students Using 'Sugar Daddies' To Pay Off Loan Debt"</a>. <i>Huffington Post</i>. 29 July 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Huffington+Post&rft.atitle=College+Students+Using+%27Sugar+Daddies%27+To+Pay+Off+Loan+Debt&rft.date=2011-07-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffingtonpost.com%2F2011%2F07%2F29%2Fseeking-arrangement-college-students_n_913373.html%3Fpage%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnjo+k%C5%8Dsai" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Enjo_k%C5%8Dsai&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.flatrock.org.nz/topics/men/name_brand_beauties_on_sale.htm">Compilation of articles on Enjo kōsai</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDrake,_Kate_(as_told_to)" class="citation magazine cs1">Drake, Kate (as told to). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20010603114752/http://www.time.com:80/time/asia/features/sex/sexenjo.html">"She's Only a Little Schoolgirl"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Time_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Time Asia">Time Asia</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com:80/time/asia/features/sex/sexenjo.html">the original</a> on 3 June 2001.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time+Asia&rft.atitle=She%27s+Only+a+Little+Schoolgirl&rft.au=Drake%2C+Kate+%28as+told+to%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%3A80%2Ftime%2Fasia%2Ffeatures%2Fsex%2Fsexenjo.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnjo+k%C5%8Dsai" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://edition.cnn.com/2009/WORLD/asiapcf/09/24/hongkong.teenage.prostitution/index.html#cnnSTCText">Girls sell sex in Hong Kong to earn shopping money</a> from <a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN.com</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output 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ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Prostitution_in_Japan" title="Template:Prostitution in Japan"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Prostitution_in_Japan" title="Template talk:Prostitution in Japan"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Prostitution_in_Japan" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Prostitution in Japan"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Prostitution_in_Japan" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Japan" title="Prostitution in Japan">Prostitution in Japan</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Establishments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Delivery_health" class="mw-redirect" title="Delivery health">Delivery health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fashion_health" class="mw-redirect" title="Fashion health">Fashion health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Happening_bar" title="Happening bar">Happening bar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Image_club" class="mw-redirect" title="Image club">Image club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Love_hotel" title="Love hotel">Love hotel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pink_salon" class="mw-redirect" title="Pink salon">Pink salon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soapland" class="mw-redirect" title="Soapland">Soapland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No-pan_kissa" title="No-pan kissa">No-pan kissa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Men%27s_beauty_salon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Men's beauty salon (page does not exist)">Men's beauty salon</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A1%E3%83%B3%E3%82%BA%E3%82%A8%E3%82%B9%E3%83%86" class="extiw" title="ja:メンズエステ">Ja</a>]</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legislation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Businesses_Affecting_Public_Morals_Regulation_Act" title="Businesses Affecting Public Morals Regulation Act">Businesses Affecting Public Morals Regulation Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_Prevention_Law" title="Prostitution Prevention Law">Prostitution Prevention Law</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sada_Abe" title="Sada Abe">Sada Abe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takao_II" title="Takao II">Takao II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Red-light districts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akasen" title="Akasen">Akasen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C5%ABs%C5%8D" title="Jūsō">Jūsō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabukich%C5%8D,_Tokyo" class="mw-redirect" title="Kabukichō, Tokyo">Kabukichō, Tokyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nakasu" title="Nakasu">Nakasu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shimabara,_Kyoto" title="Shimabara, Kyoto">Shimabara, Kyoto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinmachi" title="Shinmachi">Shinmachi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susukino" title="Susukino">Susukino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobita_Shinchi" title="Tobita Shinchi">Tobita Shinchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoshiwara" title="Yoshiwara">Yoshiwara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Y%C5%ABkaku" title="Yūkaku">Yūkaku</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types of prostitutes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kagema" title="Kagema">Kagema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onsen_geisha" title="Onsen geisha">Onsen geisha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oiran" title="Oiran">Oiran</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Enjo kōsai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JK_business" title="JK business">JK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karayuki-san" title="Karayuki-san">Karayuki-san</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizu_sh%C5%8Dbai" title="Mizu shōbai">Mizu shōbai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizuage" title="Mizuage">Mizuage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recreation_and_Amusement_Association" title="Recreation and Amusement Association">Recreation and Amusement Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_trafficking_in_Japan" title="Sex trafficking in Japan">Sex trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumata" class="mw-redirect" title="Sumata">Sumata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telekura" title="Telekura">Telekura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Types_of_prostitution_in_modern_Japan" title="Types of prostitution in modern Japan">Types of prostitution in modern Japan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Interpersonal_relationships" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Interpersonal_relationships" title="Template:Interpersonal relationships"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Interpersonal_relationships" title="Template talk:Interpersonal relationships"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Interpersonal_relationships" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Interpersonal relationships"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Interpersonal_relationships" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Interpersonal_relationship" title="Interpersonal relationship">Interpersonal relationships</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Romance_(love)" title="Romance (love)">Romantic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boyfriend" title="Boyfriend">Boyfriend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Girlfriend" title="Girlfriend">Girlfriend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cohabitation" title="Cohabitation">Cohabitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Significant_other" title="Significant other">Significant other</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_partnership" title="Domestic partnership">Domestic partnership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Same-sex_relationship" title="Same-sex relationship">Same-sex relationship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monogamy" title="Monogamy">Monogamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage" title="Marriage">Marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Husband" title="Husband">Husband</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wife" title="Wife">Wife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soulmate" title="Soulmate">Soulmate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Widow" title="Widow">Widowhood</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Non-monogamy" title="Non-monogamy">Non-monogamy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Open_relationship" title="Open relationship">Open relationship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_marriage" title="Open marriage">Open marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyamory" title="Polyamory">Polyamory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyfidelity" title="Polyfidelity">Polyfidelity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygamy" title="Polygamy">Polygamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concubinage" title="Concubinage">Concubinage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mistress_(lover)" title="Mistress (lover)">Mistress</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Casual_sex" title="Casual sex">Casual sex</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Casual_dating" title="Casual dating">Casual dating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friends_with_benefits_relationships" class="mw-redirect" title="Friends with benefits relationships">Friends with benefits</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Enjo kōsai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_partner" title="Sexual partner">Sexual partner</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/One-night_stand" title="One-night stand">One-night stand</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Courtesan" title="Courtesan">Courtesan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gigolo" title="Gigolo">Gigolo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar_dating" title="Sugar dating">Sugar dating</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-romantic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acquaintance" class="mw-redirect" title="Acquaintance">Acquaintance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enemy" title="Enemy">Enemy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friendship" title="Friendship">Friendship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinship" title="Kinship">Kinship</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Family" title="Family">Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sibling" title="Sibling">Siblings</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platonic_love" title="Platonic love">Platonic love</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queerplatonic_relationship" title="Queerplatonic relationship">Queerplatonic relationship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stranger" title="Stranger">Stranger</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Familiar_stranger" title="Familiar stranger">Familiar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consequential_stranger" class="mw-redirect" title="Consequential stranger">Consequential</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sycophancy" title="Sycophancy">Sycophancy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cicisbeo" title="Cicisbeo">Cicisbeo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seraglio_(harem)" class="mw-redirect" title="Seraglio (harem)">Seraglio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pla%C3%A7age" title="Plaçage">Plaçage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_%C3%A0_la_fa%C3%A7on_du_pays" title="Marriage à la façon du pays">Marriage <i>à la façon du pays</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_mistress" title="Royal mistress">Royal mistress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Favourite" title="Favourite">Royal favorite</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ma%C3%AEtresse-en-titre" title="Maîtresse-en-titre">Maîtresse-en-titre</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_friendship" title="Romantic friendship">Romantic friendship</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_bonding" title="Human bonding">Bonding</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Courtship" title="Courtship">Courtship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dating" title="Dating">Dating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romance_(love)" title="Romance (love)">Romance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_mating_strategies" title="Human mating strategies">Mating</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breakup" title="Breakup">Breakup</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Annulment" title="Annulment">Annulment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divorce" title="Divorce">Divorce</a></li> <li>Separation <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Legal_separation" title="Legal separation">Legal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marital_separation" title="Marital separation">Marital</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meet_market" title="Meet market">Meet market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singles_event" title="Singles event">Singles event</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wedding" title="Wedding">Wedding</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Emotions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affinity_(sociology)" title="Affinity (sociology)">Affinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attachment_in_adults" title="Attachment in adults">Attachment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compersion" class="mw-redirect" title="Compersion">Compersion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intimate_relationship" title="Intimate relationship">Intimacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jealousy" title="Jealousy">Jealousy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limerence" title="Limerence">Limerence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Love" title="Love">Love</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passion_(emotion)" title="Passion (emotion)">Passion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unconditional_love" title="Unconditional love">Unconditional love</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Practices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bride_price" title="Bride price">Bride price</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dower" title="Dower">Dower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dowry" title="Dowry">Dowry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gold_digger" title="Gold digger">Gold digging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypergamy" title="Hypergamy">Hypergamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infidelity" title="Infidelity">Infidelity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relationship_anarchy" title="Relationship anarchy">Relationship anarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_repression" title="Sexual repression">Repression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_sexual_activity" title="Human sexual activity">Sexual activity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relational_transgression" title="Relational transgression">Transgression</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Abuse" title="Abuse">Abuse</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Child_abuse" title="Child abuse">Child abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dating_violence" title="Dating violence">Dating violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence" title="Domestic violence">Domestic violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elder_abuse" title="Elder abuse">Elder abuse</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style 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.portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Social_sciences.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Social_sciences.svg/21px-Social_sciences.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Social_sciences.svg/32px-Social_sciences.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Social_sciences.svg/42px-Social_sciences.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="139" data-file-height="122" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Society" title="Portal:Society">Society</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/21px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/32px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/42px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Japan" title="Portal:Japan">Japan</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bisexuality_symbol_(bold,_color).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Bisexuality_symbol_%28bold%2C_color%29.svg/21px-Bisexuality_symbol_%28bold%2C_color%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="13" class="mw-file-element" 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