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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Localized_efforts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Localized efforts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Localized_efforts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Public_perception" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Public_perception"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Public perception </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Public_perception-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Perspective_of_doctors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Perspective_of_doctors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Perspective of doctors </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Perspective_of_doctors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-By_race_and_ethnicity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_race_and_ethnicity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 By race and ethnicity </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-By_race_and_ethnicity-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle By race and ethnicity subsection </button> <ul id="toc-By_race_and_ethnicity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-African_Americans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#African_Americans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 African Americans </div> </a> <ul id="toc-African_Americans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Risk_factors_contributing_to_the_Black_HIV/AIDS_rate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Risk_factors_contributing_to_the_Black_HIV/AIDS_rate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.1 Risk factors contributing to the Black HIV/AIDS rate </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Risk_factors_contributing_to_the_Black_HIV/AIDS_rate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-"Down-low"_subculture_among_Black_MSM" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#"Down-low"_subculture_among_Black_MSM"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.2 "Down-low" subculture among Black MSM </div> </a> <ul id="toc-"Down-low"_subculture_among_Black_MSM-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Hispanic and Latino Americans </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Native_Americans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Native_Americans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Native Americans </div> </a> <ul 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class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">HIV/AIDS epidemic in the United States</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:304px;max-width:304px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader"><a href="/wiki/Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention" title="Centers for Disease Control and Prevention">CDC</a> Infographics</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:302px;max-width:302px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Hiv-us-map-2017.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Hiv-us-map-2017.png/300px-Hiv-us-map-2017.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="194" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Hiv-us-map-2017.png/450px-Hiv-us-map-2017.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Hiv-us-map-2017.png/600px-Hiv-us-map-2017.png 2x" data-file-width="961" data-file-height="621" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Rates of HIV/AIDS diagnoses in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, 2017</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:302px;max-width:302px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:New-HIV-Infections-by-Race-and-Transmission-Group.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/New-HIV-Infections-by-Race-and-Transmission-Group.png/300px-New-HIV-Infections-by-Race-and-Transmission-Group.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/New-HIV-Infections-by-Race-and-Transmission-Group.png/450px-New-HIV-Infections-by-Race-and-Transmission-Group.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/New-HIV-Infections-by-Race-and-Transmission-Group.png/600px-New-HIV-Infections-by-Race-and-Transmission-Group.png 2x" data-file-width="1363" data-file-height="985" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">New HIV infections by <a href="/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States" title="Race and ethnicity in the United States">race</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pathogen_transmission" title="Pathogen transmission">transmission</a> group in the U.S., 2010–2016</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:302px;max-width:302px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Cdc-hiv-us-at-a-glance.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Cdc-hiv-us-at-a-glance.png/300px-Cdc-hiv-us-at-a-glance.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="65" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Cdc-hiv-us-at-a-glance.png/450px-Cdc-hiv-us-at-a-glance.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Cdc-hiv-us-at-a-glance.png/600px-Cdc-hiv-us-at-a-glance.png 2x" data-file-width="1843" data-file-height="398" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">HIV diagnosis trends in <a href="/wiki/Territories_of_the_United_States" title="Territories of the United States">the U.S. and dependent areas</a>, 2012–2016</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:302px;max-width:302px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:HIV_cases_by_transmission_category_CDC_2007.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/HIV_cases_by_transmission_category_CDC_2007.svg/300px-HIV_cases_by_transmission_category_CDC_2007.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="289" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/HIV_cases_by_transmission_category_CDC_2007.svg/450px-HIV_cases_by_transmission_category_CDC_2007.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/HIV_cases_by_transmission_category_CDC_2007.svg/600px-HIV_cases_by_transmission_category_CDC_2007.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="560" data-file-height="540" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Estimated number of HIV/AIDS cases in the U.S. in 2007, by <a href="/wiki/Pathogen_transmission" title="Pathogen transmission">transmission</a> category<a href="#cite_note-CDCBasicStats-1">[1]</a></div></div></div></div></div> The <a href="/wiki/AIDS" class="mw-redirect" title="AIDS">AIDS</a> <a href="/wiki/AIDS_epidemic" class="mw-redirect" title="AIDS epidemic">epidemic</a>, caused by <a href="/wiki/HIV" title="HIV">HIV</a> (Human Immunodeficiency Virus), found its way to the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> between the 1970s and 1980s,<a href="#cite_note-origins.osu.edu-2">[2]</a> but was first noticed after doctors discovered clusters of <a href="/wiki/Kaposi%27s_sarcoma" title="Kaposi's sarcoma">Kaposi's sarcoma</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pneumocystis_pneumonia" title="Pneumocystis pneumonia">pneumocystis pneumonia</a> in <a href="/wiki/Gay_men" title="Gay men">homosexual men</a> in <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles" title="Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>, and <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco" title="San Francisco">San Francisco</a> in 1981.<a href="#cite_note-origins.osu.edu-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-Wang-Maher_2019-4">[4]</a> <a href="/wiki/Management_of_HIV/AIDS" title="Management of HIV/AIDS">Treatment of HIV/AIDS</a> is primarily via the use of multiple <a href="/wiki/Antiretroviral_drugs" class="mw-redirect" title="Antiretroviral drugs">antiretroviral drugs</a>, and education programs to help people avoid infection.<a href="#cite_note-origins.osu.edu-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-Wang-Maher_2019-4">[4]</a> Initially, infected foreign nationals were turned back at the United States border to help prevent additional infections.<a href="#cite_note-usc8-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-byndinad-6">[6]</a> The number of United States deaths from AIDS has declined sharply since the early years of the disease's presentation domestically.<a href="#cite_note-CDCBasicStats-1">[1]</a> In the United States in 2016, 1.1 million people aged over 13 lived with an HIV infection, of whom 14% were unaware of their infection.<a href="#cite_note-CDCBasicStats-1">[1]</a> <a href="/wiki/African_Americans" title="African Americans">African Americans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans" title="Hispanic and Latino Americans">Hispanic/Latino Americans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gay_men" title="Gay men">homosexual</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bisexuality" title="Bisexuality">bisexual</a> men, and <a href="/wiki/Drug_injection" title="Drug injection">intravenous drug users</a> remain the most disproportionately affected populations in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-CDCBasicStats-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-Wang-Maher_2019-4">[4]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mortality_and_morbidity">Mortality and morbidity</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=HIV/AIDS_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Mortality and morbidity">edit</a>]</div> As of 2018<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=HIV/AIDS_in_the_United_States&action=edit">[update]</a>, about 700,000 people have died of HIV/AIDS in the United States since the beginning of the HIV/AIDS epidemic, and nearly 13,000 people with AIDS in the United States die each year.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> With improved treatments and better <a href="/wiki/Post-exposure_prophylaxis" title="Post-exposure prophylaxis">prophylaxis</a> against opportunistic infections, <a href="/wiki/Mortality_rate" title="Mortality rate">death rates</a> have significantly declined.<a href="#cite_note-declineRate-8">[8]</a> The overall death rate among persons diagnosed with HIV/AIDS in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a> decreased by sixty-two percent from 2001 to 2012.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Containment">Containment</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=HIV/AIDS_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Containment">edit</a>]</div> After the HIV/AIDS outbreak in the 1980s, various responses emerged in an effort to alleviate the issue.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> These included new medical treatments,<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> travel restrictions,<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> and new public health policies<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> in the United States. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medical_treatment">Medical treatment</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=HIV/AIDS_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Medical treatment">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AIDS_Deaths-US_1987-1997.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/AIDS_Deaths-US_1987-1997.png/300px-AIDS_Deaths-US_1987-1997.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="322" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d0/AIDS_Deaths-US_1987-1997.png 1.5x" data-file-width="368" data-file-height="395" /></a><figcaption>A chart of AIDS deaths in the United States from 1987 to 1997</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AIDS_Deaths-US_1998-2002.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/03/AIDS_Deaths-US_1998-2002.png" decoding="async" width="130" height="126" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="126" /></a><figcaption>A chart of AIDS deaths in the United States from 1998 to 2002</figcaption></figure> Great progress was made in the U.S. following the introduction of three-drug anti-HIV treatments ("cocktails") that included <a href="/wiki/Management_of_HIV/AIDS" title="Management of HIV/AIDS">antiretroviral drugs</a>. <a href="/wiki/David_Ho_(scientist)" class="mw-redirect" title="David Ho (scientist)">David Ho</a>, a pioneer of this approach, was honored as <a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a> magazine <a href="/wiki/Time_Person_of_the_Year" title="Time Person of the Year">Man of the Year</a> for 1996. Deaths were rapidly reduced by more than half, with a small but welcome reduction in the yearly rate of new HIV infections. Since this time, AIDS deaths have continued to decline, but much more slowly, and not as completely in <a href="/wiki/African_Americans" title="African Americans">African Americans</a> as in other population segments.<a href="#cite_note-Left_Behind_Black_America-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-NYC_DPH_AIDS_Mortality_Historic_Low_2002-15">[15]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Travel_restrictions">Travel restrictions</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=HIV/AIDS_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Travel restrictions">edit</a>]</div> In 1987, the <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Health_and_Human_Services" class="mw-redirect" title="Department of Health and Human Services">Department of Health and Human Services</a> (HHS) included HIV in its list of "communicable diseases of public health significance," denying immigrants and short term foreign visits from anyone who tested positive for the virus.<a href="#cite_note-hivexclusion-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-usc8-5">[5]</a> In 1993, the US Congress passed the National Institutes of Health Revitalization Act of 1993, removing the HHS' authority to dictate HIV as a "public health significance," and explicitly including HIV as a cause for denying immigrants and foreign visitors entry into the US.<a href="#cite_note-byndinad-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> Anyone seeking US citizenship during the HIV ban was required to undergo a medical exam during the legalization process - testing positive would permanently deny the applicant entry into the country.<a href="#cite_note-imm_mexcal-18">[18]</a> The law extended to include medication, where foreign travelers could be arrested for having antiretroviral drugs in their carry-on luggage. A famous example was in 1989, when a Dutch traveler to Minnesota was arrested for "several days" because he was carrying <a href="/wiki/AZT" class="mw-redirect" title="AZT">AZT</a> in his luggage.<a href="#cite_note-byndinad-6">[6]</a> During the turn of the 21st century, people who were HIV positive and seeking temporary visas or vacationing to the US had to avoid revealing their status on application forms, and either plan for their medication to be sent to the US or stop taking their medication.<a href="#cite_note-mahto2006-19">[19]</a> Eventually the US began offering temporary admission waivers for people who were HIV positive. As stated in an interoffice memorandum in 2004, foreign nationals who were HIV positive could qualify for the waiver for either humanitarian/public interest reasons, or being "attendees of certain designated international events held in the United States".<a href="#cite_note-waivers-20">[20]</a> In early December 2006, President <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> indicated that he would issue an executive order allowing HIV positive people to enter the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> on standard visas. It was unclear whether applicants would still have to declare their HIV status.<a href="#cite_note-Russell2006-21">[21]</a> In August 2007, Congresswoman <a href="/wiki/Barbara_Lee" title="Barbara Lee">Barbara Lee</a> of California introduced <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.congress.gov/bill/110th-congress/house-bill/3337">H.R. 3337</a>, the HIV Nondiscrimination in Travel and Immigration Act of 2007. This bill allowed travelers and immigrants entry to the United States without having to disclose their HIV status. The bill died at the end of the <a href="/wiki/110th_United_States_Congress" title="110th United States Congress">110th Congress</a>.<a href="#cite_note-BBC2009-22">[22]</a> In July 2008, President George W. Bush signed <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.congress.gov/bill/110th-congress/house-bill/5501">H.R. 5501</a> that lifted the ban in statutory law. However, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Health_and_Human_Services" title="United States Department of Health and Human Services">United States Department of Health and Human Services</a> still held the ban in administrative (written regulation) law. New impetus was added to repeal efforts when Paul Thorn, a UK tuberculosis expert who was invited to speak at the 2009 <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Health_Summit" title="Pacific Health Summit">Pacific Health Summit</a> in Seattle, was denied a visa due to his HIV positive status. A letter written by Mr. Thorn, and read in his place at the Summit, was obtained by Congressman <a href="/wiki/Jim_McDermott" title="Jim McDermott">Jim McDermott</a>, who advocated the issue to the Obama administration's Health Secretary.<a href="#cite_note-BBC2009-22">[22]</a> On October 30, 2009, President <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> reauthorized the <a href="/wiki/Ryan_White" title="Ryan White">Ryan White</a> HIV/AIDS Bill which expanded care and treatment through federal funding to nearly half a million.<a href="#cite_note-obamawh-23">[23]</a> The Department of Health and Human Services also crafted regulation that would end the HIV Travel and Immigration Ban, effective in January 2010.<a href="#cite_note-obamawh-23">[23]</a> On January 4, 2010, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Health_and_Human_Services" title="United States Department of Health and Human Services">United States Department of Health and Human Services</a> and <a href="/wiki/Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention" title="Centers for Disease Control and Prevention">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention</a> removed HIV infection from the list of "<a href="/wiki/Communicable_diseases" class="mw-redirect" title="Communicable diseases">communicable diseases</a> of public health significance," due to its not being spread by casual contact, air, food or water, and removed HIV status as a factor to be considered in the granting of <a href="/wiki/Visa_(document)" class="mw-redirect" title="Visa (document)">travel visas</a>, disallowing HIV status from among the diseases that could prevent people who were not U.S. citizens from entering the country.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Public_health_policies">Public health policies</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=HIV/AIDS_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Public health policies">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan_and_AIDS" title="Ronald Reagan and AIDS">Ronald Reagan and AIDS</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_woman_with_her_hand_in_her_hair_and_the_other_pulling_up_Wellcome_L0052386.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/A_woman_with_her_hand_in_her_hair_and_the_other_pulling_up_Wellcome_L0052386.jpg/170px-A_woman_with_her_hand_in_her_hair_and_the_other_pulling_up_Wellcome_L0052386.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/A_woman_with_her_hand_in_her_hair_and_the_other_pulling_up_Wellcome_L0052386.jpg/255px-A_woman_with_her_hand_in_her_hair_and_the_other_pulling_up_Wellcome_L0052386.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/A_woman_with_her_hand_in_her_hair_and_the_other_pulling_up_Wellcome_L0052386.jpg/340px-A_woman_with_her_hand_in_her_hair_and_the_other_pulling_up_Wellcome_L0052386.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4935" data-file-height="6572" /></a><figcaption>1993 poster for "America responds to AIDS", a campaign by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Health_and_Human_Services" title="United States Department of Health and Human Services">U.S. Department of Health and Human Services</a></figcaption></figure> Since the beginning of the HIV/AIDS epidemic, several <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">U.S. presidents</a> have attempted to implement a national plan to control the issue. In 1987, <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> created a <a href="/wiki/President%27s_Commission_on_the_HIV_Epidemic" title="President's Commission on the HIV Epidemic">Presidential Commission on the HIV Epidemic</a>. This commission was recruited to investigate what steps are necessary for responding to the HIV/AIDS outbreak in the country, and the consensus was to establish more HIV testing, focus on prevention and treatment as well as expanding HIV care throughout the United States.<a href="#cite_note-:2-25">[25]</a> However, these changes were not implemented during this time, and the commission recommendations were largely ignored. Another attempt to respond to the HIV/AIDS outbreak took place in 1996, when <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a> established the National AIDS Strategy, which aimed to reduce the number of infections, enhance research on HIV treatment, increase access to resources for people affected by AIDS, and also alleviate the racial disparities in HIV treatment and care.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Vancouver" title="Vancouver">Vancouver</a>, the 11th International AIDS Conference highlighted the effectiveness <a href="/wiki/Highly_active_antiretroviral_therapy" class="mw-redirect" title="Highly active antiretroviral therapy">highly active antiretroviral therapy</a> (HAART), thus creating a new period of optimism.<a href="#cite_note-responsetohivaids-27">[27]</a> 1996 would mark the first year since the beginning of the epidemic that the number of new HIV/AIDS cases would decline.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-responsetohivaids-27">[27]</a> AIDS was now no longer the leading cause of death in Americans aged 25-44, although it remained the leading cause of death for African Americans in this age group.<a href="#cite_note-responsetohivaids-27">[27]</a> The <a href="/wiki/AIDS_Memorial_Quilt" class="mw-redirect" title="AIDS Memorial Quilt">AIDS Memorial Quilt</a> would be displayed in its entirety for the last time on the <a href="/wiki/National_Mall" title="National Mall">National Mall</a> in October 1996.<a href="#cite_note-responsetohivaids-27">[27]</a> 1997 would mark the first time that the number of AIDS-related deaths would substantially decline, with the U.S. <a href="/wiki/Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention" title="Centers for Disease Control and Prevention">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention</a> (CDC) reporting a 47% decline in AIDS-related deaths compared to the previous year.<a href="#cite_note-drugtherapyeffectiveness-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-responsetohivaids-27">[27]</a> The effectiveness of drug therapy such as HAART would be credited for this significant decline in new cases and deaths.<a href="#cite_note-responsetohivaids-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-drugtherapyeffectiveness-29">[29]</a> In 2010, <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> created the National HIV/AIDS Strategy for the United States (NHAS), with its three main objectives being to reduce the annual number of HIV infections, reduce health disparities, and increase access to resources and HIV care.<a href="#cite_note-:2-25">[25]</a> However, this new strategy differs in that it includes an Implementation Plan, with a timeline for achieving each of the three goals, as well as a document outlining the specific action plan that will be used.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> In 2019, <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> announced a plan in his <a href="/wiki/State_of_the_Union_Address" class="mw-redirect" title="State of the Union Address">State of the Union Address</a> to stop new HIV infections in the United States by 2030, though critics pointed to the President's policies reducing access to health insurance, anti-immigrant and anti-transgender policies as undermining this goal.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Health_and_Human_Services" class="mw-redirect" title="Department of Health and Human Services">Department of Health and Human Services</a> issued grants to 32 HIV "hotspots" in 2019, and Congress earmarked over $291 million for the president's plan in FY2020.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> In February 2019, U.S. District Court Judge <a href="/wiki/Leonie_Brinkema" title="Leonie Brinkema">Leonie Brinkema</a> issued an temporary order barring the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Armed_Forces" title="United States Armed Forces">U.S. military</a> for discharging or denying officer commissions to personnel based on HIV status.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> Judge Brinkema's order became permanent in April 2022.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Localized_efforts">Localized efforts</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=HIV/AIDS_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Localized efforts">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/National_Task_Force_on_AIDS_Prevention" title="National Task Force on AIDS Prevention">National Task Force on AIDS Prevention</a> and <a href="/wiki/Transgender_HIV/AIDS_Prevention_Program" title="Transgender HIV/AIDS Prevention Program">Transgender HIV/AIDS Prevention Program</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/AIDS_Project_Los_Angeles" class="mw-redirect" title="AIDS Project Los Angeles">AIDS Project Los Angeles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gay_Men%27s_Health_Crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="Gay Men's Health Crisis">Gay Men's Health Crisis</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Prevention_Point_Philadelphia" title="Prevention Point Philadelphia">Prevention Point Philadelphia</a></div> Local health educators found it upon themselves to promote modes of <a href="/wiki/Safe_sex" title="Safe sex">safe sex</a> amongst <a href="/wiki/Gay_men" title="Gay men">gay men</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bisexuality" title="Bisexuality">bisexual men</a>, and other <a href="/wiki/Men_who_have_sex_with_men" title="Men who have sex with men">men who have sex with men</a> (MSM) to combat the HIV/AIDS epidemic. In 1987, Les Pappas, an educator from the <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_AIDS_Foundation" title="San Francisco AIDS Foundation">San Francisco AIDS Foundation</a> (SFAF), spoke at a conference encouraging gay and bisexual men to use <a href="/wiki/Condom" title="Condom">condoms</a> during sexual intercourse.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> In Pappas' speech, he takes it as the community's responsibility to educate men on using condoms, alluding to the degree of educating gay men as if they had no idea how to use condoms or were even aware of the existence of condoms at all. Pappas saw opening the eyes of the <a href="/wiki/Gay_community" class="mw-redirect" title="Gay community">gay community</a> to condoms would create a successful economic "<a href="/wiki/LGBT_marketing" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT marketing">gay market</a>" that was unprecedented for the <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_Bay_Area" title="San Francisco Bay Area">San Francisco Bay Area</a>. Where he saw bringing attention to buying and using condoms, Pappas also believed that seeing condom paraphernalia would make gay men embrace their sexuality more, thus practicing safer sex.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Public_perception">Public perception</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=HIV/AIDS_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Public perception">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_people_with_HIV/AIDS" title="Discrimination against people with HIV/AIDS">Discrimination against people with HIV/AIDS</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/AIDS_pandemic" class="mw-redirect" title="AIDS pandemic">AIDS pandemic</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_HIV/AIDS" title="History of HIV/AIDS">History of HIV/AIDS</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AidsstatUSA.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/AidsstatUSA.svg/400px-AidsstatUSA.svg.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/AidsstatUSA.svg/600px-AidsstatUSA.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/AidsstatUSA.svg/800px-AidsstatUSA.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>The number of people living with HIV in the United States, and the number of deaths caused by AIDS by year (1980–2015)<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a></figcaption></figure> During the HIV/AIDS epidemic of the 1980s, <a href="/wiki/LGBT_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT in the United States">LGBTQ+ communities</a> were further <a href="/wiki/Stigmatization" class="mw-redirect" title="Stigmatization">stigmatized</a> as they became the focus of <a href="/wiki/Mass_hysteria" class="mw-redirect" title="Mass hysteria">mass hysteria</a>, suffered <a href="/wiki/Social_isolation" title="Social isolation">isolation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Social_exclusion" title="Social exclusion">marginalization</a>, and were targeted with <a href="/wiki/Violence_against_LGBT_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Violence against LGBT people">extreme acts of violence</a> in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-Westengard_2019-39">[39]</a> One of the best known works on the history of HIV/AIDS is the 1987 book <a href="/wiki/And_the_Band_Played_On" title="And the Band Played On">And the Band Played On</a> by <a href="/wiki/Randy_Shilts" title="Randy Shilts">Randy Shilts</a>, which contends that <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a>'s administration dragged its feet in dealing with the crisis due to <a href="/wiki/Homophobia" title="Homophobia">homophobia</a>, while the <a href="/wiki/Gay_community" class="mw-redirect" title="Gay community">gay community</a> viewed early reports and public health measures with corresponding distrust, thus allowing the disease to spread further and infect hundreds of thousands more. This resulted in the formation of the <a href="/wiki/AIDS_Coalition_to_Unleash_Power" class="mw-redirect" title="AIDS Coalition to Unleash Power">AIDS Coalition to Unleash Power</a> (ACT UP) by <a href="/wiki/Larry_Kramer" title="Larry Kramer">Larry Kramer</a>. Galvanized by the <a href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States" title="Federal government of the United States">U.S. federal government</a>'s inactivity, the movement led by AIDS activists to gain funding for <a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_research" title="HIV/AIDS research">HIV/AIDS research</a>, which on a per-patient basis out-paced funding for more prevalent diseases such as <a href="/wiki/Cancer" title="Cancer">cancer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Heart_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Heart disease">heart disease</a>, was used as a model for future lobbying for health research funding.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> An early theory asserted that a series of <a href="/wiki/Inoculation" title="Inoculation">inoculations</a> against <a href="/wiki/Hepatitis_B" title="Hepatitis B">hepatitis B</a> that were performed in the gay community of <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco" title="San Francisco">San Francisco</a> were tainted with HIV. Although there was a high correlation between recipients of that <a href="/wiki/Vaccination" title="Vaccination">vaccination</a> and initial cases of AIDS, this theory has long been discredited. However, the theory has never been officially proven or disproven. HIV, <a href="/wiki/Hepatitis_B" title="Hepatitis B">hepatitis B</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hepatitis_C" title="Hepatitis C">hepatitis C</a> are <a href="/wiki/Blood-borne_disease" title="Blood-borne disease">bloodborne diseases</a> with very similar modes of transmission, and those at risk for one are at risk for the others.<a href="#cite_note-NIOSH_Bloodborne-41">[41]</a> Publicity campaigns were started in attempts to counter the incorrect and often vitriolic perception of AIDS as a <a href="/wiki/Homophobic_propaganda" title="Homophobic propaganda">"gay plague"</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Westengard_2019-39">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> These included the <a href="/wiki/Ryan_White" title="Ryan White">Ryan White</a> case, red ribbon campaigns, celebrity dinners, the <a href="/wiki/And_the_Band_Played_On_(film)" title="And the Band Played On (film)">1993 film version</a> of And the Band Played On, <a href="/wiki/AIDS_education" class="mw-redirect" title="AIDS education">sex education programs</a> in schools, and <a href="/wiki/Public_service_announcement" title="Public service announcement">television advertisements</a>. Announcements by various celebrities that they had contracted HIV (including actor <a href="/wiki/Rock_Hudson" title="Rock Hudson">Rock Hudson</a>, basketball star <a href="/wiki/Magic_Johnson" title="Magic Johnson">Magic Johnson</a>, tennis player <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Ashe" title="Arthur Ashe">Arthur Ashe</a> and singer <a href="/wiki/Freddie_Mercury" title="Freddie Mercury">Freddie Mercury</a>) were significant in arousing media attention and making the general public aware of the dangers of the disease to people of all sexual orientations.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Perspective_of_doctors">Perspective of doctors</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=HIV/AIDS_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Perspective of doctors">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Epidemiology_of_HIV/AIDS" title="Epidemiology of HIV/AIDS">Epidemiology of HIV/AIDS</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Management_of_HIV/AIDS" title="Management of HIV/AIDS">Management of HIV/AIDS</a> and <a href="/wiki/Prevention_of_HIV/AIDS" title="Prevention of HIV/AIDS">Prevention of HIV/AIDS</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/History_of_HIV/AIDS" title="History of HIV/AIDS">global spread of HIV/AIDS</a> was met with great fear and concern by the American population in the 1980s, much like any other epidemic, and those who were primarily affected were <a href="/wiki/African_Americans" title="African Americans">African Americans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans" title="Hispanic and Latino Americans">Hispanic/Latino Americans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gay_men" title="Gay men">homosexual</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bisexuality" title="Bisexuality">bisexual</a> men, and <a href="/wiki/Drug_injection" title="Drug injection">intravenous drug users</a>.<a href="#cite_note-CDCBasicStats-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-Wang-Maher_2019-4">[4]</a> During the early years of the epidemic, doctors began to not treat patients affected with HIV/AIDS, not only to create distance from these groups of people, but also because they were afraid to contract the disease themselves. At the time, a surgeon in Milwaukee stated: "I've got to be selfish. It's an incurable disease that's uniformly fatal, and I'm constantly at risk for getting it. I've got to think about myself. I've got to think about my family. That responsibility is greater than to the patient."<a href="#cite_note-:02-44">[44]</a> Some doctors thought it was their duty to stay away from the risk of contracting the <a href="/wiki/HIV_virus" class="mw-redirect" title="HIV virus">HIV virus</a> because they had other patients to think of. In a survey of doctors in the mid to late 1980s, a substantial number of physicians indicated that they did not have an <a href="/wiki/Medical_ethics" title="Medical ethics">ethical obligation</a> to treat and care for those patients affected with HIV/AIDS.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> A study of <a href="/wiki/Primary_care" title="Primary care">primary care</a> providers showed that half would not care for patients if they were given a choice.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> In 1990, a national survey of doctors showed that "only 24% believed that office-based practitioners should be legally required to provide care to individuals with HIV infection."<a href="#cite_note-:02-44">[44]</a> Nonetheless, there were many doctors who chose to care for patients affected with HIV/AIDS for different reasons: they shared the same sexual orientation as the infected; a commitment to providing care to the diseased; an interest in the mysteries of infectious disease; and/or a desire to tame the awful threat.<a href="#cite_note-:02-44">[44]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="By_race_and_ethnicity">By race and ethnicity</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=HIV/AIDS_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: By race and ethnicity">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States" title="Race and ethnicity in the United States">Race and ethnicity in the United States</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="African_Americans">African Americans</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=HIV/AIDS_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: African Americans">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/African_Americans" title="African Americans">African Americans</a> are the ethnic group most disproportionately affected by HIV/AIDS, compared with other races and ethnicities in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-Black-HIV/AIDS-47">[47]</a> They represented approximately 12% of the U.S. population in 2018,<a href="#cite_note-Black-HIV/AIDS-47">[47]</a> but accounted for an estimated 43% of new HIV infections in 2017.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> Furthermore, they make up nearly 52% of AIDS-related deaths in the United States. A 2006 report from the <a href="/wiki/Centres_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention" class="mw-redirect" title="Centres for Disease Control and Prevention">Centres for Disease Control and Prevention</a> (CDC) estimated that about half of the 1 million U.S. citizens living with HIV/AIDS were African–American.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> A 2010 study published on the <a href="/wiki/American_Journal_of_Public_Health" title="American Journal of Public Health">American Journal of Public Health</a> reported that 64% of women infected with HIV/AIDS in the United States were African–American.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> In 2019, African–American and <a href="/wiki/Multiracial_Americans" title="Multiracial Americans">multiracial</a> populations experienced the highest reported <a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_the_United_States" title="Homelessness in the United States">homelessness rates</a> of any other ethnic or racial group diagnosed with HIV/AIDS in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-:3-51">[51]</a> In the year 2021, approximately 60% of new HIV diagnoses among women in the United States were represented by <a href="/wiki/Black_women" title="Black women">Black women</a>.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Risk_factors_contributing_to_the_Black_HIV/AIDS_rate">Risk factors contributing to the Black HIV/AIDS rate</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=HIV/AIDS_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Risk factors contributing to the Black HIV/AIDS rate">edit</a>]</div> The United States have a <a href="/wiki/Health_insurance_in_the_United_States" title="Health insurance in the United States">mixed private/public health system</a>, with more privatization than most other developed countries.<a href="#cite_note-USC_Price-53">[53]</a> <a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_the_United_States" title="Healthcare in the United States">Access to healthcare services</a> is very important in preventing and treating HIV/AIDS among the U.S. population.<a href="#cite_note-Black-HIV/AIDS-47">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-Latino_HIV_Crisis-54">[54]</a> It can be affected by health insurance which is available to people through private insurers, <a href="/wiki/Medicare_(United_States)" title="Medicare (United States)">Medicare</a> and <a href="/wiki/Medicaid" title="Medicaid">Medicaid</a>, which leaves many U.S. citizens still vulnerable and untreated.<a href="#cite_note-USC_Price-53">[53]</a> Historically, <a href="/wiki/African_Americans" title="African Americans">African Americans</a> have faced discrimination when it comes to receiving healthcare.<a href="#cite_note-Med._Care-55">[55]</a> <a href="/wiki/Societal_attitudes_toward_homosexuality" title="Societal attitudes toward homosexuality">Homosexuality is viewed negatively</a> within the African-American community:<a href="#cite_note-Hill_2013_475–487-56">[56]</a> "In a qualitative study of 745 racially and ethnic diverse undergraduates attending a large Midwestern university, Calzo and Ward (2009) determined that parents of African-American participants discussed homosexuality more frequently than the parents of other respondents. In analyses of the values communicated, Calzo and Ward (2009) reported that Black parents offered greater indication that homosexuality is perverse and unnatural".<a href="#cite_note-Hill_2013_475–487-56">[56]</a> <a href="/wiki/Homosexuality" title="Homosexuality">Homosexuality</a> is also seen as a threat to the African-American empowerment.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> <a href="/wiki/Masculinity" title="Masculinity">Masculinity</a> is seen as important for the African-American community because it shows that the community is in control of their own destiny.<a href="#cite_note-Hill_2013_475–487-56">[56]</a> Since the <a href="/wiki/Social_stigma" title="Social stigma">social stigma</a> circling homosexuality is that it is considered "<a href="/wiki/Effeminacy" title="Effeminacy">effeminate</a>", then homosexuality is seen as a threat to <a href="/wiki/Masculinity" title="Masculinity">masculinity</a> in the African-American community:<a href="#cite_note-Hill_2013_475–487-56">[56]</a> "Black manhood, then, depends on men's ability to be provider, progenitor, and protector. But, as the Black male performance of parts of this script is thwarted by economic and cultural factors, the performance of Black masculinity becomes predicated on a particular performance of Black sexuality and avoidance of weakness and femininity. If sexuality remains one of the few ways that Black men can recapture a masculinity withheld from them in the marketplace, endorsing Black homosexuality subverts the cultural project of reinscribing masculinity within the Black community."<a href="#cite_note-Hill_2013_475–487-56">[56]</a> This critical view is influenced by <a href="/wiki/Internalized_homophobia" class="mw-redirect" title="Internalized homophobia">internalized homophobia</a>: "Internalized homophobia is defined as the lesbian, gay, or bisexual individual's inward direction of society's homophobic attitudes (Meyer 1995)."<a href="#cite_note-Hill_2013_475–487-56">[56]</a> A <a href="/wiki/Homophobia_in_ethnic_minority_communities#Black_community" title="Homophobia in ethnic minority communities">homophobic culture and discrimination towards LGBTQ+ people is sustained in the African-American community</a> further through the involvement of <a href="/wiki/Black_church" title="Black church">Black churches and congregations</a>, because religion is a vital part of the African-American community:<a href="#cite_note-Hill_2013_475–487-56">[56]</a> "As reported by Peterson and Jones (2009), AA MSM tended to be more involved with religious communities than NHW MSM."<a href="#cite_note-Hill_2013_475–487-56">[56]</a> Because <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> reiterates homosexuality as a <a href="/wiki/Sin_in_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Sin in Christianity">sin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Social_stigma" title="Social stigma">social stigma</a>, the African-American community has higher rates of internalized homophobia.<a href="#cite_note-Hill_2013_475–487-56">[56]</a> This internalized homophobia causes a lower chance of HIV/AIDS education on prevention and care within the African-American community.<a href="#cite_note-Hill_2013_475–487-56">[56]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id=""Down-low"_subculture_among_Black_MSM">"Down-low" subculture among Black MSM</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=HIV/AIDS_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: "Down-low" subculture among Black MSM">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Down-low_(sexual_slang)" title="Down-low (sexual slang)">Down-low (sexual slang)</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Down-low_(sexual_slang)" title="Down-low (sexual slang)">Down-low</a> is an <a href="/wiki/African-American_English" title="African-American English">African-American slang term</a><a href="#cite_note-Cassell's_Dic-58">[58]</a> specifically used within the <a href="/wiki/African_Americans" title="African Americans">African-American community</a> that typically refers to a <a href="/wiki/Sexuality_and_gender_identity-based_cultures" title="Sexuality and gender identity-based cultures">sexual subculture</a> of <a href="/wiki/Black_people" title="Black people">Black men</a> who usually identify as <a href="/wiki/Heterosexuality" title="Heterosexuality">heterosexual</a> but actively seek <a href="/wiki/Men_who_have_sex_with_men" title="Men who have sex with men">sexual encounters and relations with other men</a>, practice <a href="/wiki/Cruising_for_sex" title="Cruising for sex">gay cruising</a>, and frequently adopt a specific <a href="/wiki/Hip_hop_fashion" title="Hip hop fashion">hip-hop attire</a> during these activities.<a href="#cite_note-Am._J._Public_Health-59">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hovey_2007-60">[60]</a> They generally avoid disclosing their <a href="/wiki/Same-sex_sexual_activities" class="mw-redirect" title="Same-sex sexual activities">same-sex sexual activities</a>, and often have female sexual partner(s), and may be married or single.<a href="#cite_note-Coming_Up_from_the_Down_Low-61">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-Secret_Gay-62">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-Black_masculinities-63">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-Outing_Hip-Hop-64">[64]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Medical_research" title="Medical research">medical research</a>, the term down-low is used to identify sexual identity-behaviour discordance among <a href="/wiki/Men_who_have_sex_with_men" title="Men who have sex with men">men who have sex with men</a> (MSM).<a href="#cite_note-Syst.Rev._2023-65">[65]</a> According to a study published in the <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Bisexuality" title="Journal of Bisexuality">Journal of Bisexuality</a>, "[t]he Down Low is a lifestyle predominately practiced by young, urban Black men who have sex with other men and women, yet do not identify as gay or bisexual".<a href="#cite_note-Attitudes_Towards-66">[66]</a> In this context, "being on the down-low" is more than just men having sex with men in secret, or a variant of <a href="/wiki/Closeted" title="Closeted">closeted</a> <a href="/wiki/Homosexuality" title="Homosexuality">homosexuality</a> or <a href="/wiki/Bisexuality" title="Bisexuality">bisexuality</a>—it is a sexual identity that is, at least partly, defined by its "cult of <a href="/wiki/Masculinity" title="Masculinity">masculinity</a>" and its rejection of what is perceived as <a href="/wiki/White_Americans#Culture" title="White Americans">White American culture</a> (including what is perceived as White American <a href="/wiki/LGBT_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT culture">LGBT culture</a>) and terms.<a href="#cite_note-Secret_Gay-62">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-Double_Lives-67">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-Down-Low_Debate-68">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sex,_lies-69">[69]</a> A 2003 cover story in <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times_Magazine" title="The New York Times Magazine">The New York Times Magazine</a> on the down-low phenomenon explains that the American Black community sees "homosexuality as a white man's perversion."<a href="#cite_note-Double_Lives-67">[67]</a> It then goes on to describe the down-low subculture as follows: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">Rejecting a <a href="/wiki/Gay_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Gay culture">gay culture</a> they perceive as white and effeminate, many black men have settled on a new identity, with its own vocabulary and customs and its own name: Down Low. There have always been men – black and white – who have had secret sexual lives with men. But the creation of an organized, underground subculture largely made up of black men who otherwise live straight lives is a phenomenon of the last decade. ... Most date or marry women and engage sexually with men they meet only in anonymous settings like bathhouses and parks or through the Internet. Many of these men are young and from the inner city, where they live in a hypermasculine thug culture. Other DL men form romantic relationships with men and may even be peripheral participants in mainstream gay culture, all unknown to their colleagues and families. Most DL men identify themselves not as gay or bisexual but first and foremost as black. To them, as to many blacks, that equates to being inherently masculine.<a href="#cite_note-Double_Lives-67">[67]</a></blockquote> The <a href="/wiki/Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention" title="Centers for Disease Control and Prevention">CDC</a> cited three findings that relate to African-American men who operate on the down-low (engage in MSM activity but don't disclose to others): <ul><li>African American men who have sex with men (MSM), but who do not disclose their sexual orientation (nondisclosers), have a high prevalence of HIV infection (14%); nearly three times higher than nondisclosing MSMs of other races/ethnicities (5%).</li> <li>Confirming previous research, the study of 5,589 MSM, aged 15–29 years, in six U.S. cities found that African American MSM were more likely not to disclose their sexual orientation compared with white MSM (18% vs. 8%).</li> <li>HIV-infected nondisclosers were less likely to know their HIV status (98% were unaware of their infection compared with 75% of HIV-positive disclosers), and more likely to have had recent female sex partners.<a href="#cite_note-MMWR-70">[70]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans">Hispanic and Latino Americans</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=HIV/AIDS_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Hispanic and Latino Americans">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans" title="Hispanic and Latino Americans">Hispanic and Latino Americans</a> are the second ethnic group most disproportionately affected by HIV/AIDS.<a href="#cite_note-Latino_HIV_Crisis-54">[54]</a> The annual number of Hispanics/Latinos newly diagnosed with HIV infection has increased by 7% between 2012 and 2016.<a href="#cite_note-Latino_HIV_Crisis-54">[54]</a> Specific Hispanic/Latino populations most heavily affected by HIV/AIDS are <a href="/wiki/Men_who_have_sex_with_men" title="Men who have sex with men">men who have sex with men</a> (MSM), accounting for approximately 80% of estimated HIV incidence among Hispanics/Latinos, followed by <a href="/wiki/Transgender_women" class="mw-redirect" title="Transgender women">transgender Hispanic/Latina women</a> and <a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_the_United_States" title="Immigration to the United States">recent Hispanic/Latino immigrants</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Latino_HIV_Crisis-54">[54]</a> Hispanics/Latinos represented 16% of the U.S. population but accounted for 21% of new HIV infections in 2010. This disparity is even more apparent among Hispanic/Latina women, which represent 13% of the population but account for 20% of reported HIV/AIDS cases among women in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> Hispanic and Latino Americans accounted for 20% of people living with HIV infection in 2011. Disparities persist in the estimated rate of new HIV infections in Hispanic and Latino Americans In 2010, the rate of new HIV infections for Hispanic/Latino men was 2.9 times that for <a href="/wiki/White_Americans" title="White Americans">White American</a> men, and the rate of new infections for Hispanic/Latina women was 4.2 times that for White American women. Since the epidemic began, more than 100,888 Hispanic and Latino Americans with an AIDS diagnosis have died, including 2,863 in 2016.<a href="#cite_note-cdchisplats-72">[72]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Native_Americans">Native Americans</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=HIV/AIDS_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Native Americans">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native American communities in the United States</a> see a higher rate of HIV/AIDS in comparison to <a href="/wiki/White_Americans" title="White Americans">White Americans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asian_Americans" title="Asian Americans">Asian Americans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Native_Hawaiians" title="Native Hawaiians">Native Hawaiians</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Islander_Americans" title="Pacific Islander Americans">Pacific Islander Americans</a>. Although Native Americans with HIV/AIDS only represent roughly 1% of positive cases in the U.S. population,<a href="#cite_note-CDCAIAN-73">[73]</a> the number of diagnoses among Native American gay and bisexual men rose by 54% between 2011 and 2015. Additionally, the survival rate of diagnosed Native Americans was the lowest of all races in the United States between 1998 and 2005.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> In recent years, the <a href="/wiki/Centres_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention" class="mw-redirect" title="Centres for Disease Control and Prevention">Centres for Disease Control and Prevention</a> (CDC) have put in place a "high impact prevention approach"<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> in partnership with the Indian Health Service and the CDC Tribal Advisory Committee to tackle the growing rates in a culturally appropriate way. The higher rate of HIV/AIDS cases among Native Americans have been attributed to a number of factors, including socioeconomic disadvantages faced by Native American communities, which may result in difficulty accessing healthcare and high-quality housing. It may be more difficult for Native American gay and bisexual men to access healthcare due to living in rural communities, or due to stigma attached to their sexualities. Native Americans have been reported to have higher rates of <a href="/wiki/Sexually_transmitted_infection" title="Sexually transmitted infection">other STIs</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Chlamydia" title="Chlamydia">chlamydia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gonorrhea" title="Gonorrhea">gonorrhea</a>, which also increases likeliness of contracting or transmitting HIV.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> As there are over <a href="/wiki/List_of_federally_recognized_tribes_in_the_contiguous_United_States" title="List of federally recognized tribes in the contiguous United States">570 federally recognized Native American tribes</a>, there is some difficulty in creating outreach programs which effectively appeal to all tribes whilst remaining culturally appropriate. As well as fear of <a href="/wiki/Social_stigma" title="Social stigma">social stigma</a> from within Native American communities, there may also be a fear among LGBTQ+ Native Americans of a lack of understanding from health professionals in the United States, particularly among <a href="/wiki/Two-Spirit" class="mw-redirect" title="Two-Spirit">Two-Spirit</a> Native Americans. A 2013 NASTAD report calls for the inclusion of LGBTQ+ and Two-Spirit Native American peoples in HIV/AIDS program planning and asserts that "health departments should utilize local experts to better understand regional definitions of "Two Spirit" and incorporate modules on Native gay men and Two Spirit people into cultural sensitivity courses for public health service providers".<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Racial_disparities_related_to_HIV/AIDS_treatment">Racial disparities related to HIV/AIDS treatment</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=HIV/AIDS_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Racial disparities related to HIV/AIDS treatment">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Race_and_health_in_the_United_States" title="Race and health in the United States">Race and health in the United States</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Management_of_HIV/AIDS" title="Management of HIV/AIDS">Management of HIV/AIDS</a> and <a href="/wiki/Prevention_of_HIV/AIDS" title="Prevention of HIV/AIDS">Prevention of HIV/AIDS</a></div> While there is no cure for HIV/AIDS as of yet, prevention methods and access to medical care are major ways to know one's <a href="/wiki/HIV_status" class="mw-redirect" title="HIV status">HIV status</a>, become virally undetectable, and <a href="/wiki/Prevention_of_HIV/AIDS" title="Prevention of HIV/AIDS">prevent transmission of HIV/AIDS</a>. There are prevention methods to help reduce HIV rates in the United States but these methods are not equally available or accessed.<a href="#cite_note-Latino_HIV_Crisis-54">[54]</a> A 2020 study published on the <a href="/wiki/American_Journal_of_Public_Health" title="American Journal of Public Health">American Journal of Public Health</a> reported that the <a href="/wiki/Social_stigma" title="Social stigma">social stigma</a> associated with HIV diagnosis is a "major barrier" that prevents many <a href="/wiki/Risky_sexual_behavior" title="Risky sexual behavior">at-risk</a> and HIV-positive patients from accessing services of HIV prevention and treatment.<a href="#cite_note-Latino_HIV_Crisis-54">[54]</a> One prevention method is <a href="/wiki/Pre-exposure_prophylaxis" title="Pre-exposure prophylaxis">PrEP</a>, which is a medication taken orally or an injection that <a href="/wiki/HIV_prevention" class="mw-redirect" title="HIV prevention">prevents HIV transmission</a>. According to the CDC, <a href="/wiki/Pre-exposure_prophylaxis" title="Pre-exposure prophylaxis">Pre-exposure prophlyaxis or PrEP</a> usage rates varied significantly by reported race and ethnicity in 2019.<a href="#cite_note-:4-78">[78]</a> For example, out of all the total number of individuals on PrEP, 63% of them identified as <a href="/wiki/White_Americans" title="White Americans">White Americans</a>, 8% identified as <a href="/wiki/African_Americans" title="African Americans">African Americans</a>, 14% identified as <a href="/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans" title="Hispanic and Latino Americans">Hispanic and Latino Americans</a>, and 9% identified as other.<a href="#cite_note-:4-78">[78]</a> <a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_the_United_States" title="Healthcare in the United States">Healthcare access</a> varies greatly by race and ethnicity in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-Black-HIV/AIDS-47">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-Latino_HIV_Crisis-54">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-Am._J._Health_Behav.-79">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-Med._Care-55">[55]</a> Out of those living with HIV/AIDS who received medical care only 63% of <a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native Americans</a>, 61% of <a href="/wiki/African_Americans" title="African Americans">African Americans</a>, 65% of <a href="/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans" title="Hispanic and Latino Americans">Hispanic and Latino Americans</a>, and 85% of <a href="/wiki/Native_Hawaiians" title="Native Hawaiians">Native Hawaiians</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Islander_Americans" title="Pacific Islander Americans">Pacific Islander Americans</a> were virally suppressed in 2019.<a href="#cite_note-:3-51">[51]</a> This is in comparison to 71% of <a href="/wiki/White_Americans" title="White Americans">White Americans</a> who were virally suppressed in 2019 according to the CDC.<a href="#cite_note-:4-78">[78]</a> African–American, Hispanic/Latino, and <a href="/wiki/Multiracial_Americans" title="Multiracial Americans">multiracial</a> populations were significantly more likely to miss at least one medical appointment in the past year compared with White American populations.<a href="#cite_note-:3-51">[51]</a> African–American, Hispanic/Latino, and multiracial populations that were diagnosed with HIV/AIDS in the United States in 2019 all experienced higher need of dental care, SNAP or WIC benefits, shelter or housing services, and/or mental health services than White American populations according to the CDC.<a href="#cite_note-:3-51">[51]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="National_HIV/AIDS_strategy">National HIV/AIDS strategy</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=HIV/AIDS_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: National HIV/AIDS strategy">edit</a>]</div> The 2022–2025 National HIV/AIDS strategy "recognizes racism as a serious public health threat that drives and affects both HIV outcomes and disparities", and while every part of the U.S. is threatened with the HIV/AIDS epidemic, "certain populations bear most of the burden signaling where our HIV prevention, care, and treatment efforts must be focused."<a href="#cite_note-:5-80">[80]</a> The 2022–2025 National HIV/AIDS strategy focuses on five priority populations including: <a href="/wiki/Gay_men" title="Gay men">gay men</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bisexuality" title="Bisexuality">bisexual men</a>, and other <a href="/wiki/Men_who_have_sex_with_men" title="Men who have sex with men">men who have sex with men</a> (MSM), in particular African–American, Hispanic/Latino, and Native American men; African–American women; <a href="/wiki/Trans_woman" title="Trans woman">transgender women</a>; youth aged 13–24 years; and people who <a href="/wiki/Drug_injection" title="Drug injection">inject drugs</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:5-80">[80]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sex_education_in_the_United_States" title="Sex education in the United States">Sex education varies throughout the United States</a> and in some areas could use more informative measures. Sex education on <a href="/wiki/HIV_prevention" class="mw-redirect" title="HIV prevention">HIV prevention</a> has decreased from 64% (2000) to 41% (2014). Out of the 50 states, 26 put a larger emphasis on abstinence sex education. <a href="/wiki/Abstinence-only_sex_education" title="Abstinence-only sex education">Abstinence-only sex education</a> is correlated to increasing rates of HIV/AIDS infections, especially among teenagers and young adults.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Activism_and_response">Activism and response</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=HIV/AIDS_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Activism and response">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/AIDS_education_and_training_centers" title="AIDS education and training centers">AIDS education and training centers</a> and <a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_activism" title="HIV/AIDS activism">HIV/AIDS activism</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_people_with_HIV/AIDS" title="Discrimination against people with HIV/AIDS">Discrimination against people with HIV/AIDS</a></div> Starting in the early 1980s, <a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_activism" title="HIV/AIDS activism">HIV/AIDS activist groups</a> and organizations began to emerge and advocate for people infected with HIV in the United States. Though it was an important aspect of the movement, activism went beyond the pursuit of funding for <a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_research" title="HIV/AIDS research">HIV/AIDS research</a>. These groups acted to educate and raise awareness of the disease and its effects on different populations, even those thought to be at low-risk of contracting HIV/AIDS. This was done through publications and "alternative media" created by those living with or close to the disease.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> In contrast to this "alternative media" created by activist groups, mass media reports on HIV/AIDS were not as prevalent, most likely due to the stigma surrounding the topic. The general public was therefore not exposed to information regarding the disease. In addition, the federal government and laws in place essentially prevented individuals affected by HIV/AIDS from getting sufficient information about the disease. Risk reduction education was not easily accessible, so activist groups took action in releasing information to the public through these publications.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> AIDS activist groups worked to prevent spread of HIV by distributing information about <a href="/wiki/Safe_sex" title="Safe sex">safe sex</a>. They also existed to support people living with HIV/AIDS, offering therapy, support groups, and hospice care.<a href="#cite_note-:0-84">[84]</a> Organizations like <a href="/wiki/Gay_Men%27s_Health_Crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="Gay Men's Health Crisis">Gay Men's Health Crisis</a>, <a href="/wiki/People_With_AIDS" title="People With AIDS">People With AIDS</a>, <a href="/wiki/Proyecto_ContraSIDA_por_Vida" title="Proyecto ContraSIDA por Vida">Proyecto ContraSIDA por Vida</a>, the Lesbian AIDS Project, and SisterLove were created to address the needs of certain populations living with HIV/AIDS. Other groups, like the <a href="/wiki/NAMES_Project_AIDS_Memorial_Quilt" title="NAMES Project AIDS Memorial Quilt">NAMES Project</a>, emerged as a way of memorializing those who had passed, refusing to let them be forgotten by the historical narrative. One group, the Association for Drug Abuse Prevention and Treatment (ADAPT), headed by <a href="/wiki/Yolanda_Serrano" title="Yolanda Serrano">Yolanda Serrano</a>, coordinated with their local prison, <a href="/wiki/Rikers_Island_Correctional_Facility" class="mw-redirect" title="Rikers Island Correctional Facility">Riker's Island Correctional Facility</a>, to advocate for those imprisoned and HIV positive to be released early, so that they could die in the comfort of their own homes.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> Both men and women, heterosexual and LGBTQ+ populations were active in establishing and maintaining these parts of the movement. Because HIV/AIDS was initially thought only to impact <a href="/wiki/Gay_men" title="Gay men">gay men</a>, most narratives of activism focus on their contributions to the movement. However, women also played a significant role in raising awareness, rallying for change, and caring for those impacted by the disease. <a href="/wiki/Lesbian_women" class="mw-redirect" title="Lesbian women">Lesbian women</a> helped organize and spread information about transmission between women, as well as supporting gay men in their work. Narratives of activism also tend to focus on organizing done in coastal cities, but AIDS activism was present and widespread across both urban and more rural areas of the United States. Organizers sought to address needs specific to their communities, whether that was working to establish <a href="/wiki/Needle_exchange_programme" class="mw-redirect" title="Needle exchange programme">needle exchange programs</a>, fighting against housing or employment discrimination, or issues faced primarily by people identified as members of specific groups (such as <a href="/wiki/Sex_worker" title="Sex worker">sex workers</a>, mothers and children, or <a href="/wiki/Incarceration_in_the_United_States" title="Incarceration in the United States">incarcerated people</a>). During the HIV/AIDS epidemic of the 1980s, LGBTQ+ communities were further <a href="/wiki/Stigmatization" class="mw-redirect" title="Stigmatization">stigmatized</a> as they became the focus of <a href="/wiki/Mass_hysteria" class="mw-redirect" title="Mass hysteria">mass hysteria</a>, suffered <a href="/wiki/Social_isolation" title="Social isolation">isolation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Social_exclusion" title="Social exclusion">marginalization</a>, and were targeted with <a href="/wiki/Violence_against_LGBT_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Violence against LGBT people">extreme acts of violence</a> in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-Westengard_2019-39">[39]</a> Initially when the HIV/AIDS epidemic surfaced in the United States, a large proportion of patients were members of the <a href="/wiki/LGBTQ%2B_community" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBTQ+ community">LGBTQ+ community</a>, leading to further stigmatization of the disease.<a href="#cite_note-Westengard_2019-39">[39]</a> Because of this, the AIDS activist groups took initiative in testing and experimenting with new possible medications for treating HIV, after researchers outside of the community refused. This research originally done by early AIDS activist groups contributed to treatments still being used today.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> Among the landmark legal cases in the history of <a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in the United States">LGBT rights in the United States</a> on the topic of HIV/AIDS is <a href="/wiki/Braschi_v._Stahl_Associates_Co." title="Braschi v. Stahl Associates Co.">Braschi vs. Stahl</a>. Litigant <a href="/wiki/Miguel_Braschi_and_Leslie_Blanchard" title="Miguel Braschi and Leslie Blanchard">Miguel Braschi</a> sued his landlord for the right to continue living in their rent controlled apartment after his gay partner Leslie Blanchard died of AIDS.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> The NY Court of Appeals became the first American appellate court to conclude that same-sex relationships are entitled to legal recognition.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> The case was litigated at the height of the AIDS crisis and the plaintiff himself died only a year after his groundbreaking court victory. The case focused on emotional and economic interdependency rather than on the existence of legal formalities; the verdict made it more difficult for government officials to reject the notion that <a href="/wiki/Same-sex_relationship" title="Same-sex relationship">same-sex couples</a> could constitute families and that they were entitled to at least some of the protections afforded by law.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Response_from_the_Catholic_Church">Response from the Catholic Church</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=HIV/AIDS_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Response from the Catholic Church">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_HIV/AIDS" title="Catholic Church and HIV/AIDS">Catholic Church and HIV/AIDS</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:StVincents.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/StVincents.jpg/300px-StVincents.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/StVincents.jpg/450px-StVincents.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/StVincents.jpg/600px-StVincents.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Saint_Vincent%27s_Catholic_Medical_Centers" title="Saint Vincent's Catholic Medical Centers">St Vincent's Hospital and Medical Center of New York</a> was one of many Catholic health institutions to pioneer medical treatment for people infected with HIV/AIDS.</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Conference_of_Catholic_Bishops" title="United States Conference of Catholic Bishops">United States Conference of Catholic Bishops</a> was the first church body to address the HIV/AIDS pandemic in 1987 with a document entitled "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/On_%22The_Many_Faces_of_AIDS%22" class="extiw" title="s:On "The Many Faces of AIDS"">The Many Faces of AIDS: A Gospel Response</a>."<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> In the document they stated that the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a> must provide <a href="/wiki/Pastoral_care" title="Pastoral care">pastoral care</a> to those infected with HIV/AIDS as well as medical care.<a href="#cite_note-smith164-92">[92]</a> It called discrimination against people with AIDS "unjust and immoral",<a href="#cite_note-smith164-92">[92]</a> but rejected extra-marital sex and the use of condoms.<a href="#cite_note-smith164-92">[92]</a> They reiterated the Church's teaching that human sexuality was a gift and was to be used in monogamous marriages.<a href="#cite_note-smith164-92">[92]</a> The Catholic Church, with over 117,000 health centers, is the largest private provider of HIV/AIDS care.<a href="#cite_note-mercury-93">[93]</a> Individual dioceses around the United States began hiring staff in the 1980s to coordinate AIDS ministry.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECommission_on_Behavioral_and_Social_Sciences_and_Education1993139-140-94">[94]</a> By 2008, Catholic Charities USA had 1,600 agencies providing services to patients with AIDS, including housing and mental health services.<a href="#cite_note-journalism.nyu.edu-95">[95]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Archdiocese_of_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="Archdiocese of New York">Archdiocese of New York</a> opened a shelter for AIDS patients in 1985.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECommission_on_Behavioral_and_Social_Sciences_and_Education1993139-96">[96]</a> In the same year, they opened a hotline for people to call for resources and information.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECommission_on_Behavioral_and_Social_Sciences_and_Education1993139-96">[96]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Missionaries_of_Charity" title="Missionaries of Charity">Missionaries of Charity</a>, led by <a href="/wiki/Mother_Teresa" title="Mother Teresa">Mother Teresa</a>, opened hospices in the <a href="/wiki/Greenwich_Village" title="Greenwich Village">Greenwich Village</a> neighborhood of New York, Washington D.C., and San Francisco in the 1980s.<a href="#cite_note-urges-97">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECommission_on_Behavioral_and_Social_Sciences_and_Education1993139-96">[96]</a> Individual parishes began opening hospices for AIDS patients, with the first being in New Orleans in 1985.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECommission_on_Behavioral_and_Social_Sciences_and_Education1993139-96">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-orleans-98">[98]</a> The bishops of the United States issued a pastoral letter in the 1980s, titled A Call to Compassion, saying those with AIDS "deserve to remain within our communal consciousness and to be embraced with unconditional love."<a href="#cite_note-fore-99">[99]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Pastoral_care_for_gay_Catholics#Always_Our_Children" class="mw-redirect" title="Pastoral care for gay Catholics">Always Our Children</a>, their 1997 pastoral letter on homosexuality, the American bishops noted "an importance and urgency" to minister to those with AIDS, especially considering the impact it had on the gay community.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> They encouraged church ministers to include prayers at Mass for those with AIDS and those who care for them, those who have died from AIDS, and all of their friends, families, and companions.<a href="#cite_note-:6-101">[101]</a> They recommended special masses be said for healing with <a href="/wiki/Anointing_of_the_sick" title="Anointing of the sick">anointing of the sick</a> or other events to take place around the time of <a href="/wiki/World_AIDS_Day" title="World AIDS Day">World AIDS Day</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:6-101">[101]</a> In 1987, the bishops of <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a> issued a document saying that just as Jesus loved and healed lepers, the blind, the lame, and others, so too should Catholics care for those with AIDS.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECommission_on_Behavioral_and_Social_Sciences_and_Education1993139-96">[96]</a> The year before, they publicly denounced <a href="/wiki/1986_California_Proposition_64" title="1986 California Proposition 64">Proposition 64</a>, a measure pushed by <a href="/wiki/Lyndon_H._LaRouche" class="mw-redirect" title="Lyndon H. LaRouche">Lyndon H. LaRouche</a> to forcibly quarantine those with AIDS, and encouraged Catholics to vote against it.<a href="#cite_note-urges-97">[97]</a> <a href="/wiki/Joseph_L._Bernardin" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph L. Bernardin">Joseph L. Bernardin</a>, the Archbishop of Chicago, issued a 12-page policy paper in 1986 that outlined "sweeping pastoral initiatives" his archdiocese would be undertaking.<a href="#cite_note-urges-97">[97]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Present-day_activism">Present-day activism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=HIV/AIDS_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Present-day activism">edit</a>]</div> An effective response to HIV/AIDS requires that groups of vulnerable populations have access to HIV prevention programs with information and services that are specific to them.<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> In the present day, some AIDS activist groups and organizations that were established during the height of the epidemic are still present and working to assist people living with HIV/AIDS.<a href="#cite_note-:0-84">[84]</a> They may offer any combination of the following: health education, counseling and support, or advocacy for law and policy. AIDS activist groups and organizations also continue to call for public awareness and support through participation in events like <a href="/wiki/Pride_parade" title="Pride parade">LGBT pride parades</a>, <a href="/wiki/World_AIDS_Day" title="World AIDS Day">World AIDS Day</a>, and <a href="/wiki/AIDS_Walk" title="AIDS Walk">AIDS Walks</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Current_status">Current status</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=HIV/AIDS_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Current status">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Prevention_of_HIV/AIDS" title="Prevention of HIV/AIDS">Prevention of HIV/AIDS</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/HIV_adult_prevalence_rate" title="HIV adult prevalence rate">HIV adult prevalence rate</a> and <a href="/wiki/HIV-positive_people" title="HIV-positive people">HIV-positive people</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention" title="Centers for Disease Control and Prevention">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention</a> estimates at the end of 2019, there were 1,189,700 people aged 13 or older with diagnosed HIV/AIDS infections in the <a href="/wiki/Territories_of_the_United_States" title="Territories of the United States">United States and dependent areas</a>.<a href="#cite_note-CDCBasicStats-1">[1]</a> Since 2010, the number of <a href="/wiki/HIV-positive_people" title="HIV-positive people">people living with HIV/AIDS</a> has increased, while the annual number of new HIV infections has declined over the past few years. In 2021, 36,136 people were newly diagnosed with HIV/AIDS, compared to 37,832 diagnosed in 2018.<a href="#cite_note-CDCBasicStats-1">[1]</a> 67% of 2021 diagnoses were among <a href="/wiki/Men_who_have_sex_with_men" title="Men who have sex with men">men who have sex with men</a> (MSM), 56% were among American early adolescents and young adults between the ages of 13 and 34, 40% were from the <a href="/wiki/African_Americans" title="African Americans">African-American population</a>, and 7% were <a href="/wiki/Drug_injection" title="Drug injection">intravenous drug users</a>.<a href="#cite_note-CDCBasicStats-1">[1]</a> The 2021 CDC HIV Surveillance Report estimates that 36,136 new cases of HIV infections were diagnosed in the United States in 2021, a rate of 11.3 per 100,000 population.<a href="#cite_note-:1-103">[103]</a> This rate is an increase from the previous year's estimates, which indicated 30,585 new infections and a rate of 9.5 per 100,000 population.<a href="#cite_note-:1-103">[103]</a> This increase has been peculiar among epidemiologists, since over the past few years before 2021, rates of HIV infections were decreasing overtime. Due to the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_States" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the United States">COVID-19 pandemic in the United States</a> (2019–2022), many barriers have made getting tested for HIV/AIDS more difficult, with many who are racially and economically disadvantaged to have reduced resources in terms of <a href="/wiki/Diagnosis_of_HIV/AIDS" title="Diagnosis of HIV/AIDS">testing</a>.<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> Individuals in the 25–29 age range had the highest rates of new HIV infections, with a rate of 32.9 per 100,000.<a href="#cite_note-:1-103">[103]</a> With regard to race and ethnicity, the highest rates of new infections in 2017 occurred in the <a href="/wiki/African_Americans" title="African Americans">African-American population</a>, with a new infection rate of 4.5 per 100,000. This more than doubled the next highest rate for a racial or ethnic group, which was the <a href="/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans" title="Hispanic and Latino Americans">Hispanic/Latino population</a> with a rate of 3.2 per 100,000.<a href="#cite_note-:1-103">[103]</a> The lowest rates of new infection in 2021 occurred in the <a href="/wiki/Asian_Americans" title="Asian Americans">Asian American population</a>, with a new infection rate of 2.3 per 100,000.<a href="#cite_note-:1-103">[103]</a> According to CDC estimates, the most common transmission category of new HIV infections remained <a href="/wiki/Sexual_practices_between_men" title="Sexual practices between men">male-to-male sexual contact</a>, which accounted for roughly 79% of all new infections in the United States in 2021.<a href="#cite_note-:1-103">[103]</a> Among the proportion of new <a href="/wiki/HIV-positive_people" title="HIV-positive people">HIV-positive</a> <a href="/wiki/Gay_men" title="Gay men">gay</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bisexual_men" class="mw-redirect" title="Bisexual men">bisexual</a> men in 2021, 40% are <a href="/wiki/African_Americans" title="African Americans">African Americans</a>, 29% are <a href="/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans" title="Hispanic and Latino Americans">Hispanic/Latino Americans</a>, and 25% are <a href="/wiki/White_Americans" title="White Americans">White Americans</a>.<a href="#cite_note-GnBMen-105">[105]</a> With regard to region of residence, the highest rates of new infections in 2021 occurred in the <a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">Southern United States</a>, with about 52% of new total cases being from the American South.<a href="#cite_note-:1-103">[103]</a> The region identified as "American South" includes <a href="/wiki/Alabama" title="Alabama">Alabama</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arkansas" title="Arkansas">Arkansas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Delaware" title="Delaware">Delaware</a>, <a href="/wiki/District_of_Columbia" class="mw-redirect" title="District of Columbia">District of Columbia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kentucky" title="Kentucky">Kentucky</a>, <a href="/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana">Louisiana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maryland" title="Maryland">Maryland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mississippi" title="Mississippi">Mississippi</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Carolina" title="North Carolina">North Carolina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oklahoma" title="Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Carolina" title="South Carolina">South Carolina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee">Tennessee</a>, <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/West_Virginia" title="West Virginia">West Virginia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:1-103">[103]</a> <a href="/wiki/Atlanta" title="Atlanta">Atlanta</a> has the highest HIV rate in the country.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> According to CDC estimates, the majority of new HIV infections among <a href="/wiki/White_Americans" title="White Americans">White Americans</a> occurred among adult <a href="/wiki/Men_who_have_sex_with_men" title="Men who have sex with men">men who have sex with men</a> (MSM) aged 30–39, followed closely by those aged 40–49, while the majority of new HIV infections among <a href="/wiki/African_Americans" title="African Americans">African Americans</a> have occurred predominantly among early adolescent and young adult <a href="/wiki/Men_who_have_sex_with_men" title="Men who have sex with men">men who have sex with men</a> (aged 13–29).<a href="#cite_note-2010sept_cdc-107">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-kaiser_2010gaymale_hiv-108">[108]</a> In the United States, <a href="/wiki/Men_who_have_sex_with_men" title="Men who have sex with men">men who have sex with men</a> (MSM), described as <a href="/wiki/Gay_men" title="Gay men">gay</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bisexual_men" class="mw-redirect" title="Bisexual men">bisexual</a> men,<a href="#cite_note-GnBMen-105">[105]</a> make up about 55% of the total <a href="/wiki/HIV-positive_people" title="HIV-positive people">HIV-positive population</a>, and 83% of the estimated new HIV diagnoses among all males aged 13 and older, and approximately 92% of new HIV diagnoses among all men in their age group. 1 in 6 gay and bisexual men are therefore expected to be diagnosed with HIV/AIDS in their lifetime if current rates continue. The CDC estimates that more than 600,000 gay and bisexual men are <a href="/wiki/HIV-positive_people" title="HIV-positive people">currently living with HIV/AIDS</a> in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-GnBMen-105">[105]</a> A review of four studies in which <a href="/wiki/Trans_women" class="mw-redirect" title="Trans women">trans women</a> in the United States were tested for HIV found that 27.7% tested positive.<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> In 2015, a major HIV outbreak, <a href="/wiki/Indiana" title="Indiana">Indiana</a>'s largest-ever, occurred in two largely rural, economically depressed and poor counties in the southern portion of the state, due to the injection of a relatively new <a href="/wiki/Opioid" title="Opioid">opioid</a>-type drug called Opana (<a href="/wiki/Oxymorphone" title="Oxymorphone">oxymorphone</a>), which is designed be taken in pill form but is ground up and <a href="/wiki/Drug_injection" title="Drug injection">injected intravenously using needles</a>. Because of the lack of HIV cases in that area beforehand and the youth of many but not all of those affected, the relative unavailability in the local area of treatment centers capable of dealing with long-term therapies, <a href="/wiki/Management_of_HIV/AIDS" title="Management of HIV/AIDS">HIV/AIDS healthcare</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Drug_addiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Drug addiction">drug addiction</a> during the initial phases of the outbreak, and political opposition to <a href="/wiki/Needle_exchange_programs" class="mw-redirect" title="Needle exchange programs">needle exchange programs</a>, the outbreak expanded for months, resulting in up to 127 preventable cases. Under pressure, officials eventually declared a <a href="/wiki/State_of_emergency" title="State of emergency">state of emergency</a>, but much of the damage had already been done.<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=HIV/AIDS_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adult_Industry_Medical_Health_Care_Foundation" title="Adult Industry Medical Health Care Foundation">Adult Industry Medical Health Care Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AIDS_Education_and_Training_Centers" title="AIDS Education and Training Centers">AIDS Education and Training Centers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AIDS_Project_Los_Angeles" class="mw-redirect" title="AIDS Project Los Angeles">AIDS Project Los Angeles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criminal_transmission_of_HIV_in_the_United_States" title="Criminal transmission of HIV in the United States">Criminal transmission of HIV in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hank_M._Tavera" title="Hank M. Tavera">Hank M. Tavera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_and_the_LGBT_community" class="mw-redirect" title="Healthcare and the LGBT community">Healthcare and the LGBT community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_and_African_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="HIV/AIDS and African Americans">HIV/AIDS and African Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_LGBT_community#HIV/AIDS" class="mw-redirect" title="African-American LGBT community">African-American LGBT community#HIV/AIDS</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Men_who_have_sex_with_men" title="Men who have sex with men">Men who have sex with men</a> (MSM) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bugchasing" title="Bugchasing">Bugchasing</a>, sexual subculture of HIV/AIDS fetishists</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Down-low_(sexual_slang)" title="Down-low (sexual slang)">Down-low</a>, sexual subculture of African-American MSM</li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV_and_men_who_have_sex_with_men" title="HIV and men who have sex with men">HIV and men who have sex with men</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_practices_between_men" title="Sexual practices between men">Sexual practices between men</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President%27s_Emergency_Plan_for_AIDS_Relief" title="President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief">President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief</a></li></ul> International: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AIDS_education_and_training_centers" title="AIDS education and training centers">AIDS education and training centers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elton_John_AIDS_Foundation" title="Elton John AIDS Foundation">Elton John AIDS Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_United_Nations_Programme_on_HIV/AIDS" title="Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS">Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:HIV/AIDS_activism" title="Category:HIV/AIDS activism">HIV/AIDS activism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:HIV/AIDS_activists" title="Category:HIV/AIDS activists">HIV/AIDS activists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_global_epidemic" class="mw-redirect" title="HIV/AIDS global epidemic">HIV/AIDS global epidemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_North_America" title="HIV/AIDS in North America">HIV/AIDS in North America</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Atlanta" title="HIV/AIDS in Atlanta">HIV/AIDS in Atlanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Canada" title="HIV/AIDS in Canada">HIV/AIDS in Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_New_York_City" title="HIV/AIDS in New York City">HIV/AIDS in New York City</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=HIV/AIDS_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-CDCBasicStats-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CDCBasicStats_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CDCBasicStats_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CDCBasicStats_1-2">c</a> <a 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a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output 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October 12, 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240714072439/https://www.fox5atlanta.com/news/hiv-aids-fulton-county-prep-hiv-testing">Archived</a> from the original on July 14, 2024. Retrieved July 14, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Metro+Atlanta+has+one+of+the+highest+HIV+rates+in+the+world+%7C+What+can+be+done+to+prevent+the+spread&rft.date=2023-10-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fox5atlanta.com%2Fnews%2Fhiv-aids-fulton-county-prep-hiv-testing&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHIV%2FAIDS+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2010sept_cdc-107"><a href="#cite_ref-2010sept_cdc_107-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cdc.gov/nchhstp/newsroom/docs/factsheets/cdc-msm-508.pdf">"CDC Fact Sheet – HIV and AIDS among Gay and Bisexual Men – Sept 2010"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www.cdc.gov/nchhstp/newsroom/docs/factsheets/cdc-msm-508.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on October 9, 2022. Retrieved July 10, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CDC+Fact+Sheet+%E2%80%93+HIV+and+AIDS+among+Gay+and+Bisexual+Men+%E2%80%93+Sept+2010&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Fnchhstp%2Fnewsroom%2Fdocs%2Ffactsheets%2Fcdc-msm-508.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHIV%2FAIDS+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-kaiser_2010gaymale_hiv-108"><a href="#cite_ref-kaiser_2010gaymale_hiv_108-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kaiserhealthnews.org/Daily-Reports/2010/September/24/AIDS-gay-men.aspx">"CDC: One In Five Gay Men HIV-Positive"</a>. Kaiser Health News. September 24, 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140201204507/http://www.kaiserhealthnews.org/Daily-Reports/2010/September/24/AIDS-gay-men.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on February 1, 2014. Retrieved October 6, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CDC%3A+One+In+Five+Gay+Men+HIV-Positive&rft.pub=Kaiser+Health+News&rft.date=2010-09-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kaiserhealthnews.org%2FDaily-Reports%2F2010%2FSeptember%2F24%2FAIDS-gay-men.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHIV%2FAIDS+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerbstJacobsFinlaysonMcKleroy2008" class="citation journal cs1">Herbst, J. H; Jacobs, E. D; Finlayson, T. J; McKleroy, V. S; Neumann, M. S; Crepaz, N; HIV/AIDS Prevention Research Synthesis Team (January 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02319357/file/Poster%20Olga%20L%20Gonzalez%202019.pdf">"Estimating HIV Prevalence and Risk Behaviors of Transgender Persons in the United States: A Systematic Review"</a> (PDF). AIDS Behav. 12 (1): 1–17. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10461-007-9299-3">10.1007/s10461-007-9299-3</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17694429">17694429</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:22946778">22946778</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02319357/file/Poster%20Olga%20L%20Gonzalez%202019.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on October 9, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=AIDS+Behav&rft.atitle=Estimating+HIV+Prevalence+and+Risk+Behaviors+of+Transgender+Persons+in+the+United+States%3A+A+Systematic+Review&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-17&rft.date=2008-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A22946778%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17694429&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10461-007-9299-3&rft.aulast=Herbst&rft.aufirst=J.+H&rft.au=Jacobs%2C+E.+D&rft.au=Finlayson%2C+T.+J&rft.au=McKleroy%2C+V.+S&rft.au=Neumann%2C+M.+S&rft.au=Crepaz%2C+N&rft.au=HIV%2FAIDS+Prevention+Research+Synthesis+Team&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhal.archives-ouvertes.fr%2Fhal-02319357%2Ffile%2FPoster%2520Olga%2520L%2520Gonzalez%25202019.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHIV%2FAIDS+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGonsalvesCrawford2020" class="citation web cs1">Gonsalves, Greg; Crawford, Forrest (March 2, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.politico.com/news/magazine/2020/03/02/how-mike-pence-made-indianas-hiv-outbreak-worse-118648">"How Mike Pence Made Indiana's HIV Outbreak Worse"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Politico" title="Politico">Politico</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200312124136/https://www.politico.com/news/magazine/2020/03/02/how-mike-pence-made-indianas-hiv-outbreak-worse-118648">Archived</a> from the original on March 12, 2020. Retrieved April 25, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Politico&rft.atitle=How+Mike+Pence+Made+Indiana%27s+HIV+Outbreak+Worse&rft.date=2020-03-02&rft.aulast=Gonsalves&rft.aufirst=Greg&rft.au=Crawford%2C+Forrest&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.politico.com%2Fnews%2Fmagazine%2F2020%2F03%2F02%2Fhow-mike-pence-made-indianas-hiv-outbreak-worse-118648&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHIV%2FAIDS+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=HIV/AIDS_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Bibliography">edit</a>]</div> <ol><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCante2008" class="citation book cs1">Cante, Richard C. (March 2008). Gay Men and the Forms of Contemporary US Culture. London: Ashgate Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-7230-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-7230-2"><bdi>978-0-7546-7230-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gay+Men+and+the+Forms+of+Contemporary+US+Culture&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Ashgate+Publishing&rft.date=2008-03&rft.isbn=978-0-7546-7230-2&rft.aulast=Cante&rft.aufirst=Richard+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHIV%2FAIDS+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBogartThorburn2005" class="citation journal cs1">Bogart, Laura; Thorburn, Sheryl (February 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1097%2F00126334-200502010-00014">"Are HIV/AIDS conspiracy beliefs a barrier to HIV prevention among African Americans?"</a>. 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Syndr. 38 (2): 213–8. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1097%2F00126334-200502010-00014">10.1097/00126334-200502010-00014</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15671808">15671808</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:9659696">9659696</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J.+Acquir.+Immune+Defic.+Syndr.&rft.atitle=Are+HIV%2FAIDS+conspiracy+beliefs+a+barrier+to+HIV+prevention+among+African+Americans%3F&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=213-8&rft.date=2005-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A9659696%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15671808&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1097%2F00126334-200502010-00014&rft.aulast=Bogart&rft.aufirst=Laura&rft.au=Thorburn%2C+Sheryl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1097%252F00126334-200502010-00014&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHIV%2FAIDS+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalker1994" class="citation book cs1">Walker, Robert Searles (1994). AIDS: Today, Tomorrow : an Introduction to the HIV Epidemic in America (2nd ed.). Atlantic Highlands, New Jersey: Humanities Press Intl. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-391-03859-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-391-03859-2"><bdi>978-0-391-03859-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/30399464">30399464</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=AIDS%3A+Today%2C+Tomorrow+%3A+an+Introduction+to+the+HIV+Epidemic+in+America&rft.place=Atlantic+Highlands%2C+New+Jersey&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Humanities+Press+Intl&rft.date=1994&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F30399464&rft.isbn=978-0-391-03859-2&rft.aulast=Walker&rft.aufirst=Robert+Searles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHIV%2FAIDS+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSiplon2002" class="citation book cs1">Siplon, Patricia (2002). AIDS and the policy struggle in the United States. Washington D.C.: Georgetown University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87840-378-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87840-378-3"><bdi>978-0-87840-378-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/48964730">48964730</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=AIDS+and+the+policy+struggle+in+the+United+States&rft.place=Washington+D.C.&rft.pub=Georgetown+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F48964730&rft.isbn=978-0-87840-378-3&rft.aulast=Siplon&rft.aufirst=Patricia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHIV%2FAIDS+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCommission_on_Behavioral_and_Social_Sciences_and_Education1993" class="citation book cs1">National Research Council; Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education; Commission on Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education; Panel on Monitoring the Social Impact of the AIDS Epidemic (February 1, 1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=h_udx9hESKgC">The Social Impact of AIDS in the United States</a>. National Academies Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-309-04628-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-309-04628-2"><bdi>978-0-309-04628-2</bdi></a>. Retrieved May 21, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Social+Impact+of+AIDS+in+the+United+States&rft.pub=National+Academies+Press&rft.date=1993-02-01&rft.isbn=978-0-309-04628-2&rft.au=National+Research+Council&rft.au=Division+of+Behavioral+and+Social+Sciences+and+Education&rft.au=Commission+on+Behavioral+and+Social+Sciences+and+Education&rft.au=Panel+on+Monitoring+the+Social+Impact+of+the+AIDS+Epidemic&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dh_udx9hESKgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHIV%2FAIDS+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=HIV/AIDS_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuso,_Michael_Alan2017" class="citation book cs1">Buso, Michael Alan (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200318223229/https://researchrepository.wvu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=6332&context=etd">"Here There Is No Plague": The Ideology and Phenomenology of AIDS in Gay Literature AIDS in Gay Literature</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_West_Virginia" class="mw-redirect" title="University of West Virginia">University of West Virginia</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://researchrepository.wvu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=6332&context=etd">the original</a> on March 18, 2020. Retrieved June 18, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%22Here+There+Is+No+Plague%22%3A+The+Ideology+and+Phenomenology+of+AIDS+in+Gay+Literature+AIDS+in+Gay+Literature&rft.pub=University+of+West+Virginia&rft.date=2017&rft.au=Buso%2C+Michael+Alan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fresearchrepository.wvu.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D6332%26context%3Detd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHIV%2FAIDS+in+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> - <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200623075119/https://researchrepository.wvu.edu/etd/5291/">Document ID 5291</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=HIV/AIDS_in_the_United_States&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:North_America_topic" title="Template:North America topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:North_America_topic" title="Template talk:North America topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:North_America_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:North America topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="HIV/AIDS_in_North_America" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_North_America" title="HIV/AIDS in North America">HIV/AIDS in North America </a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=HIV/AIDS_in_Antigua_and_Barbuda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HIV/AIDS in Antigua and Barbuda (page does not exist)">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=HIV/AIDS_in_the_Bahamas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HIV/AIDS in the Bahamas (page does not exist)">Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Barbados" class="mw-redirect" title="HIV/AIDS in Barbados">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=HIV/AIDS_in_Belize&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HIV/AIDS in Belize (page does not exist)">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Canada" title="HIV/AIDS in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=HIV/AIDS_in_Costa_Rica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HIV/AIDS in Costa Rica (page does not exist)">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=HIV/AIDS_in_Cuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HIV/AIDS in Cuba (page does not exist)">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=HIV/AIDS_in_Dominica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HIV/AIDS in Dominica (page does not exist)">Dominica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_the_Dominican_Republic" title="HIV/AIDS in the Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_El_Salvador" title="HIV/AIDS in El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=HIV/AIDS_in_Grenada&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HIV/AIDS in Grenada (page does not exist)">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Guatemala" title="HIV/AIDS in Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Haiti" title="HIV/AIDS in Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Honduras" title="HIV/AIDS in Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Jamaica" title="HIV/AIDS in Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Mexico" title="HIV/AIDS in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Nicaragua" title="HIV/AIDS in Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Panama" class="mw-redirect" title="HIV/AIDS in Panama">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=HIV/AIDS_in_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HIV/AIDS in Saint Kitts and Nevis (page does not exist)">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=HIV/AIDS_in_Saint_Lucia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HIV/AIDS in Saint Lucia (page does not exist)">Saint Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=HIV/AIDS_in_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HIV/AIDS in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines (page does not exist)">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=HIV/AIDS_in_Trinidad_and_Tobago&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HIV/AIDS in Trinidad and Tobago (page does not exist)">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Dependencies and other territories</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=HIV/AIDS_in_Anguilla&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HIV/AIDS in Anguilla (page does not exist)">Anguilla</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=HIV/AIDS_in_Aruba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HIV/AIDS in Aruba (page does not exist)">Aruba</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=HIV/AIDS_in_Bermuda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HIV/AIDS in Bermuda (page does not exist)">Bermuda</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=HIV/AIDS_in_Bonaire&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HIV/AIDS in Bonaire (page does not exist)">Bonaire</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=HIV/AIDS_in_the_British_Virgin_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HIV/AIDS in the British Virgin Islands (page does not exist)">British Virgin Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=HIV/AIDS_in_the_Cayman_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HIV/AIDS in the Cayman Islands (page does not exist)">Cayman Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=HIV/AIDS_in_Cura%C3%A7ao&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HIV/AIDS in Curaçao (page does not exist)">Curaçao</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=HIV/AIDS_in_Greenland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HIV/AIDS in Greenland (page does not exist)">Greenland</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=HIV/AIDS_in_Guadeloupe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HIV/AIDS in Guadeloupe (page does not exist)">Guadeloupe</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=HIV/AIDS_in_Martinique&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HIV/AIDS in Martinique (page does not exist)">Martinique</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=HIV/AIDS_in_Montserrat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HIV/AIDS in Montserrat (page does not exist)">Montserrat</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=HIV/AIDS_in_Puerto_Rico&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HIV/AIDS in Puerto Rico (page does not exist)">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=HIV/AIDS_in_Saint_Barth%C3%A9lemy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HIV/AIDS in Saint Barthélemy (page does not exist)">Saint Barthélemy</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=HIV/AIDS_in_the_Collectivity_of_Saint_Martin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HIV/AIDS in the Collectivity of Saint Martin (page does not exist)">Saint Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=HIV/AIDS_in_Saint_Pierre_and_Miquelon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HIV/AIDS in Saint Pierre and Miquelon (page does not exist)">Saint Pierre and Miquelon</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=HIV/AIDS_in_Saba_(island)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HIV/AIDS in Saba (island) (page does not exist)">Saba</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=HIV/AIDS_in_Sint_Eustatius&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HIV/AIDS in Sint Eustatius (page does not exist)">Sint Eustatius</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=HIV/AIDS_in_Sint_Maarten&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HIV/AIDS in Sint Maarten (page does not exist)">Sint Maarten</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=HIV/AIDS_in_the_Turks_and_Caicos_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HIV/AIDS in the Turks and Caicos Islands (page does not exist)">Turks and Caicos Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=HIV/AIDS_in_the_United_States_Virgin_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HIV/AIDS in the United States Virgin Islands (page does not exist)">United States Virgin Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="HIV/AIDS_topics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a 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genome of HIV">structure and genome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subtypes_of_HIV" title="Subtypes of HIV">subtypes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CDC_classification_system_for_HIV_infection" title="CDC classification system for HIV infection">CDC classification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV_disease_progression_rates" title="HIV disease progression rates">disease progression rates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Addiction_and_HIV_Data_Archive_Program" title="National Addiction and HIV Data Archive Program">National Addiction and HIV Data Archive Program</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS" title="HIV/AIDS">HIV/AIDS</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diagnosis_of_HIV/AIDS" title="Diagnosis of HIV/AIDS">diagnosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Management_of_HIV/AIDS" title="Management of HIV/AIDS">management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pathophysiology_of_HIV/AIDS" title="Pathophysiology of HIV/AIDS">pathophysiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prevention_of_HIV/AIDS" title="Prevention of HIV/AIDS">prevention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_research" title="HIV/AIDS research">research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV_vaccine" class="mw-redirect" title="HIV vaccine">vaccination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-exposure_prophylaxis_for_HIV_prevention" title="Pre-exposure prophylaxis for HIV prevention">PrEP</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WHO_disease_staging_system_for_HIV_infection_and_disease" title="WHO disease staging system for HIV infection and disease">WHO disease staging system for HIV infection and disease</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/WHO_Disease_Staging_System_for_HIV_Infection_and_Disease_in_Children" title="WHO Disease Staging System for HIV Infection and Disease in Children">Children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WHO_Disease_Staging_System_for_HIV_Infection_and_Disease_in_Adults_and_Adolescents" title="WHO Disease Staging System for HIV Infection and Disease in Adults and Adolescents">Teens / Adults</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_HIV/AIDS_adult_prevalence_rate" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by HIV/AIDS adult prevalence rate">Countries by AIDS prevalence rate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Conditions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Signs_and_symptoms_of_HIV/AIDS" title="Signs and symptoms of HIV/AIDS">Signs and symptoms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AIDS-defining_clinical_condition" title="AIDS-defining clinical condition">AIDS-defining clinical condition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diffuse_infiltrative_lymphocytosis_syndrome" title="Diffuse infiltrative lymphocytosis syndrome">Diffuse infiltrative lymphocytosis syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV-associated_lipodystrophy" title="HIV-associated lipodystrophy">Lipodystrophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV-associated_nephropathy" title="HIV-associated nephropathy">Nephropathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV-associated_cardiomyopathy" title="HIV-associated cardiomyopathy">Cardiomyopathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV-associated_neurocognitive_disorder" title="HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder">Neurocognitive disorders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV-associated_pruritus" title="HIV-associated pruritus">Pruritus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opportunistic_infection" title="Opportunistic infection">Opportunistic infection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV_superinfection" title="HIV superinfection">Superinfection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuberculosis" title="Tuberculosis">Tuberculosis co-infection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV_Drug_Resistance_Database" title="HIV Drug Resistance Database">HIV Drug Resistance Database</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Innate_resistance_to_HIV" title="Innate resistance to HIV">Innate resistance to HIV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serostatus" title="Serostatus">Serostatus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV-positive_people" title="HIV-positive people">HIV-positive people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nutritional_challenges_of_HIV/AIDS" title="Nutritional challenges of HIV/AIDS">Nutrition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV_and_pregnancy" title="HIV and pregnancy">Pregnancy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_HIV/AIDS" title="History of HIV/AIDS">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epidemiology_of_HIV/AIDS" title="Epidemiology of HIV/AIDS">Epidemiology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Multiple_sex_partners" title="Multiple sex partners">Multiple sex partners</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_HIV/AIDS" title="Timeline of HIV/AIDS">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_AIDS_Museum_and_Educational_Center" title="World AIDS Museum and Educational Center">World AIDS Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Ray_Brown" title="Timothy Ray Brown">Timothy Ray Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_Patient" title="Berlin Patient">Berlin Patient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Castillejo" title="Adam Castillejo">The London Patient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Edmonds_(patient)" title="Paul Edmonds (patient)">City of Hope Patient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_and_HIV/AIDS" title="Women and HIV/AIDS">Women and HIV/AIDS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV_and_men_who_have_sex_with_men" title="HIV and men who have sex with men">HIV and homosexual men</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Social</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AIDS_orphan" title="AIDS orphan">AIDS orphan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_HIV/AIDS" title="Religion and HIV/AIDS">Religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_HIV/AIDS" title="Catholic Church and HIV/AIDS">Catholic Church and HIV/AIDS</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circumcision_and_HIV" title="Circumcision and HIV">Circumcision and HIV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criminal_transmission_of_HIV" title="Criminal transmission of HIV">Criminal transmission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_people_with_HIV/AIDS" title="Discrimination against people with HIV/AIDS">Discrimination against people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_impact_of_HIV/AIDS" title="Economic impact of HIV/AIDS">Economic impact</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cost_of_HIV_treatment" title="Cost of HIV treatment">Cost of treatment</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV-affected_community" title="HIV-affected community">HIV-affected community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_activism" title="HIV/AIDS activism">HIV/AIDS activism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_denialism" title="HIV/AIDS denialism">HIV/AIDS denialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_ribbon" title="Red ribbon">Red ribbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safe_sex" title="Safe sex">Safe sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_education" title="Sex education">Sex education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_HIV-positive_people" title="List of HIV-positive people">List of HIV-positive people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_With_AIDS" title="People With AIDS">People With AIDS Self-Empowerment Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexually_transmitted_infections_in_the_pornography_industry" title="Sexually transmitted infections in the pornography industry">HIV/AIDS in the porn industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV.gov" title="HIV.gov">HIV.gov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NAMES_Project_AIDS_Memorial_Quilt" title="NAMES Project AIDS Memorial Quilt">AIDS Memorial Quilt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Product_Red" title="Product Red">Product Red</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discredited_HIV/AIDS_origins_theories" title="Discredited HIV/AIDS origins theories">Discredited HIV/AIDS origins theories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_and_Developing_Countries_Clinical_Trials_Partnership" title="European and Developing Countries Clinical Trials Partnership">European and Developing Countries Clinical Trials Partnership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elton_John_AIDS_Foundation" title="Elton John AIDS Foundation">Elton John AIDS Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_AIDS_Conference" class="mw-redirect" title="International AIDS Conference">International AIDS Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_AIDS_Society" title="International AIDS Society">International AIDS Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_United_Nations_Programme_on_HIV/AIDS" title="Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS">Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_portrayal_of_HIV/AIDS" title="Media portrayal of HIV/AIDS">Media portrayal of HIV/AIDS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misconceptions_about_HIV/AIDS" title="Misconceptions about HIV/AIDS">Misconceptions about HIV/AIDS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President%27s_Emergency_Plan_for_AIDS_Relief" title="President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief">President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sing_campaign" title="Sing campaign">The SING Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solidays" title="Solidays">Solidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treatment_Action_Campaign" title="Treatment Action Campaign">Treatment Action Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Global_Fund_to_Fight_AIDS,_Tuberculosis_and_Malaria" title="The Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria">The Global Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_AIDS_Day" title="World AIDS Day">World AIDS Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_Against_AIDS" title="Youth Against AIDS">YAA/Youthforce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Me_(Sia_song)" title="Free Me (Sia song)">"Free Me"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larry_Kramer" title="Larry Kramer">Larry Kramer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GMHC" title="GMHC">Gay Men's Health Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ACT_UP" title="ACT UP">ACT UP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reports_from_the_Holocaust" title="Reports from the Holocaust">Reports from the Holocaust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AIDS%E2%80%93Holocaust_metaphor" title="AIDS–Holocaust metaphor">AIDS–Holocaust metaphor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silence%3DDeath_Project" title="Silence=Death Project">Silence=Death Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Day_Without_Art" title="Day Without Art">Day Without Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Freddie_Mercury_Tribute_Concert" title="The Freddie Mercury Tribute Concert">The Freddie Mercury Tribute Concert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayds" title="Ayds">Ayds</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Epidemiology_of_HIV/AIDS" title="Epidemiology of HIV/AIDS">Locations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Africa" title="HIV/AIDS in Africa">Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Angola" title="HIV/AIDS in Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Benin" title="HIV/AIDS in Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Botswana" title="HIV/AIDS in Botswana">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="HIV/AIDS in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Egypt" title="HIV/AIDS in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Eswatini" title="HIV/AIDS in Eswatini">Eswatini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Ethiopia" title="HIV/AIDS in Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Ghana" title="HIV/AIDS in Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Guinea" title="HIV/AIDS in Guinea">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Ivory_Coast" title="HIV/AIDS in Ivory Coast">Côte d'Ivoire (Ivory Coast)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Kenya" title="HIV/AIDS in Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Lesotho" title="HIV/AIDS in Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Madagascar" title="HIV/AIDS in Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Malawi" title="HIV/AIDS in Malawi">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Mali" title="HIV/AIDS in Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Mozambique" title="HIV/AIDS in Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Namibia" title="HIV/AIDS in Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Niger" title="HIV/AIDS in Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Nigeria" title="HIV/AIDS in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Rwanda" title="HIV/AIDS in Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Senegal" title="HIV/AIDS in Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Tanzania" title="HIV/AIDS in Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_South_Africa" title="HIV/AIDS in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Uganda" title="HIV/AIDS in Uganda">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Zambia" title="HIV/AIDS in Zambia">Zambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Zimbabwe" title="HIV/AIDS in Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Asia" title="HIV/AIDS in Asia">Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="HIV/AIDS in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Armenia" title="HIV/AIDS in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Azerbaijan" class="mw-redirect" title="HIV/AIDS in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Bahrain" class="mw-redirect" title="HIV/AIDS in Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Bangladesh" title="HIV/AIDS in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Bhutan" title="HIV/AIDS in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Cambodia" title="HIV/AIDS in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_China" title="HIV/AIDS in China">China (PRC)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Yunnan" title="HIV/AIDS in Yunnan">Yunnan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_East_Timor" title="HIV/AIDS in East Timor">East Timor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_India" title="HIV/AIDS in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Indonesia" title="HIV/AIDS in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="HIV/AIDS in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Iraq" title="HIV/AIDS in Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Japan" title="HIV/AIDS in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Jordan" title="HIV/AIDS in Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_North_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="HIV/AIDS in North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Laos" title="HIV/AIDS in Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Malaysia" title="HIV/AIDS in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Myanmar" title="HIV/AIDS in Myanmar">Myanmar (Burma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Nepal" title="HIV/AIDS in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Pakistan" title="HIV/AIDS in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_the_Philippines" title="HIV/AIDS in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Saudi_Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="HIV/AIDS in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Sri_Lanka" class="mw-redirect" title="HIV/AIDS in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Taiwan" title="HIV/AIDS in Taiwan">Taiwan (ROC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Thailand" title="HIV/AIDS in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="HIV/AIDS in the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="HIV/AIDS in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Vietnam" title="HIV/AIDS in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Europe" title="HIV/AIDS in Europe">Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="HIV/AIDS in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Russia" title="HIV/AIDS in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Ukraine" title="HIV/AIDS in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_North_America" title="HIV/AIDS in North America">North America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Canada" title="HIV/AIDS in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Mexico" title="HIV/AIDS in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_El_Salvador" title="HIV/AIDS in El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Guatemala" title="HIV/AIDS in Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Honduras" title="HIV/AIDS in Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Nicaragua" title="HIV/AIDS in Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_New_York_City" title="HIV/AIDS in New York City">New York City</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_the_Caribbean" title="HIV/AIDS in the Caribbean">Caribbean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Haiti" title="HIV/AIDS in Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Jamaica" title="HIV/AIDS in Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_the_Dominican_Republic" title="HIV/AIDS in the Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_South_America" title="HIV/AIDS in South America">South America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Argentina" title="HIV/AIDS in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Bolivia" title="HIV/AIDS in Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Brazil" title="HIV/AIDS in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Colombia" title="HIV/AIDS in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Guyana" title="HIV/AIDS in Guyana">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Peru" title="HIV/AIDS in Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Uruguay" title="HIV/AIDS in Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Australia" title="HIV/AIDS in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_New_Zealand" title="HIV/AIDS in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Papua_New_Guinea" title="HIV/AIDS in Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_HIV/AIDS_adult_prevalence_rate" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by HIV/AIDS adult prevalence rate">List of countries by HIV/AIDS adult prevalence rate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_HIV/AIDS_cases_and_deaths_registered_by_region" title="List of HIV/AIDS cases and deaths registered by region">List of HIV/AIDS cases and deaths registered by region</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="LGBTQ_in_the_United_States" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:LGBTQ_in_the_United_States" title="Template:LGBTQ in the United States"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:LGBTQ_in_the_United_States" title="Template talk:LGBTQ in the United States"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:LGBTQ_in_the_United_States" title="Special:EditPage/Template:LGBTQ in the United States"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="LGBTQ_in_the_United_States" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_people_in_the_United_States" title="LGBTQ people in the United States">LGBTQ in the United States</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_history_in_the_United_States" title="LGBTQ history in the United States">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_LGBTQ_politicians_in_the_United_States" title="List of LGBTQ politicians in the United States">Politicians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_the_first_LGBT_holders_of_political_offices_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="List of the first LGBT holders of political offices in the United States">First to hold office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_LGBTQ_members_of_the_United_States_Congress" title="List of LGBTQ members of the United States Congress">Members of Congress</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_violence_against_LGBTQ_people_in_the_United_States" title="History of violence against LGBTQ people in the United States">History of violence against LGBTQ people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_transgender_people_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="History of transgender people in the United States">History of transgender people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodomy_laws_in_the_United_States" title="Sodomy laws in the United States">Sodomy laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_LGBTQ_history_in_the_United_States" title="Timeline of LGBTQ history in the United States">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_in_the_United_States" title="LGBTQ rights in the United States">Rights</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Same-sex_unions_in_the_United_States" title="Same-sex unions in the United States">Same-sex unions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage_in_the_United_States" title="Same-sex marriage in the United States">Marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_union_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil union in the United States">Civil union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_partnership_in_the_United_States" title="Domestic partnership in the United States">Domestic partnership</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cities_and_counties_in_the_United_States_offering_a_domestic_partnership_registry" title="Cities and counties in the United States offering a domestic partnership registry">by municipal areas</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_orientation_and_gender_identity_in_the_United_States_military" title="Sexual orientation and gender identity in the United States military">LGBTQ in the military</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_orientation_in_the_United_States_military" title="Sexual orientation in the United States military">Sexual orientation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_personnel_in_the_United_States_military" title="Transgender personnel in the United States military">Transgender personnel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersex_people_and_military_service_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Intersex people and military service in the United States">Intersex people</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_employment_discrimination_in_the_United_States" title="LGBT employment discrimination in the United States">Employment discrimination</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_counties_in_the_United_States_offering_an_LGBT_non-discrimination_ordinance" title="List of cities and counties in the United States offering an LGBT non-discrimination ordinance">Local ordinances</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_adoption_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT adoption in the United States">Adoption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_rights_in_the_United_States" title="Transgender rights in the United States">Transgender rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_disenfranchisement_in_the_United_States" title="Transgender disenfranchisement in the United States">Transgender disenfranchisement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_identity_under_Title_IX" title="Gender identity under Title IX">Gender identity under Title IX</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_LGBTQ_community" title="African-American LGBTQ community">African-American LGBTQ community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_demographics_of_the_United_States" title="LGBT demographics of the United States">Population and demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_movements_in_the_United_States" title="LGBTQ movements in the United States">LGBTQ movements in the United States</a></li> <li>Health <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">HIV/AIDS in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_healthcare_in_the_United_States_Veterans_Health_Administration" title="LGBT healthcare in the United States Veterans Health Administration">Veterans healthcare</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay_and_Lesbian_Pride_Month" class="mw-redirect" title="Gay and Lesbian Pride Month">LGBTQ+ Pride Month</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_retirement_issues_in_the_United_States" title="LGBT retirement issues in the United States">Retirement issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homosexuality_in_sports_in_the_United_States" title="Homosexuality in sports in the United States">Sports</a></li> <li>Lists of LGBTQ organizations <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_LGBTQ_community_centers_in_the_United_States" title="List of LGBTQ community centers in the United States">community centers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_LGBTQ_rights_organizations_in_the_United_States" title="List of LGBTQ rights organizations in the United States">Rights organizations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_among_LGBTQ_youth_in_the_United_States" title="Homelessness among LGBTQ youth in the United States">Youth homelessness</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a 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