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title="我们推荐您创建账号并登录，但这不是强制性的"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>创建账号</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E7%94%A8%E6%88%B7%E7%99%BB%E5%BD%95&returnto=%E8%9B%87" title="建议你登录，尽管并非必须。[o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>登录</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 未登录编辑者的页面 <a href="/wiki/Help:%E6%96%B0%E6%89%8B%E5%85%A5%E9%97%A8" aria-label="了解有关编辑的更多信息"><span>了解详情</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%B4%A1%E7%8C%AE" title="来自此IP地址的编辑列表[y]" accesskey="y"><span>贡献</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%AE%A8%E8%AE%BA%E9%A1%B5" title="对于来自此IP地址编辑的讨论[n]" accesskey="n"><span>讨论</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="站点"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="目录" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">目录</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">序言</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-分類" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#分類"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>分類</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-分類-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-演化" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#演化"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>演化</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-演化-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-生物特徵" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#生物特徵"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>生物特徵</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-生物特徵-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关生物特徵子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-生物特徵-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-攝食及消化系統" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#攝食及消化系統"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>攝食及消化系統</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-攝食及消化系統-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-蛇鱗及蛻皮習慣" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#蛇鱗及蛻皮習慣"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>蛇鱗及蛻皮習慣</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-蛇鱗及蛻皮習慣-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-感官" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#感官"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>感官</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-感官-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-視力" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#視力"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.1</span> <span>視力</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-視力-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-嗅覺" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#嗅覺"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.2</span> <span>嗅覺</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-嗅覺-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-感應力" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#感應力"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.3</span> <span>感應力</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-感應力-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-內臟" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#內臟"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>內臟</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-內臟-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-運動方式" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#運動方式"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>運動方式</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-運動方式-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-繁殖" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#繁殖"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>繁殖</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-繁殖-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-蛇毒" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#蛇毒"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>蛇毒</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-蛇毒-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-與人類的互動" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#與人類的互動"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>與人類的互動</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-與人類的互動-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关與人類的互動子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-與人類的互動-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-蛇咬" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#蛇咬"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>蛇咬</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-蛇咬-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-弄蛇術" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#弄蛇術"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>弄蛇術</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-弄蛇術-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-捕蛇業" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#捕蛇業"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>捕蛇業</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-捕蛇業-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-蛇類的用途" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#蛇類的用途"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>蛇類的用途</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-蛇類的用途-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-相關文化" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#相關文化"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>相關文化</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-相關文化-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关相關文化子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-相關文化-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-亞洲文化的蛇" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#亞洲文化的蛇"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>亞洲文化的蛇</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-亞洲文化的蛇-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-中國大陆" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#中國大陆"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.1</span> <span>中國大陆</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-中國大陆-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-日本" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#日本"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.2</span> <span>日本</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-日本-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-臺灣原住民" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#臺灣原住民"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.3</span> <span>臺灣原住民</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-臺灣原住民-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-印度" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#印度"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.4</span> <span>印度</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-印度-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-世界各地文化的蛇" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#世界各地文化的蛇"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>世界各地文化的蛇</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-世界各地文化的蛇-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-非洲文化的蛇" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#非洲文化的蛇"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>非洲文化的蛇</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-非洲文化的蛇-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-美洲文化的蛇" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#美洲文化的蛇"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>美洲文化的蛇</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-美洲文化的蛇-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-参考文献" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#参考文献"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>参考文献</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-参考文献-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-延伸閱讀" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#延伸閱讀"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>延伸閱讀</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-延伸閱讀-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-外部連結" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#外部連結"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>外部連結</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-外部連結-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-相關" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#相關"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>相關</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-相關-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-參見" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#參見"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>參見</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-參見-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-延伸阅读" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#延伸阅读"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>延伸阅读</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-延伸阅读-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="目录" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="目录" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="开关目录" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">开关目录</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">蛇</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="前往另一种语言写成的文章。197种语言可用" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-197" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">197种语言</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ady mw-list-item"><a href="https://ady.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BB%D1%8D" title="Блэ – 阿迪格语" lang="ady" hreflang="ady" data-title="Блэ" data-language-autonym="Адыгабзэ" data-language-local-name="阿迪格语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Адыгабзэ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slang" title="Slang – 南非荷兰语" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Slang" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="南非荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schlangen" title="Schlangen – 瑞士德语" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Schlangen" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="瑞士德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%A5%E1%89%A3%E1%89%A5" title="እባብ – 阿姆哈拉语" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="እባብ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="阿姆哈拉语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serpentes" title="Serpentes – 阿拉贡语" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Serpentes" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="阿拉贡语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snaca" title="Snaca – 古英语" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Snaca" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="古英语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA" title="सर्प – 昂加语" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="सर्प" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="昂加语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AB%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86" title="ثعبان – 阿拉伯语" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ثعبان" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="阿拉伯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%9A%DC%98%DC%9D%DC%90" title="ܚܘܝܐ – 阿拉米语" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܚܘܝܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="阿拉米语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%86%D8%B4" title="حنش – 摩洛哥阿拉伯文" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="حنش" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="摩洛哥阿拉伯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86" title="تعبان – 埃及阿拉伯文" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="تعبان" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="埃及阿拉伯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AA" title="সাপ – 阿萨姆语" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="সাপ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="阿萨姆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culiebra" title="Culiebra – 阿斯图里亚斯语" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Culiebra" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="阿斯图里亚斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-atj mw-list-item"><a href="https://atj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinepikw" title="Kinepikw – 阿提卡米克语" lang="atj" hreflang="atj" data-title="Kinepikw" data-language-autonym="Atikamekw" data-language-local-name="阿提卡米克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Atikamekw</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asiru" title="Asiru – 艾马拉语" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Asiru" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="艾马拉语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0lanlar" title="İlanlar – 阿塞拜疆语" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="İlanlar" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="阿塞拜疆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="ایلانلار – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ایلانلار" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%99%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Йыландар – 巴什基尔语" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Йыландар" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="巴什基尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lelipi" title="Lelipi – 巴厘语" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Lelipi" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="巴厘语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C4%ABvat%C4%97" title="Gīvatė – 薩莫吉希亞文" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Gīvatė" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="薩莫吉希亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halas" title="Halas – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Halas" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%96" title="Змеі – 白俄罗斯语" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Змеі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="白俄罗斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D1%8C%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%96" title="Зьмеі – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Зьмеі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ula" title="Ula – 貝塔維文" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Ula" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="貝塔維文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Betawi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B8" title="Змии – 保加利亚语" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Змии" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="保加利亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tadung" title="Tadung – 班亞爾文" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Tadung" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="班亞爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AA" title="সাপ – 孟加拉语" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সাপ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="孟加拉语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A6%E0%BE%A6%E0%BE%B2%E0%BD%B4%E0%BD%A3%E0%BC%8D" title="སྦྲུལ། – 藏语" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="སྦྲུལ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="藏语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naer" title="Naer – 布列塔尼语" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Naer" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="布列塔尼语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zmija" title="Zmija – 波斯尼亚语" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Zmija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="波斯尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B9" title="Могой – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Могой" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serps" title="Serps – 加泰罗尼亚语" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Serps" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="加泰罗尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="典范条目"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Si%C3%A8" title="Siè – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Siè" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D1%8C%D1%85%D1%8C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Лаьхьарчий – 车臣语" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Лаьхьарчий" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="车臣语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitin" title="Bitin – 宿务语" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Bitin" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="宿务语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chy mw-list-item"><a href="https://chy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0e%27%C5%A1enov%C3%B4tse" title="Še'šenovôtse – 夏延语" lang="chy" hreflang="chy" data-title="Še'šenovôtse" data-language-autonym="Tsetsêhestâhese" data-language-local-name="夏延语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tsetsêhestâhese</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="مار – 中库尔德语" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="مار" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="中库尔德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadi" title="Hadi – 捷克语" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Hadi" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="捷克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87%C4%95%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Çĕленсем – 楚瓦什语" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Çĕленсем" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="楚瓦什语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neidr" title="Neidr – 威尔士语" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Neidr" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="威尔士语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slanger" title="Slanger – 丹麦语" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Slanger" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="丹麦语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schlangen" title="Schlangen – 德语" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Schlangen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar" title="Mar – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Mar" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA" title="स्याप – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="स्याप" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>डोटेली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ee mw-list-item"><a href="https://ee.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A3" title="Dã – 埃维语" lang="ee" hreflang="ee" data-title="Dã" data-language-autonym="Eʋegbe" data-language-local-name="埃维语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eʋegbe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A6%CE%AF%CE%B4%CE%B9" title="Φίδι – 希腊语" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Φίδι" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="希腊语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snake" title="Snake – 英语" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Snake" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serpentoj" title="Serpentoj – 世界语" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Serpentoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="世界语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serpentes" title="Serpentes – 西班牙语" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Serpentes" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="西班牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maolised" title="Maolised – 爱沙尼亚语" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Maolised" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="爱沙尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suge" title="Suge – 巴斯克语" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Suge" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="巴斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="مار – 波斯语" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مار" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="波斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A4%C3%A4rmeet" title="Käärmeet – 芬兰语" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Käärmeet" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="芬兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siug" title="Siug – 佛羅文" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Siug" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="佛羅文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gata" title="Gata – 斐济语" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Gata" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="斐济语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Na Vosa Vakaviti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slangur" title="Slangur – 法罗语" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Slangur" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="法罗语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serpentes" title="Serpentes – 法语" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Serpentes" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="法语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slaanger" title="Slaanger – 北弗里西亚语" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Slaanger" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="北弗里西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slangen" title="Slangen – 西弗里西亚语" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Slangen" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="西弗里西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathair" title="Nathair – 爱尔兰语" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Nathair" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="爱尔兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathair" title="Nathair – 苏格兰盖尔语" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Nathair" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="苏格兰盖尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobras" title="Cobras – 加利西亚语" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Cobras" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="加利西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-glk mw-list-item"><a href="https://glk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%A4%D9%85" title="میلؤم – 吉拉基文" lang="glk" hreflang="glk" data-title="میلؤم" data-language-autonym="گیلکی" data-language-local-name="吉拉基文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>گیلکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mb%C3%B3i" title="Mbói – 瓜拉尼语" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Mbói" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="瓜拉尼语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gor mw-list-item"><a href="https://gor.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulidu" title="Tulidu – 哥伦打洛语" lang="gor" hreflang="gor" data-title="Tulidu" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Hulontalo" data-language-local-name="哥伦打洛语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Hulontalo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%B8%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%AA" title="સાપ – 古吉拉特语" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="સાપ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="古吉拉特语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-guw mw-list-item"><a href="https://guw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odanflo" title="Odanflo – Gun" lang="guw" hreflang="guw" data-title="Odanflo" data-language-autonym="Gungbe" data-language-local-name="Gun" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gungbe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maciji" title="Maciji – 豪萨语" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Maciji" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="豪萨语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A0-k%C3%B4" title="Sà-kô – 客家语" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Sà-kô" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="客家语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A0%D7%97%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%9D" title="נחשים – 希伯来语" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="נחשים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="希伯来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%AA" title="साँप – 印地语" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="साँप" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="印地语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saamp" title="Saamp – 斐濟印地文" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Saamp" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="斐濟印地文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zmije" title="Zmije – 克罗地亚语" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Zmije" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koul%C3%A8v" title="Koulèv – 海地克里奥尔语" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Koulèv" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="海地克里奥尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%ADgy%C3%B3k" title="Kígyók – 匈牙利语" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kígyók" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="匈牙利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%95%D5%B1%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Օձեր – 亚美尼亚语" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Օձեր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="亚美尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%95%D5%B1%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Օձեր – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Օձեր" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serpentes" title="Serpentes – 国际语" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Serpentes" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="国际语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ular" title="Ular – 伊班语" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Ular" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="伊班语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jaku Iban</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ular" title="Ular – 印度尼西亚语" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Ular" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="印度尼西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%ADvore" title="Vívore – 国际文字（E）" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Vívore" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="国际文字（E）" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ik mw-list-item"><a href="https://ik.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nimi%C4%A1iaq_(paam%C4%A1uaq)" title="Nimiġiaq (paamġuaq) – 伊努皮克语" lang="ik" hreflang="ik" data-title="Nimiġiaq (paamġuaq)" data-language-autonym="Iñupiatun" data-language-local-name="伊努皮克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Iñupiatun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uleg" title="Uleg – 伊洛卡诺语" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Uleg" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="伊洛卡诺语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serpento" title="Serpento – 伊多语" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Serpento" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="伊多语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sl%C3%B6ngur" title="Slöngur – 冰岛语" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Slöngur" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="冰岛语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serpentes" title="Serpentes – 意大利语" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Serpentes" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="意大利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iu mw-list-item"><a href="https://iu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%93%82%E1%92%A5%E1%95%86%E1%90%8A%E1%96%85" title="ᓂᒥᕆᐊᖅ – 因纽特语" lang="iu" hreflang="iu" data-title="ᓂᒥᕆᐊᖅ" data-language-autonym="ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut" data-language-local-name="因纽特语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%98%E3%83%93" title="ヘビ – 日语" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ヘビ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="日语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ula" title="Ula – 爪哇语" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Ula" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="爪哇语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%92%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="გველები – 格鲁吉亚语" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="გველები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="格鲁吉亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azrem" title="Azrem – 卡拜尔语" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Azrem" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="卡拜尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C6%89%CA%8Am" title="Ɖʊm – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Ɖʊm" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zwak" title="Zwak – 卡塔布语" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="Zwak" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="卡塔布语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tyap</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulay" title="Ulay – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Ulay" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kumoring</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Жыландар – 哈萨克语" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Жыландар" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="哈萨克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B9%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B5%E0%B3%81" title="ಹಾವು – 卡纳达语" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಹಾವು" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="卡纳达语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-knc mw-list-item"><a href="https://knc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kadi" title="Kadi – Central Kanuri" lang="knc" hreflang="knc" data-title="Kadi" data-language-autonym="Yerwa Kanuri" data-language-local-name="Central Kanuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yerwa Kanuri</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B1%80" title="뱀 – 韩语" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="뱀" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="韩语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%8E%D8%B1%D9%8F%D9%BE%DA%BE" title="سَرُپھ – 克什米尔语" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="سَرُپھ" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="克什米尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar" title="Mar – 库尔德语" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Mar" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="库尔德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarf" title="Sarf – 康沃尔语" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Sarf" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="康沃尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Жылан – 柯尔克孜语" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Жылан" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="柯尔克孜语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serpentes" title="Serpentes – 拉丁语" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Serpentes" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="拉丁语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schlaangen" title="Schlaangen – 卢森堡语" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Schlaangen" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="卢森堡语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serpente" title="Serpente – 新共同語言" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Serpente" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="新共同語言" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slange" title="Slange – 林堡语" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Slange" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="林堡语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ny%C3%B3ka" title="Nyóka – 林加拉语" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Nyóka" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="林加拉语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%87%E0%BA%B9" title="ງູ – 老挝语" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ງູ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="老挝语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gyvat%C4%97s" title="Gyvatės – 立陶宛语" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Gyvatės" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="立陶宛语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8C%C5%ABskas" title="Čūskas – 拉脱维亚语" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Čūskas" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="拉脱维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%AA" title="साँप – 迈蒂利语" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="साँप" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="迈蒂利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibilava" title="Bibilava – 马拉加斯语" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Bibilava" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="马拉加斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Змија – 马其顿语" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Змија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="马其顿语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E2%80%8C" title="പാമ്പ്‌ – 马拉雅拉姆语" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പാമ്പ്‌" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="马拉雅拉姆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B9" title="Могой – 蒙古语" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Могой" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="蒙古语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%82%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%9F" title="ꯂꯤꯟ – 曼尼普尔语" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯂꯤꯟ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="曼尼普尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA" title="साप – 马拉地语" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="साप" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="马拉地语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D3%B9%D1%88%D0%BA%D3%B9" title="Кӹшкӹ – 西馬里文" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Кӹшкӹ" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="西馬里文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кырык мары</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="典范条目"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ular" title="Ular – 马来语" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Ular" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="马来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serp" title="Serp – 马耳他语" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Serp" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="马耳他语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%BC%E1%80%BD%E1%80%B1" title="မြွေ – 缅甸语" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="မြွေ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="缅甸语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B1" title="مر – 马赞德兰语" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="مر" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="马赞德兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coatl" title="Coatl – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="Coatl" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nāhuatl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A8rpa" title="Sèrpa – 那不勒斯语" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Sèrpa" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="那不勒斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slangen" title="Slangen – 低地德语" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Slangen" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="低地德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA" title="सर्प – 尼泊尔语" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="सर्प" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="尼泊尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE" title="तहा – 尼瓦尔语" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="तहा" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="尼瓦尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="典范条目"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slangen" title="Slangen – 荷兰语" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Slangen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ormar" title="Ormar – 挪威尼诺斯克语" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Ormar" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="挪威尼诺斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="优良条目"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slanger" title="Slanger – 书面挪威语" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Slanger" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="书面挪威语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tchilieuvre" title="Tchilieuvre – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Tchilieuvre" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nso mw-list-item"><a href="https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noga" title="Noga – 北索托语" lang="nso" hreflang="nso" data-title="Noga" data-language-autonym="Sesotho sa Leboa" data-language-local-name="北索托语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sesotho sa Leboa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C5%82%CA%BCiish" title="Tłʼiish – 纳瓦霍语" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Tłʼiish" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="纳瓦霍语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Diné bizaad</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serpentes" title="Serpentes – 奥克语" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Serpentes" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="奥克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%AA" title="ସାପ – 奥里亚语" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ସାପ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="奥里亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BC" title="Калм – 奥塞梯语" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Калм" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="奥塞梯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%AA" title="ਸੱਪ – 旁遮普语" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਸੱਪ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="旁遮普语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubingan" title="Ubingan – 邦板牙语" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Ubingan" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="邦板牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C4%99%C5%BCe" title="Węże – 波兰语" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Węże" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="波兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%ABrpent" title="Sërpent – 皮埃蒙特文" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Sërpent" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="皮埃蒙特文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%BE" title="سپ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="سپ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="مار – 普什图语" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="مار" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="普什图语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serpente" title="Serpente – 葡萄牙语" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Serpente" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="葡萄牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mach%27aqway" title="Mach'aqway – 克丘亚语" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Mach'aqway" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="克丘亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C8%98arpe" title="Șarpe – 罗马尼亚语" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Șarpe" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="罗马尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B8" title="Змеи – 俄语" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Змеи" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="俄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%97" title="Змыї – 盧森尼亞文" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Змыї" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="盧森尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%83" title="सर्पः – 梵语" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="सर्पः" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="梵语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D2%95%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Моҕойдор – 萨哈语" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Моҕойдор" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="萨哈语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%B5%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%A7" title="ᱵᱤᱧ – 桑塔利语" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱵᱤᱧ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="桑塔利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scursuni" title="Scursuni – 西西里语" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Scursuni" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="西西里语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snake" title="Snake – 苏格兰语" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Snake" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="苏格兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF" title="نانگ – 信德语" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="نانگ" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="信德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gearpma%C5%A1at" title="Gearpmašat – 北方萨米语" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Gearpmašat" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="北方萨米语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zmija" title="Zmija – 塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Zmija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%83%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%B4%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%9D" title="සර්පයෝ – 僧伽罗语" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="සර්පයෝ" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="僧伽罗语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snake" title="Snake – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Snake" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hady" title="Hady – 斯洛伐克语" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Hady" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="斯洛伐克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ka%C4%8De" title="Kače – 斯洛文尼亚语" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Kače" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="斯洛文尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyoka" title="Nyoka – 绍纳语" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Nyoka" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="绍纳语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mas" title="Mas – 索马里语" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Mas" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="索马里语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gjarpri" title="Gjarpri – 阿尔巴尼亚语" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Gjarpri" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="阿尔巴尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B5" title="Змије – 塞尔维亚语" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Змије" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oray" title="Oray – 巽他语" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Oray" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="巽他语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ormar" title="Ormar – 瑞典语" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Ormar" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="瑞典语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyoka" title="Nyoka – 斯瓦希里语" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Nyoka" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="斯瓦希里语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szlangi" title="Szlangi – 西里西亚语" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Szlangi" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="西里西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/bau" title="bau – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="bau" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sakizaya</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81" title="பாம்பு – 泰米尔语" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பாம்பு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="泰米尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tay mw-list-item"><a href="https://tay.wikipedia.org/wiki/mqu" title="mqu – Atayal" lang="tay" hreflang="tay" data-title="mqu" data-language-autonym="Tayal" data-language-local-name="Atayal" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tayal</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tdd mw-list-item"><a href="https://tdd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%A5%92%E1%A5%A7%E1%A5%B0" title="ᥒᥧᥰ – Tai Nuea" lang="tdd" hreflang="tdd" data-title="ᥒᥧᥰ" data-language-autonym="ᥖᥭᥰ ᥖᥬᥲ ᥑᥨᥒᥰ" data-language-local-name="Tai Nuea" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᥖᥭᥰ ᥖᥬᥲ ᥑᥨᥒᥰ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%81" title="పాము – 泰卢固语" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="పాము" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="泰卢固语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Мор – 塔吉克语" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Мор" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="塔吉克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%B9" title="งู – 泰语" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="งู" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="泰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahas" title="Ahas – 他加禄语" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Ahas" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="他加禄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y%C4%B1lan" title="Yılan – 土耳其语" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Yılan" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="土耳其语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-trv mw-list-item"><a href="https://trv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quyu" title="Quyu – 赛德克语" lang="trv" hreflang="trv" data-title="Quyu" data-language-autonym="Seediq" data-language-local-name="赛德克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seediq</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Еланнар – 鞑靼语" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Еланнар" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="鞑靼语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum mw-list-item"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Njoka" title="Njoka – 通布卡语" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="Njoka" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="通布卡语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiTumbuka</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8B%D0%B9" title="Кый – 乌德穆尔特语" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Кый" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="乌德穆尔特语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Удмурт</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%97" title="Змії – 乌克兰语" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Змії" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="乌克兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%BE" title="سانپ – 乌尔都语" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="سانپ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="乌尔都语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilonlar" title="Ilonlar – 乌兹别克语" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Ilonlar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="乌兹别克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serpentes" title="Serpentes – 威尼斯语" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Serpentes" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="威尼斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%BCd" title="Küd – 维普森语" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Küd" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="维普森语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%E1%BA%AFn" title="Rắn – 越南语" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Rắn" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="越南语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierpint" title="Sierpint – 瓦隆语" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Sierpint" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="瓦隆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halas" title="Halas – 瓦瑞语" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Halas" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="瓦瑞语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%9B%87" title="蛇 – 吴语" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="蛇" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="吴语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inyoka" title="Inyoka – 科萨语" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="Inyoka" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="科萨语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiXhosa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%92" title="שלאנג – 意第绪语" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="שלאנג" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="意第绪语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ej%C3%B2" title="Ejò – 约鲁巴语" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Ejò" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="约鲁巴语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngwz" title="Ngwz – 壮语" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Ngwz" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="壮语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B5%89%E2%B4%BC%E2%B5%89%E2%B5%96%E2%B5%94" title="ⵉⴼⵉⵖⵔ – 标准摩洛哥塔马塞特语" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⵉⴼⵉⵖⵔ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="标准摩洛哥塔马塞特语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%9B%87" title="蛇 – 文言文" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="蛇" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="文言文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cho%C3%A2" title="Choâ – 闽南语" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Choâ" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="闽南语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%9B%87" title="蛇 – 粤语" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="蛇" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="粤语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q2102#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="编辑跨语言链接" class="wbc-editpage">编辑链接</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="命名空间"> <div id="p-associated-pages" 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class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">外观</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-noteTA-591a627e" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span title="本页使用了标题或全文手工转换"><img alt="本页使用了标题或全文手工转换" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Zh_conversion_icon_m.svg/35px-Zh_conversion_icon_m.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Zh_conversion_icon_m.svg/53px-Zh_conversion_icon_m.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Zh_conversion_icon_m.svg/70px-Zh_conversion_icon_m.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="32" data-file-height="20" /></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">维基百科，自由的百科全书</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="zh" dir="ltr"><div id="noteTA-591a627e" class="noteTA"><div class="noteTA-local"><div data-noteta-code="zh-cn:爬行动物; zh-tw:爬蟲類動物; zh-hk:爬蟲類動物;"></div><div data-noteta-code="zh-cn:爬行; zh-tw:爬蟲; zh-hk:爬蟲;"></div></div></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r85100532">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-size:small}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:2em;margin-bottom:0.8em;margin-top:0.8em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img::after{content:"\202f \202f \202f \202f "}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img-small::after{content:"\202f \202f "}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img-small{display:none}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"><span class="noviewer hatnote-notice-img" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E6%B6%88%E6%AD%A7%E4%B9%89" title="Wikipedia:消歧义"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Disambig_gray.svg/25px-Disambig_gray.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Disambig_gray.svg/38px-Disambig_gray.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Disambig_gray.svg/50px-Disambig_gray.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="220" data-file-height="168" /></a></span>关于与「<b>蛇</b>」標題相近或相同的条目，請見「<b><a href="/wiki/%E8%9B%87_(%E6%B6%88%E6%AD%A7%E7%BE%A9)" class="mw-disambig" title="蛇 (消歧義)">蛇 (消歧義)</a></b>」。</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"><span class="noviewer hatnote-notice-img" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E6%B6%88%E6%AD%A7%E4%B9%89" title="Wikipedia:消歧义"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Disambig_gray.svg/25px-Disambig_gray.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Disambig_gray.svg/38px-Disambig_gray.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Disambig_gray.svg/50px-Disambig_gray.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="220" data-file-height="168" /></a></span>「<b>虵</b>」重定向至此。关于网络迷因，请见「<b><a href="/wiki/%E8%86%9C%E8%9B%A4%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96" title="膜蛤文化">膜蛤文化</a></b>」。</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <table class="infobox biota" style="text-align: left; width: 200px; font-size: 100%"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)">蛇|蛇亚目<span class="plainlinks" style="font-size:smaller; float:right; padding-right:0.4em; margin-left:-3em; margin-top:0.05em;"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Help:%E5%A6%82%E4%BD%95%E9%96%B1%E8%AE%80%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E8%B3%87%E8%A8%8A%E6%A1%86" title="Help:如何閱讀生物資訊框"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Infobox_info_icon2.svg/18px-Infobox_info_icon2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Infobox_info_icon2.svg/27px-Infobox_info_icon2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Infobox_info_icon2.svg/36px-Infobox_info_icon2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a></span></span><br /><div style="font-size: 85%;">化石时期：<span class="noprint"><span style="display:inline-block;"></span><span style="display:inline-block;">94–0 <a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BE%E4%B8%87%E5%B9%B4" class="mw-redirect" title="百万年">Ma</a></span> <span style="display:inline-block;"></span><div id="Timeline-row" style="margin: 4px auto 0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:18px; overflow:visible; white-space:nowrap; border:1px #666; border-style:solid none; position:relative; z-index:0; font-size:97%;"> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; left:0px; width:208.07692307692px; padding-left:5px; text-align:left; background-color:; background-image: linear-gradient(to right, rgba(255,255,255,1), rgba(254,217,106,1) 15%, rgba(254,217,106,1));"><a href="/wiki/%E5%89%8D%E5%AF%92%E6%AD%A6%E7%BA%AA" title="前寒武纪">PreЄ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(129,170,114); left:36.892307692308px; width:18.818461538462px;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%92%E6%AD%A6%E7%BA%AA" title="寒武纪">Є</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(0,169,138); left:55.710769230769px; width:14.08px;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E9%99%B6%E7%BA%AA" title="奥陶纪">O</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(166,223,197); left:69.790769230769px; width:8.3261538461539px;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%97%E7%95%99%E7%B4%80" title="志留紀">S</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(221,150,81); left:78.116923076923px; width:20.409230769231px;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A5%E7%9B%86%E7%BA%AA" title="泥盆纪">D</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(63,174,173); left:98.526153846154px; width:20.307692307692px;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%B3%E7%82%AD%E7%BA%AA" title="石炭纪">C</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(247,88,60); left:118.83384615385px; width:15.907015384615px;"><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%8C%E5%8F%A0%E7%BA%AA" title="二叠纪">P</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(153,78,150); left:134.74086153846px; width:17.126830769231px;"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E5%8F%A0%E7%BA%AA" title="三叠纪">T</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(0,187,231); left:151.86769230769px; width:19.055384615385px;"><a href="/wiki/%E4%BE%8F%E7%BD%97%E7%BA%AA" title="侏罗纪">J</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(111,200,107); left:170.92307692308px; width:26.738461538462px;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BD%E5%9E%A9%E7%BA%AA" title="白垩纪">K</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(254,161,99); left:197.66153846154px; width:14.543692307692px;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E8%BF%91%E7%BA%AA" title="古近纪">Pg</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(254,221,45); left:212.20523076923px; width:7.7947692307692px;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E8%BF%91%E7%BA%AA" title="新近纪">N</a></div> <div id="end-border" style="position:absolute; height:100%; background-color:#666; width:1px; left:219px"></div><div style="margin:0 auto; line-height:0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:8px; overflow:visible; background-color:transparent; position:relative; top:-4px; z-index:100;"><div style="position:absolute; height:8px; left:182.09230769231px; width:37.907692307692px; background-color:#360; opacity:0.42;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:8px; left:188.18461538462px; width:31.815384615385px; background-color:#360; opacity:1;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:6px; top:1px; left:189.18461538462px; width:29.815384615385px; background-color:#6c3;"></div> </div> </div></span><a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BD%E5%9E%A9%E7%BA%AA" title="白垩纪">白垩纪</a> - <a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A8%E6%96%B0%E4%B8%96" title="全新世">全新世</a></div> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Snakes_Diversity.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Snakes_Diversity.jpg/220px-Snakes_Diversity.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="307" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Snakes_Diversity.jpg/330px-Snakes_Diversity.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Snakes_Diversity.jpg/440px-Snakes_Diversity.jpg 2x" data-file-width="999" data-file-height="1392" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%88%86%E7%B1%BB%E5%AD%A6" title="生物分类学">科学分类</a> <span class="plainlinks" style="font-size:smaller; float:right; padding:0.1em 0.4em 0 0; margin-left:-3em;"><span class="mw-default-size skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Template:Taxonomy/Serpentes" title="编辑"><img alt="编辑" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Small_Pencil_Icon.svg/16px-Small_Pencil_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Small_Pencil_Icon.svg/24px-Small_Pencil_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Small_Pencil_Icon.svg/32px-Small_Pencil_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a></span></span> </th></tr> <tr> <td><span class="nowrap">界：</span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A8%E7%89%A9%E7%95%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="动物界">动物界</a> Animalia</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="nowrap">门：</span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E8%84%8A%E7%B4%A2%E5%8A%A8%E7%89%A9%E9%97%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="脊索动物门">脊索动物门</a> Chordata</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="nowrap">纲：</span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E7%88%AC%E8%A1%8C%E7%BA%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="爬行纲">爬行綱</a> Reptilia</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="nowrap">目：</span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%89%E9%B1%97%E7%9B%AE" title="有鱗目">有鳞目</a> Squamata</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="nowrap"><small>演化支</small>：</span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9C%89%E6%AF%92%E7%B1%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="有毒类（页面不存在）">有毒类</a> Toxicofera</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="nowrap"><small>演化支</small>：</span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%9F%92%E5%BD%A2%E7%B1%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="蟒形类（页面不存在）">蟒形类</a> Pythonomorpha</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="nowrap"><small>演化支</small>：</span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%9B%87%E5%BD%A2%E7%B1%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="蛇形类（页面不存在）">蛇形类</a> Ophidiomorpha</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="nowrap"><small>演化支</small>：</span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B3%9B%E8%9B%87%E7%B1%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="泛蛇类（页面不存在）">泛蛇类</a> Ophidia</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="nowrap">亚目：</span> </td> <td class="nowrap">蛇亚目 Serpentes<br /><small><a href="/wiki/Linnaeus" class="mw-redirect" title="Linnaeus">Linnaeus</a>，1758</small> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)">下目 </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9C%9F%E8%9B%87%E4%B8%8B%E7%9B%AE" title="真蛇下目">真蛇下目</a> Alethinophidia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%B2%E8%9B%87%E4%B8%8B%E7%9B%AE" title="盲蛇下目">盲蛇下目</a> Scolecophidia</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:World.distribution.serpentes.1.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/World.distribution.serpentes.1.png/220px-World.distribution.serpentes.1.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/World.distribution.serpentes.1.png/330px-World.distribution.serpentes.1.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/World.distribution.serpentes.1.png/440px-World.distribution.serpentes.1.png 2x" data-file-width="1357" data-file-height="628" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%">藍色：海生蛇类；黑色：陆生蛇类 </td></tr> </tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r83732977">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:white}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.biota .taxobox-edit-taxonomy img{background:transparent!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox tr.taxonrow td{padding:2px 10px}</style> <p><b>蛇</b>是一类無<a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="足">足</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E7%88%AC%E8%A1%8C%E5%8A%A8%E7%89%A9" title="爬行动物">爬蟲類動物</a>，是<b>蛇亚目</b>（<a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%A6%E5%90%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="学名">学名</a>：<span lang="la">Serpentes</span>）的通称，属于<a href="/wiki/%E7%88%AC%E8%A1%8C%E7%BA%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="爬行纲">爬行纲</a>，是<a href="/wiki/%E8%9C%A5%E8%9C%B4" title="蜥蜴">蜥蜴</a>的一個<a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%94%E5%8C%96%E6%94%AF" title="演化支">演化支</a>，另有其它無足的爬虫類如<a href="/wiki/%E8%9A%93%E8%9C%A5" title="蚓蜥">蚓蜥</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%9B%87%E8%9C%A5" title="蛇蜥">蛇蜥</a>等并不属于蛇亚目。 </p><p>又有<b>虵</b>、<b>虺</b>、<b>螣</b>、<b>蚦</b>、<b>蜧</b>、<b>蜦</b>、<b>长虫</b>等別稱，根據種類也會有<b><a href="/wiki/%E8%9F%92%E7%A7%91" title="蟒科">蟒</a></b>、<b><a href="/wiki/%E8%9A%BA%E7%A7%91" title="蚺科">蚺</a></b>、<b><a href="/wiki/%E8%9D%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="蝰">蝰</a></b>、<b><a href="/wiki/%E8%9D%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="蝮">蝮</a></b>等近義稱呼。正如所有爬蟲類<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%89%E9%B1%97%E7%9B%AE" title="有鱗目">有鱗目</a>一樣，蛇類全身佈滿鱗片。所有蛇類都是肉食性動物。目前全球共有3,000多種蛇類，包括體型最短小的<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%B0%E7%9B%B2%E8%9B%87%E7%A7%91" title="細盲蛇科">細盲蛇科</a>以至最長的<a href="/wiki/%E8%9F%92%E7%A7%91" title="蟒科">蟒科</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E8%9A%BA%E7%A7%91" title="蚺科">蚺科</a>。為了配合蛇類窄長的身體，成對的<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A7%E8%87%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="內臟">內臟</a>（如<a href="/wiki/%E8%82%BA" title="肺">肺</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%85%8E" title="腎">腎</a>）會在蛇體前後排列，而非左右互對。 </p><p>部分蛇類擁有<a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%92%E8%9B%87" title="毒蛇">毒性</a>，能使被其咬擊的生物受傷、疼痛以至死亡。蛇的另一個特徵是顎部能作出廣角度的開合，因此能吞食比自己身型龐大的獵物。生物研究指蛇類大概於<a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BD%E5%9E%A9%E7%BA%AA" title="白垩纪">白堊紀</a>時代由<a href="/wiki/%E8%9C%A5%E8%9C%B4" title="蜥蜴">蜥蜴</a>類衍生而成。現代蛇類的分類研究，大概可追溯至<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E6%96%B0%E4%B8%96" title="古新世">古新世</a>時代。目前紀錄中最巨型的蛇類是活於古新世的<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%B0%E5%9D%A6%E5%B7%A8%E8%9F%92%E5%B1%AC" class="mw-redirect" title="泰坦巨蟒屬">泰坦巨蟒</a>，長度達13米長，其<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E7%9F%B3" title="化石">化石</a>被發現的年份是2009年<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>；目前體型最細小的蛇類是<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E6%8B%89%E7%B4%B0%E7%9B%B2%E8%9B%87" title="卡拉細盲蛇">卡拉細盲蛇</a>，長度約只有10公分<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="分類"><span id=".E5.88.86.E9.A1.9E"></span>分類</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%9B%87&action=edit&section=1" title="编辑章节：分類"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%88%86%E9%A1%9E%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="生物分類學">生物分類學</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E8%9B%87%E9%A1%9E%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="蛇類列表">蛇類列表</a></div> <p>蛇類主要分成兩大類，分別是<a href="/wiki/%E7%9C%9F%E8%9B%87%E4%B8%8B%E7%9B%AE" title="真蛇下目">真蛇下目</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%B2%E8%9B%87%E4%B8%8B%E7%9B%AE" title="盲蛇下目">盲蛇下目</a>。 </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="5" style="text-align:center; background:#7ab8cc;"><div style="font-size:12pt;"> <b><a href="/wiki/%E7%9C%9F%E8%9B%87%E4%B8%8B%E7%9B%AE" title="真蛇下目">真蛇下目</a>：共15個科</b> </div></td></tr> <tr> <th style="width:20%; text-align:center;">種類 </th> <th style="width:35%; text-align:center;">學名／命名者／命名年 </th> <th style="width:35%; text-align:center;">例種 </th> <th style="width:10%; text-align:center;">圖片 </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%98%B0%E9%B1%97%E8%9B%87%E7%A7%91" title="瘰鱗蛇科">瘰鱗蛇科</a></td> <td style="text-align:center;">Acrochordidae<br /><small><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%8F%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E5%90%95%E8%A5%BF%E5%AE%89%C2%B7%E6%B3%A2%E6%8B%BF%E5%B7%B4" title="夏尔·吕西安·波拿巴">Bonaparte</a>，1831</small><sup id="cite_ref-Cogger91_23_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cogger91_23-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%98%B0%E9%B1%97%E8%9B%87" title="瘰鱗蛇">瘰鱗蛇</a></td> <td style="text-align:center;"> </td></tr> <tr style="background:#EAEAEA"> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%AD%92%E8%9B%87%E7%A7%91" class="mw-redirect" title="筒蛇科">筒蛇科</a></td> <td style="text-align:center;">Aniliidae<br /><small>Stejneger，1907</small><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%AD%92%E8%9B%87%E7%A7%91" class="mw-redirect" title="筒蛇科">紅尾筒蛇</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%80%AD%E7%AE%A1%E8%9B%87%E7%A7%91" title="倭管蛇科">倭管蛇科</a></td> <td style="text-align:center;">Anomochilidae<br /><small>Cundall、Wallach及Rossman，1993</small><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%8E%E5%A5%A7%E6%8B%BF%E6%B0%8F%E5%80%AD%E7%AE%A1%E8%9B%87" title="李奧拿氏倭管蛇">李奧拿氏倭管蛇</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr style="background:#EAEAEA"> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A9%B4%E8%9D%B0%E7%A7%91" title="穴蝰科">穴蝰科</a></td> <td style="text-align:center;">Atractaspididae<br /><small>Günther，1858</small><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A9%B4%E8%9D%B0" title="穴蝰">穴蝰</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/%E8%9A%BA%E7%A7%91" title="蚺科">蚺科</a></td> <td style="text-align:center;">Boidae<br /><small><a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E7%88%B1%E5%BE%B7%E5%8D%8E%C2%B7%E6%A0%BC%E9%9B%B7" title="约翰·爱德华·格雷">Gray</a>，1825</small><sup id="cite_ref-Cogger91_23_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cogger91_23-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%A3%AE%E8%9A%BA" title="森蚺">森蚺</a></td> <td style="text-align:center;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Eunectes_murinus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Eunectes_murinus.jpg/100px-Eunectes_murinus.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Eunectes_murinus.jpg/150px-Eunectes_murinus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Eunectes_murinus.jpg/200px-Eunectes_murinus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="384" data-file-height="256" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr style="background:#EAEAEA"> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%B3%B6%E8%9A%BA%E7%A7%91" title="島蚺科">島蚺科</a></td> <td style="text-align:center;">Bolyeriidae<br /><small>Hoffstetter，1946</small></td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%B3%B6%E8%9A%BA%E5%B1%AC" title="島蚺屬">島蚺</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%B8%E8%9B%87%E7%A7%91" title="游蛇科">游蛇科</a></td> <td style="text-align:center;">Colubridae<br /><small>Oppel，1811</small><sup id="cite_ref-Cogger91_23_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cogger91_23-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%A3%9F%E5%8D%B5%E8%9B%87%E5%B1%AC" title="食卵蛇屬">食卵蛇</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%98%A6%E8%9B%87%E5%B1%AC" title="瘦蛇屬">瘦蛇</a></td> <td style="text-align:center;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Eierschlange_frisst_Zwergwachtelei.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Eierschlange_frisst_Zwergwachtelei.jpg/100px-Eierschlange_frisst_Zwergwachtelei.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Eierschlange_frisst_Zwergwachtelei.jpg/150px-Eierschlange_frisst_Zwergwachtelei.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Eierschlange_frisst_Zwergwachtelei.jpg/200px-Eierschlange_frisst_Zwergwachtelei.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1411" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr style="background:#EAEAEA"> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%AE%A1%E8%9B%87%E7%A7%91" title="管蛇科">管蛇科</a></td> <td style="text-align:center;">Cylindrophiidae<br /><small>Fitzinger，1843</small></td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%85%E5%B0%BE%E7%AE%A1%E8%9B%87" title="紅尾管蛇">紅尾管蛇</a></td> <td style="text-align:center;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%9C%BC%E9%95%9C%E8%9B%87%E7%A7%91" title="眼镜蛇科">眼鏡蛇科</a></td> <td style="text-align:center;">Elapidae<br /><small>Boie，1827</small><sup id="cite_ref-Cogger91_23_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cogger91_23-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%9C%BC%E9%8F%A1%E8%9B%87" title="眼鏡蛇">眼鏡蛇</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%9C%BC%E9%95%9C%E7%8E%8B%E8%9B%87" title="眼镜王蛇">眼鏡王蛇</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E7%9C%BC%E9%8F%A1%E8%9B%87" title="印度眼鏡蛇">印度眼鏡蛇</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%99%8E%E8%9B%87" title="虎蛇">虎蛇</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%BB%E4%BA%A1%E8%9B%87" title="死亡蛇">死亡蛇</a></td> <td style="text-align:center;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:KINGCOBRA.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/KINGCOBRA.jpg/120px-KINGCOBRA.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/KINGCOBRA.jpg/250px-KINGCOBRA.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="270" data-file-height="203" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr style="background:#EAEAEA"> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E6%B4%B2%E9%96%83%E9%B1%97%E8%9B%87%E7%A7%91" title="美洲閃鱗蛇科">美洲閃鱗蛇科</a></td> <td style="text-align:center;">Loxocemidae<br /><small><a href="/wiki/%E6%84%9B%E5%BE%B7%E8%8F%AF%C2%B7%E5%BE%B7%E6%9E%97%E5%85%8B%C2%B7%E7%A7%91%E6%99%AE" title="愛德華·德林克·科普">Cope</a>，1861</small></td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E6%B4%B2%E9%96%83%E9%B1%97%E8%9B%87%E7%A7%91" title="美洲閃鱗蛇科">美洲閃鱗蛇</a></td> <td style="text-align:center;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Loxocemus_bicolor.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Loxocemus_bicolor.jpg/100px-Loxocemus_bicolor.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Loxocemus_bicolor.jpg/150px-Loxocemus_bicolor.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Loxocemus_bicolor.jpg/200px-Loxocemus_bicolor.jpg 2x" data-file-width="593" data-file-height="538" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/%E8%9F%92%E7%A7%91" title="蟒科">蟒蛇科</a></td> <td style="text-align:center;">Pythonidae<br /><small>Fitzinger，1826</small></td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%B7%AC%E7%94%B8%E8%9F%92" title="緬甸蟒">緬甸蟒</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%BE%E8%9F%92" title="盾蟒">盾蟒</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%B2%E7%B4%8B%E8%9F%92" title="網紋蟒">網紋蟒</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%AA%A9%E7%91%AA%E8%9F%92" title="窩瑪蟒">窩瑪蟒</a></td> <td style="text-align:center;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blackheaded_python.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Blackheaded_python.jpg/100px-Blackheaded_python.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="73" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Blackheaded_python.jpg/150px-Blackheaded_python.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Blackheaded_python.jpg/200px-Blackheaded_python.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="435" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr style="background:#EAEAEA"> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%9E%97%E8%9A%BA%E7%A7%91" title="林蚺科">林蚺科</a></td> <td style="text-align:center;">Tropidophiidae<br /><small>Brongersma，1951</small></td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%B7%B4%E6%9E%97%E8%9A%BA" title="古巴林蚺">古巴林蚺</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%BE%E5%B0%BE%E8%9B%87%E7%A7%91" title="盾尾蛇科">盾尾蛇科</a></td> <td style="text-align:center;">Uropeltidae<br /><small><a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%84%E7%BF%B0%E5%85%A7%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E5%BD%BC%E5%BE%97%C2%B7%E7%B9%86%E5%8B%92" class="mw-redirect" title="約翰內斯·彼得·繆勒">Müller</a>，1832</small></td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%85%E8%85%B9%E9%8A%BC%E5%B0%BE%E8%9B%87" title="紅腹銼尾蛇">紅腹銼尾蛇</a></td> <td style="text-align:center;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rhinophis_microlepis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Rhinophis_microlepis.jpg/100px-Rhinophis_microlepis.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="58" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Rhinophis_microlepis.jpg/150px-Rhinophis_microlepis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Rhinophis_microlepis.jpg/200px-Rhinophis_microlepis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="221" data-file-height="128" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr style="background:#EAEAEA"> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/%E8%9D%B0%E8%9B%87%E7%A7%91" class="mw-redirect" title="蝰蛇科">蝰蛇科</a></td> <td style="text-align:center;">Viperidae<br /><small>Oppel，1811</small><sup id="cite_ref-Cogger91_23_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cogger91_23-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/%E8%A7%92%E8%9D%B0" title="角蝰">角蝰</a></td> <td style="text-align:center;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cerastes-cerastes_head.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Cerastes-cerastes_head.jpg/100px-Cerastes-cerastes_head.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Cerastes-cerastes_head.jpg/150px-Cerastes-cerastes_head.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Cerastes-cerastes_head.jpg/200px-Cerastes-cerastes_head.jpg 2x" data-file-width="320" data-file-height="240" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%96%83%E9%B1%97%E8%9B%87%E7%A7%91" title="閃鱗蛇科">閃鱗蛇科</a></td> <td style="text-align:center;">Xenopeltidae<br /><small><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%8F%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E5%90%95%E8%A5%BF%E5%AE%89%C2%B7%E6%B3%A2%E6%8B%BF%E5%B7%B4" title="夏尔·吕西安·波拿巴">Bonaparte</a>，1845</small></td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E5%8D%97%E9%97%AA%E9%B3%9E%E8%9B%87" title="海南闪鳞蛇">海南閃鱗蛇</a></td> <td style="text-align:center;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:XenopeltisUnicolorRooij.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/XenopeltisUnicolorRooij.jpg/100px-XenopeltisUnicolorRooij.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/XenopeltisUnicolorRooij.jpg/150px-XenopeltisUnicolorRooij.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/XenopeltisUnicolorRooij.jpg/200px-XenopeltisUnicolorRooij.jpg 2x" data-file-width="614" data-file-height="410" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="5" style="text-align:center; background:#7ab8cc;"><div style="font-size:12pt;"><b><a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%B2%E8%9B%87%E4%B8%8B%E7%9B%AE" title="盲蛇下目">盲蛇下目</a>：共3個科</b> </div></td></tr> <tr> <th>種類</th> <th>學名／命名者／命名年</th> <th>例種</th> <th>圖片 </th></tr> <tr style="background:#EAEAEA"> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%95%B0%E7%9B%BE%E7%9B%B2%E8%9B%87%E7%A7%91" title="異盾盲蛇科">異盾盲蛇科</a></td> <td style="text-align:center;">Anomalepidae<br /><small>Taylor，1939</small><sup id="cite_ref-Cogger91_23_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cogger91_23-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%89%B9%E7%AB%8B%E5%B0%BC%E9%81%94%E7%9B%B2%E8%9B%87" title="特立尼達盲蛇">特立尼達盲蛇</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%B0%E7%9B%B2%E8%9B%87%E7%A7%91" title="細盲蛇科">細盲蛇科</a></td> <td style="text-align:center;">Leptotyphlopidae<br /><small>Stejneger，1892</small><sup id="cite_ref-Cogger91_23_3-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cogger91_23-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%B7%9E%E7%B4%B0%E7%9B%B2%E8%9B%87" title="德州細盲蛇">德州細盲蛇</a></td> <td style="text-align:center;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Leptotyphlops_humilis_-_head.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Leptotyphlops_humilis_-_head.jpg/120px-Leptotyphlops_humilis_-_head.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Leptotyphlops_humilis_-_head.jpg/250px-Leptotyphlops_humilis_-_head.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="265" data-file-height="213" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr style="background:#EAEAEA"> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%B2%E8%9B%87%E7%A7%91" title="盲蛇科">盲蛇科</a></td> <td style="text-align:center;">Typhlopidae<br /><small>Merrem，1820</small><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%89%A4%E7%9B%B2%E8%9B%87" title="鉤盲蛇">鉤盲蛇</a></td> <td style="text-align:center;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ramphotyphlops_braminus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Ramphotyphlops_braminus.jpg/100px-Ramphotyphlops_braminus.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="66" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Ramphotyphlops_braminus.jpg/150px-Ramphotyphlops_braminus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/31/Ramphotyphlops_braminus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="181" data-file-height="120" /></a></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="演化"><span id=".E6.BC.94.E5.8C.96"></span>演化</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%9B%87&action=edit&section=2" title="编辑章节：演化"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>關於蛇類的<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%8D%E7%B3%BB%E5%8F%91%E7%94%9F%E5%AD%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="种系发生学">種系發生學</a>資料是相當貧乏的，這是因為蛇的<a href="/wiki/%E9%AA%A8%E9%AA%BC" title="骨骼">骨骼</a>較為細小及易碎，難以保存，能夠成形的完整<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E7%9F%B3" title="化石">化石</a>更是並不常見，研究材料顯然不足。不過，一些在<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E7%BE%8E%E6%B4%B2" title="南美洲">南美洲</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%9E%E6%B4%B2" title="非洲">非洲</a>發現的蛇類化石，其骨骼構造與<a href="/wiki/%E8%9C%A5%E8%9C%B4" title="蜥蜴">蜥蜴</a>相近，讓科學家可以確定及辨認那些經歷了一億年的蛇類。<sup id="cite_ref-Mehrtens87_11_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mehrtens87_11-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>從形態學的基礎而言，學界已普遍同意蛇類是系出於蜥蜴類的。<sup id="cite_ref-Mehrtens87_11_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mehrtens87_11-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sanchez_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sanchez-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>從兩者<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%86%E5%AD%90" title="分子">分子</a>結構研究所得的結果，更充分地支持這個說法；目前學者假設擁有毒素的蛇類是遠古毒蜥蜴類生物的毒素直接繼承者（詳見<a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#蛇毒">蛇毒</a>）。 </p><p>從蛇類化石的研究中，學者認為蛇類是<a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BD%E5%9E%A9%E7%BA%AA" title="白垩纪">白堊紀</a>時代的洞棲蜥蜴一系演化而成的，例如<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%A8%E8%9C%A5" title="巨蜥">巨蜥</a>或其它鄰近種類<sup id="cite_ref-EB_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。一條早期被發現並被命名為「<i>Najash rionegrina</i>」的蛇類化石，相信是以雙足活動的洞棲性生物，牠的身體已經擁有薦骨，而且其生活習性完全是陸行性的<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。一種被認為與上述化石相似的現存生物，是位於<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%9C%E5%8D%97%E4%BA%9A" title="东南亚">東南亞</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%A9%86%E7%BD%97%E6%B4%B2" title="婆罗洲">婆羅洲</a>的<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%8B%9F%E6%AF%92%E8%9C%A5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="拟毒蜥（页面不存在）">拟毒蜥</a>，不過這種巨蜥是半水行性的，與前面所說的古蛇化石的習性仍有不同之處<sup id="cite_ref-M2_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-M2-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。由於這些遠古生物是生活於地洞中的，牠們的四肢逐漸退化消失，其身體亦變得更強調流線型，方便進出於地穴之間<sup id="cite_ref-M2_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-M2-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。根據這個假設，蛇類的一些特徵如其擁有透明的眼膜（功能類似眼瞼）、欠缺外耳等，都能解釋是為了方便牠們在地穴行動的特性而演化成的<sup id="cite_ref-EB_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-M2_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-M2-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。另外還有一些上古時代的蛇類是擁有後肢的，但牠們身體的<a href="/wiki/%E9%AB%96" class="mw-redirect" title="髖">盆骨</a>與脊椎之間卻沒有直接的聯繫，這類蛇包括<a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9A%E9%87%9D%E9%BE%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="厚針龍">厚針龍</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E7%9C%9F%E8%B6%B3%E8%9B%87" title="真足蛇">真足蛇</a>等，其存活歷史相信比「Najash」化石更為久遠<sup id="cite_ref-legs_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-legs-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AB124_Brille.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/AB124_Brille.JPG/200px-AB124_Brille.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/AB124_Brille.JPG/300px-AB124_Brille.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/AB124_Brille.JPG/400px-AB124_Brille.JPG 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="473" /></a><figcaption>蛇類的透明眼膜</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Micrurus_tener.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Micrurus_tener.jpg/200px-Micrurus_tener.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Micrurus_tener.jpg/300px-Micrurus_tener.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Micrurus_tener.jpg/400px-Micrurus_tener.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="386" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%B7%9E%E7%8F%8A%E7%91%9A%E8%9B%87" title="德州珊瑚蛇">德州珊瑚蛇</a></figcaption></figure><p>在現代蛇類中較為原始的蛇種中，<a href="/wiki/%E8%9F%92%E8%9B%87" class="mw-disambig" title="蟒蛇">蟒蛇</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E8%9A%BA%E7%A7%91" title="蚺科">蚺蛇</a>還保存著已經退化的後肢痕跡，牠們身體上殘餘一雙巨大呈爪狀的幼肢，這雙爪子現在的功能是充當雄蛇在交配時藉以抓緊雌蛇身體的工具<sup id="cite_ref-Mehrtens87_11_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mehrtens87_11-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-legs_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-legs-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。<a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%B2%E8%9B%87%E7%A7%91" title="盲蛇科">盲蛇科</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%B0%E7%9B%B2%E8%9B%87%E7%A7%91" title="細盲蛇科">細盲蛇科</a>是蛇類中至今仍保留有盆骨帶的零星例子，這段盆骨帶有時更會從體內突出，可以直接觀察得到。 </p><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Snake_Head.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Snake_Head.jpg/200px-Snake_Head.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="248" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Snake_Head.jpg/300px-Snake_Head.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Snake_Head.jpg/400px-Snake_Head.jpg 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="672" /></a><figcaption>上圖的線圖描述了蛇頭上的鱗片界線及名稱</figcaption></figure> <p>基於<a href="/wiki/Hox%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="Hox基因">同源基因</a>的變化，所有蛇類的前肢都已經不再存在。蛇類的中軸骨骼構造（脊椎結構）與一般的四肢動物無異，根據身體的段落而能分為不同的區域，包括頸椎、胸椎、腰椎、盆椎及尾椎等。中軸骨骼生物的同源異型基因強化了蛇類的胸椎，而牠們曾經存在過的前肢亦被胸椎發展所同化，極端發展的胸椎更進而組成了大部分蛇類的主要骨骼結構。蛇的胸椎骨外長有<a href="/wiki/%E8%82%8B%E9%AA%A8" title="肋骨">肋骨</a>，而其頸椎、腰椎及盆椎的節數則大幅減少（目前只剩下2至10節腰椎及盆椎），其短小的尾部亦只由餘下的少量尾椎所構成，不過仍有多蛇種能善用牠們的尾部，尤其對於一些水行性及樹棲性的蛇類而言。另外毒蛇的牙都是空心的，牠們其中一種攻擊模式是先以身體捲住獵物，然後用毒牙咬著對方，將毒汁注入獵物體內。蛇毒多以<a href="/wiki/%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B4%A8" title="蛋白质">蛋白質</a>為主，根據各種蛇毒性質的分別來破壞獵物的神經系統或其它生物系統，從而令對方死亡。 </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Naturkundemuseum_Berlin_-_Archaeophis_proavus_Massalongo_-_Monte_Bolca.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Naturkundemuseum_Berlin_-_Archaeophis_proavus_Massalongo_-_Monte_Bolca.jpg/250px-Naturkundemuseum_Berlin_-_Archaeophis_proavus_Massalongo_-_Monte_Bolca.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Naturkundemuseum_Berlin_-_Archaeophis_proavus_Massalongo_-_Monte_Bolca.jpg/330px-Naturkundemuseum_Berlin_-_Archaeophis_proavus_Massalongo_-_Monte_Bolca.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Naturkundemuseum_Berlin_-_Archaeophis_proavus_Massalongo_-_Monte_Bolca.jpg/500px-Naturkundemuseum_Berlin_-_Archaeophis_proavus_Massalongo_-_Monte_Bolca.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1590" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9" title="意大利">意大利</a>蒙特伯卡（Bolca）所展示的初蛇<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E7%9F%B3" title="化石">化石</a></figcaption></figure> <p>另一種基於生物形態學的假設認為，蛇類及巨蜥類的祖先其實是<a href="/wiki/%E6%BB%84%E9%BE%8D%E7%A7%91" class="mw-redirect" title="滄龍科">滄龍</a>：一種存在於白堊紀並已經滅絕的水行性<a href="/wiki/%E7%88%AC%E8%A1%8C%E5%8A%A8%E7%89%A9" title="爬行动物">爬蟲類</a>生物<sup id="cite_ref-Sanchez_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sanchez-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。在這種假設下，蛇類的透明眼膜將會被解釋成是為了便於在水中行動因而演變成的，而失去外耳的原因是因為外耳在水中本來就不能發揮功能，這些演變的最終型態便是今天的<a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E8%9B%87%E7%A7%91" class="mw-redirect" title="海蛇科">海蛇</a>。在白堊紀後期，蛇類重新返回陸地上生活，從而發展成今天的各種陸行型蛇類。在一些殘餘的蛇類化石中能找到白堊紀時期的海水沉澱物，更能確認以上的假設，因此亦可判斷出這批化石比陸行性的「<i>Najash rionegrina</i>」出現得更早。蛇類與滄龍有著相似的骨骼構造，彼此的四肢都已退化（甚至已消失），而且從解剖學的角度研究所得，二者之間的結構亦符合在<a href="/wiki/%E6%94%AF%E5%BA%8F%E5%88%86%E9%A1%9E%E5%AD%B8" title="支序分類學">支序分類學</a>上的承接關係（雖然亦有一些特徵僅能顯示滄龍與巨蜥之間的聯繫）。不過，近年一些遺傳學的研究卻顯示蛇類與巨蜥其實並沒有如此親密的關聯，因此推斷蛇類與滄龍之間的關連亦同樣不見得緊密。雖然如此，但目前能將蛇類與滄龍作聯繫的生物證據，仍然比將蛇類與巨蜥作聯繫的證據為多。現在仍有一些從<a href="/wiki/%E4%BE%8F%E7%BD%97%E7%BA%AA" title="侏罗纪">侏羅紀</a>時代及前白堊紀時代所遺留下來的蛇類化石碎片正接受研究，由於目前的研究對於蛇類起源的推測尚未有確切的定論，因此任何新的研究進展都可能會推翻上述的任何一個假設。 </p><p>現代蛇類主要分類的出現，大約始於<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E6%96%B0%E4%B8%96" title="古新世">古新世</a>，亦即在<a href="/wiki/%E6%81%90%E9%BE%99" title="恐龙">恐龍</a>滅絕及<a href="/wiki/%E5%93%BA%E4%B9%B3%E5%8A%A8%E7%89%A9" title="哺乳动物">哺乳類動物</a>面臨<a href="/wiki/%E8%BC%BB%E5%B0%84%E9%81%A9%E6%87%89" title="輻射適應">輻射適應</a>階段時所發生。當時在北至<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E5%A0%AA%E7%9A%84%E7%BA%B3%E7%BB%B4%E4%BA%9A" title="斯堪的纳维亚">斯堪的納維亞</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E6%A5%B5%E5%9C%88" title="北極圈">北極圈</a>，南至<a href="/wiki/%E6%BE%B3%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A" title="澳大利亚">澳洲大陆</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%94%E6%96%AF%E9%A6%AC%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9E%E5%B7%9E" title="塔斯馬尼亞州">塔斯曼尼亞</a>的所有地域裡，共出現了超過2,900個蛇種。<sup id="cite_ref-Sanchez_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sanchez-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>這些蛇類主要分佈在所有大陸上（<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E6%9E%81%E6%B4%B2" title="南极洲">南極洲</a>除外）與及海洋之中，即使在高至<a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E6%8B%94" title="海拔">海拔</a>4,900米的<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9A%E6%B4%B2" title="亚洲">亞洲</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%96%9C%E9%A9%AC%E6%8B%89%E9%9B%85%E5%B1%B1%E8%84%89" title="喜马拉雅山脉">喜馬拉雅山</a>仍能找到牠們的蹤影<sup id="cite_ref-Sanchez_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sanchez-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Conant91_143_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Conant91_143-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。不過，在某些島嶼上是完全找不到蛇類的，例如<a href="/wiki/%E7%88%B1%E5%B0%94%E5%85%B0" title="爱尔兰">爱尔兰</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%86%B0%E5%B2%9B" title="冰岛">冰岛</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E8%A5%BF%E5%85%B0" title="新西兰">新西兰</a>等<sup id="cite_ref-Conant91_143_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Conant91_143-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>另外，世界上偶爾會發現一種奇特的生物現象：<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%8C%E5%A4%B4%E5%8A%A8%E7%89%A9" title="双头动物">雙頭動物</a>（甚至多頭）。當中比較容易出現雙頭情況的是<a href="/wiki/%E7%88%AC%E8%A1%8C%E5%8A%A8%E7%89%A9" title="爬行动物">爬蟲類動物</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%A4%E6%A0%96%E7%B1%BB%E5%8A%A8%E7%89%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="两栖类动物">兩棲類動物</a>，尤其是<a href="/wiki/%E9%BE%9C" class="mw-redirect" title="龜">龜</a>與蛇<sup id="cite_ref-pravda_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pravda-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。世界上曾經有數次報導指在個別地區發現雙頭蛇。2006年，<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="美國">美國</a>水族館就曾經拍賣過一條罕見的雙頭蛇<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bbcsnake1_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbcsnake1-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。大部分雙頭蛇都只能存活一段很短的時間（約數個月），不過亦有一些報導指曾經有雙頭蛇以正常的蛇齡存沒，甚至能繁殖出正常的幼蛇來。一條<a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%91%E8%89%B2" title="黑色">黑色</a>的雙頭錦蛇就據稱曾經活著20年之久<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="生物特徵"><span id=".E7.94.9F.E7.89.A9.E7.89.B9.E5.BE.B5"></span>生物特徵</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%9B%87&action=edit&section=3" title="编辑章节：生物特徵"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="攝食及消化系統"><span id=".E6.94.9D.E9.A3.9F.E5.8F.8A.E6.B6.88.E5.8C.96.E7.B3.BB.E7.B5.B1"></span>攝食及消化系統</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%9B%87&action=edit&section=4" title="编辑章节：攝食及消化系統"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eierschlange_frisst_Zwergwachtelei.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Eierschlange_frisst_Zwergwachtelei.jpg/180px-Eierschlange_frisst_Zwergwachtelei.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="248" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Eierschlange_frisst_Zwergwachtelei.jpg/270px-Eierschlange_frisst_Zwergwachtelei.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Eierschlange_frisst_Zwergwachtelei.jpg/360px-Eierschlange_frisst_Zwergwachtelei.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1411" /></a><figcaption>一條正把<a href="/wiki/%E8%9B%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="蛋">蛋</a>吞下的<a href="/wiki/%E9%A3%9F%E5%8D%B5%E8%9B%87%E5%B1%AC" title="食卵蛇屬">食卵蛇</a></figcaption></figure> <p>所有蛇類都是肉食性的，牠們主要進食<a href="/wiki/%E8%9C%A5%E8%9C%B4" title="蜥蜴">蜥蜴</a>、小型<a href="/wiki/%E5%93%BA%E4%B9%B3%E5%8A%A8%E7%89%A9" title="哺乳动物">哺乳類</a>動物、鳥類、魚類、蛋類、其它蛇類、蝸牛及一些昆蟲<sup id="cite_ref-Sanchez_9-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sanchez-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bebler79_581_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bebler79_581-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Mehrtens_1987_81_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mehrtens_1987_81-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。由於蛇類並不能以牙齒將食物咬開及撕成細塊，因此牠們必須將食物整個吞下。蛇的體積直接影響牠們所選擇食物的大小，幼小的蛇類只吞食體型較小的獵物。例如幼蛇階段的蟒蛇一開始或者只能吞食蜥蜴或鼠類，長大後便能進食小鹿或者羚羊了。 </p><p>蛇類的顎骨是眾多動物中最富韌力的。牠們的下顎相當有彈性，兩顎的接合位並不牢固，加上在頭骨周邊許多關節的輔助之下，令蛇類的兩顎能張開至足以把整頭獵物吞進口中，儘管獵物的直徑比蛇類本身還要大，蛇類的嘴巴仍能在不進行咀嚼的情況下將對方吞食下來<sup id="cite_ref-Bebler79_581_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bebler79_581-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。例如<a href="/wiki/%E9%A3%9F%E5%8D%B5%E8%9B%87%E5%B1%AC" title="食卵蛇屬">食卵蛇</a>就能把比自己頭型及體寬還要闊大的蛋吞下<sup id="cite_ref-Mehrtens_1987_81_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mehrtens_1987_81-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。食卵蛇是沒有牙齒的，但在牠們的食道內側長有一些骨質的尖刺，能為牠們在體內把蛋殼捏碎，方便吞食<sup id="cite_ref-Mehrtens_1987_81_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mehrtens_1987_81-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>大部分蛇類都以進食小動物為主食，但某些品種的蛇卻是例外。例如<a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%8B%E8%9B%87%E5%B1%AC" title="王蛇屬">王蛇</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E7%9C%BC%E9%95%9C%E7%8E%8B%E8%9B%87" title="眼镜王蛇">眼鏡王蛇</a>就以進食其它蛇類為主；一種<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%8C%E5%90%8D%E6%B3%95" class="mw-redirect" title="双名法">學名</a>「<i>Pareas iwasakii</i>」的蛇以及<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E8%9B%87%E6%80%BB%E7%A7%91" class="mw-redirect" title="新蛇总科">新蛇</a>科下的一種以蝸牛為食的<a href="/wiki/%E9%88%8D%E9%A0%AD%E8%9B%87%E4%BA%9E%E7%A7%91" class="mw-redirect" title="鈍頭蛇亞科">鈍頭蛇</a>，牠們的牙齒結構相當特別，口腔內右側的牙齒比左邊的多，這是因為蝸牛的外殼是呈順時針螺旋狀的，這種牙齒結構方便牠們把蝸牛咬開<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。有些蛇類可以施展蘊含毒素的咬擊，這是為了在進食獵物之前先把牠們制服或殺死，方能放心地把對方吞進體內<sup id="cite_ref-Bebler79_581_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bebler79_581-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。本身沒有分泌毒素的蛇類，則主要以身體擠壓獵物致死<sup id="cite_ref-Bebler79_581_19-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bebler79_581-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>；更有些蛇類會把仍然未斷氣的獵物直接吞下<sup id="cite_ref-Bebler79_581_19-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bebler79_581-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Mehrtens_1987_81_20-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mehrtens_1987_81-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>進食完畢後，蛇類會進入短暫的休眠狀態，靜待身體消化食物<sup id="cite_ref-Rosenfeld_11_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rosenfeld_11-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。它們的消化過程是相當緊張的，尤其在剛吞下體型比較大的食物之後。某些偶爾才進食一次的蛇類，進食後其腸臟會慢慢地把食物保存並轉化成能量，這個過程一般都需要花費足足兩天才能正式完成。作為<a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%8A%E6%BA%AB%E5%8B%95%E7%89%A9" title="變溫動物">變溫動物</a>，周邊的氣溫對於蛇類進行消化往往構成極大的影響，而讓蛇類進行消化的最佳溫度是攝氏30度。一種<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E7%BE%8E%E9%9F%BF%E5%B0%BE%E8%9B%87" title="南美響尾蛇">南美響尾蛇</a>會在其消化過程中產生強烈的<a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%A3%E8%B0%A2" title="代谢">代謝</a>能量，據紀錄所得這種能量會令牠的體溫上升至比周邊溫度更高出1.2度<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。由於蛇類的消化過程是緊張的，所以當正處消化階段的蛇類受到騷擾的時候，牠們往往會先把食物<a href="/wiki/%E5%91%95%E5%90%90" title="呕吐">吐出</a>，以確保自己有足夠的能力逃離危險。只要沒有外在的騷擾，蛇類的消化效率會較高，因為蛇類的消化<a href="/wiki/%E9%85%B6" title="酶">酶</a>能溶解並吸收大部分食物；不過蛇類不可以把食物所附帶的<a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%9B%E9%AB%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="毛髮">毛髮</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E7%88%AA" title="爪">爪</a>牙也消化掉，最後必須把這些殘餘物與<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%BF%E9%85%B8" title="尿酸">尿酸</a>一起排出體外。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="蛇鱗及蛻皮習慣"><span id=".E8.9B.87.E9.B1.97.E5.8F.8A.E8.9B.BB.E7.9A.AE.E7.BF.92.E6.85.A3"></span>蛇鱗及蛻皮習慣</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%9B%87&action=edit&section=5" title="编辑章节：蛇鱗及蛻皮習慣"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>蛇類的<a href="/wiki/%E7%9A%AE%E8%86%9A" title="皮膚">表皮</a>是以蛇鱗所緊緊覆蓋的。很多人把蛇類的外在質感與<a href="/wiki/%E8%9A%AF%E8%9A%93" title="蚯蚓">蚯蚓</a>的質感混淆，其實蛇皮的觸感是乾爽而平滑的。多數蛇類都以其鱗片來抓緊地面及進行移動。蛇鱗的質感可以是平滑的，也可以是骨質的或者粗糙而有微粒的。蛇類的眼瞼位置長有透明的眼膜，這片薄膜亦是蛇鱗的一種，英語稱為「Brille」。 </p><p>蛇類有換皮的習性，一般被稱為「<a href="/wiki/%E6%8D%A2%E7%BE%BD" title="换羽">蛻皮</a>」。在蛇類的蛻皮習慣中，蛇皮是一層疊一層的。<sup id="cite_ref-Smith1_30_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith1_30-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>蛇鱗是緊密相連的，新舊的蛇皮緊緊相連，蛇類蛻皮的過程就像把襪子從腳掌褪出的情況一樣。<sup id="cite_ref-RSSlimy_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RSSlimy-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ptyas_gab_fbi.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Ptyas_gab_fbi.png/500px-Ptyas_gab_fbi.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="441" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/46/Ptyas_gab_fbi.png 1.5x" data-file-width="568" data-file-height="626" /></a><figcaption>由G‧A‧保連格在《Fauna of British India》（1890年）所畫的線圖，描述蛇頭的鱗片界線</figcaption></figure> <p>蛻皮對於蛇類而言有很多功效。第一，最外層的受損舊皮得以替換；第二，換去蛇皮可以免於受<a href="/wiki/%E8%9B%86" title="蛆">蛆</a>蟲等寄生蟲所侵害。在很多會換皮的生物（如<a href="/wiki/%E6%98%86%E8%99%AB" title="昆虫">昆蟲</a>）例子，均證明蛻皮是令生物變得更巨大的手段，不過蛇類的蛻皮習慣是否有這種作用則尚在爭議當中。<sup id="cite_ref-RSSlimy_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RSSlimy-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ZooPax3_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZooPax3-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nerodia_sipedon_shedding.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Nerodia_sipedon_shedding.JPG/240px-Nerodia_sipedon_shedding.JPG" decoding="async" width="240" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Nerodia_sipedon_shedding.JPG/360px-Nerodia_sipedon_shedding.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Nerodia_sipedon_shedding.JPG/480px-Nerodia_sipedon_shedding.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>一條正在蛻皮的蛇</figcaption></figure><p> 蛇類的蛻皮是每隔一段時間便會重覆進行的，而蛇類畢生都會一直進行蛻皮。在要蛻皮之前，蛇類會停止飲食並躲在某個安全的地方。蛻皮時蛇類的表皮會變得暗啞乾燥，牠們的眼睛會變得混濁或者呈現<a href="/wiki/%E8%97%8D%E8%89%B2" title="藍色">藍色</a>。舊皮的內側面會產生水份，這令舊皮與新皮能夠得以分離。數天後，蛇眼重新變得清澈，而蛇皮亦已經脫下。舊皮是從嘴部開始被撐開的，蛇類透過不斷與外物（多是粗糙的地表或石頭）磨擦，使盡力氣從舊皮中穿出。很多時候舊的蛇皮都是從頭部至尾部向後方蛻去的，蛻下來的舊皮就像一隻褪出來的襪子一般，而舊皮底下的新皮則顯得更新、更大及更具光澤。<sup id="cite_ref-RSSlimy_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RSSlimy-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-GenSnakeInfo_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GenSnakeInfo-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Asclepius_staff.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Asclepius_staff.svg/100px-Asclepius_staff.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="194" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Asclepius_staff.svg/150px-Asclepius_staff.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Asclepius_staff.svg/200px-Asclepius_staff.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="995" /></a><figcaption>「<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%96%AF%E5%85%8B%E5%8B%92%E5%BA%87%E4%BF%84%E6%96%AF%E4%B9%8B%E6%9D%96" title="阿斯克勒庇俄斯之杖">蛇杖</a>」標誌</figcaption></figure> <p>一條年紀較大的蛇每年平均只進行一至兩次的蛻皮，而一條成長中的幼蛇一年可能會進行四次蛻皮。<sup id="cite_ref-GenSnakeInfo_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GenSnakeInfo-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>只要蛻皮的過程是順利的話，被蛻下的舊蛇皮往往能留有清晰的蛇鱗形狀及分佈，從而能判斷出該蛇的品種<sup id="cite_ref-RSSlimy_27-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RSSlimy-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。蛇類蛻皮的主要目的是為了成長，但同時亦能去除身上的<a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%84%E7%94%9F" title="寄生">寄生</a>物。這種定期替換新皮的概念被認為是象徵「治療」與「藥理」的標誌，因此象徵<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%BB%E5%AD%A6" title="医学">醫學</a>的「<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%96%AF%E5%85%8B%E5%8B%92%E5%BA%87%E4%BF%84%E6%96%AF%E4%B9%8B%E6%9D%96" title="阿斯克勒庇俄斯之杖">蛇杖</a>」標誌上，便有一條纏著木杖的蛇出現<sup id="cite_ref-AIM_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AIM-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>蛇鱗在頭部、背部及腹部的各種分佈，是為蛇類分門別類的主要特徵之一。在西方，分佈在蛇體各部分的每種鱗片都有其專用的名字。對於一些較為進化的蛇類（例如<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E8%9B%87%E6%80%BB%E7%A7%91" class="mw-redirect" title="新蛇总科">新蛇</a>），其腹部的鱗片列數是對應其脊椎數量的，這讓科學家不需要透過解剖就能掌握這些蛇類的脊椎段數。 </p><p>點數蛇類鱗片還可以辨認蛇類的<a href="/wiki/%E6%80%A7%E5%88%AB" title="性别">性別</a>。在某個實驗中，學者曾把探針放進雌蛇的<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%84%E6%AE%96%E8%85%94" title="泄殖腔">泄殖腔</a>裡，紀錄雌蛇在動止間的泄殖腔位置。<sup id="cite_ref-Rosenfeld_11_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rosenfeld_11-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>實驗證明雌蛇泄殖腔跟雄蛇的半陰莖上的鱗片數字是有差別的（雄蛇的半陰莖比較長），因此點數鱗片的工作確實能判斷蛇類的性別。<sup id="cite_ref-Rosenfeld_11_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rosenfeld_11-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="感官"><span id=".E6.84.9F.E5.AE.98"></span>感官</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%9B%87&action=edit&section=6" title="编辑章节：感官"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="視力"><span id=".E8.A6.96.E5.8A.9B"></span>視力</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%9B%87&action=edit&section=7" title="编辑章节：視力"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>蛇類的視力情況是令人注目的。一般而言，樹棲性的蛇類擁有較佳的視力，而居於洞穴內的蛇類視力則較差。蛇類最基本的視力是可以捕捉外界的動態，例如移動狀況，但未必能確切地予以掌握。某些蛇類像亞洲綠瘦蛇（<a href="/wiki/%E7%98%A6%E8%9B%87%E5%B1%AC" title="瘦蛇屬">瘦蛇</a>屬的一個品種）一類，牠們是以雙目並用的模式來觀看的，牠們的雙眼能同時聚焦在同一點上。多數蛇類都只能前後移動<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%B6%E7%8A%B6%E4%BD%93" title="晶状体">晶狀體</a>來進行聚焦，把影像模糊地投射在<a href="/wiki/%E8%A7%86%E7%BD%91%E8%86%9C" title="视网膜">視網膜</a>上；而其它脊椎動物的水晶體則是的放鬆，並能自由轉動的，因此蛇類的視力普遍而言是較差的。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="嗅覺"><span id=".E5.97.85.E8.A6.BA"></span>嗅覺</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%9B%87&action=edit&section=8" title="编辑章节：嗅覺"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>蛇類以嗅覺追蹤獵物，可是牠們的嗅覺器官位於<a href="/wiki/%E8%88%8C" title="舌">舌頭</a>。蛇類的舌尖是呈叉狀的，牠們以舌頭收集空氣中的漂浮粒子，並將其傳遞至位於嘴部的<a href="/wiki/%E7%8A%81%E9%BC%BB%E5%99%A8" title="犁鼻器">犁鼻器</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E8%B2%BB%E6%B4%9B%E8%92%99" class="mw-redirect" title="費洛蒙">費洛蒙</a>鼻嗅器）以測試氣味<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。叉狀舌尖能同時刺激蛇類的味覺與嗅覺，為它們帶來追蹤味道的方向感<sup id="cite_ref-Cogger91_180_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cogger91_180-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。一般蛇類都會讓舌頭長期保持運動狀態，一直測試著空氣中、土地上、水裡的各種粒子，以此找出獵物的所在位置與及探知身處的環境狀態<sup id="cite_ref-Cogger91_180_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cogger91_180-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="感應力"><span id=".E6.84.9F.E6.87.89.E5.8A.9B"></span>感應力</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%9B%87&action=edit&section=9" title="编辑章节：感應力"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_snake_eats_mouse.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Wiki_snake_eats_mouse.jpg/180px-Wiki_snake_eats_mouse.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Wiki_snake_eats_mouse.jpg/270px-Wiki_snake_eats_mouse.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Wiki_snake_eats_mouse.jpg/360px-Wiki_snake_eats_mouse.jpg 2x" data-file-width="404" data-file-height="240" /></a><figcaption>熱能圖：吞食<a href="/wiki/%E9%BC%A0" title="鼠">鼠</a>類的蛇</figcaption></figure> <p>蛇類的身體長期接觸地面，牠們對於周邊的震動非常敏感，所以蛇類能夠透過身體感應空氣中及陸地上的震動，從而探測到附近有其它動物走近自己<sup id="cite_ref-Cogger91_180_32-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cogger91_180-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>另外，<a href="/wiki/%E8%9D%B0%E4%BA%9A%E7%A7%91" title="蝰亚科">蝰蛇</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%9F%92%E8%9B%87" class="mw-disambig" title="蟒蛇">蟒蛇</a>及部分<a href="/wiki/%E8%9A%BA%E7%A7%91" title="蚺科">蚺蛇</a>身體都有<a href="/wiki/%E7%83%AD%E8%83%BD" title="热能">熱能</a>感應器，位置在雙眼與鼻孔之間的一條深邃凹槽。另外，部分蟒蛇在上唇附近有一些小洞，讓牠們可以感應到外界放射的熱能<sup id="cite_ref-Cogger91_180_32-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cogger91_180-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。熱能感應的能力讓蛇類能更準確地掌握獵物的位置，尤其當對方是<a href="/wiki/%E6%81%86%E6%BA%AB%E5%8B%95%E7%89%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="恆溫動物">恆溫動物</a>的時候。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="內臟"><span id=".E5.85.A7.E8.87.9F"></span>內臟</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%9B%87&action=edit&section=10" title="编辑章节：內臟"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="10"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Snake-anatomy.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Snake-anatomy.svg/200px-Snake-anatomy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Snake-anatomy.svg/300px-Snake-anatomy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Snake-anatomy.svg/400px-Snake-anatomy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></th> <th colspan="8" style="text-align: center;">内部器官 </th></tr> <tr> <td>1</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E9%A3%9F%E9%81%93" title="食道">食道</a></td> <td></td> <td>6</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E8%84%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="心脏">心脏</a></td> <td></td> <td>11</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E8%83%B0%E8%84%8F" title="胰脏">胰脏</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%94%E7%AE%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="气管">气管</a></td> <td></td> <td>7</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E8%82%9D%E8%84%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="肝脏">肝脏</a></td> <td></td> <td>12</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E8%84%BE%E8%84%8F" title="脾脏">脾脏</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>3</td> <td><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="气管肺" data-lang-code="de" data-lang-name="德语" data-foreign-title="Tracheallunge"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B0%94%E7%AE%A1%E8%82%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="气管肺（页面不存在）">气管肺</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">德语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tracheallunge" class="extiw" title="de:Tracheallunge"><span lang="de" dir="auto">Tracheallunge</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></td> <td></td> <td>8</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E8%83%83" title="胃">胃</a></td> <td></td> <td>13</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E8%82%A0%E8%84%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="肠脏">肠</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>4</td> <td>原始左肺</td> <td></td> <td>9</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B0%94%E5%9B%8A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="气囊（页面不存在）">气囊</a></td> <td></td> <td>14</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E7%9D%BE%E4%B8%B8" title="睾丸">睾丸</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>5</td> <td>右肺</td> <td></td> <td>10</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E8%83%86%E5%9B%8A" title="胆囊">胆囊</a></td> <td></td> <td>15</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E8%82%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="肾">肾</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>正如所有爬蟲動物一樣，蛇類也是<a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%8A%E6%BA%AB%E5%8B%95%E7%89%A9" title="變溫動物">變溫動物</a>（即俗稱「冷血動物」）。蛇類的<a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E8%87%9F" title="心臟">心臟</a>包裹在一個囊中，稱為「心囊」，位於<a href="/wiki/%E6%94%AF%E6%B0%A3%E7%AE%A1" title="支氣管">支氣管</a>的分叉處，其心臟可以移動。另外，蛇類並沒有<a href="/wiki/%E6%A9%AB%E8%86%88%E8%86%9C" title="橫膈膜">橫膈膜</a>。這種調整是為了避免在吞服大型食物的過程中，其心臟可能會遭受損傷的潛伏危險。另外，蛇類的<a href="/wiki/%E8%84%BE%E8%84%8F" title="脾脏">脾臟</a>依附在<a href="/wiki/%E8%83%86%E5%9B%8A" title="胆囊">膽囊</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E8%83%B0%E8%84%8F" title="胰脏">胰臟</a>之間，功能是過濾血液。蛇類的<a href="/wiki/%E8%83%B8%E8%85%BA" title="胸腺">胸腺</a>位處心臟上方的脂肪組織層裡，負責製作血液中的免疫細胞。其心臟<a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%80%E7%AE%A1" title="血管">血管</a>系統同樣非常獨特，蛇類的血液會從<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%BE" title="尾">尾巴</a>流經<a href="/wiki/%E8%85%8E" title="腎">腎臟</a>後，才再次回到心臟<sup id="cite_ref-Mader_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mader-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>蛇類的左<a href="/wiki/%E8%82%BA" title="肺">肺</a>在生物演變的過程中退化，一般顯得比較細小甚或並不存在。這是由於蛇類天生而來的管狀身體，基本要求體內器官的配合，才能適應其既瘦且長的獨特體型<sup id="cite_ref-Mader_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mader-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。在大部分蛇類中，只有一個肺能發揮基本功能。牠們的肺部擁有血管化的前段及後段兩段脈管，這種結構並不適用於<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A3%E9%AB%94%E4%BA%A4%E6%8F%9B" title="氣體交換">氣體交換</a>的正常模式<sup id="cite_ref-Mader_33-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mader-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。這個「囊狀的」肺主要用作應付水壓（<a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%81%E4%BD%93%E9%9D%99%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%A6" title="流体静力学">流體靜力學</a>），一些在水中活動的蛇類倚靠肺部來調整身體的浮力。而對於在陸地上活動的蛇類而言，這個肺部的實際功能仍有未能解釋的地方<sup id="cite_ref-Mader_33-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mader-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。蛇類有很多器官都成對，例如<a href="/wiki/%E8%85%8E" title="腎">腎臟</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E6%AE%96%E5%99%A8" title="生殖器">生殖器官</a>等，都在身體內不分左右，只以前後分序地存在著<sup id="cite_ref-Mader_33-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mader-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。另外，蛇類體內並沒有<a href="/wiki/%E8%86%80%E8%83%B1" title="膀胱">膀胱</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E6%B7%8B%E5%B7%B4%E7%B5%90" title="淋巴結">淋巴結</a>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="運動方式"><span id=".E9.81.8B.E5.8B.95.E6.96.B9.E5.BC.8F"></span>運動方式</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%9B%87&action=edit&section=11" title="编辑章节：運動方式"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E8%9B%87%E8%A1%8C" title="蛇行">蛇行</a></div> <p>蛇類生物在進行陸地移動時的主要方式是「<a href="/wiki/%E8%9B%87%E8%A1%8C" title="蛇行">蛇行</a>」。蛇類生物沒有足部，而是利用腹鱗及<a href="/wiki/%E8%82%8C%E8%82%89" title="肌肉">肌肉</a>的縮放產生移動力。其移動方式主要有四種，分別是<b>蜿蜒式</b>、<b>側行式</b>、<b>直蠕式</b>和<b>風琴式</b>。至於在水中生活的<a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E8%9B%87" class="mw-redirect" title="海蛇">海蛇</a>，一般尾部都會像<a href="/wiki/%E9%AD%9A%E9%A1%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="魚類">魚類</a>尾巴般扁平，當海蛇在水中進行蜿蜒式蛇行動態時，尾部便可如鰭、蹼般充當划水的推進器。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="繁殖"><span id=".E7.B9.81.E6.AE.96"></span>繁殖</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%9B%87&action=edit&section=12" title="编辑章节：繁殖"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rattlesnake_hemipene.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Rattlesnake_hemipene.jpg/220px-Rattlesnake_hemipene.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="234" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Rattlesnake_hemipene.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="321" data-file-height="341" /></a><figcaption>北美響尾蛇的半陰莖</figcaption></figure> <p>雖然蛇類的繁殖模式種類豐富，但所有蛇類都是體內<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%97%E7%B2%BE" title="受精">受精</a>的。雄性蛇類擁有一對呈叉狀的半陰莖，平時反進體內收藏在其尾巴之中<sup id="cite_ref-Capula89_117_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Capula89_117-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。雄蛇的半陰莖通常長著凹槽、倒勾或尖刺，目的是要在<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%A4%E9%85%8D" title="交配">交配</a>的時候能以性器官抓緊雌蛇的<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%84%E6%AE%96%E8%85%94" title="泄殖腔">泄殖腔</a>壁<sup id="cite_ref-Capula89_117_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Capula89_117-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>多數蛇類都是<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B5%E7%94%9F%E5%8A%A8%E7%89%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="卵生动物">卵生</a>的，而且雌蛇都會在誕下蛇卵不久後便遺棄掉它們。可是，亦有部分蛇類會認真地築起巢穴並守在蛇卵附近孵育它們，如<a href="/wiki/%E7%9C%BC%E9%95%9C%E7%8E%8B%E8%9B%87" title="眼镜王蛇">眼镜王蛇</a><sup id="cite_ref-Capula89_117_34-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Capula89_117-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。蟒蛇則會在誕下蛇卵後以身體捲著它們，直至幼蛇孵化出來<sup id="cite_ref-Cogger91_186_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cogger91_186-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。除了偶爾為要增加體溫以助孵蛋因而需要曬太陽及喝水之外，雌性的蟒蛇都不會離開蛇卵<sup id="cite_ref-Cogger91_186_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cogger91_186-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。蛇為变温動物，體溫不足以孵卵，所以雌蛇會以反覆肌肉收縮的方式摩擦生熱來孵蛋。 </p><p>有些蛇類是<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B5%E8%83%8E%E7%94%9F" title="卵胎生">卵胎生</a>的，蛇卵會保存在母體之內，準備孵育的工作<sup id="cite_ref-Capula89_118_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Capula89_118-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Cogger91_182_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cogger91_182-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。最近，更有研究證明有一部分的蛇類是完全屬於<a href="/wiki/%E8%83%8E%E7%94%9F" title="胎生">胎生</a>的，例如<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%85%E5%B0%BE%E8%9A%BA" title="紅尾蚺">紅尾蚺</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E6%A3%AE%E8%9A%BA" title="森蚺">森蚺</a>，牠們把胎兒養育於<a href="/wiki/%E8%83%8E%E7%9B%A4" title="胎盤">胎盤</a>中，並為幼胎提供營養，這種情況在爬蟲類動物中，甚至在<a href="/wiki/%E7%9C%9F%E7%8D%B8%E4%B8%8B%E7%B6%B1" title="真獸下綱">真獸下綱</a>以外的其它物種中也是相當反常的現象<sup id="cite_ref-Capula89_118_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Capula89_118-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Cogger91_182_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cogger91_182-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。另外，蛇類的生產多數都在溫度較低的環境下進行<sup id="cite_ref-Capula89_117_34-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Capula89_117-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Cogger91_182_37-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cogger91_182-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="蛇毒"><span id=".E8.9B.87.E6.AF.92"></span>蛇毒</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%9B%87&action=edit&section=13" title="编辑章节：蛇毒"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ViperaBerusFang.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/ViperaBerusFang.JPG/200px-ViperaBerusFang.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/ViperaBerusFang.JPG/300px-ViperaBerusFang.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/ViperaBerusFang.JPG/400px-ViperaBerusFang.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E6%9E%81%E5%8C%97%E8%9D%B0" title="极北蝰">極北蝰</a>左方深褐色開岔部位為蛇信，右方可見到一根露出的毒牙</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/%E7%9C%BC%E9%95%9C%E8%9B%87%E7%A7%91" title="眼镜蛇科">眼镜蛇科</a>的蛇、<a href="/wiki/%E8%9D%B0%E8%9B%87%E7%A7%91" class="mw-redirect" title="蝰蛇科">蝰蛇科</a>的蛇及部分<a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%B8%E8%9B%87%E7%A7%91" title="游蛇科">游蛇科</a>的蛇類等都以<a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%92%E7%B4%A0" title="毒素">毒素</a>來制服並殺死獵物。這些毒素是蛇類變種的<a href="/wiki/%E5%94%BE%E6%B6%B2" title="唾液">唾液</a>，從附在牙齒後的毒囊所分泌並傳至牙齒之內<sup id="cite_ref-Mehrtens87_209_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mehrtens87_209-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。毒牙位於口腔前部的蛇類的牙齒或者是空心的，或者具有溝槽，這令毒液注射的過程更加有效率；而某些蛇類（如<a href="/wiki/%E9%81%8E%E6%A8%B9%E8%9B%87%E5%B1%AC" title="過樹蛇屬">樹蛇</a>）只有位於後方的牙齒內才藏有傳輸毒素的管道，被稱為「後齒」（Rear-fanged）的毒蛇。蛇毒對於大部分獵物都有特效，除了方便獵食之外，蛇毒亦是毒蛇類的重要自衛手段<sup id="cite_ref-Mehrtens87_209_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mehrtens87_209-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。蛇類的毒素就像一般的唾液，充當一種前消化劑（有助消化的物質），它能分解食物為可溶複合物質，轉化為適合消化的成分；即使是無毒的蛇類，也會令食物的組織受到破壞，因此幫助消化的體液是必須的<sup id="cite_ref-Mehrtens87_209_38-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mehrtens87_209-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。不過據研究，一些恆常作為毒蛇獵物的鳥類、哺乳類動物及其它蛇類，可能會發展出抗毒甚至完全免疫的體質<sup id="cite_ref-Mehrtens87_209_38-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mehrtens87_209-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>分辨有無毒性的方法，“通常觀察其頭部，若是三角形狀，該種類便有毒，反之若是圓形便無毒”其实是分辨是否為<a href="/wiki/%E8%9D%B0%E8%9B%87%E7%A7%91" class="mw-redirect" title="蝰蛇科">蝰蛇科</a>蛇类的方法，但还有一大类<a href="/wiki/%E7%9C%BC%E9%95%9C%E8%9B%87%E7%A7%91" title="眼镜蛇科">眼镜蛇科</a>蛇类并非“三角头”，因此并不全面，不过在中国内陆，多数毒蛇都属蝰蛇科，此方法经常有效。毒蛇包括三個主要的品種（下文將會介紹），不過牠們之間並未組成正式的毒類組別。在某些場合的英語中，以「poisonous」一詞形容蛇毒其實是不正確的，因為「poison」所指的是以「吸進」及「攝取」方式傳達的毒素，而蛇的毒素是「注射」式的，因此應該用「venom」一詞較為恰當<sup id="cite_ref-Freiberg84_125_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Freiberg84_125-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。不過，亦有兩種蛇的毒素來源是較為特殊的：<a href="/wiki/%E9%A0%B8%E6%A7%BD%E8%9B%87%E5%B1%AC" title="頸槽蛇屬">頸槽蛇</a>會在吞食<a href="/wiki/%E8%9F%BE%E8%9C%8D" title="蟾蜍">蟾蜍</a>時阻隔其毒素於頸部，並從處於其頸部的分泌腺分泌出那些毒素，藉以作為保衛自己的武器；在<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E5%8B%92%E5%86%88%E5%B7%9E" title="俄勒冈州">俄勒岡州</a>有少量<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%9F%E5%B8%A6%E8%9B%87%E5%B1%9E" title="束带蛇属">束帶蛇</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E8%9B%87%E6%80%BB%E7%A7%91" class="mw-redirect" title="新蛇总科">新蛇總科</a>的一個品種）會在<a href="/wiki/%E8%82%9D%E8%87%9F" title="肝臟">肝臟</a>保存著因進食<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%89%E5%B0%BE%E7%9B%AE" title="有尾目">蠑螈</a>所留下的毒素，並以這些毒素作為自衛手段，藉以與當地的掠食者（如<a href="/wiki/%E7%8B%90%E7%8B%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="狐狸">狐狸</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%8C%E9%B8%A6" title="乌鸦">烏鴉</a>等）抗衡<sup id="cite_ref-Freiberg84_123_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Freiberg84_123-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。有一種被分類為<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%84%E6%AF%92%E7%9C%BC%E9%95%9C%E8%9B%87" title="射毒眼镜蛇">射毒眼鏡蛇</a>（如<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%85%E5%B0%84%E6%AF%92%E7%9C%BC%E9%8F%A1%E8%9B%87" title="紅射毒眼鏡蛇">紅射毒眼鏡蛇</a>）的蛇類，能在一定距離內透過毒牙向敵人噴射出毒液，這些毒液的傷害性比較弱，但如果雙眼被毒液濺到，卻足以損害生物的視力，其毒性足以造成失明。 </p><p>蛇毒一般是以<a href="/wiki/%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B4%A8" title="蛋白质">蛋白質</a>為主的複合物質，平常貯存在頭部後方的毒素腺中<sup id="cite_ref-Freiberg84_123_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Freiberg84_123-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。所有毒蛇體內的毒素腺都會透過體內的管道，把毒素傳送到上顎的空心牙齒中<sup id="cite_ref-Mehrtens87_209_38-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mehrtens87_209-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Freiberg84_125_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Freiberg84_125-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。毒素中的蛋白質大都是神經毒素、肌肉毒素及細胞毒素等多種毒素的混合物質，這些毒素會直接攻擊生物的神經系統及肌肉系統，亦可能導致呼吸系統障礙、肌能麻痺，最終令生物死亡<sup id="cite_ref-Freiberg84_125_39-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Freiberg84_125-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。幾乎所有蛇毒都蘊含「玻璃酸酶」，這是一種會令毒素迅速擴散的<a href="/wiki/%E9%85%B6" title="酶">酶</a><sup id="cite_ref-Mehrtens87_209_38-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mehrtens87_209-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。當被蛇咬到時，不可快速奔跑或劇烈運動，應火速就醫，劇烈運動只會加速駛毒液流入心臟。 </p><p>使用肌肉毒素的毒蛇主要以尖銳的前齒分泌蛇毒，並注入獵物的體內，令其失去反抗能力<sup id="cite_ref-Freiberg84_125_39-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Freiberg84_125-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。有些毒蛇則使用神經毒素，例如貓眼蛇，牠們的毒素位於後排的牙齒，而且這些牙齒是向後方（向體內）彎曲的<sup id="cite_ref-Freiberg84_126_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Freiberg84_126-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，這類毒蛇難以運用牠本身的毒素，而對於科學家而言亦較難搾取牠們的毒液<sup id="cite_ref-Freiberg84_125_39-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Freiberg84_125-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。<a href="/wiki/%E7%9C%BC%E9%8F%A1%E8%9B%87" title="眼鏡蛇">眼鏡蛇</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E7%92%B0%E8%9B%87%E5%B1%AC" title="環蛇屬">環蛇</a>是屬於以前排牙齒分泌毒素的種類，不過牠們的空心牙齒並不是向前直伸的，因此牠們不能像蝰蛇般以牙「刺」或「戮」向對手，只能以「咬」的方式進行攻擊<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>最近有一個新的看法，認為所有蛇類都可能是有毒的，一些蛇類只是因為能分泌的毒素太弱或沒有牙齒的原因，才被普遍認為是沒有殺傷力的蛇種。<sup id="cite_ref-Fry_2006_earlyevolution_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fry_2006_earlyevolution-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>蛇類的毒素也許是承繼自蜥蜴類的先祖，現今存在的赫拉毒蜥及<a href="/wiki/%E5%A2%A8%E8%A5%BF%E5%93%A5%E6%AF%92%E8%9C%A5" title="墨西哥毒蜥">墨西哥毒蜥</a>便是帶有毒素的蜥蜴類代表。毒蛇與毒蜥都是蜥蜴類動物的直接毒素繼承者。 </p><p>毒蛇主要分成兩個主要種類： </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9C%BC%E9%95%9C%E8%9B%87%E7%A7%91" title="眼镜蛇科">眼鏡蛇科</a>：如<a href="/wiki/%E7%9C%BC%E9%8F%A1%E8%9B%87" title="眼鏡蛇">眼鏡蛇</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%92%B0%E8%9B%87%E5%B1%AC" title="環蛇屬">環蛇屬</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%9B%BC%E5%B7%B4%E5%B1%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="曼巴属">曼巴屬</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%BB%E4%BA%A1%E8%9B%87" title="死亡蛇">死亡蛇</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E8%9B%87%E7%A7%91" class="mw-redirect" title="海蛇科">海蛇</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E7%8F%8A%E7%91%9A%E8%9B%87" title="珊瑚蛇">珊瑚蛇</a>等<sup id="cite_ref-Freiberg84_126_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Freiberg84_126-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%9D%B0%E8%9B%87%E7%A7%91" class="mw-redirect" title="蝰蛇科">蝰蛇科</a>：如<a href="/wiki/%E8%9D%B0%E4%BA%9A%E7%A7%91" title="蝰亚科">蝰蛇</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%9F%BF%E5%B0%BE%E8%9B%87" title="響尾蛇">響尾蛇</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%9D%AE%E4%BA%9A%E7%A7%91" title="蝮亚科">蝮蛇</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%96%E5%90%BB%E8%9D%AE" title="尖吻蝮">尖吻蝮</a>等<sup id="cite_ref-Freiberg84_126_41-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Freiberg84_126-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>另外，還有第三種有著「後齒」結構的蛇類亦是毒蛇： </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E8%9B%87%E6%80%BB%E7%A7%91" class="mw-redirect" title="新蛇总科">新蛇</a>：如<a href="/wiki/%E9%81%8E%E6%A8%B9%E8%9B%87%E5%B1%AC" title="過樹蛇屬">樹蛇</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%98%A6%E8%9B%87%E5%B1%AC" title="瘦蛇屬">瘦蛇</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%9E%97%E8%9B%87%E5%B1%AC" title="林蛇屬">林蛇</a>等，不過並非所有新蛇都有毒<sup id="cite_ref-Mehrtens87_209_38-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mehrtens87_209-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Freiberg84_126_41-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Freiberg84_126-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>一般會將蛇毒素分為兩類：出血性與神經性。臺灣的毒蛇中，<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%A8%E5%82%98%E7%AF%80" class="mw-redirect" title="雨傘節">雨傘節</a>是「神經性」，<a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BE%E6%AD%A5%E8%9B%87" class="mw-redirect" title="百步蛇">百步蛇</a>是「出血性」。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="與人類的互動"><span id=".E8.88.87.E4.BA.BA.E9.A1.9E.E7.9A.84.E4.BA.92.E5.8B.95"></span>與人類的互動</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%9B%87&action=edit&section=14" title="编辑章节：與人類的互動"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="蛇咬"><span id=".E8.9B.87.E5.92.AC"></span>蛇咬</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%9B%87&action=edit&section=15" title="编辑章节：蛇咬"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E8%9B%87%E5%92%AC%E5%82%B7" title="蛇咬傷">蛇咬傷</a></div> <p>蛇類一般不會視人類為獵物，多數蛇類都不會主動攻擊人類，除非牠受到驚嚇或傷害，才會發動攻勢，否則一般而言蛇類都會避免與人類發生接觸。除了一些巨大的蛇類（如蟒蛇、蚺蛇）外，大多數無毒的蛇類都不會對人類帶來生命上的威脅。無毒蛇類的咬擊通常沒有太大殺傷力，因為牠們的牙齒主要是用作抓住多於撕開獵物，因此普遍不會造成較深的傷口。雖然被蛇所咬的皮膚及肌肉組織會有所損害，但相比於毒蛇的咬傷而言，無毒蛇類的咬傷較無重大威脅。<sup id="cite_ref-Mehrtens87_209_38-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mehrtens87_209-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>被蛇所咬而致命的紀錄實際上並不算多，然而少數受毒蛇咬傷且缺乏急救的情況下可能導致肢體切除手術以避免致命。全球約有725種毒蛇，當中只有250種毒蛇能以一口咬擊立即奪人性命。雖然澳洲是全球最多毒蛇聚居的地方，但平均一年只有一遭咬擊是由有毒蛇類所導致的；在<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6" title="印度">印度</a>，一年約有250,000多宗蛇咬案件，其中有50,000宗導致死亡，多數案例是由於缺乏適當或及時的急救措施<sup id="cite_ref-Sinha_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sinha-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>醫治蛇咬的方法種類繁多，最典型及常用的方法是運用由蛇毒本身製煉的抗毒<a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%80%E6%B5%86" title="血浆">血清</a>。一些抗毒血清是專為個別及少數近類蛇種而用的（例如在<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="美國">美國</a>當地，基本上除了珊瑚蛇外，所有毒蛇都屬於<a href="/wiki/%E8%9D%AE%E4%BA%9A%E7%A7%91" title="蝮亚科">蝮亞科</a>），而另一種能治療多種蛇毒的血清是「蛇毒血清」（antivenin polyvalent）。製作蛇毒血清時，研究者會把多種毒蛇的毒素同時注入一匹<a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC" title="马">馬</a>的體內，劑量由輕至重逐步提升，直至馬匹能對毒素免疫為止；接著便從馬匹身上抽取血液，再以淨水加以稀釋，並冷凍貯存，最後成功製造血清。可是亦因為這個原因，一些對馬匹過敏的人便不能使用這些血清。在印度、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E9%9D%9E" title="南非">南非</a>及澳洲等地，當地人亦針對較為危險的蛇類（如<a href="/wiki/%E6%9B%BC%E5%B7%B4%E5%B1%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="曼巴属">曼巴蛇</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%AA%E6%94%80%E8%9B%87%E5%B1%9E" title="太攀蛇属">太攀蛇</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E7%9C%BC%E9%8F%A1%E8%9B%87" title="眼鏡蛇">眼鏡蛇</a>），以同樣手法製作特種抗毒血清。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="弄蛇術"><span id=".E5.BC.84.E8.9B.87.E8.A1.93"></span>弄蛇術</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%9B%87&action=edit&section=16" title="编辑章节：弄蛇術"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Snake_in_basket.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Snake_in_basket.jpg/200px-Snake_in_basket.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Snake_in_basket.jpg/300px-Snake_in_basket.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Snake_in_basket.jpg/400px-Snake_in_basket.jpg 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>被養在籃子中的<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E7%9C%BC%E9%8F%A1%E8%9B%87" title="印度眼鏡蛇">印度眼鏡蛇</a></figcaption></figure> <p>在世界上的某些地方，尤其是印度，<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%84%E8%9B%87%E8%A1%93" title="弄蛇術">弄蛇術</a>是相當著名的街頭表演。在這些表演中，弄蛇者會帶著一個放有蛇類的籃子，透過吹奏樂器（<a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%9B" title="笛">笛</a>）而令蛇類作出各種特殊的反應<sup id="cite_ref-Bagla_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bagla-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。其實蛇類是沒有外耳的，儘管牠們長有<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A7%E8%80%B3" title="內耳">內耳</a>，但牠們並不會受到<a href="/wiki/%E9%9F%B3%E4%B9%90" title="音乐">音乐</a>的影響<sup id="cite_ref-Bagla_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bagla-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>有研究者指出，許多弄蛇者實際上是以雙手的姿勢向蛇類發出訊號，蛇類其實是根據笛子的左右擺動與及弄蛇者跺腳的震動才會作出多種扭動身體的動作。而弄蛇者的這些技巧多數不易被在場的觀眾看出，因為他們大部分都是厲害的障眼法高手。弄蛇者很少會直接用手捉著他們的蛇，另外他們的蛇亦大多數是無毒的或是被剝下牙齒的眼鏡蛇。有部分弄蛇者會表演眼鏡蛇與<a href="/wiki/%E7%8D%B4%E7%A7%91" title="獴科">獴</a>隻相鬥的環節，不過這種環節並不普遍，因為不管是蛇類還是獴隻都很容易會在相鬥的過程中受傷，甚至死亡。現在印度政府為了保護野生蛇類，決定停止國內的街頭弄蛇表演業。事實上，在一些印度地區內，弄蛇業是牴觸法律的。<sup id="cite_ref-Bagla_45-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bagla-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="捕蛇業"><span id=".E6.8D.95.E8.9B.87.E6.A5.AD"></span>捕蛇業</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%9B%87&action=edit&section=17" title="编辑章节：捕蛇業"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>在印度的<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E5%BE%97%E6%8B%89%E9%82%A6" title="安得拉邦">安得拉邦</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%B0%E7%B1%B3%E5%B0%94%E7%BA%B3%E5%BE%B7%E9%82%A6" title="泰米尔纳德邦">泰米爾納德邦</a>附近的部落「伊魯拉斯族」（Irulas）有世代相傳的獵蛇者及捕蛇習俗。他們在乾燥炎熱的森林裡，經常鍛鍊捕蛇的技能，並有著關於當地蛇類的豐富知識，憑一根簡單的棍棒便可以捕蛇。在早期階段，伊魯拉斯族人能定時捕捉過千條的蛇類，並以蛇皮為材料進行多種工業活動。1972年，印度當地實施「野生動物保護行動」，禁止蛇皮工業，令伊魯拉斯族人不能再倚靠這種工業維生；於是伊魯拉斯族中的捕蛇者便組織成聯盟，專門捕捉毒蛇並把牠們的毒素去除，再將牠們放生。他們所收集的毒液便成為了製作抗毒血清的重要材料。<sup id="cite_ref-Whitaker_et_al_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Whitaker_et_al-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>伊魯拉斯族人所捕捉的蛇，還可作食用及捕鼠之用。 </p><p>儘管在印度當地已有不少弄蛇者的存在，但亦有很多專業的捕蛇者同時作業。現在透過爬蟲學的研究得出結論，就是捕捉蛇類最理想的工具是一根末端呈「V」字型的長棍，不過亦有一些人物如比爾·哈斯特、奧斯甸·史提芬斯與及傑夫·可雲等人主張徒手捕蛇。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="蛇類的用途"><span id=".E8.9B.87.E9.A1.9E.E7.9A.84.E7.94.A8.E9.80.94"></span>蛇類的用途</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%9B%87&action=edit&section=18" title="编辑章节：蛇類的用途"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Heron_with_snake.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Heron_with_snake.JPG/150px-Heron_with_snake.JPG" decoding="async" width="150" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Heron_with_snake.JPG/225px-Heron_with_snake.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Heron_with_snake.JPG/300px-Heron_with_snake.JPG 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="1001" /></a><figcaption>一頭正在吃蛇的<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E8%97%8D%E9%B7%BA" title="大藍鷺">大藍鷺</a></figcaption></figure> <p>在一些飲食文化中，<a href="/wiki/%E8%9B%87%E8%82%89" title="蛇肉">蛇肉</a>是可以被食用的，甚至被認為是一種美食。<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%90%E7%8F%82" title="徐珂">徐珂</a>《<a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E7%A8%97%E9%A1%9E%E9%88%94" title="清稗類鈔">清稗类钞</a>》补载：“粤人嗜食蛇，谓不论而蛇皆可佐餐，以之缕丝而作羹，不知者以为江瑶柱也，盖其味颇似之，售蛇者以三蛇为一付，易银币15元，调羹一，须六蛇，需30元之价矣……其以蛇与猫同食也，谓之曰龙虎菜；以蛇与鸡同食，谓之曰龙凤菜。”蛇羹在<a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%A4%E8%8F%9C" title="粤菜">廣東菜</a>中是在<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%8B%E5%AD%A3" title="秋季">秋天</a>時進補抵寒的有益食物。在<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8C%BB%E5%AD%A6" title="中医学">中医学</a>的角度而言，進食蛇類有<a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E8%87%9F" title="心臟">心臟</a>保暖的功能。據記載，西方文化卻只有在非常飢餓的情況下才會進食蛇類<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。然而在美國的中西部，煮熟的響尾蛇肉卻是普遍的食材。在大部分亞洲國家諸如<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="中国">中國</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%B0%E5%9B%BD" title="泰国">泰國</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E5%B0%BC%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%9A" title="印度尼西亚">印尼</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97" title="越南">越南</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%AC%E5%9F%94%E5%AF%A8" title="柬埔寨">柬埔寨</a>，都有飲用蛇血的習慣，據稱這能加強雄性的性能力<sup id="cite_ref-Flynn_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Flynn-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。如果做得到的話，當地人更會在仍然存活的眼鏡蛇身上取血，並混以<a href="/wiki/%E9%85%92" title="酒">酒水</a>作調味。另外，亞洲亦有以蛇浸酒的做法，通常會把整個蛇體放進酒埕裡，據說這樣能加強酒的濃度（價值亦因此更昂貴）。在<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC" title="日本">日本</a>，有一類名叫「<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="波布 (動物)" data-lang-code="ja" data-lang-name="日语" data-foreign-title="ハブ (動物)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B3%A2%E5%B8%83_(%E5%8B%95%E7%89%A9)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="波布 (動物)（页面不存在）">波布</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">日语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%8F%E3%83%96_(%E5%8B%95%E7%89%A9)" class="extiw" title="ja:ハブ (動物)"><span lang="ja" dir="auto">ハブ (動物)</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span>」的蛇類，主要分佈在<a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%96%E7%B9%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="沖繩">沖繩</a>一帶，當地人會把牠們製作成「波布<a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E9%85%92" title="清酒">清酒</a>」<sup id="cite_ref-Allen_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Allen-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>在中國、拉丁美洲、<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%97%E5%8D%8A%E5%B3%B6" title="中南半島">中南半島</a>都有吃蛇的習慣，並認為吃蛇有滋陰補陽、清血美膚效果；廣東菜譜有深秋食用「<a href="/wiki/%E8%9B%87%E7%BE%B9" title="蛇羹">菊花五蛇羹</a>」及「<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%AA%E5%8F%B2%E4%BA%94%E8%9B%87%E7%BE%B9" title="太史五蛇羹">太史五蛇羹</a>」<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>（秋天蛇即將<a href="/wiki/%E5%86%AC%E7%9C%A0" title="冬眠">冬眠</a>，體質最肥美）、「<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%BE%8D%E8%99%8E%E9%AC%A5_(%E9%A3%9F%E7%89%A9)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="龍虎鬥 (食物)（页面不存在）">龍虎鬥</a>」（蛇肉<a href="/wiki/%E7%8C%AB" title="猫">貓</a>肉同燉）或「<a href="/wiki/%E9%BE%8D%E8%99%8E%E9%B3%B3" title="龍虎鳳">龍虎鳳</a>」（蛇肉、貓肉及雞肉）。<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>日本人把蛇製成蛇粉、酒來補身。另外，<a href="/wiki/%E8%9B%87%E8%83%86" title="蛇胆">蛇膽</a>亦號稱具有藥用價值，可是味道甚苦。<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>生食蛇胆有很大风险感染<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A3%82%E5%A4%B4%E8%9A%B4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="裂头蚴（页面不存在）">裂头蚴</a>。相反，在<a href="/wiki/%E7%8C%B6%E5%A4%AA%E6%95%99" class="mw-redirect" title="猶太教">猶太教</a>中的<a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%A6%E5%90%88%E6%95%99%E8%A6%8F%E7%9A%84%E9%A3%9F%E7%89%A9_(%E7%8C%B6%E5%A4%AA%E6%95%99)" title="符合教規的食物 (猶太教)">飲食規則</a>，蛇被列為<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8D%E6%B7%A8%E5%8B%95%E7%89%A9" title="不淨動物">不淨動物</a>而不建議食用。 </p><p>另外，在世界很多地區都有人飼養蛇類。在西方國家，<a href="/wiki/%E7%90%83%E8%9F%92" title="球蟒">球蟒</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%8B%E8%9B%87%E5%B1%AC" title="王蛇屬">王蛇屬</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E9%8C%A6%E8%9B%87%E5%B1%AC" title="錦蛇屬">錦蛇屬</a>一類性情較溫和的蛇類是受歡迎的<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%A0%E7%89%A9" title="宠物">寵物</a>品種。為了供應作寵物用途的蛇類，一些人工飼養及繁殖爬蟲類及兩棲類動物的行業便應運而生，被飼養的蛇類比起野生蛇類更適合當寵物。另外，蛇皮亦具備裝飾用途，許多盛產蛇類的地方都會抽取蛇皮製作成各種皮具用品，如<a href="/wiki/%E9%8C%A2%E5%8C%85" title="錢包">錢包</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%89%8B%E6%8F%90%E5%8C%85" class="mw-redirect" title="手提包">手提包</a>等。不少<a href="/wiki/%E8%83%A1%E7%90%B4" title="胡琴">胡琴</a>（如<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%8C%E8%83%A1" title="二胡">二胡</a>）以及日本傳統弦樂器<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E5%91%B3%E7%BA%BF" title="三味线">三味線</a>的琴身，亦是以蛇皮製作的。<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="相關文化"><span id=".E7.9B.B8.E9.97.9C.E6.96.87.E5.8C.96"></span>相關文化</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%9B%87&action=edit&section=19" title="编辑章节：相關文化"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="亞洲文化的蛇"><span id=".E4.BA.9E.E6.B4.B2.E6.96.87.E5.8C.96.E7.9A.84.E8.9B.87"></span>亞洲文化的蛇</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%9B%87&action=edit&section=20" title="编辑章节：亞洲文化的蛇"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="中國大陆"><span id=".E4.B8.AD.E5.9C.8B.E5.A4.A7.E9.99.86"></span>中國大陆</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%9B%87&action=edit&section=21" title="编辑章节：中國大陆"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wadang-xuanwu.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Wadang-xuanwu.jpg/200px-Wadang-xuanwu.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Wadang-xuanwu.jpg/300px-Wadang-xuanwu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Wadang-xuanwu.jpg/400px-Wadang-xuanwu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%84%E6%AD%A6" title="玄武">玄武</a>圖案</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bronze_snake_head.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Bronze_snake_head.JPG/200px-Bronze_snake_head.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Bronze_snake_head.JPG/300px-Bronze_snake_head.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Bronze_snake_head.JPG/400px-Bronze_snake_head.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1380" data-file-height="1035" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%86%E6%98%8E%E5%9B%AD" title="圆明园">圆明园</a>十二生肖蛇首铜像模型</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:KCityParkSnake.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/KCityParkSnake.JPG/200px-KCityParkSnake.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/KCityParkSnake.JPG/300px-KCityParkSnake.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/KCityParkSnake.JPG/400px-KCityParkSnake.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>香港<a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%9D%E9%BE%8D%E5%AF%A8%E5%9F%8E%E5%85%AC%E5%9C%92" title="九龍寨城公園">九龍寨城公園</a>十二生肖像之蛇</figcaption></figure> <p>「蛇」字作聲旁的「它」字，本來是蛇的<a href="/wiki/%E8%B1%A1%E5%BD%A2%E6%96%87%E5%AD%97" title="象形文字">象形文字</a>，而其部首「虫」字的讀音，也與蛇的別稱「虺」一樣。<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>在<a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%A2%E5%AD%97%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96%E5%9C%88" title="漢字文化圈">東亞文化圈</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E8%82%96" class="mw-redirect" title="生肖">十二生肖</a>中，蛇排在第六位，對應的<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E6%94%AF" title="地支">地支</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B3" title="巳">巳</a>字，也是蛇的象形文字。<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>蛇類在中國的形象頗為複雜，既具神格，亦具妖格。蛇有特殊的原始地位，人類始祖<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8F%E7%BE%B2" title="伏羲">伏羲</a>與<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%B3%E5%AA%A7" class="mw-redirect" title="女媧">女媧</a>是半人半蛇（上身為人，下身為蛇）的形態。<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>蛇亦被稱為「小龍」，有時被視為是龍的化身，<a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%8B%E5%85%85" title="王充">王充</a>在《<a href="/wiki/%E8%AB%96%E8%A1%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="論衡">論衡</a>》說：「龍或時似蛇，蛇或時似龍。」又說：「龍鱗有文，與蛇為神。」<a href="/wiki/%E9%84%AD%E7%8E%84" class="mw-redirect" title="鄭玄">鄭玄</a>注《尚書大傳》亦指：「蛇，龍之類也，或曰：龍無角者曰蛇。」《<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%8C%E6%BC%A2%E6%9B%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="後漢書">後漢書</a>·襄楷傳》有「夫龍能變化，蛇亦有神，皆不當死」之語，都表示古代的蛇亦有龍像，故此具備神格。中國<a href="/wiki/%E9%81%93%E6%95%99" title="道教">道教</a>大神<a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%84%E5%A4%A9%E4%B8%8A%E5%B8%9D" title="玄天上帝">玄天上帝</a>腳踩龜將、蛇將各一，四方神獸之一的「<a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%84%E6%AD%A6" title="玄武">玄武</a>」也就是龜蛇合一的形象<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>；中國神話人物<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%B8%E7%88%B6" title="夸父">夸父</a>身上有蛇為裝飾，《<a href="/wiki/%E5%B1%B1%E6%B5%B7%E7%B6%93" class="mw-redirect" title="山海經">山海經</a>》中更常有上古傳說人神或生物以蛇類為飾物的記載，在書中經常出現「珥蛇」<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>、「操蛇」或「踐蛇」的描述；中國一眾神獸之中，亦有名為「<a href="/wiki/%E8%9E%A3%E8%9B%87" title="螣蛇">螣蛇</a>」的蛇神，又有能興雲布雨的<a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%91%E8%9C%A7" title="黑蜧">黑蜧</a>；<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E6%B1%89" title="西汉">西漢</a>開國君主<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%98%E9%82%A6" title="刘邦">劉邦</a>曾經「斬白蛇起義」，白蛇被指為「<a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BD%E5%B8%9D" title="白帝">白帝</a>子」；<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>《<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%89%E6%9B%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="晉書">晉書</a>》記載晉朝開國名將<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%9C%E9%A0%90" class="mw-redirect" title="杜預">杜預</a>曾因酒醉而化成大蛇，因而被傳說為大蛇轉世<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>（<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%8B%E4%BB%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="宋代">宋代</a>時人<a href="/wiki/%E9%AD%9A%E5%91%A8%E8%A9%A2" title="魚周詢">魚周詢</a>同樣有類似傳說<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>）。在晉代以前，蛇有時會被理解為吉祥的象徵。《<a href="/wiki/%E6%90%9C%E7%A5%9E%E8%A8%98" class="mw-redirect" title="搜神記">搜神記</a>》記載<a href="/wiki/%E6%98%A5%E7%A7%8B%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="春秋時代">春秋時代</a><a href="/wiki/%E9%9A%A8%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="隨國">隨國</a>君主<a href="/wiki/%E9%9A%A8%E4%BE%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="隨侯">隨侯</a>（或作隋侯）曾因救治一條蛇，而獲靈蛇銜珠相贈，以作回報，「靈蛇珠」或「<a href="/wiki/%E9%9A%A8%E4%BE%AF%E7%8F%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="隨侯珠">隨侯珠</a>」從此成為中國古代珍貴寶物的代表之一，與<a href="/wiki/%E5%92%8C%E6%B0%8F%E7%92%A7" title="和氏璧">和氏璧</a>齊名。<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E6%99%8B" title="西晋">西晉</a>文人<a href="/wiki/%E5%82%85%E7%8E%84" title="傅玄">傅玄</a>曾作《靈蛇銘》：「嘉茲靈蛇，斷而能繼。飛不須翼，行不假足。上騰霄霧，下遊山岳。進此明珠，預身龍族。」銘中提及螣蛇形象、靈蛇贈珠之事，「行不假足」的特性，與及「斷而能續」的技能，是一首將蛇的形象神化的文學作品。<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>民間百姓供奉的「五大仙」（又稱「五大家」或「五顯財神」）中，蛇仙被稱為「<a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="柳">柳</a>仙」，形象介乎妖仙之間。<a href="/wiki/%E9%81%93%E6%95%99" title="道教">道教</a>文獻《<a href="/wiki/%E9%81%93%E6%B3%95%E4%BC%9A%E5%85%83" title="道法会元">道法會元</a>》裡，有靈將名叫馬元帥（即<a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E9%9D%88%E5%AE%98" class="mw-redirect" title="馬靈官">馬靈官</a>或<a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E5%A4%A9%E5%90%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="馬天君">馬天君</a>），又有副將馬充，祂們都有著「紫庭追蟲下瘵凝神化氣轟天素練白蛇大元帥」、「都天捲祟白蛇大將」、「轟雷霹靂練素白蛇大將」、「上清正一火犀大仙南極靈官金睛馘魔威烈元帥」等仙銜，亦有所謂「召白蛇咒」、「白蛇符」等咒文，是道教中以白蛇為原型的著名神靈。 </p><p>漢民族有蛇圖騰崇拜，如伏羲<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%B3%E5%AA%A7" class="mw-redirect" title="女媧">女媧</a>圖為半人半蛇之形象，亦有<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%B3%E5%AA%A7%E9%80%A0%E4%BA%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="女媧造人">女媧造人</a>之說。閩越族亦有如此，漢代《<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%AA%E6%96%87%E8%A7%A3%E5%AD%97" class="mw-redirect" title="說文解字">說文解字</a>》云：「閩，東南越，蛇種」，可知閩地之蛇圖騰崇拜，至今<a href="/wiki/%E7%A6%8F%E5%BB%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="福建">福建</a>各地尚有崇蛇習俗，如<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E5%B9%B3%E5%B8%82" title="南平市">南平市</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%A8%9F%E6%B9%96%E9%95%87" title="樟湖镇">樟湖鎮</a>有蛇王廟、<a href="/wiki/%E7%A6%8F%E5%B7%9E%E5%B8%82" title="福州市">福州市</a><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%BF%E4%B9%90%E5%8C%BA" title="长乐区">長樂區</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%BD%AD%E5%A4%B4%E9%95%87_(%E7%A6%8F%E5%B7%9E%E5%B8%82)" title="潭头镇 (福州市)">潭頭鎮</a>岱西有蟒天神王廟、<a href="/wiki/%E9%95%BF%E4%B9%90%E5%8C%BA" title="长乐区">長樂區</a>閩江口厚福英武廟英烈王等。 </p><p>另一方面，蛇在中國的妖怪形象頗多，一些誌異作品中<a href="/wiki/%E8%9B%87%E7%B2%BE" title="蛇精">蛇精</a>修練得道的故事，出現頻率僅次於<a href="/wiki/%E7%8B%90%E7%8B%B8%E7%B2%BE" title="狐狸精">狐狸精</a>。中國著名民間傳說《<a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BD%E8%9B%87%E4%BC%A0" title="白蛇传">白蛇傳</a>》中所提及的<a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BD%E5%A8%98%E5%AD%90" title="白娘子">白蛇</a>與<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%8F%E9%9D%92" title="小青">青蛇</a>，是具備人格的蛇妖的著名代表。志怪小說《<a href="/wiki/%E8%81%8A%E9%BD%8B%E5%BF%97%E7%95%B0" title="聊齋志異">聊齋誌異</a>》中亦有很多以蛇為主題的妖怪故事，如〈豢蛇〉、〈青城婦〉、〈蛇人〉、〈斫蟒〉、〈海公子〉等篇。<a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%9C%9D" title="清朝">清代</a>煙霞主人所寫的小說《躋雲樓》中有一首《鐵鞭蛇賦》，更形象化地將妖蛇描述出來。<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>蛇自古就有著多種類型的負面或妖物形態，<a href="/wiki/%E6%88%B0%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="戰國">戰國時代</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%A5%9A%E5%9B%BD" title="楚国">楚國</a>詩人<a href="/wiki/%E5%B1%88%E5%8E%9F" title="屈原">屈原</a>的作品《天問》中，曾提及「一蛇吞象，厥大何如」，這典故其後發展成《<a href="/wiki/%E5%B1%B1%E6%B5%B7%E7%BB%8F" title="山海经">山海經</a>·海內南經》中著名的「<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E8%9B%87" title="巴蛇">巴蛇</a>吞<a href="/wiki/%E8%B1%A1" title="象">象</a>」故事，而蛇亦被人賦予貪婪、食量驚人的印象。<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>而同在《山海經》中，尚有許多以蛇為原型的妖怪，例如有<a href="/wiki/%E9%95%B7%E8%9B%87_(%E7%A5%9E%E8%A9%B1%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9)" title="長蛇 (神話生物)">長蛇</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E8%9B%87" title="化蛇">化蛇</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%9E%B3%E9%A6%96%E8%9B%87" title="枳首蛇">枳首蛇</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%82%A5%E9%81%BA" title="肥遺">肥遺</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%B8%E6%9F%B3" title="相柳">相柳</a>等。晉代<a href="/wiki/%E9%83%AD%E7%92%9E" title="郭璞">郭璞</a>有許多文學作品均有賦蛇，當中的《長蛇贊》<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>、《巴蛇贊》<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>、《蟒蛇贊》<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>、《枳首蛇贊》<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>等大都刻畫形象較負面的怪蛇。 </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shesh_shaiya_Vishnu.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Shesh_shaiya_Vishnu.jpg/200px-Shesh_shaiya_Vishnu.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Shesh_shaiya_Vishnu.jpg/300px-Shesh_shaiya_Vishnu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Shesh_shaiya_Vishnu.jpg/400px-Shesh_shaiya_Vishnu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="396" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%97%E6%B9%BF%E5%A5%B4" title="毗湿奴">毗濕奴</a>躺在千蛇之王<a href="/wiki/%E8%88%8D%E6%B2%99" title="舍沙">舍沙</a>的身上</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%94%E8%A1%8C" title="五行">五行</a>概念中，蛇屬巳，有<a href="/wiki/%E7%81%AB" title="火">火</a>相。<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%8C%E5%8D%81%E5%85%AB%E5%AE%BF" title="二十八宿">二十八宿</a>中有<a href="/wiki/%E7%BF%BC%E7%81%AB%E8%9B%87" class="mw-redirect" title="翼火蛇">翼火蛇</a>。在民間，俗稱「<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%94%E6%AF%92" title="五毒">五毒</a>」的生物當中包括毒蛇（其餘為<a href="/wiki/%E8%A0%8D%E5%AD%90" title="蠍子">蠍子</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%9F%BE%E8%9C%8D" title="蟾蜍">蟾蜍</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%9C%88%E8%9A%A3" title="蜈蚣">蜈蚣</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%A3%81%E8%99%8E" class="mw-redirect" title="壁虎">壁虎</a>，後改以<a href="/wiki/%E8%9C%98%E8%9B%9B" title="蜘蛛">蜘蛛</a>取代<a href="/wiki/%E5%A3%81%E8%99%8E" class="mw-redirect" title="壁虎">壁虎</a>）；<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>民間武術的「<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%94%E6%8B%B3" title="五拳">五形拳</a>」中有「<a href="/wiki/%E8%9B%87%E6%8B%B3" title="蛇拳">蛇拳</a>」。<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>在廣東語言文化裡，蛇有著「懶惰」的表現，因此指人偷懶會稱其「蛇王」；另外，在<a href="/wiki/%E6%89%91%E5%85%8B%E7%89%8C" title="扑克牌">撲克牌</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%B8%E6%88%8F" title="游戏">遊戲</a><a href="/wiki/%E9%8B%A4%E5%A4%A7%E5%BC%9F" title="鋤大弟">大老二</a>中，五張數字順連的牌型亦稱為「蛇」或「一條蛇」。 </p><p>中國古代軍事學上，有所謂「一字長蛇陣」。《<a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%AB%E5%AD%90%E5%85%B5%E6%B3%95" class="mw-redirect" title="孫子兵法">孫子兵法</a>·九地篇》載：「故善用兵者，譬如<a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%87%E7%84%B6" title="率然">率然</a>；率然者，<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%B8%E5%B1%B1" class="mw-disambig" title="常山">常山</a>之蛇也，擊其首，則尾至，擊其尾，則首至，擊其中，則首尾俱至。」是一種首尾相顧的長線形戰略陣式。《<a href="/wiki/%E7%AE%A1%E5%AD%90" class="mw-disambig" title="管子">管子</a>·兵法》篇中提到「九章」的概念，以不同的旗章提示軍隊不同的行軍模式，當中「舉蛇章，則行澤」表示蛇形旗章是行軍於河澤之意。<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>另外，<a href="/wiki/%E5%94%90%E6%9C%9D" title="唐朝">唐朝</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%B8%E5%B7%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="常州">常州</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%BA%E5%8F%B2" title="刺史">刺史</a><a href="/wiki/%E7%8D%A8%E5%AD%A4%E5%8F%8A" title="獨孤及">獨孤及</a>所著的《<a href="/wiki/%E9%A2%A8%E5%90%8E" title="風后">風后</a>八陣圖記》，記載所謂「<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AB%E9%98%B5%E5%9B%BE" class="mw-disambig" title="八阵图">八陣圖</a>」中的八陣，當中包括「蛇蟠陣」。小說《<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%81%E7%A5%9E%E6%BC%94%E7%BE%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="封神演義">封神演義</a>》及《<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%96%9B%E5%AE%B6%E5%B0%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="薛家將（页面不存在）">薛家將</a>》中提及所謂「十陣」，當中亦有「一字長蛇陣」。 </p> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84265675">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E5%8D%81%E4%BA%8C%E7%94%9F%E8%82%96" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:十二生肖"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="十二生肖" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E8%82%96" class="mw-redirect" title="生肖">十二生肖</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%BC%A0" title="鼠">鼠</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%89%9B%E6%97%8F" title="牛族">牛</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%99%8E" title="虎">虎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%94" title="兔">兔</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%BE%99" title="龙">龙</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">蛇</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC" title="马">马</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8A" title="羊">羊</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%8C%B4" title="猴">猴</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%B8%A1" title="鸡">鸡</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%8A%AC" title="犬">狗</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%B6%E8%B1%AC" title="家豬">猪</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="日本"><span id=".E6.97.A5.E6.9C.AC"></span>日本</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%9B%87&action=edit&section=22" title="编辑章节：日本"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC" title="日本">日本</a>最著名的蛇神是神話中的妖蛇<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AB%E5%B2%90%E5%A4%A7%E8%9B%87" title="八岐大蛇">八岐大蛇</a>。<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%83%E7%A6%8F%E7%A5%9E" title="七福神">七福神</a>中的<a href="/wiki/%E8%BE%AF%E6%89%8D%E5%A4%A9" title="辯才天">辯才天</a>也有蛇的特徵。<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>別名「三輪明神」的<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E7%89%A9%E4%B8%BB%E7%A5%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="大物主神">大物主神</a>，兼具蛇神、水神與<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%B7%E7%A5%9E" class="mw-disambig" title="雷神">雷神</a>的神格。<a href="/wiki/%E8%8C%A8%E5%9F%8E%E7%B8%A3" title="茨城縣">茨城縣</a>當地亦有對蛇神<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%9C%E5%88%80%E7%A5%9E" title="夜刀神">夜刀神</a>的崇拜。日本部分地區有尊奉<a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BD%E8%9B%87" title="白蛇">白蛇</a>的信仰習俗，如<a href="/wiki/%E5%B2%A9%E5%9C%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%9B%87" title="岩國白蛇">岩國白蛇</a>。另外，也有很多關於「蛇女」傳說的故事（如著名的<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%9B%87%E5%A5%B3%E6%88%BF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="蛇女房（页面不存在）">蛇女房</a>）。<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>妖物方面，日本有<a href="/wiki/%E8%9B%87%E9%AA%A8%E5%A9%86" title="蛇骨婆">蛇骨婆</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8E%E6%A7%8C" title="野槌">野槌</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%89%8B%E8%B2%A0%E8%9B%87" title="手負蛇">手負蛇</a>等著名的蛇型妖怪。陰陽家<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E5%80%8D%E6%99%B4%E6%98%8E" title="安倍晴明">安倍晴明</a>所撰《占事略決》中有<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%81%E4%BA%8C%E5%A4%A9%E5%B0%87" title="十二天將">十二天將</a>的概念，當中有「<a href="/wiki/%E9%A8%B0%E8%9B%87" class="mw-redirect" title="騰蛇">騰蛇</a>」，<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%94%E8%A1%8C" title="五行">五行</a>中屬<a href="/wiki/%E7%81%AB" title="火">火</a>神凶將（與中國<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E5%B9%B2" title="天干">天干</a>五行屬性相若），家在<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B3" title="巳">巳</a>，主驚恐怖畏。日本<a href="/wiki/%E6%88%B0%E5%9C%8B_(%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC)" class="mw-redirect" title="戰國 (日本)">戰國時代</a>軍事家<a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%A6%E7%94%B0%E4%BF%A1%E7%8E%84" title="武田信玄">武田信玄</a>所提及的十陣，亦有「長蛇陣」。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="臺灣原住民"><span id=".E8.87.BA.E7.81.A3.E5.8E.9F.E4.BD.8F.E6.B0.91"></span>臺灣原住民</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%9B%87&action=edit&section=23" title="编辑章节：臺灣原住民"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E6%8E%92%E7%81%A3%E6%97%8F" title="排灣族">排灣族</a>：對他們而言，「<a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BE%E6%AD%A5%E8%9B%87" class="mw-redirect" title="百步蛇">百步蛇</a>」是祖靈的象徵，稱其為tasalad（夥伴）、kavulungan（祖先）等，據說石板屋建築就是受到蛇鱗的啟發。 <a href="/wiki/%E9%AD%AF%E5%87%B1%E6%97%8F" title="魯凱族">魯凱族</a>：在他們的傳統故事中，也有類似於祖靈的象徵，皆是由蛇開啟他們的生命。 <a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%83%E8%BE%B2%E6%97%8F" title="布農族">布農族</a>：對她們而言，百步蛇被視為朋友（Kavuaz）例如在「百步蛇的復仇」這篇故事中，就有和蛇（動物）講信用的例子。 <a href="/wiki/%E9%82%B5%E6%97%8F" title="邵族">邵族</a>：在他們的故事當中，描述的是<a href="/wiki/%E8%9F%92%E8%9B%87" class="mw-disambig" title="蟒蛇">蟒蛇</a>，在「蟒蛇泅水」中就有提到蟒蛇的造形給予他們製作<a href="/wiki/%E7%8D%A8%E6%9C%A8%E8%88%9F" title="獨木舟">獨木舟</a>的靈感，因此「蟒甲」即為原住民族語中的「獨木舟」之意。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="印度"><span id=".E5.8D.B0.E5.BA.A6"></span>印度</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%9B%87&action=edit&section=24" title="编辑章节：印度"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6" title="印度">印度</a>是以崇拜蛇而著名的國度之一，其創世神話「<a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%B3%E6%B5%B7%E6%94%AA%E6%8B%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="乳海攪拌">乳海攪拌</a>」中眾神就是以蛇神<a href="/wiki/%E5%A9%86%E8%98%87%E5%90%89" title="婆蘇吉">婆蘇吉</a>為攪拌乳海的工具。印度一帶著名的蛇則以<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E7%9C%BC%E9%8F%A1%E8%9B%87" title="印度眼鏡蛇">印度眼鏡蛇</a>為主，主神<a href="/wiki/%E6%B9%BF%E5%A9%86" title="湿婆">濕婆</a>頸上常纏著一條護法的眼鏡蛇，大神<a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%97%E6%B9%BF%E5%A5%B4" title="毗湿奴">毗濕奴</a>就與千蛇之王<a href="/wiki/%E8%88%8D%E6%B2%99" title="舍沙">舍沙</a>有著密切的關係；<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>另外，<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E6%95%99" title="印度教">印度教</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="佛教">佛教</a>中亦有不少以蛇為原型的神祇，例如<a href="/wiki/%E9%82%A3%E4%BC%BD" title="那伽">那伽</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%91%A9%E7%BA%B3%E5%A8%91" title="摩纳娑">摩納娑</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%91%A9%E7%9D%BA%E7%BE%85%E4%BC%BD" title="摩睺羅伽">摩睺羅伽</a>，<a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="佛教">佛教</a>神明<a href="/wiki/%E5%86%9B%E8%8D%BC%E5%88%A9%E6%98%8E%E7%8E%8B" title="军荼利明王">軍荼利明王</a>身上有蛇為裝飾。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="世界各地文化的蛇"><span id=".E4.B8.96.E7.95.8C.E5.90.84.E5.9C.B0.E6.96.87.E5.8C.96.E7.9A.84.E8.9B.87"></span>世界各地文化的蛇</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%9B%87&action=edit&section=25" title="编辑章节：世界各地文化的蛇"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gustave_Moreau_003.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Gustave_Moreau_003.jpg/200px-Gustave_Moreau_003.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="234" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Gustave_Moreau_003.jpg/300px-Gustave_Moreau_003.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Gustave_Moreau_003.jpg/400px-Gustave_Moreau_003.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1576" data-file-height="1844" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E6%A0%BC%E5%8A%9B%E6%96%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="海格力斯">海格力斯</a>與<a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%9D%E5%A4%B4%E8%9B%87" title="九头蛇">九頭蛇</a>對峙的情景</figcaption></figure> <p>蛇在世界各地的文化中都飾演著很特殊的角色。牠既有邪惡的一面，卻又具備<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%BB%E5%AD%A6" title="医学">醫學</a>意義甚至<a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E7%A5%87" class="mw-redirect" title="神祇">神</a>格，在某些地區受到民族性的崇拜（例如在位於<a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E5%8B%92%E6%AF%94%E6%B5%B7" title="加勒比海">加勒比海</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%9B%BD" title="法国">法國</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E5%8C%BA_(%E6%B3%95%E5%9B%BD)" title="大区 (法国)">海外大區</a><a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E6%8F%90%E5%B0%BC%E5%85%8B" title="馬提尼克">馬提尼克</a>是<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%99%E7%B7%9A%E7%B4%B0%E7%9B%B2%E8%9B%87" title="雙線細盲蛇">雙線細盲蛇</a>的標本產地）。在<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E8%AF%AD" title="英语">英語</a>中，除使用「Snake」作為蛇的名稱外，亦有較為文學化的稱謂「Serpent」，因此許多西方文化都以「Serpent」來稱呼神話及傳說中的各種蛇類。而在西方諸國的不少神話傳說中，都有「<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E6%B5%B7%E8%9B%87" title="大海蛇">大海蛇</a>」這種形象的存在，如<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A7%E7%BA%A6%E5%9C%A3%E7%BB%8F" title="旧约圣经">舊約聖經</a>裡的<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%A9%E7%BB%B4%E5%9D%A6" title="利维坦">利維坦</a>，<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>與及<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E6%AD%90%E7%A5%9E%E8%A9%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="北歐神話">北歐神話</a>裡的<a href="/wiki/%E8%80%B6%E5%A4%A2%E5%8A%A0%E5%BE%97" title="耶夢加得">耶夢加得</a>，<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>同樣象徵邪惡的力量。在<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E6%AC%A7" title="西欧">西歐</a>為主的<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E7%9D%A3%E6%95%99" title="基督教">基督教</a>文化圈裡，大部分情況下蛇被視為邪惡的象徵，因為<b>蛇</b>曾誘惑<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%8F%E5%A8%83" title="夏娃">夏娃</a>吃<a href="/wiki/%E7%A6%81%E6%9E%9C" title="禁果">禁果</a>；而<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9E%E7%95%B6" title="亞當">亞當</a>的第一任妻子<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%B8%E8%A1%80%E9%AC%BC" title="吸血鬼">吸血鬼</a><a href="/wiki/%E8%8E%89%E8%8E%89%E6%96%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="莉莉斯">莉莉斯</a>亦有蛇的意味。<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。在舊約<a href="/wiki/%E5%87%BA%E5%9F%83%E5%8F%8A%E8%A8%98" title="出埃及記">出埃及記</a>中，<a href="/wiki/%E6%91%A9%E8%A5%BF" title="摩西">摩西</a>的權杖依照耶和華之意變成蛇出現在<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E8%80%81" title="法老">法老</a>面前（出埃及記7：10）。但圣经中亦有视蛇为救赎化生的地方，如《民数记21：8》：以色列民旅行在旷野时，耶和华用一条铜蛇治愈大毒蛇的毒液，它在新约圣经中仍然预示着十字架上的基督（《约翰福音3：14》）。世界上還有不少具代表性的蛇形<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%96%E9%A8%B0" title="圖騰">圖騰</a>，如自繞一圈叼著自己尾巴的「<a href="/wiki/%E9%8A%9C%E5%B0%BE%E8%9B%87" title="銜尾蛇">銜尾蛇</a>」圖案，是現代<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6" title="数学">數學</a>概念<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A0%E7%A9%B7" title="无穷">無窮</a>的原型。<sup id="cite_ref-ouro_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ouro-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>另外，基督教普遍認為「銜尾蛇」是整個物質世界的邊境與限界，其「自我消減」的特性也象徵著追隨《<a href="/wiki/%E5%82%B3%E9%81%93%E6%9B%B8" title="傳道書">傳道書</a>》中的傳道者足跡，在轉瞬即逝的世界裡，一個短暫的有限的存在。<sup id="cite_ref-ouro_83-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ouro-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><a href="/wiki/G%C2%B7K%C2%B7%E5%8D%BB%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%E9%A0%93" class="mw-redirect" title="G·K·卻斯特頓">卻斯特頓</a>在《永存者（The Everlasting Man）》中便以銜尾蛇作為「循環定律」的標誌，是<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%9B%E7%A5%9E%E8%AE%BA" title="泛神论">泛神論</a>與神秘主義中「自我毀滅」的代表。<sup id="cite_ref-ouro_83-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ouro-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>銜尾蛇在<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%88%E7%89%99%E5%88%A9" title="匈牙利">匈牙利</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9E" title="羅馬尼亞">羅馬尼亞</a>等<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%9C%E6%AC%A7" title="东欧">東歐</a>國家的<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%80%E7%A5%9E%E8%AE%BA%E6%B4%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="一神论派">獨神論</a>派系<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%99%E5%A0%82" title="教堂">教堂</a>中，是一種重要的徽紋。<sup id="cite_ref-ouro_83-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ouro-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>東歐基督教有一個俗稱拜蛇教的支派，信奉的就是銜尾蛇，並稱其為「聖蛇」。<sup id="cite_ref-ouro_83-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ouro-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>而在<a href="/wiki/%E8%AB%BE%E6%96%AF%E5%BA%95%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="諾斯底主義">諾斯底主義</a>中，銜尾蛇則象徵「無限」與及「世界之魂」。<sup id="cite_ref-ouro_83-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ouro-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>《<a href="/wiki/%E5%93%88%E5%88%A9%C2%B7%E6%B3%A2%E7%89%B9" title="哈利·波特">哈利波特</a>》一書中的學院<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%B2%E8%90%8A%E5%93%B2%E6%9E%97" title="史萊哲林">史萊哲林</a>的象徵物也是蛇。 </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Medusa_by_Carvaggio.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Medusa_by_Carvaggio.jpg/200px-Medusa_by_Carvaggio.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="204" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Medusa_by_Carvaggio.jpg/300px-Medusa_by_Carvaggio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Medusa_by_Carvaggio.jpg/400px-Medusa_by_Carvaggio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="935" data-file-height="955" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A%E7%A5%9E%E8%AF%9D" title="希腊神话">希臘神話</a>中的<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E6%9D%9C%E8%8E%8E" title="美杜莎">美杜莎</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%8D%AB%E7%94%9F%E7%BB%84%E7%BB%87" title="世界卫生组织">世界衛生組織</a>旗幟上的圖徽中亦有一條蛇，源自於古<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A" title="希腊">希臘</a>醫神<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%96%AF%E5%85%8B%E5%8B%92%E5%BA%87%E4%BF%84%E6%96%AF" title="阿斯克勒庇俄斯">阿斯克勒庇俄斯</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%96%AF%E5%85%8B%E5%8B%92%E5%BA%87%E4%BF%84%E6%96%AF%E4%B9%8B%E6%9D%96" title="阿斯克勒庇俄斯之杖">權杖</a>，因為蛇類蛻皮重生的特性被視為「醫學智慧」象徵的體現，因此「<a href="/wiki/%E8%9B%87%E6%9D%96" class="mw-redirect" title="蛇杖">蛇杖</a>」象徵「醫學」；而阿斯克勒庇俄斯的女兒<a href="/wiki/%E8%A8%B1%E7%99%B8%E5%8E%84%E4%BA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="許癸厄亞">許癸厄亞</a>則是希臘的<a href="/wiki/%E5%81%A5%E5%BA%B7" title="健康">健康</a>女神，手持一隻<a href="/wiki/%E8%A8%B1%E7%99%B8%E5%8E%84%E4%BA%9E%E4%B9%8B%E7%A2%97" title="許癸厄亞之碗">藥碗</a>，碗上同樣纏著一條長蛇，象徵「<a href="/wiki/%E8%97%A5%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="藥學">藥學</a>」。<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A%E7%A5%9E%E8%AF%9D" title="希腊神话">希腊神话</a>中，有很多關於蛇的神祇及與蛇相關的故事。在神話世界中本來擁有頗高神格的<a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%84%E5%AE%A2%E5%BE%B7%E5%A8%9C" title="厄客德娜">厄客德娜</a>，是一頭上半身是妖艷女性，下半身卻是大蛇的妖怪；<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%99%E6%96%AF" title="宙斯">宙斯</a>的其中一個情婦<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E5%BC%A5%E4%BA%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="拉弥亚">拉彌亞</a>也是一頭半人半蛇的妖怪。<sup id="cite_ref-snakegreek_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-snakegreek-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>大力士<a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E6%A0%BC%E5%8A%9B%E6%96%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="海格力斯">海格力斯</a>的十二大偉蹟中，其中一項是殺掉<a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%BC%E6%B3%BD" title="沼泽">沼澤</a>裡的<a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%9D%E5%A4%B4%E8%9B%87" title="九头蛇">九頭蛇</a>；<sup id="cite_ref-snakegreek_85-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-snakegreek-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>著名的蛇髮女妖<a href="/wiki/%E6%88%88%E8%80%B3%E5%B7%A5" title="戈耳工">戈耳工</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E6%9D%9C%E8%8E%8E" title="美杜莎">美杜莎</a>等，都是以蛇為形象的妖怪。<sup id="cite_ref-snakegreek_85-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-snakegreek-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>在神話中，蛇髮女妖美杜莎的雙眼能令看到她的生物<a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%B3%E5%8C%96" title="石化">石化</a>，最後她被<a href="/wiki/%E7%8F%80%E8%80%B3%E4%BF%AE%E6%96%AF" title="珀耳修斯">珀耳修斯</a>取下首級獻給女神<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%85%E5%85%B8%E5%A8%9C" title="雅典娜">雅典娜</a>，雅典娜將其嵌在神盾<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E7%99%B8%E6%96%AF" title="埃癸斯">埃癸斯</a>中央，使神盾保持令對手石化的能力。這個傳說常被後世創作所採用（如奇幻小說《<a href="/wiki/%E5%93%88%E5%88%A9%C2%B7%E6%B3%A2%E7%89%B9" title="哈利·波特">哈利波特</a>》系列及《<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E8%A5%BF%E5%82%91%E5%85%8B%E6%A3%AE%E2%80%94%E7%A5%9E%E7%81%AB%E4%B9%8B%E8%B3%8A" title="波西傑克森—神火之賊">波西傑克森—神火之賊</a>》、《<a href="/wiki/%E6%83%A1%E9%AD%94%E5%9F%8E%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%95%B5%E4%BA%BA" title="惡魔城系列敵人">惡魔城</a>》系列、電影《<a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%85%E4%B8%96%E7%B4%80%E5%B0%81%E7%A5%9E%E6%A6%9C" title="超世紀封神榜">超世紀封神榜</a>》、《<a href="/wiki/%E9%AD%94%E6%B3%95%E6%88%B0%E9%9A%8A%E9%AD%94%E6%B3%95%E9%80%A3%E8%80%85" title="魔法戰隊魔法連者">魔法戰隊魔法連者</a>》的冥府神戈耳工、《<a href="/wiki/ONE_PIECE" title="ONE PIECE">ONE PIECE</a>》的九蛇女帝<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E9%9B%85%C2%B7%E6%BC%A2%E8%80%83%E5%85%8B" title="波雅·漢考克">波雅·漢考克</a>、《<a href="/wiki/FAIRY_TAIL" title="FAIRY TAIL">FAIRY TAIL</a>》的艾芭葛琳、《<a href="/wiki/%E8%81%96%E9%AC%A5%E5%A3%AB%E6%98%9F%E7%9F%A2" title="聖鬥士星矢">聖鬥士星矢</a>》的英仙座、《<a href="/wiki/Fate/stay_night" title="Fate/stay night">Fate/stay night</a>》中的英靈Rider、《<a href="/wiki/%E9%A3%9B%E8%BC%AA%E5%B0%91%E5%B9%B4" title="飛輪少年">飛輪少年</a>》的美作涼等）。此外，一些著名的傳說生物如<a href="/wiki/%E7%BF%BC%E8%9C%A5" class="mw-redirect" title="翼蜥">翼蜥</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%A3%9B%E9%BE%8D_(%E5%82%B3%E8%AA%AA%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9)" class="mw-redirect" title="飛龍 (傳說生物)">飛龍</a>等都以蛇為形象原型。 </p><p>值得一提的是，世界各地神話傳說中的<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E6%B5%B7%E8%9B%87" title="大海蛇">大海蛇</a>，不管是北歐神話的<a href="/wiki/%E8%80%B6%E5%A4%A2%E5%8A%A0%E5%BE%97" title="耶夢加得">耶夢加得</a>、歐洲文化中的<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%A9%E7%B6%AD%E5%9D%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="利維坦">利維坦</a>（有時形象是大蛇）、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E5%BE%B7%E6%8B%89" class="mw-redirect" title="海德拉">海德拉</a>，還是日本的<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AB%E5%B2%90%E5%A4%A7%E8%9B%87" title="八岐大蛇">八岐大蛇</a>，都被視為當地的<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B4%E7%A5%9E" title="水神">水神</a>，牠們發怒時會引發<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%BE%E6%BF%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="氾濫">氾濫</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E5%98%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="海嘯">海嘯</a>等災難，所以是各地人民又敬又畏的對象。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="非洲文化的蛇"><span id=".E9.9D.9E.E6.B4.B2.E6.96.87.E5.8C.96.E7.9A.84.E8.9B.87"></span>非洲文化的蛇</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%9B%87&action=edit&section=26" title="编辑章节：非洲文化的蛇"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>埃及以<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E5%8F%8A%E7%9C%BC%E9%8F%A1%E8%9B%87" title="埃及眼鏡蛇">埃及眼鏡蛇</a>為崇拜對象，許多古埃及神明的形象都有眼鏡蛇的特徵，又或曾蓄養眼鏡蛇；埃及神話中的<a href="/wiki/%E7%93%A6%E5%90%89%E7%89%B9" title="瓦吉特">瓦吉特</a>，正是以蛇為形象的神明。古羅馬擊敗古埃及後，埃及豔后<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E5%A8%84%E5%B7%B4%E7%89%B9%E6%8B%89%E4%B8%83%E4%B8%96" title="克娄巴特拉七世">克利奧帕特拉七世</a>曾引寵物<a href="/wiki/%E7%9C%BC%E9%8F%A1%E8%9B%87" title="眼鏡蛇">眼鏡蛇</a>以咬腕自盡，也是西方文化所津津樂道的故事<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。另外，在很多<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E9%83%A8%E9%9D%9E%E6%B4%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="西部非洲">西非</a>的宗教裡，蛇是一種神聖的動物。半神艾度斐度（Aidophedo）的形象，正是一條咬著自己尾巴的大蛇<sup id="cite_ref-ouro_83-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ouro-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。<a href="/wiki/%E9%8A%9C%E5%B0%BE%E8%9B%87" title="銜尾蛇">銜尾蛇</a>的標誌還見於非洲<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%B0%E6%97%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="丰族">丰族</a>（Fon）及<a href="/wiki/%E8%B4%9D%E5%AE%81" title="贝宁">達荷美</a>族（Dahomey）的聖像，成為當地信仰中彩虹蛇（Oshunmare）的具體形象<sup id="cite_ref-ouro_83-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ouro-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。蛇神中亦有代表邪惡形象的<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E4%BD%A9%E6%99%AE" title="阿佩普">阿佩普</a>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="美洲文化的蛇"><span id=".E7.BE.8E.E6.B4.B2.E6.96.87.E5.8C.96.E7.9A.84.E8.9B.87"></span>美洲文化的蛇</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%9B%87&action=edit&section=27" title="编辑章节：美洲文化的蛇"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E7%AC%AC%E5%AE%89%E4%BA%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="印第安人">印第安人</a>膜拜<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E6%B4%B2" title="美洲">美洲</a>沙漠裡的<a href="/wiki/%E9%9F%BF%E5%B0%BE%E8%9B%87" title="響尾蛇">響尾蛇</a>，都將蛇視為神的化身而受尊崇<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。<a href="/wiki/%E5%A2%A8%E8%A5%BF%E5%93%A5" title="墨西哥">墨西哥</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%A2%A8%E8%A5%BF%E5%93%A5%E5%9B%BD%E5%BE%BD" title="墨西哥国徽">國徽</a>上的圖案，是一隻嘴裡叼著蛇的雄<a href="/wiki/%E9%B9%B0" title="鹰">鹰</a><sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。而在<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E7%BE%8E%E6%B4%B2" title="中美洲">中美洲</a>地區（如<a href="/wiki/%E5%A2%A8%E8%A5%BF%E5%93%A5" title="墨西哥">墨西哥</a>），當地的阿茲特克族群所信奉的<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%BD%E8%9B%87%E7%A5%9E" title="羽蛇神">羽蛇神</a>（即<a href="/wiki/%E9%AD%81%E6%9C%AD%E7%88%BE%E7%A7%91%E4%BA%9E%E7%89%B9%E7%88%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="魁札爾科亞特爾">魁札爾科亞特爾</a>），字義為「長著羽翼的蛇」，是當地相當重要的神明<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="参考文献"><span id=".E5.8F.82.E8.80.83.E6.96.87.E7.8C.AE"></span>参考文献</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%9B%87&action=edit&section=28" title="编辑章节：参考文献"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist columns references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">《<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/chinese/simp/hi/newsid_7870000/newsid_7871100/7871115.stm">南美出土13米長巨型蟒蛇化石</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20090207162707/http://news.bbc.co.uk/chinese/simp/hi/newsid_7870000/newsid_7871100/7871115.stm">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）》，BBC中文網，2009年2月4日．</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">S. Blair Hedges（August 4, 2021）．“<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mapress.com/zootaxa/2008/f/zt01841p030.pdf">At the lower size limit in snakes: two new species of threadsnakes（Squamata: Leptotyphlopidae: Leptotyphlops）from the Lesser Antilles</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20190724232206/http://www.mapress.com/zootaxa/2008/f/zt01841p030.pdf">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）”（PDF）．Zootaxa，1841：1–30．於2008年8月4日查閱</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cogger91_23-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cogger91_23_3-0"><sup><b>3.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cogger91_23_3-1"><sup><b>3.1</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cogger91_23_3-2"><sup><b>3.2</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cogger91_23_3-3"><sup><b>3.3</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cogger91_23_3-4"><sup><b>3.4</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cogger91_23_3-5"><sup><b>3.5</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cogger91_23_3-6"><sup><b>3.6</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">康加（1991年），頁23。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=209611">Aniliidae</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B4%E5%90%88%E5%88%86%E9%A1%9E%E5%AD%B8%E8%B3%87%E8%A8%8A%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1" title="整合分類學資訊系統">ITIS</a></i>. 2007 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [12 December, 2007]</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%9B%87&rft.btitle=Aniliidae&rft.date=2007&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=%27%27ITIS%27%27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.itis.gov%2Fservlet%2FSingleRpt%2FSingleRpt%3Fsearch_topic%3DTSN%26search_value%3D209611&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">请检查<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|access-date=</code>中的日期值 (<a href="/wiki/Help:%E5%BC%95%E6%96%87%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F1%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF#bad_date" title="Help:引文格式1错误">帮助</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=563894">Anomochilidae</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B4%E5%90%88%E5%88%86%E9%A1%9E%E5%AD%B8%E8%B3%87%E8%A8%8A%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1" title="整合分類學資訊系統">ITIS</a></i>. 2007 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [13 December, 2007]</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%9B%87&rft.btitle=Anomochilidae&rft.date=2007&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=%27%27ITIS%27%27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.itis.gov%2Fservlet%2FSingleRpt%2FSingleRpt%3Fsearch_topic%3DTSN%26search_value%3D563894&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">请检查<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|access-date=</code>中的日期值 (<a href="/wiki/Help:%E5%BC%95%E6%96%87%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F1%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF#bad_date" title="Help:引文格式1错误">帮助</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=563895">Atractaspididae</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B4%E5%90%88%E5%88%86%E9%A1%9E%E5%AD%B8%E8%B3%87%E8%A8%8A%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1" title="整合分類學資訊系統">ITIS</a></i>. 2007 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [13 December, 2007]</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%9B%87&rft.btitle=Atractaspididae&rft.date=2007&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=%27%27ITIS%27%27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.itis.gov%2Fservlet%2FSingleRpt%2FSingleRpt%3Fsearch_topic%3DTSN%26search_value%3D563895&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">请检查<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|access-date=</code>中的日期值 (<a href="/wiki/Help:%E5%BC%95%E6%96%87%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F1%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF#bad_date" title="Help:引文格式1错误">帮助</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=174338">Typhlopidae</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B4%E5%90%88%E5%88%86%E9%A1%9E%E5%AD%B8%E8%B3%87%E8%A8%8A%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1" title="整合分類學資訊系統">ITIS</a></i>. 2007 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [13 December, 2007]</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%9B%87&rft.btitle=Typhlopidae&rft.date=2007&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=%27%27ITIS%27%27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.itis.gov%2Fservlet%2FSingleRpt%2FSingleRpt%3Fsearch_topic%3DTSN%26search_value%3D174338&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">请检查<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|access-date=</code>中的日期值 (<a href="/wiki/Help:%E5%BC%95%E6%96%87%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F1%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF#bad_date" title="Help:引文格式1错误">帮助</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mehrtens87_11-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mehrtens87_11_8-0"><sup><b>8.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mehrtens87_11_8-1"><sup><b>8.1</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mehrtens87_11_8-2"><sup><b>8.2</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">美荷頓斯（1987年），頁11。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sanchez-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sanchez_9-0"><sup><b>9.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sanchez_9-1"><sup><b>9.1</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sanchez_9-2"><sup><b>9.2</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sanchez_9-3"><sup><b>9.3</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sanchez_9-4"><sup><b>9.4</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREF珊徹茲" class="citation">珊徹茲, 亞歷贊德羅, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kingsnake.com/westindian/metazoa12.html">《Diapsids III: Snakes》</a>, 珊徹茲老爸的西印度自然歷史網站, <span class="reference-accessdate"> [2007年11月26日]</span>, （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304030918/http://www.kingsnake.com/westindian/metazoa12.html">存档</a>于2016年3月4日）</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%9B%87&rft.atitle=%E3%80%8ADiapsids+III%3A+Snakes%E3%80%8B&rft.aufirst=%E4%BA%9E%E6%AD%B7%E8%B4%8A%E5%BE%B7%E7%BE%85&rft.aulast=%E7%8F%8A%E5%BE%B9%E8%8C%B2&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%E7%8F%8A%E5%BE%B9%E8%8C%B2%E8%80%81%E7%88%B8%E7%9A%84%E8%A5%BF%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2%E7%B6%B2%E7%AB%99&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kingsnake.com%2Fwestindian%2Fmetazoa12.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EB-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EB_10-0"><sup><b>10.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB_10-1"><sup><b>10.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREF麥道衛1972" class="citation">麥道衛, 森姆爾, 《The evolution of the tongue of snakes and its bearing on snake origins》, 生物進化論, 1972年, <b>第6冊</b>: 頁191至273</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%9B%87&rft.atitle=%E3%80%8AThe+evolution+of+the+tongue+of+snakes+and+its+bearing+on+snake+origins%E3%80%8B&rft.aufirst=%E6%A3%AE%E5%A7%86%E7%88%BE&rft.aulast=%E9%BA%A5%E9%81%93%E8%A1%9B&rft.date=1972&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E9%80%B2%E5%8C%96%E8%AB%96&rft.pages=%E9%A0%81191%E8%87%B3273&rft.volume=%E7%AC%AC6%E5%86%8A&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">亞匹斯達古爾亞, 思巴斯地恩; 赫臣‧渣荷. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v440/n7087/edsumm/e060420-11.html">《A Cretaceous terrestrial snake with robust hindlimbs and a sacrum》</a>. 自然. 2006年4月, <b>第440冊</b> (第7087期): 頁1037至1040 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2008-05-04</span>]</span>. <a href="/wiki/DOI" title="DOI">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature04413">10.1038/nature04413</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071218045427/http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v440/n7087/edsumm/e060420-11.html">存档</a>于2007-12-18）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%9B%87&rft.atitle=%E3%80%8AA+Cretaceous+terrestrial+snake+with+robust+hindlimbs+and+a+sacrum%E3%80%8B&rft.aufirst=%E6%80%9D%E5%B7%B4%E6%96%AF%E5%9C%B0%E6%81%A9&rft.aulast=%E4%BA%9E%E5%8C%B9%E6%96%AF%E9%81%94%E5%8F%A4%E7%88%BE%E4%BA%9E&rft.date=2006-04&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=%E7%AC%AC7087%E6%9C%9F&rft.jtitle=%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6&rft.pages=%E9%A0%811037%E8%87%B31040&rft.volume=%E7%AC%AC440%E5%86%8A&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Fnature%2Fjournal%2Fv440%2Fn7087%2Fedsumm%2Fe060420-11.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">引文使用过时参数<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">coauthors</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:%E5%BC%95%E6%96%87%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F1%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF#deprecated_params" title="Help:引文格式1错误">帮助</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-M2-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-M2_12-0"><sup><b>12.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-M2_12-1"><sup><b>12.1</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-M2_12-2"><sup><b>12.2</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREF美荷頓斯1961" class="citation">美荷頓斯, 羅拔, 《Lanthanotus: an important lizard in evolution》, 沙勞越博物館期刊, 1961年, <b>第10冊</b>: 頁320至322</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%9B%87&rft.atitle=%E3%80%8ALanthanotus%3A+an+important+lizard+in+evolution%E3%80%8B&rft.aufirst=%E7%BE%85%E6%8B%94&rft.aulast=%E7%BE%8E%E8%8D%B7%E9%A0%93%E6%96%AF&rft.date=1961&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%E6%B2%99%E5%8B%9E%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%9A%E7%89%A9%E9%A4%A8%E6%9C%9F%E5%88%8A&rft.pages=%E9%A0%81320%E8%87%B3322&rft.volume=%E7%AC%AC10%E5%86%8A&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-legs-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-legs_13-0"><sup><b>13.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-legs_13-1"><sup><b>13.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071225225126/http://www.wildlifenews.co.uk/articles2000/march/march2500a.htm">《New Fossil Snake With Legs》</a>. UNEP WCMC資料庫. <a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="美國">美國</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%8E%E7%9B%9B%E9%A1%BF%E5%93%A5%E4%BC%A6%E6%AF%94%E4%BA%9A%E7%89%B9%E5%8C%BA" title="华盛顿哥伦比亚特区">華盛頓</a>: 美國先進科學聯盟. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [2007年11月29日]</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wildlifenews.co.uk/articles2000/march/march2500a.htm">原始内容</a>存档于2007年12月25日）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%9B%87&rft.atitle=%E3%80%8ANew+Fossil+Snake+With+Legs%E3%80%8B&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UNEP+WCMC%E8%B3%87%E6%96%99%E5%BA%AB&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wildlifenews.co.uk%2Farticles2000%2Fmarch%2Fmarch2500a.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Conant91_143-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Conant91_143_14-0"><sup><b>14.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Conant91_143_14-1"><sup><b>14.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">康加（1991年），頁143。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pravda-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pravda_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">亞連拿, 絲域連拉. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070125233002/http://english.pravda.ru/science/19/94/377/11400_anomaly.html">雙頭生物</a>. Pravda.ru. 2003年11月29日 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [2006年12月31日]</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://english.pravda.ru/science/19/94/377/11400_anomaly.html">原始内容</a>存档于2007年1月25日）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%9B%87&rft.aufirst=%E7%B5%B2%E5%9F%9F%E9%80%A3%E6%8B%89&rft.aulast=%E4%BA%9E%E9%80%A3%E6%8B%BF&rft.btitle=%E9%9B%99%E9%A0%AD%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9&rft.date=2003-11-29&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Pravda.ru&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fenglish.pravda.ru%2Fscience%2F19%2F94%2F377%2F11400_anomaly.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pic.people.com.cn/BIG5/42590/3999767.html">人民網：美國拍賣雙頭蛇</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2008-05-04</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080528202729/http://pic.people.com.cn/BIG5/42590/3999767.html">存档</a>于2008-05-28）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%9B%87&rft.btitle=%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E7%B6%B2%EF%BC%9A%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E6%8B%8D%E8%B3%A3%E9%9B%99%E9%A0%AD%E8%9B%87&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpic.people.com.cn%2FBIG5%2F42590%2F3999767.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bbcsnake1-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bbcsnake1_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/4577258.stm">美國BBC新聞：雙頭蛇拍賣</a>. BBC新聞. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [2006年3月10日]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200517095248/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/4577258.stm">存档</a>于2020年5月17日）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%9B%87&rft.btitle=%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8BBBC%E6%96%B0%E8%81%9E%EF%BC%9A%E9%9B%99%E9%A0%AD%E8%9B%87%E6%8B%8D%E8%B3%A3&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=BBC%E6%96%B0%E8%81%9E&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fworld%2Famericas%2F4577258.stm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/19334041/">「我們」一條長壽雙頭蛇的終結</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2008-05-04</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121102122442/http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/19334041/">存档</a>于2012-11-02）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%9B%87&rft.btitle=%E3%80%8C%E6%88%91%E5%80%91%E3%80%8D%E4%B8%80%E6%A2%9D%E9%95%B7%E5%A3%BD%E9%9B%99%E9%A0%AD%E8%9B%87%E7%9A%84%E7%B5%82%E7%B5%90&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.msnbc.msn.com%2Fid%2F19334041%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bebler79_581-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bebler79_581_19-0"><sup><b>19.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bebler79_581_19-1"><sup><b>19.1</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bebler79_581_19-2"><sup><b>19.2</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bebler79_581_19-3"><sup><b>19.3</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bebler79_581_19-4"><sup><b>19.4</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">巴布拉（1979年），頁581。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mehrtens_1987_81-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mehrtens_1987_81_20-0"><sup><b>20.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mehrtens_1987_81_20-1"><sup><b>20.1</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mehrtens_1987_81_20-2"><sup><b>20.2</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mehrtens_1987_81_20-3"><sup><b>20.3</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">美荷頓斯（1987年），頁81。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">M‧何索、T‧高廣及M‧堀《Right-handed snakes: convergent evolution of asymmetry for functional specialization》頁169至172，2007年。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">美荷頓斯（1987年），頁184。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">費利堡（1984年），頁125至127。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rosenfeld_11-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rosenfeld_11_24-0"><sup><b>24.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rosenfeld_11_24-1"><sup><b>24.1</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rosenfeld_11_24-2"><sup><b>24.2</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">羅臣福（1989年），頁11。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">格連‧J‧鐵達莎爾、威廉‧K‧米爾森、奧卡斯‧S‧安倍、西蒙爾‧P‧布列圖、丹尼斯‧V‧安德拉迪. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jeb.biologists.org/cgi/content/abstract/207/4/579">《The thermogenesis of digestion in rattlesnakes》</a>. 生物實驗期刊 (生物學家出版社). 2004年, (第207期): 頁579至585 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2008-05-04</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051130200230/http://jeb.biologists.org/cgi/content/abstract/207/4/579">存档</a>于2005-11-30）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%9B%87&rft.atitle=%E3%80%8AThe+thermogenesis+of+digestion+in+rattlesnakes%E3%80%8B&rft.date=2004&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=%E7%AC%AC207%E6%9C%9F&rft.jtitle=%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AF%A6%E9%A9%97%E6%9C%9F%E5%88%8A&rft.pages=%E9%A0%81579%E8%87%B3585&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjeb.biologists.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fabstract%2F207%2F4%2F579&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Smith1_30-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Smith1_30_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">史密夫、馬爾哥姆‧A：《Fauna of British India：Vol I - Loricata and Testudines》，頁30。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RSSlimy-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-RSSlimy_27-0"><sup><b>27.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RSSlimy_27-1"><sup><b>27.1</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RSSlimy_27-2"><sup><b>27.2</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RSSlimy_27-3"><sup><b>27.3</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.szgdocent.org/resource/rr/c-slimy.htm">蛇是否黏呼呼的？</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20060805131135/http://www.szgdocent.org/resource/rr/c-slimy.htm">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）2006年8月14日</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ZooPax3-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ZooPax3_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://whozoo.org/ZooPax/ZPScales_3.htm">動物的鱗片：第三部份</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2008-05-04</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160116034245/http://whozoo.org/ZooPax/ZPScales_3.htm">存档</a>于2016-01-16）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%9B%87&rft.btitle=%E5%8B%95%E7%89%A9%E7%9A%84%E9%B1%97%E7%89%87%EF%BC%9A%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%89%E9%83%A8%E4%BB%BD&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwhozoo.org%2FZooPax%2FZPScales_3.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GenSnakeInfo-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GenSnakeInfo_29-0"><sup><b>29.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GenSnakeInfo_29-1"><sup><b>29.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sdgfp.info/Wildlife/Snakes/SnakeInfo.htm">蛇類基本資料–南達科他州野生動物的分類</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2008-05-04</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071125210255/http://www.sdgfp.info/Wildlife/Snakes/SnakeInfo.htm">存档</a>于2007-11-25）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%9B%87&rft.btitle=%E8%9B%87%E9%A1%9E%E5%9F%BA%E6%9C%AC%E8%B3%87%E6%96%99%E2%80%93%E5%8D%97%E9%81%94%E7%A7%91%E4%BB%96%E5%B7%9E%E9%87%8E%E7%94%9F%E5%8B%95%E7%89%A9%E7%9A%84%E5%88%86%E9%A1%9E&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sdgfp.info%2FWildlife%2FSnakes%2FSnakeInfo.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AIM-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AIM_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">威爾科斯, 羅拔‧A; 域咸, 艾瑪‧M. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.annals.org/cgi/content/full/138/8/673">《The symbol of modern medicine: why one snake is more than two》</a>. 醫學年報. 2003年4月15日 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [2008年5月4日]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200624004146/https://www.acpjournals.org/doi/10.7326/0003-4819-138-8-200304150-00016">存档</a>于2020年6月24日）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%9B%87&rft.atitle=%E3%80%8AThe+symbol+of+modern+medicine%3A+why+one+snake+is+more+than+two%E3%80%8B&rft.au=%E5%9F%9F%E5%92%B8%2C+%E8%89%BE%E7%91%AA%E2%80%A7M&rft.aufirst=%E7%BE%85%E6%8B%94%E2%80%A7A&rft.aulast=%E5%A8%81%E7%88%BE%E7%A7%91%E6%96%AF&rft.date=2003-04-15&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%E9%86%AB%E5%AD%B8%E5%B9%B4%E5%A0%B1&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.annals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Ffull%2F138%2F8%2F673&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tw.britannica.com/MiniSite/Article/id00030306.html">大英百科：犁鼻器</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%A4%B1%E6%95%88%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5" title="Wikipedia:失效链接"><span title="自2018年4月失效">永久失效連結</span></a>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cogger91_180-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cogger91_180_32-0"><sup><b>32.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cogger91_180_32-1"><sup><b>32.1</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cogger91_180_32-2"><sup><b>32.2</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cogger91_180_32-3"><sup><b>32.3</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">康加（1991年），頁180。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mader-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mader_33-0"><sup><b>33.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mader_33-1"><sup><b>33.1</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mader_33-2"><sup><b>33.2</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mader_33-3"><sup><b>33.3</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mader_33-4"><sup><b>33.4</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <cite id="CITEREF美達1995年" class="citation">美達, 德格拉斯, 《<i>Reptillian Anatomy</i>》, 爬蟲類, 1995年6月, <b>第三冊</b> (第二期): 頁84至93</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%9B%87&rft.atitle=%E3%80%8AReptillian+Anatomy%E3%80%8B&rft.aufirst=%E5%BE%B7%E6%A0%BC%E6%8B%89%E6%96%AF&rft.aulast=%E7%BE%8E%E9%81%94&rft.date=1995-06&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E6%9C%9F&rft.jtitle=%E7%88%AC%E8%9F%B2%E9%A1%9E&rft.pages=%E9%A0%8184%E8%87%B393&rft.volume=%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%89%E5%86%8A&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33"> 引文格式1维护：日期与年 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%BC%95%E6%96%87%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F1%E7%BB%B4%E6%8A%A4%EF%BC%9A%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%9F%E4%B8%8E%E5%B9%B4" title="Category:引文格式1维护：日期与年">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Capula89_117-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Capula89_117_34-0"><sup><b>34.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Capula89_117_34-1"><sup><b>34.1</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Capula89_117_34-2"><sup><b>34.2</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Capula89_117_34-3"><sup><b>34.3</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">卡普拉（1989年），頁117。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cogger91_186-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cogger91_186_35-0"><sup><b>35.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cogger91_186_35-1"><sup><b>35.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">康加（1991年），頁186。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Capula89_118-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Capula89_118_36-0"><sup><b>36.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Capula89_118_36-1"><sup><b>36.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">卡普拉（1989年），頁118。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cogger91_182-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cogger91_182_37-0"><sup><b>37.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cogger91_182_37-1"><sup><b>37.1</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cogger91_182_37-2"><sup><b>37.2</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">康加（1991年），頁182。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mehrtens87_209-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mehrtens87_209_38-0"><sup><b>38.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mehrtens87_209_38-1"><sup><b>38.1</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mehrtens87_209_38-2"><sup><b>38.2</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mehrtens87_209_38-3"><sup><b>38.3</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mehrtens87_209_38-4"><sup><b>38.4</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mehrtens87_209_38-5"><sup><b>38.5</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mehrtens87_209_38-6"><sup><b>38.6</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mehrtens87_209_38-7"><sup><b>38.7</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">美荷頓斯（1987年），頁243。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Freiberg84_125-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Freiberg84_125_39-0"><sup><b>39.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Freiberg84_125_39-1"><sup><b>39.1</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Freiberg84_125_39-2"><sup><b>39.2</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Freiberg84_125_39-3"><sup><b>39.3</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Freiberg84_125_39-4"><sup><b>39.4</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">費利堡（1984年），頁125。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Freiberg84_123-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Freiberg84_123_40-0"><sup><b>40.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Freiberg84_123_40-1"><sup><b>40.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">費利堡（1984年），頁123。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Freiberg84_126-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Freiberg84_126_41-0"><sup><b>41.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Freiberg84_126_41-1"><sup><b>41.1</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Freiberg84_126_41-2"><sup><b>41.2</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Freiberg84_126_41-3"><sup><b>41.3</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">費利堡（1984年），頁126。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">美荷頓斯（1987年），頁242。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fry_2006_earlyevolution-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Fry_2006_earlyevolution_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <cite id="CITEREF富萊維度爾諾文溫克2006" class="citation">富萊, 拜仁‧G; 維度爾, 尼古拉斯; 諾文, 珍尼特‧A; 溫克, 費列克‧J; 史基保, 荷爾格; 拉姆傑恩, 拉恩; 科魯普, 辛查耶, Early evolution of the venom system in lizards and snakes, 自然, 2006年, <b>439</b>: 584–588, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0028-0836"><span title="国际标准连续出版物号">ISSN 0028-0836</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature04328"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.1038/nature04328</span></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%9B%87&rft.atitle=Early+evolution+of+the+venom+system+in+lizards+and+snakes&rft.au=%E5%8F%B2%E5%9F%BA%E4%BF%9D%2C+%E8%8D%B7%E7%88%BE%E6%A0%BC&rft.au=%E6%8B%89%E5%A7%86%E5%82%91%E6%81%A9%2C+%E6%8B%89%E6%81%A9&rft.au=%E6%BA%AB%E5%85%8B%2C+%E8%B2%BB%E5%88%97%E5%85%8B%E2%80%A7J&rft.au=%E7%A7%91%E9%AD%AF%E6%99%AE%2C+%E8%BE%9B%E6%9F%A5%E8%80%B6&rft.au=%E7%B6%AD%E5%BA%A6%E7%88%BE%2C+%E5%B0%BC%E5%8F%A4%E6%8B%89%E6%96%AF&rft.au=%E8%AB%BE%E6%96%87%2C+%E7%8F%8D%E5%B0%BC%E7%89%B9%E2%80%A7A&rft.aufirst=%E6%8B%9C%E4%BB%81%E2%80%A7G&rft.aulast=%E5%AF%8C%E8%90%8A&rft.date=2006&rft.genre=article&rft.issn=0028-0836&rft.jtitle=%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6&rft.pages=584-588&rft.volume=439&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnature04328&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sinha-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sinha_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREF辛哈2006年" class="citation">辛哈, 科堤雅, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/1803026.cms">《No more the land of snake charmers》</a>, 印度<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3_(%E9%9B%9C%E8%AA%8C)" class="mw-redirect" title="時代 (雜誌)">時代雜誌</a>, 2006年7月25日 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [2008年5月4日]</span>, （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.webcitation.org/616hayiP7?url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2006-07-25/india/27815969_1_snake-bites-russell-s-viper-krait-cobra">存档</a>于2011年8月21日）</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%9B%87&rft.atitle=%E3%80%8ANo+more+the+land+of+snake+charmers%E3%80%8B&rft.aufirst=%E7%A7%91%E5%A0%A4%E9%9B%85&rft.aulast=%E8%BE%9B%E5%93%88&rft.date=2006-07-25&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3%E9%9B%9C%E8%AA%8C&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Farticleshow%2F1803026.cms&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33"> 引文格式1维护：日期与年 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%BC%95%E6%96%87%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F1%E7%BB%B4%E6%8A%A4%EF%BC%9A%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%9F%E4%B8%8E%E5%B9%B4" title="Category:引文格式1维护：日期与年">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bagla-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bagla_45-0"><sup><b>45.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bagla_45-1"><sup><b>45.1</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bagla_45-2"><sup><b>45.2</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">巴古拉, 帕拉華. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2002/04/0417_020423_snakecharm_2.html">《India's Snake Charmers Fade, Blaming Eco-Laws, TV》</a>. <a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E6%9D%82%E5%BF%97" class="mw-redirect" title="国家地理杂志">国家地理杂志</a>. 2002年4月23日 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [2007年11月26日]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071218213538/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2002/04/0417_020423_snakecharm_2.html">存档</a>于2007年12月18日）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%9B%87&rft.atitle=%E3%80%8AIndia%27s+Snake+Charmers+Fade%2C+Blaming+Eco-Laws%2C+TV%E3%80%8B&rft.aufirst=%E5%B8%95%E6%8B%89%E8%8F%AF&rft.aulast=%E5%B7%B4%E5%8F%A4%E6%8B%89&rft.date=2002-04-23&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.nationalgeographic.com%2Fnews%2F2002%2F04%2F0417_020423_snakecharm_2.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Whitaker_et_al-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Whitaker_et_al_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">維他可‧羅姆魯斯及卡普頓‧亞斯荷格：《Snakes of India: The Field Guide》頁11至13，2004年。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">艾雲‧F‧R：《Snakes as food for man. British Journal of Herpetology》頁183至189，1954年</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Flynn-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Flynn_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">費連, 奧潔尼. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071117191253/http://www.fabuloustravel.com/gourmet/travel/cobrasblood/cobra.html">《Flynn Of The Orient Meets The Cobra》</a>. 傳說旅程. 2002年4月23日 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [2007年11月26日]</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fabuloustravel.com/gourmet/travel/cobrasblood/cobra.html">原始内容</a>存档于2007年11月17日）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%9B%87&rft.atitle=%E3%80%8AFlynn+Of+The+Orient+Meets+The+Cobra%E3%80%8B&rft.aufirst=%E5%A5%A7%E6%BD%94%E5%B0%BC&rft.aulast=%E8%B2%BB%E9%80%A3&rft.date=2002-04-23&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fabuloustravel.com%2Fgourmet%2Ftravel%2Fcobrasblood%2Fcobra.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Allen-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Allen_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">亞倫, 大衛. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071128045728/http://ww2.pstripes.osd.mil/01/mag/sm072201c.html">Okinawa's potent habu sake packs healthy punch, poisonous snake</a>. Stars & Stripes. 2001年7月22日 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [2007年11月26日]</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ww2.pstripes.osd.mil/01/mag/sm072201c.html">原始内容</a>存档于2007年11月28日）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%9B%87&rft.atitle=Okinawa%27s+potent+habu+sake+packs+healthy+punch%2C+poisonous+snake&rft.aufirst=%E5%A4%A7%E8%A1%9B&rft.aulast=%E4%BA%9E%E5%80%AB&rft.date=2001-07-22&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fww2.pstripes.osd.mil%2F01%2Fmag%2Fsm072201c.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140225090459/http://tangwshk2002.mysinablog.com/index.php?op=ViewArticle&articleId=40249">秋天吃太史蛇羹的典故</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2008-05-04</span>]</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tangwshk2002.mysinablog.com/index.php?op=ViewArticle&articleId=40249">原始内容</a>存档于2014-02-25）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%9B%87&rft.btitle=%E7%A7%8B%E5%A4%A9%E5%90%83%E5%A4%AA%E5%8F%B2%E8%9B%87%E7%BE%B9%E7%9A%84%E5%85%B8%E6%95%85&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftangwshk2002.mysinablog.com%2Findex.php%3Fop%3DViewArticle%26articleId%3D40249&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081019101326/http://zhinan.elong.com/guide/100000001634">廣東菜食譜</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2015-10-27</span>]</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://zhinan.elong.com/guide/100000001634">原始内容</a>存档于2008-10-19）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%9B%87&rft.btitle=%E5%BB%A3%E6%9D%B1%E8%8F%9C%E9%A3%9F%E8%AD%9C&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fzhinan.elong.com%2Fguide%2F100000001634&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170109093715/http://home.ied.edu.hk/~msho/articles/388-%B3D%AA%BA%C3%C4%A5%CE.pdf">勞伯勳《蛇的藥用》</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2022-07-20</span>]</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://home.ied.edu.hk/~msho/articles/388-%25B3D%25AA%25BA%25C3%25C4%25A5%25CE.pdf">原始内容</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>存档于2017-01-09）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%9B%87&rft.btitle=%E5%8B%9E%E4%BC%AF%E5%8B%B3%E3%80%8A%E8%9B%87%E7%9A%84%E8%97%A5%E7%94%A8%E3%80%8B&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhome.ied.edu.hk%2F~msho%2Farticles%2F388-%2525B3D%2525AA%2525BA%2525C3%2525C4%2525A5%2525CE.pdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.epochtimes.com/b5/5/10/11/n1081771.htm">大紀元網：關於三味線</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2008-05-04</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081208233808/http://news.epochtimes.com/b5/5/10/11/n1081771.htm">存档</a>于2008-12-08）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%9B%87&rft.btitle=%E5%A4%A7%E7%B4%80%E5%85%83%E7%B6%B2%EF%BC%9A%E9%97%9C%E6%96%BC%E4%B8%89%E5%91%B3%E7%B7%9A&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.epochtimes.com%2Fb5%2F5%2F10%2F11%2Fn1081771.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tglin.idv.tw/essay/essay_lang80.htm">虛與「委蛇」：「它」者，蛇也。</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2011-11-11</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121128053244/http://www.tglin.idv.tw/essay/essay_lang80.htm">存档</a>于2012-11-28）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%9B%87&rft.btitle=%E8%99%9B%E8%88%87%E3%80%8C%E5%A7%94%E8%9B%87%E3%80%8D%EF%BC%9A%E3%80%8C%E5%AE%83%E3%80%8D%E8%80%85%EF%BC%8C%E8%9B%87%E4%B9%9F%E3%80%82&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tglin.idv.tw%2Fessay%2Fessay_lang80.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">《說文解字·巳部》：「巳：巳也。四月，陽气巳出，陰气巳藏，萬物見，成文章，故巳為蛇，象形。」</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">《後漢書·周燮傳》：「伏羲牛首，女媧蛇軀，臯繇鳥喙，孔子牛唇，是聖賢異貌也。」</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webmail.dsps.chc.edu.tw/~cmt/web/superme/4.htm">玄天上帝的形象</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2008-05-04</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080513233622/http://webmail.dsps.chc.edu.tw/~cmt/web/superme/4.htm">存档</a>于2008-05-13）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%9B%87&rft.btitle=%E7%8E%84%E5%A4%A9%E4%B8%8A%E5%B8%9D%E7%9A%84%E5%BD%A2%E8%B1%A1&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwebmail.dsps.chc.edu.tw%2F~cmt%2Fweb%2Fsuperme%2F4.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://xuanjiangdian.org/xjd_history.html">玄天上帝相關史傳及記載</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2008-05-11</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080516123521/http://xuanjiangdian.org/xjd_history.html">存档</a>于2008-05-16）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%9B%87&rft.btitle=%E7%8E%84%E5%A4%A9%E4%B8%8A%E5%B8%9D%E7%9B%B8%E9%97%9C%E5%8F%B2%E5%82%B3%E5%8F%8A%E8%A8%98%E8%BC%89&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fxuanjiangdian.org%2Fxjd_history.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">晉代<a href="/wiki/%E9%83%AD%E7%92%9E" title="郭璞">郭璞</a>注《山海經》指：「珥，以蛇貫耳也，音釣餌之餌。」</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.sssh.tp.edu.tw/education/chinese/sed/paper/%E9%BE%8D%E5%82%B3%E5%A5%87%E8%88%87%E6%BC%A2%E9%AB%98%E7%A5%96%E5%8A%89%E9%82%A6.DOC">陳正榮：龍傳奇與漢高祖劉邦</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2012-07-09</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120709191813/http://www2.sssh.tp.edu.tw/education/chinese/sed/paper/%E9%BE%8D%E5%82%B3%E5%A5%87%E8%88%87%E6%BC%A2%E9%AB%98%E7%A5%96%E5%8A%89%E9%82%A6.DOC">存档</a>于2012-07-09）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%9B%87&rft.btitle=%E9%99%B3%E6%AD%A3%E6%A6%AE%EF%BC%9A%E9%BE%8D%E5%82%B3%E5%A5%87%E8%88%87%E6%BC%A2%E9%AB%98%E7%A5%96%E5%8A%89%E9%82%A6&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww2.sssh.tp.edu.tw%2Feducation%2Fchinese%2Fsed%2Fpaper%2F%25E9%25BE%258D%25E5%2582%25B3%25E5%25A5%2587%25E8%2588%2587%25E6%25BC%25A2%25E9%25AB%2598%25E7%25A5%2596%25E5%258A%2589%25E9%2582%25A6.DOC&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">《晉書·杜預傳》：「（杜）預初在荊州，因宴集，醉臥齋中。外人聞嘔吐聲，竊窺於戶，止見一大蛇垂頭而吐。聞者異之。」</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">《宋史》列傳第六十一。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">見《搜神記》及《<a href="/wiki/%E8%97%9D%E6%96%87%E9%A1%9E%E8%81%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="藝文類聚">藝文類聚</a>·鱗介部》。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">嚴可均輯：<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tianyuan.org/shu/ji/quanjinwen/046.html">全晉文</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20210501152144/http://tianyuan.org/shu/ji/quanjinwen/046.html">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">原文：「維毒出之滋長，實變幻其莫測。苟考辨之未詳，每躬逢而受災。爾乃品居蛇類，名號鐵鞭。眠於夏日，旺在秋天。啖腦汁之一飽，恒掩臥乎三年。形雖蜿蜒，質同金鋼。掉尾相擊，所經必傷。伏行旅之邸舍。入佳人之閨房，時潛藏於林底，亦隱蟠夫屋樑。至若性忌燈光，喜托暗室。搏閃醉後，噬乘睡餘。不畏刀劍，專怕熏炙。雖產育乎此地，實土人所未悉。」</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">原文：「巴蛇食象，三歲而出其骨，君子服之，無心腹之疾。」意思是有一種<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E8%9B%87" title="巴蛇">巴蛇</a>，能吞下整頭大象，經歷三年後才將象骨吐出；如果君子食用此蛇，可醫治一切心腹之疾。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">《長蛇贊》：「長蛇百尋，厥鬣如彘。飛群走類，靡不吞噬。極物之惡，盡毒之厲。」見《藝文類聚·鱗介部》。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">《巴蛇贊》：「象實巨獸，有蛇吞之。越出其骨，三年為期。厥大何如，屈生是疑。」見《藝文類聚·鱗介部》。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">《蟒蛇贊》：「蠢蠢萬生，咸以類長。惟蛇之君，是謂巨蟒。小則數尋，大或百丈。」見《藝文類聚·鱗介部》。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">《枳首蛇贊》：「夔稱一足，蛇則二首。少不知無，多不覺有。雖資天然，無異駢拇。」見《藝文類聚·鱗介部》。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%8B%E5%85%85" title="王充">王充</a>《<a href="/wiki/%E8%AB%96%E8%A1%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="論衡">論衡</a>·物勢》：「巳、火也，其禽虵（蛇）也。」又曰：「水勝火，故豕食虵。」又曰：「巳、虵也，申、猴也。火勝金，虵何不食獼猴？」</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">《<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E9%81%8A%E8%A8%98" class="mw-redirect" title="西遊記">西遊記</a>》第六十六回「諸神遭毒手，彌勒縛妖魔」中有「龜蛇生水火，妖怪動刀兵」句。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://edu.singtao.com/news/primary_news.asp?id=767">星島通識網：五毒</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2008-05-11</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080626013856/http://edu.singtao.com/news/primary_news.asp?id=767">存档</a>于2008-06-26）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%9B%87&rft.btitle=%E6%98%9F%E5%B3%B6%E9%80%9A%E8%AD%98%E7%B6%B2%EF%BC%9A%E4%BA%94%E6%AF%92&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fedu.singtao.com%2Fnews%2Fprimary_news.asp%3Fid%3D767&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.geocities.com/macaukungfu/five.htm">介紹五形拳</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2004-08-16</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040816030047/http://www.geocities.com/macaukungfu/five.htm">存档</a>于2004-08-16）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%9B%87&rft.btitle=%E4%BB%8B%E7%B4%B9%E4%BA%94%E5%BD%A2%E6%8B%B3&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.geocities.com%2Fmacaukungfu%2Ffive.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20010923163244/http://www.tmoa.gov.tw/action/snake.htm">百步蛇圖紋對排灣族的意義</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2008-05-04</span>]</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tmoa.gov.tw/action/snake.htm">原始内容</a>存档于2001-09-23）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%9B%87&rft.btitle=%E7%99%BE%E6%AD%A5%E8%9B%87%E5%9C%96%E7%B4%8B%E5%B0%8D%E6%8E%92%E7%81%A3%E6%97%8F%E7%9A%84%E6%84%8F%E7%BE%A9&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tmoa.gov.tw%2Faction%2Fsnake.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">《管子·兵法》：「九章：一曰舉日章，則晝行。二曰舉月章，則夜行。三曰舉龍章，則行水。四曰舉虎章，則行林。五曰舉鳥章，則行陂。六曰舉蛇章，則行澤。七曰舉鵲章，則行陸。八曰舉狼章，則行山。九曰舉韟章，則載食而駕。九章既定，而動靜不過。」</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www9.plala.or.jp/sinsi/07sinsi/fukuda/hebi/hebi-1.html">辯才天神社與蛇信仰</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2011-11-06</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121224030035/http://www9.plala.or.jp/sinsi/07sinsi/fukuda/hebi/hebi-1.html">存档</a>于2012-12-24）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%9B%87&rft.btitle=%E8%BE%AF%E6%89%8D%E5%A4%A9%E7%A5%9E%E7%A4%BE%E8%88%87%E8%9B%87%E4%BF%A1%E4%BB%B0&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww9.plala.or.jp%2Fsinsi%2F07sinsi%2Ffukuda%2Fhebi%2Fhebi-1.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://209.85.175.104/search?q=cache:rglIBJG-Ps8J:134.208.19.163/xoops224/modules/tinyd2/newupload/97.3.5%2520chinese.ppt+%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC+%22%E5%A6%96%E6%80%AA%22+%E8%9B%87%E5%A5%B3&hl=zh-TW&ct=clnk&cd=7&gl=hk&lr=lang_zh-CN%7Clang_zh-TW">Shinowa Chiwaki：日本幻奇文學第45章：蛇女傳說</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%A4%B1%E6%95%88%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5" title="Wikipedia:失效链接"><span title="自2018年7月失效">永久失效連結</span></a>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220406213709/http://www.allgett.com/%E5%9C%8B%E5%AE%B6%E5%B9%B9%E7%B7%9A/%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99---%E6%AF%97%E6%BF%95%E5%A5%B4.htm">國家幹線：毗濕奴</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2008-05-11</span>]</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://allgett.com/%E5%9C%8B%E5%AE%B6%E5%B9%B9%E7%B7%9A/%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99---%E6%AF%97%E6%BF%95%E5%A5%B4.htm">原始内容</a>存档于2022-04-06）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%9B%87&rft.btitle=%E5%9C%8B%E5%AE%B6%E5%B9%B9%E7%B7%9A%EF%BC%9A%E6%AF%97%E6%BF%95%E5%A5%B4&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fallgett.com%2F%25E5%259C%258B%25E5%25AE%25B6%25E5%25B9%25B9%25E7%25B7%259A%2F%25E5%25AE%2597%25E6%2595%2599---%25E6%25AF%2597%25E6%25BF%2595%25E5%25A5%25B4.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180901170642/http://www.bookofjob.org/">聖經中的利維坦</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2008-05-04</span>]</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bookofjob.org/">原始内容</a>存档于2018-09-01）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%9B%87&rft.btitle=%E8%81%96%E7%B6%93%E4%B8%AD%E7%9A%84%E5%88%A9%E7%B6%AD%E5%9D%A6&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bookofjob.org%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tonmo.com/articles/midgard.php">北歐神話中的耶夢加得</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2008-05-04</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131226075931/http://www.tonmo.com/articles/midgard.php">存档</a>于2013-12-26）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%9B%87&rft.btitle=%E5%8C%97%E6%AD%90%E7%A5%9E%E8%A9%B1%E4%B8%AD%E7%9A%84%E8%80%B6%E5%A4%A2%E5%8A%A0%E5%BE%97&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tonmo.com%2Farticles%2Fmidgard.php&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.herper.com/human/biblical.html">聖經裡的蛇</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2008-05-04</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080518102727/http://www.herper.com/human/biblical.html">存档</a>于2008-05-18）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%9B%87&rft.btitle=%E8%81%96%E7%B6%93%E8%A3%A1%E7%9A%84%E8%9B%87&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.herper.com%2Fhuman%2Fbiblical.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ouro-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ouro_83-0"><sup><b>83.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ouro_83-1"><sup><b>83.1</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ouro_83-2"><sup><b>83.2</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ouro_83-3"><sup><b>83.3</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ouro_83-4"><sup><b>83.4</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ouro_83-5"><sup><b>83.5</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ouro_83-6"><sup><b>83.6</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ouro_83-7"><sup><b>83.7</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://phen.nsysu.edu.tw/old_forum/index.php?t=msg&goto=11487&">銜尾蛇介紹</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%A4%B1%E6%95%88%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5" title="Wikipedia:失效链接"><span title="">失效連結</span></a>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.annals.org/cgi/content/full/138/8/673">蛇的醫學意義</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2008-05-04</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200624004146/https://www.acpjournals.org/doi/10.7326/0003-4819-138-8-200304150-00016">存档</a>于2020-06-24）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%9B%87&rft.btitle=%E8%9B%87%E7%9A%84%E9%86%AB%E5%AD%B8%E6%84%8F%E7%BE%A9&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.annals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Ffull%2F138%2F8%2F673&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-snakegreek-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-snakegreek_85-0"><sup><b>85.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-snakegreek_85-1"><sup><b>85.1</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-snakegreek_85-2"><sup><b>85.2</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.areopagus.net/grkbeasts.htm">希臘神話中的怪物</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2008-05-04</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080430155047/http://www.areopagus.net/grkbeasts.htm">存档</a>于2008-04-30）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%9B%87&rft.btitle=%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E7%A5%9E%E8%A9%B1%E4%B8%AD%E7%9A%84%E6%80%AA%E7%89%A9&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.areopagus.net%2Fgrkbeasts.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tcstreet.com/Book/great_people/equeen/equeen.htm">介紹埃及艷后之死</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2008-05-11</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080626131234/http://www.tcstreet.com/Book/great_people/equeen/equeen.htm">存档</a>于2008-06-26）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%9B%87&rft.btitle=%E4%BB%8B%E7%B4%B9%E5%9F%83%E5%8F%8A%E8%89%B7-%7B%E5%90%8E%7D-%E4%B9%8B%E6%AD%BB&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftcstreet.com%2FBook%2Fgreat_people%2Fequeen%2Fequeen.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090418154807/http://www.yangzhi.com/news/200710/2007_10_19_90075.html">養殖商務網：蛇的神話</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2008-05-04</span>]</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.yangzhi.com/news/200710/2007_10_19_90075.html">原始内容</a>存档于2009-04-18）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%9B%87&rft.btitle=%E9%A4%8A%E6%AE%96%E5%95%86%E5%8B%99%E7%B6%B2%EF%BC%9A%E8%9B%87%E7%9A%84%E7%A5%9E%E8%A9%B1&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.yangzhi.com%2Fnews%2F200710%2F2007_10_19_90075.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://politics.people.com.cn/BIG5/8198/52409/52412/3654344.html">人民網：墨西哥國徽</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2008-05-11</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200615003138/http://politics.people.com.cn/BIG5/8198/52409/52412/3654344.html">存档</a>于2020-06-15）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%9B%87&rft.btitle=%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E7%B6%B2%EF%BC%9A%E5%A2%A8%E8%A5%BF%E5%93%A5%E5%9C%8B%E5%BE%BD&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpolitics.people.com.cn%2FBIG5%2F8198%2F52409%2F52412%2F3654344.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.crystalinks.com/quetzalcoatl.html">介紹羽蛇神</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2008-05-04</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210506214839/https://www.crystalinks.com/quetzalcoatl.html">存档</a>于2021-05-06）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%9B%87&rft.btitle=%E4%BB%8B%E7%B4%B9%E7%BE%BD%E8%9B%87%E7%A5%9E&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.crystalinks.com%2Fquetzalcoatl.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="延伸閱讀"><span id=".E5.BB.B6.E4.BC.B8.E9.96.B1.E8.AE.80"></span>延伸閱讀</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%9B%87&action=edit&section=29" title="编辑章节：延伸閱讀"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><cite class="citation book">Behler, John L.; King, F. Wayne. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/audubonsocietyfi00behl">The Audubon Society Field Guide to Reptiles and Amphibians of North America</a>. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. 1979: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/audubonsocietyfi00behl/page/581">581</a>. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0-394-50824-6" title="Special:网络书源/0-394-50824-6"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 0-394-50824-6</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%9B%87&rft.au=King%2C+F.+Wayne&rft.aufirst=John+L.&rft.aulast=Behler&rft.btitle=The+Audubon+Society+Field+Guide+to+Reptiles+and+Amphibians+of+North+America&rft.date=1979&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-394-50824-6&rft.pages=581&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Alfred+A.+Knopf&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Faudubonsocietyfi00behl&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Bullfinch&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thomas Bullfinch（页面不存在）">Bullfinch, Thomas</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090209004721/http://etext.library.adelaide.edu.au/b/bulfinch/thomas/">Bullfinch's Complete Mythology</a>. <a href="/wiki/London" class="mw-redirect" title="London">London</a>: Chancellor Press. 2000: 679 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2012-09-01</span>]</span>. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0-7537-0381-5" title="Special:网络书源/0-7537-0381-5"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 0-7537-0381-5</a>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://etext.library.adelaide.edu.au/b/bulfinch/thomas/">原始内容</a>存档于2009-02-09）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%9B%87&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft.aulast=Bullfinch&rft.btitle=Bullfinch%27s+Complete+Mythology&rft.date=2000&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-7537-0381-5&rft.pages=679&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Chancellor+Press&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fetext.library.adelaide.edu.au%2Fb%2Fbulfinch%2Fthomas%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book">Capula, Massimo; Behler. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/simonschustersgu00capu">Simon & Schuster's Guide to Reptiles and Amphibians of the World</a>. <a href="/wiki/New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="New York">New York</a>: Simon & Schuster. 1989. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0-671-69098-1" title="Special:网络书源/0-671-69098-1"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 0-671-69098-1</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%9B%87&rft.aufirst=Massimo&rft.aulast=Capula&rft.btitle=Simon+%26+Schuster%27s+Guide+to+Reptiles+and+Amphibians+of+the+World&rft.date=1989&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-671-69098-1&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsimonschustersgu00capu&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">引文使用过时参数<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">coauthors</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:%E5%BC%95%E6%96%87%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F1%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF#deprecated_params" title="Help:引文格式1错误">帮助</a>)</span></li> <li><cite class="citation book">Coborn, John. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/atlasofsnakesofw0000cobo">The Atlas of Snakes of the World</a>. <a href="/wiki/New_Jersey" class="mw-redirect" title="New Jersey">New Jersey</a>: TFH Publications. 1991. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-86622-749-0" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-86622-749-0"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-0-86622-749-0</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%9B%87&rft.aufirst=John&rft.aulast=Coborn&rft.btitle=The+Atlas+of+Snakes+of+the+World&rft.date=1991&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-86622-749-0&rft.place=New+Jersey&rft.pub=TFH+Publications&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fatlasofsnakesofw0000cobo&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harold_Cogger&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Harold Cogger（页面不存在）">Cogger, Harold</a>; Zweifel, Richard. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/reptilesamphibia00coggrich">Reptiles & Amphibians</a>. <a href="/wiki/Sydney" class="mw-redirect" title="Sydney">Sydney</a>: Weldon Owen. 1992. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0-8317-2786-1" title="Special:网络书源/0-8317-2786-1"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 0-8317-2786-1</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%9B%87&rft.au=Zweifel%2C+Richard&rft.aufirst=Harold&rft.aulast=Cogger&rft.btitle=Reptiles+%26+Amphibians&rft.date=1992&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-8317-2786-1&rft.place=Sydney&rft.pub=Weldon+Owen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Freptilesamphibia00coggrich&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roger_Conant_(herpetologist)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Roger Conant (herpetologist)（页面不存在）">Conant, Roger</a>; Collins, Joseph. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/fieldguidetorept00cona">A Field Guide to Reptiles and Amphibians Eastern/Central North America</a>. <a href="/wiki/Boston" class="mw-redirect" title="Boston">Boston</a>, <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" class="mw-redirect" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a>: Houghton Mifflin Company. 1991. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0-395-58389-6" title="Special:网络书源/0-395-58389-6"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 0-395-58389-6</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%9B%87&rft.au=Collins%2C+Joseph&rft.aufirst=Roger&rft.aulast=Conant&rft.btitle=A+Field+Guide+to+Reptiles+and+Amphibians+Eastern%2FCentral+North+America&rft.date=1991&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-395-58389-6&rft.place=Boston%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin+Company&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffieldguidetorept00cona&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Worship_of_the_Serpent&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Worship of the Serpent（页面不存在）">Deane, John</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sacred-texts.com/etc/wos/index.htm">The Worship of the Serpent</a>. <a href="/wiki/Whitefish,_Montana" class="mw-redirect" title="Whitefish, Montana">Whitefish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Montana" class="mw-redirect" title="Montana">Montana</a>: Kessinger Publishing. 1833: 412 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2012-09-01</span>]</span>. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/1-56459-898-5" title="Special:网络书源/1-56459-898-5"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 1-56459-898-5</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191009000202/https://www.sacred-texts.com/etc/wos/index.htm">存档</a>于2019-10-09）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%9B%87&rft.aufirst=John&rft.aulast=Deane&rft.btitle=The+Worship+of+the+Serpent&rft.date=1833&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=1-56459-898-5&rft.pages=412&rft.place=Whitefish%2C+Montana&rft.pub=Kessinger+Publishing&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sacred-texts.com%2Fetc%2Fwos%2Findex.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Raymond_Ditmars&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Raymond Ditmars（页面不存在）">Ditmars, Raymond L</a>. Poisonous Snakes of the United States: How to Distinguish Them. <a href="/wiki/New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="New York">New York</a>: E. R. Sanborn. 1906: 11.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%9B%87&rft.aufirst=Raymond+L&rft.aulast=Ditmars&rft.btitle=Poisonous+Snakes+of+the+United+States%3A+How+to+Distinguish+Them&rft.date=1906&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=11&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=E.+R.+Sanborn&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Raymond_Ditmars&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Raymond Ditmars（页面不存在）">Ditmars, Raymond L</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/snakesofworld0000ditm">Snakes of the World</a>. <a href="/wiki/New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="New York">New York</a>: Macmillan. 1931: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/snakesofworld0000ditm/page/11">11</a>. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-02-531730-7" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-02-531730-7"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-0-02-531730-7</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%9B%87&rft.aufirst=Raymond+L&rft.aulast=Ditmars&rft.btitle=Snakes+of+the+World&rft.date=1931&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-02-531730-7&rft.pages=11&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsnakesofworld0000ditm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Raymond_Ditmars&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Raymond Ditmars（页面不存在）">Ditmars, Raymond L</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/reptilesofworldc0000raym">Reptiles of the World: The Crocodilians, Lizards, Snakes, Turtles and Tortoises of the Eastern and Western Hemispheres</a>. <a href="/wiki/New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="New York">New York</a>: Macmillan. 1933: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/reptilesofworldc0000raym/page/321">321</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%9B%87&rft.aufirst=Raymond+L&rft.aulast=Ditmars&rft.btitle=Reptiles+of+the+World%3A+The+Crocodilians%2C+Lizards%2C+Snakes%2C+Turtles+and+Tortoises+of+the+Eastern+and+Western+Hemispheres&rft.date=1933&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=321&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Freptilesofworldc0000raym&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Raymond_Ditmars&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Raymond Ditmars（页面不存在）">Ditmars, Raymond L</a>; W. Bridges. Snake-Hunters' Holiday. <a href="/wiki/New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="New York">New York</a>: D. Appleton and Company. 1935: 309.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%9B%87&rft.aufirst=Raymond+L&rft.aulast=Ditmars&rft.btitle=Snake-Hunters%27+Holiday&rft.date=1935&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=309&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=D.+Appleton+and+Company&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">引文使用过时参数<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">coauthor</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:%E5%BC%95%E6%96%87%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F1%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF#deprecated_params" title="Help:引文格式1错误">帮助</a>)</span></li> <li><cite class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Raymond_Ditmars&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Raymond Ditmars（页面不存在）">Ditmars, Raymond L</a>. A Field Book of North American Snakes. Garden City, <a href="/wiki/New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="New York">New York</a>: Doubleday, Doran & Co. 1939: 305.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%9B%87&rft.aufirst=Raymond+L&rft.aulast=Ditmars&rft.btitle=A+Field+Book+of+North+American+Snakes&rft.date=1939&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=305&rft.place=Garden+City%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Doubleday%2C+Doran+%26+Co&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book">Freiberg, Dr. Marcos; Walls, Jerry. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/worldofvenomousa00marc">The World of Venomous Animals</a>. <a href="/wiki/New_Jersey" class="mw-redirect" title="New Jersey">New Jersey</a>: TFH Publications. 1984. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0-87666-567-9" title="Special:网络书源/0-87666-567-9"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 0-87666-567-9</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%9B%87&rft.au=Walls%2C+Jerry&rft.aufirst=Dr.+Marcos&rft.aulast=Freiberg&rft.btitle=The+World+of+Venomous+Animals&rft.date=1984&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-87666-567-9&rft.place=New+Jersey&rft.pub=TFH+Publications&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fworldofvenomousa00marc&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book">Gibbons, J. Whitfield; Gibbons, Whit. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/theirbloodrunsco0000gibb">Their Blood Runs Cold: Adventures With Reptiles and Amphibians</a>. <a href="/wiki/Alabama" class="mw-redirect" title="Alabama">Alabama</a>: University of Alabama Press. 1983: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/theirbloodrunsco0000gibb/page/164">164</a>. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-8173-0135-4" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-8173-0135-4"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-0-8173-0135-4</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%9B%87&rft.au=Gibbons%2C+Whit&rft.aufirst=J.+Whitfield&rft.aulast=Gibbons&rft.btitle=Their+Blood+Runs+Cold%3A+Adventures+With+Reptiles+and+Amphibians&rft.date=1983&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-8173-0135-4&rft.pages=164&rft.place=Alabama&rft.pub=University+of+Alabama+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftheirbloodrunsco0000gibb&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book">Mattison, Chris. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/newencyclopediao0000matt">The New Encyclopedia of Snakes</a>. <a href="/wiki/New_Jersey" class="mw-redirect" title="New Jersey">New Jersey</a>: <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Princeton University">Princeton University</a> Press. 2007: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/newencyclopediao0000matt/page/272">272</a>. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-691-13295-2" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-691-13295-2"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-0-691-13295-2</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%9B%87&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft.aulast=Mattison&rft.btitle=The+New+Encyclopedia+of+Snakes&rft.date=2007&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-691-13295-2&rft.pages=272&rft.place=New+Jersey&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnewencyclopediao0000matt&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book">McDiarmid, RW; Campbell, JA; Touré, T. Snake Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference <b>1</b>. Herpetologists' League. 1999: 511. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/1-893777-00-6" title="Special:网络书源/1-893777-00-6"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 1-893777-00-6</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%9B%87&rft.au=Campbell%2C+JA&rft.au=Tour%C3%A9%2C+T&rft.aufirst=RW&rft.aulast=McDiarmid&rft.btitle=Snake+Species+of+the+World%3A+A+Taxonomic+and+Geographic+Reference&rft.date=1999&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=1-893777-00-6&rft.pages=511&rft.pub=Herpetologists%27+League&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book">Mehrtens, John. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/livingsnakesofwo00mehr">Living Snakes of the World in Color</a>. <a href="/wiki/New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="New York">New York</a>: Sterling. 1987. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0-8069-6461-8" title="Special:网络书源/0-8069-6461-8"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 0-8069-6461-8</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%9B%87&rft.aufirst=John&rft.aulast=Mehrtens&rft.btitle=Living+Snakes+of+the+World+in+Color&rft.date=1987&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-8069-6461-8&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Sterling&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flivingsnakesofwo00mehr&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation journal">Nóbrega Alves, RôMulo Romeu; Silva Vieira, Washington Luiz; Santana, Gindomar Gomes. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20030417141513/http://www.springerlink.com/">Reptiles used in traditional folk medicine: conservation implications</a>. Biodiversity and Conservation. 2008, <b>17</b> (8): 2037–2049 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">22 January</span> 2009]</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10531-007-9305-0"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.1007/s10531-007-9305-0</span></a>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.springerlink.com/content/j3558j2n828x35w3/?p=2b29f0e29e064961ad47b479f780adb2&pi=15">原始内容</a>存档于2003-04-17）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%9B%87&rft.atitle=Reptiles+used+in+traditional+folk+medicine%3A+conservation+implications&rft.au=Santana%2C+Gindomar+Gomes&rft.au=Silva+Vieira%2C+Washington+Luiz&rft.aufirst=R%C3%B4Mulo+Romeu&rft.aulast=N%C3%B3brega+Alves&rft.date=2008&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=8&rft.jtitle=Biodiversity+and+Conservation&rft.pages=2037-2049&rft.volume=17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fj3558j2n828x35w3%2F%3Fp%3D2b29f0e29e064961ad47b479f780adb2%26pi%3D15&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10531-007-9305-0&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book">Romulus Whitaker (English edition); Tamil translation by O.Henry Francis. நம்மை சுட்ரியுள்ள பாம்புகள்（Snakes around us, Tamil）. National Book Trust. 1996. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/81-237-1905-1" title="Special:网络书源/81-237-1905-1"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 81-237-1905-1</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%9B%87&rft.au=Romulus+Whitaker+%28English+edition%29%3B+Tamil+translation+by+O.Henry+Francis&rft.btitle=%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%88+%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B3+%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D%EF%BC%88Snakes+around+us%2C+Tamil%EF%BC%89&rft.date=1996&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=81-237-1905-1&rft.pub=National+Book+Trust&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book">Rosenfeld, Arthur. Exotic Pets. <a href="/wiki/New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="New York">New York</a>: Simon & Schuster. 1989: 293. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-671-47654-0" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-671-47654-0"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-0-671-47654-0</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%9B%87&rft.aufirst=Arthur&rft.aulast=Rosenfeld&rft.btitle=Exotic+Pets&rft.date=1989&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-671-47654-0&rft.pages=293&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book">Spawls, Steven; Branch, Bill. The Dangerous Snakes of Africa. Sanibel Island, <a href="/wiki/Florida" class="mw-redirect" title="Florida">Florida</a>: Ralph Curtis Publishing. 1995: 192. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0-88359-029-8" title="Special:网络书源/0-88359-029-8"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 0-88359-029-8</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%9B%87&rft.au=Branch%2C+Bill&rft.aufirst=Steven&rft.aulast=Spawls&rft.btitle=The+Dangerous+Snakes+of+Africa&rft.date=1995&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-88359-029-8&rft.pages=192&rft.place=Sanibel+Island%2C+Florida&rft.pub=Ralph+Curtis+Publishing&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="外部連結"><span id=".E5.A4.96.E9.83.A8.E9.80.A3.E7.B5.90"></span>外部連結</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%9B%87&action=edit&section=30" title="编辑章节：外部連結"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r82655521">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:#f9f9f9;display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox" style="font-size:small;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r82655520">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/60px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%AB%E8%B5%84%E6%BA%90" title="维基共享资源">维基共享资源</a>中相關的多媒體資源：<a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Serpentes" class="extiw" title="commons:Serpentes"><span style="font-weight:bold;">蛇</span></a>（<a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Serpentes" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Serpentes">分類</a>）</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r82655521" /><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox" style="font-size:small;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r82655520" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/40px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/60px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/120px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="941" data-file-height="1103" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%AD%E5%9F%BA%E7%89%A9%E7%A8%AE" title="維基物種">維基物種</a>上的相關信息：<b><a class="external text" href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Serpentes?uselang=zh">蛇</a></b></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r82655521" /><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox" style="font-size:small;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r82655520" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E8%AF%AD%E5%BD%95" title="维基语录">维基语录</a>上的<b><a href="https://zh.wikiquote.org/wiki/en:Snakes" class="extiw" title="q:en:Snakes">蛇<span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="英語">（英文）</span>语录</a></b></div></div> </div> <div role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portal plainlist tright" style="margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em;border:solid #aaa 1px"> <ul style="display:table;box-sizing:border-box;padding:0.1em;max-width:175px;background:var(--background-color-base,#f9f9f9);font-size:85%;line-height:110%;font-weight:bold"> <li style="display:table-row"><span style="display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Issoria_lathonia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Issoria_lathonia.jpg/32px-Issoria_lathonia.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Issoria_lathonia.jpg/48px-Issoria_lathonia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Issoria_lathonia.jpg/64px-Issoria_lathonia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="629" data-file-height="445" /></a></span></span><span style="display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle"><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6" title="Portal:生物学">生物学主题</a></span></li> <li style="display:table-row"><span style="display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Rhacodactylus_ciliatus.jpg/32px-Rhacodactylus_ciliatus.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Rhacodactylus_ciliatus.jpg/48px-Rhacodactylus_ciliatus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Rhacodactylus_ciliatus.jpg/64px-Rhacodactylus_ciliatus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="360" /></span></span></span><span style="display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle"><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E5%85%A9%E6%A3%B2%E7%88%AC%E8%A1%8C%E5%8B%95%E7%89%A9" title="Portal:兩棲爬行動物">兩棲爬行動物主题</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080428141456/http://www.zoo.gov.tw/reptile/data/data_list1.asp?pages=4">台灣爬蟲資料庫：蛇</a></li> <li><span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="英語">（英文）</span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060828220236/http://www.itis.usda.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=174118">整合分類學資訊系統：蛇類資料</a></li> <li><span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="英語">（英文）</span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080315050142/http://www.enature.com/fieldguides/view_default.asp?curGroupID=7&shapeID=1060">eNature：美國蛇類</a></li> <li><span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="英語">（英文）</span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080501020111/http://www.science2day.info/">熱帶國家的蛇類</a></li> <li><span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="英語">（英文）</span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090321024830/http://naturemagics.com/stock-photo/thumbnails.php?album=7">印度大陸的蛇類</a></li> <li><span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="英語">（英文）</span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.reptil.de/">歐洲蛇類</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20210501152342/http://www.reptil.de/">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）</li> <li><span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="英語">（英文）</span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.venom-center.com/">毒蛇資料庫</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20170102090522/http://www.venom-center.com/">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）</li> <li><span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="英語">（英文）</span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.snakecell.org/">蛇類細胞：研究蛇類的組織</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20060110195349/http://www.snakecell.org/">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）</li> <li><span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="英語">（英文）</span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080703220838/http://www.reptilesweb.com/reptiles-section/snake-world.html">蛇類世界</a></li> <li><span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="英語">（英文）</span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oplin.org/snake">「蛇是甚麼？」辨認蛇類的工具</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20210506214851/http://www.oplin.org/snake">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）</li> <li><span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="英語">（英文）</span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090303220102/http://erudite.110mb.com/worlds-top-10-most-poisonous-venomous-toxic-snakes/">世界十大毒蛇排行榜</a></li> <li><span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="英語">（英文）</span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://artedi.nrm.se/nrmherps/qbrowse.php?FormData=scientificName">瑞典自然歷史爬蟲學資料庫</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20210501152335/http://artedi.nrm.se/nrmherps/qbrowse.php?FormData=scientificName">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）</li> <li><span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="日語">（日語）</span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://zoo.zool.kyoto-u.ac.jp/herp/indexj.html">日本爬蟲兩棲類學會</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20060711185735/http://zoo.zool.kyoto-u.ac.jp/herp/indexj.html">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）</li> <li><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.snaketracks.com/species.html">Worldwide Snake Species List</a>. Snake Track.com. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2012-09-01</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190510112833/http://www.snaketracks.com/species.html">存档</a>于2019-05-10）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%9B%87&rft.btitle=Worldwide+Snake+Species+List&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Snake+Track.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.snaketracks.com%2Fspecies.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/name/Serpentes">Bibliography for "Serpentes<span style="padding-right:0.2em;">"</span></a>. Biodiversity Heritage Library. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2012-09-01</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210506214941/https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/name/Serpentes">存档</a>于2021-05-06）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%9B%87&rft.btitle=Bibliography+for+%22Serpentes%22&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Biodiversity+Heritage+Library&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biodiversitylibrary.org%2Fname%2FSerpentes&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=174118">Serpentes</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B4%E5%90%88%E5%88%86%E9%A1%9E%E5%AD%B8%E8%B3%87%E8%A8%8A%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1" title="整合分類學資訊系統">ITIS</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%9B%87&rft.btitle=Serpentes&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=%27%27ITIS%27%27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.itis.gov%2Fservlet%2FSingleRpt%2FSingleRpt%3Fsearch_topic%3DTSN%26search_value%3D174118&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080315050142/http://www.enature.com/fieldguides/view_default.asp?curGroupID=7&shapeID=1060">US Snakes</a>. eNature. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2008-05-04</span>]</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://enature.com/fieldguides/view_default.asp?curGroupID=7&shapeID=1060">原始内容</a>存档于2008-03-15）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%9B%87&rft.btitle=US+Snakes&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=eNature&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fenature.com%2Ffieldguides%2Fview_default.asp%3FcurGroupID%3D7%26shapeID%3D1060&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090321024830/http://naturemagics.com/stock-photo/thumbnails.php?album=7">Snakes of the Indian Subcontinent</a>. Naturemagics Kerala Photo Gallery. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2008-05-04</span>]</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.naturemagics.com/stock-photo/thumbnails.php?album=7">原始内容</a>存档于2009-03-21）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%9B%87&rft.btitle=Snakes+of+the+Indian+Subcontinent&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Naturemagics+Kerala+Photo+Gallery&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.naturemagics.com%2Fstock-photo%2Fthumbnails.php%3Falbum%3D7&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.snakecell.org/snake-cell.html">About Snake Cell</a>. Snake Cell. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2012-09-01</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201219002850/http://www.snakecell.org/snake-cell.html">存档</a>于2020-12-19）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%9B%87&rft.btitle=About+Snake+Cell&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Snake+Cell&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.snakecell.org%2Fsnake-cell.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span>（INDIA）</li> <li><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080703220838/http://www.reptilesweb.com/reptiles-section/snake-world.html">Snake World</a>. ReptilesWeb.com. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2008-05-04</span>]</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.reptilesweb.com/reptiles-section/snake-world.html">原始内容</a>存档于2008-07-03）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%9B%87&rft.btitle=Snake+World&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=ReptilesWeb.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.reptilesweb.com%2Freptiles-section%2Fsnake-world.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oplin.org/snake">What's That Snake?</a>. OPLIN. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2008-05-04</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210506214851/https://www.oplin.org/snake/">存档</a>于2021-05-06）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%9B%87&rft.btitle=What%27s+That+Snake%3F&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=OPLIN&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oplin.org%2Fsnake&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://artedi.nrm.se/nrmherps/qbrowse.php?FormData=scientificName">Herpetology Database</a>. Swedish Museum of Natural History. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2008-05-04</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210501152335/http://artedi.nrm.se/nrmherps/qbrowse.php?FormData=scientificName">存档</a>于2021-05-01）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%9B%87&rft.btitle=Herpetology+Database&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Swedish+Museum+of+Natural+History&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fartedi.nrm.se%2Fnrmherps%2Fqbrowse.php%3FFormData%3DscientificName&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/nature/life/Snake">BBC Nature:</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20180902064910/http://www.bbc.co.uk/nature/life/Snake">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>） Snake news, and video clips from BBC programmes past and present.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="相關"><span id=".E7.9B.B8.E9.97.9C"></span>相關</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%9B%87&action=edit&section=31" title="编辑章节：相關"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%92%E5%93%81" title="毒品">毒品</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A0%8D%E5%AD%90" title="蠍子">蠍子</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="參見"><span id=".E5.8F.83.E8.A6.8B"></span>參見</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%9B%87&action=edit&section=32" title="编辑章节：參見"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%92%E8%9B%87" title="毒蛇">毒蛇</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%9B%87%E9%A1%9E%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="蛇類列表">蛇類列表</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%9B%87%E8%A1%8C" title="蛇行">蛇行</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%9B%87%E5%92%AC%E5%82%B7" title="蛇咬傷">蛇咬傷</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%9B%87%E8%82%89" title="蛇肉">蛇肉</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A9%E9%A0%AD%E8%9B%87" class="mw-disambig" title="兩頭蛇">兩頭蛇</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9C%BC%E9%8F%A1%E8%9B%87" title="眼鏡蛇">眼鏡蛇</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="延伸阅读"><span id=".E5.BB.B6.E4.BC.B8.E9.98.85.E8.AF.BB"></span>延伸阅读</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%9B%87&action=edit&section=33" title="编辑章节：延伸阅读"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks" style="float: right;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2102" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q2102"><span class="nomobile">在维基数据</span>编<span class="nomobile">辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span> </p> <dl><dd><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="维基文库"><img alt="维基文库中的相关文本：" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/15px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/23px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/30px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span> 《<a href="https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E6%AC%BD%E5%AE%9A%E5%8F%A4%E4%BB%8A%E5%9C%96%E6%9B%B8%E9%9B%86%E6%88%90/%E5%8D%9A%E7%89%A9%E5%BD%99%E7%B7%A8/%E7%A6%BD%E8%9F%B2%E5%85%B8/%E8%9B%87%E9%83%A8#蛇" class="extiw" title="s:欽定古今圖書集成/博物彙編/禽蟲典/蛇部">欽定古今圖書集成·博物彙編·禽蟲典·蛇部</a>》，出自<a href="/wiki/%E9%99%88%E6%A2%A6%E9%9B%B7" title="陈梦雷">陈梦雷</a>《<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E4%BB%8A%E5%9B%BE%E4%B9%A6%E9%9B%86%E6%88%90" title="古今图书集成">古今圖書集成</a>》</dd></dl> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84261037" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="十二生肖" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#EEEEEE;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84244141" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E5%8D%81%E4%BA%8C%E7%94%9F%E8%82%96" title="Template:十二生肖"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:%E5%8D%81%E4%BA%8C%E7%94%9F%E8%82%96" title="Template talk:十二生肖"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E5%8D%81%E4%BA%8C%E7%94%9F%E8%82%96" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:十二生肖"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="十二生肖" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E8%82%96" class="mw-redirect" title="生肖">十二生肖</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%BC%A0" title="鼠">鼠</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%89%9B%E6%97%8F" title="牛族">牛</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%99%8E" title="虎">虎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%94" title="兔">兔</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%BE%99" title="龙">龙</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">蛇</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC" title="马">马</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8A" title="羊">羊</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%8C%B4" title="猴">猴</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%B8%A1" title="鸡">鸡</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%8A%AC" title="犬">狗</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%B6%E8%B1%AC" title="家豬">猪</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84261037" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="按科分類的現存有鱗目動物" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84244141" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E6%9C%89%E9%B1%97%E7%9B%AE" title="Template:有鱗目"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:%E6%9C%89%E9%B1%97%E7%9B%AE" title="Template talk:有鱗目"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E6%9C%89%E9%B1%97%E7%9B%AE" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:有鱗目"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="按科分類的現存有鱗目動物" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em">按<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91_(%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9)" title="科 (生物)">科</a>分類的現存<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%89%E9%B1%97%E7%9B%AE" title="有鱗目">有鱗目</a>動物</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2" style=";"><div id="*_界:_動物界_*_門:_脊索動物門_*_亞門:_脊椎動物亞門_*_綱:_爬行綱_*下綱：鱗龍形下綱" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><span style="font-weight:normal;"><small> <ul><li>界: <a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A8%E7%89%A9" title="动物">動物界</a></li> <li>門: <a href="/wiki/%E8%84%8A%E7%B4%A2%E5%8A%A8%E7%89%A9" title="脊索动物">脊索動物門</a></li> <li>亞門: <a href="/wiki/%E8%84%8A%E6%A4%8E%E5%8A%A8%E7%89%A9" title="脊椎动物">脊椎動物亞門</a></li> <li>綱: <a href="/wiki/%E7%88%AC%E8%A1%8C%E5%8A%A8%E7%89%A9" title="爬行动物">爬行綱</a></li> <li>下綱：<a href="/wiki/%E9%B1%97%E9%BE%8D%E5%BD%A2%E4%B8%8B%E7%B6%B1" title="鱗龍形下綱">鱗龍形下綱</a></li></ul> </small></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="真爬行動物" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E7%9C%9F%E7%88%AC%E8%A1%8C%E5%8B%95%E7%89%A9" title="真爬行動物">真爬行動物</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><ul><li>參見<a href="/wiki/Template:%E7%9C%9F%E7%88%AC%E8%A1%8C%E5%8B%95%E7%89%A9" title="Template:真爬行動物">真爬行動物</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E9%B1%97%E9%BE%8D%E5%BD%A2%E4%B8%8B%E7%B6%B1" title="鱗龍形下綱">鱗龍形下綱</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><ul><li>參見<a href="/wiki/Template:%E9%B1%97%E9%BE%8D%E5%BD%A2%E4%B8%8B%E7%B6%B1" title="Template:鱗龍形下綱">鱗龍形下綱</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%89%E9%B1%97%E7%9B%AE" title="有鱗目">有鱗目</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><ul><li>見下文↓</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#ddddff;font-size:115%"><div><b><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%89%E9%B1%97%E7%9B%AE" title="有鱗目">有鱗目</a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="有鱗目" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%89%E9%B1%97%E7%9B%AE" title="有鱗目">有<br />鱗<br />目</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="雙足蜥亞目（英语：-&#123;Dibamia&#125;-）" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="雙足蜥亞目" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Dibamia"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9B%99%E8%B6%B3%E8%9C%A5%E4%BA%9E%E7%9B%AE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="雙足蜥亞目（页面不存在）">雙足蜥亞目</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dibamia" class="extiw" title="en:Dibamia"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Dibamia</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%8C%E8%B6%B3%E8%9C%A5%E7%A7%91" title="双足蜥科">双足蜥科</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="雙叉演化支" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Bifurcata"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9B%99%E5%8F%89%E6%BC%94%E5%8C%96%E6%94%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="雙叉演化支（页面不存在）">雙<br />叉<br />演<br />化<br />支</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bifurcata" class="extiw" title="en:Bifurcata"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Bifurcata</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="壁虎下目" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%A3%81%E8%99%8E%E4%BA%9A%E7%9B%AE" title="壁虎亚目">壁虎下目</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="鱗腳蜥形態類" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Pygopodomorpha"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%B1%97%E8%85%B3%E8%9C%A5%E5%BD%A2%E6%85%8B%E9%A1%9E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="鱗腳蜥形態類（页面不存在）">鱗腳蜥形態類</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pygopodomorpha" class="extiw" title="en:Pygopodomorpha"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Pygopodomorpha</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%BE%B3%E6%B4%B2%E8%9C%A5%E8%99%8E%E7%A7%91" title="澳洲蜥虎科">澳洲蜥虎科</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%97%81%E8%B6%BE%E8%99%8E%E7%A7%91" title="藁趾虎科">藁趾虎科</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%B3%9E%E8%84%9A%E8%9C%A5%E7%A7%91" title="鳞脚蜥科">鱗腳蜥科</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="壁虎形態類" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Gekkomorpha"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A3%81%E8%99%8E%E5%BD%A2%E6%85%8B%E9%A1%9E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="壁虎形態類（页面不存在）">壁虎形態類</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gekkomorpha" class="extiw" title="en:Gekkomorpha"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Gekkomorpha</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9D%91%E8%99%8E%E7%A7%91" title="睑虎科">睑虎科</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="壁虎總科" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Gekkonoidea"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A3%81%E8%99%8E%E7%B8%BD%E7%A7%91&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="壁虎總科（页面不存在）">壁虎總科</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gekkonoidea" class="extiw" title="en:Gekkonoidea"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Gekkonoidea</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%90%83%E8%B6%BE%E8%99%8E%E7%A7%91" title="球趾虎科">球趾虎科</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%B6%E8%B6%BE%E8%99%8E%E7%A7%91" title="叶趾虎科">葉趾虎科</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A3%81%E8%99%8E%E7%A7%91" title="壁虎科">壁虎科</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="單齒演化支" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Unidentata"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%96%AE%E9%BD%92%E6%BC%94%E5%8C%96%E6%94%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="單齒演化支（页面不存在）">單<br />齒<br />演<br />化<br />支</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentata" class="extiw" title="en:Unidentata"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Unidentata</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="石龍子類（英语：-&#123;Scinciformata&#125;-）" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="石龍子類" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Scinciformata"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%9F%B3%E9%BE%8D%E5%AD%90%E9%A1%9E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="石龍子類（页面不存在）">石龍子類</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scinciformata" class="extiw" title="en:Scinciformata"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Scinciformata</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%B3%E9%BE%99%E5%AD%90%E4%BA%9A%E7%9B%AE" title="石龙子亚目">石龙子亚目</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%B3%E9%BE%8D%E5%AD%90" title="石龍子">石龍子科</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="環尾蜥下目" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Cordylomorpha"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%92%B0%E5%B0%BE%E8%9C%A5%E4%B8%8B%E7%9B%AE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="環尾蜥下目（页面不存在）">環尾蜥下目</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cordylomorpha" class="extiw" title="en:Cordylomorpha"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Cordylomorpha</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="夜蜥蜴科" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Xantusiidae"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%9C%E8%9C%A5%E8%9C%B4%E7%A7%91&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="夜蜥蜴科（页面不存在）">夜蜥蜴科</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xantusiidae" class="extiw" title="en:Xantusiidae"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Xantusiidae</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%BF%E8%9C%A5%E7%A7%91" title="板蜥科">板蜥科</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="環尾蜥科" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Cordylidae"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%92%B0%E5%B0%BE%E8%9C%A5%E7%A7%91&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="環尾蜥科（页面不存在）">環尾蜥科</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cordylidae" class="extiw" title="en:Cordylidae"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Cordylidae</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="上鱗演化支" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Episquamata"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%8A%E9%B1%97%E6%BC%94%E5%8C%96%E6%94%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="上鱗演化支（页面不存在）">上<br />鱗<br />演<br />化<br />支</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Episquamata" class="extiw" title="en:Episquamata"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Episquamata</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="正蜥亞目" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Laterata"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%AD%A3%E8%9C%A5%E4%BA%9E%E7%9B%AE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="正蜥亞目（页面不存在）">正<br />蜥<br />亞<br />目</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laterata" class="extiw" title="en:Laterata"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Laterata</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Teiformata" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Teiformata"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Teiformata&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Teiformata（页面不存在）">Teiformata</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teiformata" class="extiw" title="en:Teiformata"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Teiformata</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%8B%90%E8%88%8C%E8%9C%A5%E7%A7%91" class="mw-redirect" title="狐舌蜥科">狐舌蜥科</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A3%B8%E7%9C%BC%E8%9C%A5%E7%A7%91" title="裸眼蜥科">裸眼蜥科</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="鞭尾蜥科" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Teiidae"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9E%AD%E5%B0%BE%E8%9C%A5%E7%A7%91&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="鞭尾蜥科（页面不存在）">鞭尾蜥科</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teiidae" class="extiw" title="en:Teiidae"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Teiidae</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Lacertibaenia" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Lacertibaenia"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lacertibaenia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lacertibaenia（页面不存在）">Lacertibaenia</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lacertibaenia" class="extiw" title="en:Lacertibaenia"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Lacertibaenia</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="正蜥類" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Lacertiformata"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%AD%A3%E8%9C%A5%E9%A1%9E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="正蜥類（页面不存在）">正蜥類</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lacertiformata" class="extiw" title="en:Lacertiformata"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Lacertiformata</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%9C%A5%E8%9C%B4%E7%A7%91" title="蜥蜴科">蜥蜴科</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E8%9A%93%E8%9C%A5" title="蚓蜥">蚓蜥類</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%9A%93%E8%9C%A5%E7%A7%91" title="蚓蜥科">蚓蜥科</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%8C%E8%B6%B3%E8%9A%93%E8%9C%A5%E7%A7%91" title="双足蚓蜥科">双足蚓蜥科</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%83%E5%85%B0%E8%9A%93%E8%9C%A5%E7%A7%91" title="布兰蚓蜥科">布蘭蚓蜥科</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E5%BE%97%E8%9A%93%E8%9C%A5%E7%A7%91" title="卡得蚓蜥科">卡得蚓蜥科</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E7%BD%97%E9%87%8C%E8%BE%BE%E8%9A%93%E8%9C%A5" title="佛罗里达蚓蜥">佛羅里達蚓蜥科</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%AD%E5%A4%B4%E8%9A%93%E8%9C%A5%E7%A7%91" title="短头蚓蜥科">短頭蚓蜥科</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="有毒類" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Toxicofera"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9C%89%E6%AF%92%E9%A1%9E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="有毒類（页面不存在）">有<br />毒<br />類</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toxicofera" class="extiw" title="en:Toxicofera"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Toxicofera</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">蛇亞目</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><ul><li>參見 <a href="/wiki/Template:Snake_families" title="Template:Snake families">蛇亞目</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E8%9B%87%E8%9C%A5%E4%BA%9A%E7%9B%AE" title="蛇蜥亚目">蛇蜥亚目</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="古蛇蜥下目" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Paleoanguimorpha"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A4%E8%9B%87%E8%9C%A5%E4%B8%8B%E7%9B%AE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="古蛇蜥下目（页面不存在）">古蛇蜥下目</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleoanguimorpha" class="extiw" title="en:Paleoanguimorpha"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Paleoanguimorpha</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E9%B1%B7%E8%9C%A5%E7%A7%91" title="鱷蜥科">鱷蜥類</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%B1%B7%E8%9C%A5%E7%A7%91" title="鱷蜥科">鱷蜥科</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%A8%E8%9C%A5%E8%B6%85%E7%A7%91" title="巨蜥超科">巨蜥超科</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A9%86%E7%BD%97%E8%9C%A5" title="婆罗蜥">婆羅蜥科</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%A8%E8%9C%A5%E7%A7%91" title="巨蜥科">巨蜥科</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="新蛇蜥下目" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Neoanguimorpha"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%96%B0%E8%9B%87%E8%9C%A5%E4%B8%8B%E7%9B%AE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="新蛇蜥下目（页面不存在）">新蛇蜥下目</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoanguimorpha" class="extiw" title="en:Neoanguimorpha"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Neoanguimorpha</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%92%E8%9C%A5%E5%B1%AC" title="毒蜥屬">毒蜥超科</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%92%E8%9C%A5%E5%B1%AC" title="毒蜥屬">毒蜥科</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="異蜥超科" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Xenosauroidea"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%95%B0%E8%9C%A5%E8%B6%85%E7%A7%91&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="異蜥超科（页面不存在）">異蜥超科</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xenosauroidea" class="extiw" title="en:Xenosauroidea"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Xenosauroidea</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%82%E8%9C%A5%E7%A7%91" title="异蜥科">異蜥科</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="蛇蜥超科" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Anguioidea"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%9B%87%E8%9C%A5%E8%B6%85%E7%A7%91&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="蛇蜥超科（页面不存在）">蛇蜥超科</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anguioidea" class="extiw" title="en:Anguioidea"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Anguioidea</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%82%A2%E8%9B%87%E8%9C%A5%E7%A7%91" title="肢蛇蜥科">肢蛇蜥科</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A0%95%E8%9C%A5%E7%A7%91" title="蠕蜥科">蠕蜥科</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%9B%87%E8%9C%A5%E7%A7%91" title="蛇蜥科">蛇蜥科</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E9%AC%A3%E8%9C%A5%E4%BA%9E%E7%9B%AE" title="鬣蜥亞目">鬣蜥亞目</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="端齒鬣蜥類" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Acrodonta"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%AB%AF%E9%BD%92%E9%AC%A3%E8%9C%A5%E9%A1%9E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="端齒鬣蜥類（页面不存在）">端齒鬣蜥類</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acrodonta" class="extiw" title="en:Acrodonta"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Acrodonta</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%8A%E8%89%B2%E9%BE%8D" title="變色龍">避役科</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A3%9B%E8%9C%A5%E7%A7%91" title="飛蜥科">飛蜥科</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="邊齒鬣蜥類" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Pleurodonta"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%82%8A%E9%BD%92%E9%AC%A3%E8%9C%A5%E9%A1%9E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="邊齒鬣蜥類（页面不存在）">邊齒鬣蜥類</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleurodonta" class="extiw" title="en:Pleurodonta"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Pleurodonta</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B7%E5%B0%BE%E9%AC%A3%E8%9C%A5" title="卷尾鬣蜥">卷尾鬣蜥科</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E6%B4%B2%E9%AC%A3%E8%9C%A5%E7%A7%91" title="美洲鬣蜥科">美洲鬣蜥科</a> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%89%E5%B0%BE%E8%9C%A5%E7%A7%91" title="栉尾蜥科">櫛尾蜥科</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%AF%E9%A2%88%E8%9C%A5%E7%A7%91" class="mw-redirect" title="环颈蜥科">環頸蜥科</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E5%B8%86%E8%9C%A5%E7%A7%91" title="海帆蜥科">海帆蜥科</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B5%B4%E5%B0%BE%E8%9C%A5%E7%A7%91" title="嵴尾蜥科">嵴尾蜥科</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A7%92%E8%9C%A5%E7%A7%91" title="角蜥科">角蜥科</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E4%B9%90%E8%9C%A5%E7%A7%91" title="安乐蜥科">安樂蜥科</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9B%E9%B3%9E%E7%88%AA%E8%9C%A5%E7%A7%91" title="四鳞爪蜥科">四鳞爪蜥科</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%B3%E5%92%BD%E8%9C%A5%E7%A7%91" title="平咽蜥科">平咽蜥科</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%B3%E9%B3%9E%E8%9C%A5%E7%A7%91" title="平鳞蜥科">平鱗蜥科</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E5%B2%9B%E9%AC%A3%E8%9C%A5%E7%A7%91" title="马岛鬣蜥科">马岛鬣蜥科</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Squamata-01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Squamata-01.jpg/150px-Squamata-01.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="104" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Squamata-01.jpg/225px-Squamata-01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Squamata-01.jpg/300px-Squamata-01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="1666" /></a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span style="font-weight:normal;">另見</span>:<a href="/wiki/%E8%9C%A5%E8%9C%B4" title="蜥蜴">蜥蜴</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="分类"><img alt="分类" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:%E6%9C%89%E9%B3%9E%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:有鳞目">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84261037" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="按亞綱分類的現存爬行類動物" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84244141" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E7%88%AC%E8%A1%8C%E9%A1%9E" title="Template:爬行類"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:%E7%88%AC%E8%A1%8C%E9%A1%9E" title="Template talk:爬行類"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E7%88%AC%E8%A1%8C%E9%A1%9E" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:爬行類"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="按亞綱分類的現存爬行類動物" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em">按<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9A%E7%BA%B2" title="亚纲">亞綱</a>分類的現存<a href="/wiki/%E7%88%AC%E8%A1%8C%E5%8A%A8%E7%89%A9" title="爬行动物">爬行類</a>動物</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>界: <a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A8%E7%89%A9" title="动物">動物界</a></li> <li>門: <a href="/wiki/%E8%84%8A%E7%B4%A2%E5%8A%A8%E7%89%A9" title="脊索动物">脊索動物門</a></li> <li>亞門: <a href="/wiki/%E8%84%8A%E6%A4%8E%E5%8A%A8%E7%89%A9" title="脊椎动物">脊椎動物亞門</a></li> <li>綱: <a href="/wiki/%E7%88%AC%E8%A1%8C%E5%8A%A8%E7%89%A9" title="爬行动物">爬行綱</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%99%E5%AD%94%E4%BA%9E%E7%B6%B1" title="雙孔亞綱">雙孔亞綱</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;width:7em;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%B1%97%E9%BE%8D%E5%BD%A2%E4%B8%8B%E7%B6%B1" title="鱗龍形下綱">鱗龍形下綱</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;width:auto; background:transparent;;background:#f7f7f7;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%96%99%E5%A4%B4%E7%9B%AE" title="喙头目">喙头目</a> <ul><li>现仅存<a href="/wiki/%E5%96%99%E9%A0%AD%E8%9C%A5" title="喙頭蜥">喙頭蜥</a>属</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%89%E9%B1%97%E7%9B%AE" title="有鱗目">有鱗目</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%8C%E8%B6%B3%E8%9C%A5%E4%BA%9A%E7%9B%AE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="双足蜥亚目（页面不存在）">双足蜥亚目</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A3%81%E8%99%8E%E4%BA%9A%E7%9B%AE" title="壁虎亚目">壁虎亚目</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%AD%A3%E8%9C%A5%E4%BA%9A%E7%9B%AE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="正蜥亚目（页面不存在）">正蜥亚目</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%B3%E9%BE%99%E5%AD%90%E4%BA%9A%E7%9B%AE" title="石龙子亚目">石龙子亚目</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%AC%A3%E8%9C%A5%E4%BA%9E%E7%9B%AE" title="鬣蜥亞目">鬣蜥亚目</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%9B%87%E8%9C%A5%E4%BA%9A%E7%9B%AE" title="蛇蜥亚目">蛇蜥亚目</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">蛇亚目</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;width:7em;"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%BB%E9%BE%8D%E5%BD%A2%E4%B8%8B%E7%B6%B1" title="主龍形下綱">主龍形下綱</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;width:auto; background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="泛龜類" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Pantestudines"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B3%9B%E9%BE%9C%E9%A1%9E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="泛龜類（页面不存在）">泛龜類</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pantestudines" class="extiw" title="en:Pantestudines"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Pantestudines</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%BE%9C%E9%B1%89%E7%9B%AE" title="龜鱉目">龜鱉目</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9B%B2%E9%A2%88%E9%BE%9F%E4%BA%9A%E7%9B%AE" title="曲颈龟亚目">曲颈龟亚目</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%81%B4%E9%A0%B8%E9%BE%9C%E4%BA%9E%E7%9B%AE" title="側頸龜亞目">側頸龜亞目</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%BB%E9%BE%8D%E5%BD%A2%E9%A1%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="主龍形類">主龍形類</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%81%BD%E9%B1%B7%E9%A1%9E" title="偽鱷類">偽鱷類</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%B3%84%E7%9B%AE" title="鳄目">鳄目</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%B7%E5%90%BB%E9%B1%B7%E7%A7%91" title="長吻鱷科">長吻鱷科</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%AD%E5%90%BB%E9%B3%84%E7%A7%91" title="短吻鳄科">短吻鳄科</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%B1%B7%E7%A7%91" title="鱷科">鱷科</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E9%B3%A5%E8%B9%A0%E9%A1%9E" title="鳥蹠類">鳥蹠類</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%B8%9F" title="鸟">鸟</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84261037" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="按科分類的現存蛇亞目動物" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84244141" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Snake_families" title="Template:Snake families"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Snake_families" title="Template talk:Snake families"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:Snake_families" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:Snake families"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="按科分類的現存蛇亞目動物" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em">按<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91_(%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9)" title="科 (生物)">科</a>分類的現存<a class="mw-selflink selflink">蛇亞目</a>動物</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2" style=";"><div id="*_界:_動物界_*_門:_脊索動物門_*_演化支:_蜥形纲_*_下綱:_鱗龍形下綱_*_超目:_鱗龍超目_*_目:_有鱗目" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><span style="font-weight:normal;"><small> <ul><li>界: <a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A8%E7%89%A9" title="动物">動物界</a></li> <li>門: <a href="/wiki/%E8%84%8A%E7%B4%A2%E5%8A%A8%E7%89%A9" title="脊索动物">脊索動物門</a></li> <li>演化支: <a href="/wiki/%E8%9C%A5%E5%BD%A2%E7%BA%B2" title="蜥形纲">蜥形纲</a></li> <li>下綱: <a href="/wiki/%E9%B1%97%E9%BE%8D%E5%BD%A2%E4%B8%8B%E7%B6%B1" title="鱗龍形下綱">鱗龍形下綱</a></li> <li>超目: <a href="/wiki/%E9%B1%97%E9%BE%8D%E8%B6%85%E7%9B%AE" title="鱗龍超目">鱗龍超目</a></li> <li>目: <a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%89%E9%B1%97%E7%9B%AE" title="有鱗目">有鱗目</a></li></ul> </small></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="真爬行動物" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E7%9C%9F%E7%88%AC%E8%A1%8C%E5%8B%95%E7%89%A9" title="真爬行動物">真爬行動物</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><ul><li>參見 <a href="/wiki/Template:%E7%9C%9F%E7%88%AC%E8%A1%8C%E5%8B%95%E7%89%A9" title="Template:真爬行動物">真爬行動物</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E9%B1%97%E9%BE%8D%E5%BD%A2%E4%B8%8B%E7%B6%B1" title="鱗龍形下綱">鱗龍形下綱</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><ul><li>參見 <a href="/wiki/Template:%E9%B1%97%E9%BE%8D%E5%BD%A2%E4%B8%8B%E7%B6%B1" title="Template:鱗龍形下綱">鱗龍形下綱</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%89%E9%B1%97%E7%9B%AE" title="有鱗目">有鱗目</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><ul><li>參見 <a href="/wiki/Template:%E6%9C%89%E9%B1%97%E7%9B%AE" title="Template:有鱗目">有鱗目</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">蛇亞目</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><ul><li>見下文↓</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#ddddff;font-size:115%"><div><b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">蛇亞目</a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="盲蛇下目" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%B2%E8%9B%87%E4%B8%8B%E7%9B%AE" title="盲蛇下目">盲蛇下目</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%95%B0%E7%9B%BE%E7%9B%B2%E8%9B%87%E7%A7%91" title="異盾盲蛇科">異盾盲蛇科</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%B0%E7%9B%B2%E8%9B%87%E7%A7%91" title="細盲蛇科">細盲蛇科</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%B2%E8%9B%87%E4%B8%8B%E7%9B%AE" title="盲蛇下目">盲蛇總科</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%B2%E8%9B%87%E7%A7%91" title="盲蛇科">盲蛇科</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%95%B0%E7%9B%B2%E8%9B%87" title="異盲蛇">異盲蛇科</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="亞洲盲蛇科" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Gerrhopilidae"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%9E%E6%B4%B2%E7%9B%B2%E8%9B%87%E7%A7%91&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="亞洲盲蛇科（页面不存在）">亞洲盲蛇科</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerrhopilidae" class="extiw" title="en:Gerrhopilidae"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Gerrhopilidae</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Titanoboa_NT.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Titanoboa_NT.jpg/150px-Titanoboa_NT.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Titanoboa_NT.jpg/225px-Titanoboa_NT.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Titanoboa_NT.jpg/300px-Titanoboa_NT.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="363" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E7%9C%9F%E8%9B%87%E4%B8%8B%E7%9B%AE" title="真蛇下目">真<br />蛇<br />下<br />目</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="非洲真蛇類" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Afrophidia"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9D%9E%E6%B4%B2%E7%9C%9F%E8%9B%87%E9%A1%9E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="非洲真蛇類（页面不存在）">非<br />洲<br />真<br />蛇<br />類</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrophidia" class="extiw" title="en:Afrophidia"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Afrophidia</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="蚺總科" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Booidea"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%9A%BA%E7%B8%BD%E7%A7%91&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="蚺總科（页面不存在）">蚺總科</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Booidea" class="extiw" title="en:Booidea"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Booidea</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%BE%E5%B0%BE%E8%9B%87%E7%A7%91" title="盾尾蛇科">盾尾蛇科</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%80%AD%E7%AE%A1%E8%9B%87%E7%A7%91" title="倭管蛇科">倭管蛇科</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AE%A1%E8%9B%87%E7%A7%91" title="管蛇科">管蛇科</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%96%83%E9%B1%97%E8%9B%87%E7%A7%91" title="閃鱗蛇科">閃鱗蛇科</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%9F%92%E7%A7%91" title="蟒科">蟒科</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E6%B4%B2%E9%96%83%E9%B1%97%E8%9B%87%E7%A7%91" title="美洲閃鱗蛇科">美洲閃鱗蛇科</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%9A%BA%E7%A7%91" title="蚺科">蚺科</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="島蚺總科" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Bolyerioidea"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B3%B6%E8%9A%BA%E7%B8%BD%E7%A7%91&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="島蚺總科（页面不存在）">島蚺總科</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolyerioidea" class="extiw" title="en:Bolyerioidea"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Bolyerioidea</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%84%8A%E9%A2%8C%E8%9B%87%E5%B1%9E" title="脊颌蛇属">脊颌蛇属</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B3%B6%E8%9A%BA%E7%A7%91" title="島蚺科">島蚺科</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="新蛇小目" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E8%9B%87%E5%B0%8F%E7%9B%AE" title="新蛇小目">新<br />蛇<br />小<br />目</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="瘰鱗蛇總科（英语：-&#123;Acrochordoidea&#125;-）" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="瘰鱗蛇總科" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Acrochordoidea"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%98%B0%E9%B1%97%E8%9B%87%E7%B8%BD%E7%A7%91&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="瘰鱗蛇總科（页面不存在）">瘰鱗蛇總科</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acrochordoidea" class="extiw" title="en:Acrochordoidea"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Acrochordoidea</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%98%B0%E9%B1%97%E8%9B%87%E7%A7%91" title="瘰鱗蛇科">瘰鱗蛇科</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="黃頷蛇類（英语：-&#123;Colubroides&#125;-）" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="黃頷蛇類" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Colubroides"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%BB%83%E9%A0%B7%E8%9B%87%E9%A1%9E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="黃頷蛇類（页面不存在）">黃<br />頷<br />蛇<br />類</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colubroides" class="extiw" title="en:Colubroides"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Colubroides</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%97%AA%E7%9A%AE%E8%9B%87%E7%A7%91" title="闪皮蛇科">閃皮蛇科</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="黃頷蛇形類" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Colubriformes"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%BB%83%E9%A0%B7%E8%9B%87%E5%BD%A2%E9%A1%9E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="黃頷蛇形類（页面不存在）">黃<br />頷<br />蛇<br />形<br />類</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colubriformes" class="extiw" title="en:Colubriformes"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Colubriformes</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%88%8D%E9%A0%AD%E8%9B%87%E7%A7%91" title="鈍頭蛇科">鈍頭蛇科</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Endoglyptodonta" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Endoglyptodonta"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Endoglyptodonta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Endoglyptodonta（页面不存在）">Endoglyptodonta</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endoglyptodonta" class="extiw" title="en:Endoglyptodonta"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Endoglyptodonta</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%9D%B0%E7%A7%91" title="蝰科">蝰科</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="眼鏡蛇總科" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Elapoidea"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%9C%BC%E9%8F%A1%E8%9B%87%E7%B8%BD%E7%A7%91&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="眼鏡蛇總科（页面不存在）">眼鏡蛇總科</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elapoidea" class="extiw" title="en:Elapoidea"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Elapoidea</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="鏟吻蛇科" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Prosymnidae"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%8F%9F%E5%90%BB%E8%9B%87%E7%A7%91&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="鏟吻蛇科（页面不存在）">鏟吻蛇科</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prosymnidae" class="extiw" title="en:Prosymnidae"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Prosymnidae</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Buhoma" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Buhoma"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buhoma&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buhoma（页面不存在）">Buhoma</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buhoma" class="extiw" title="en:Buhoma"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Buhoma</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8A%B1%E6%9D%A1%E8%9B%87%E7%A7%91" title="花条蛇科">花條蛇科</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B1%8B%E8%9B%87%E7%A7%91" title="屋蛇科">屋蛇科</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9C%BC%E9%95%9C%E8%9B%87%E7%A7%91" title="眼镜蛇科">眼镜蛇科</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A9%B4%E8%9D%B0%E7%A7%91" title="穴蝰科">穴蝰科</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="黃頷蛇總科" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Colubroidea"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%BB%83%E9%A0%B7%E8%9B%87%E7%B8%BD%E7%A7%91&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="黃頷蛇總科（页面不存在）">黃頷蛇總科</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colubroidea" class="extiw" title="en:Colubroidea"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Colubroidea</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%B8%E8%9B%87%E7%A7%91" title="游蛇科">游蛇科</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%89%91%E8%9B%87%E7%A7%91" class="mw-redirect" title="剑蛇科">劍蛇科</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B4%E6%B8%B8%E8%9B%87%E7%A7%91" title="水游蛇科">水游蛇科</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%9C%E9%B3%9E%E8%9B%87%E7%A7%91" title="斜鳞蛇科">斜鳞蛇科</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A3%9F%E8%9E%BA%E8%9B%87%E7%A7%91" title="食螺蛇科">食螺蛇科</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span style="font-weight:normal;">另見</span>:<a href="/wiki/%E8%9B%87%E9%A1%9E%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="蛇類列表">蛇類列表</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84261037" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="分類單元識別-&#123;&#125;-碼" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th id="分類單元識別-&#123;&#125;-碼" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Help:%E5%88%86%E9%A1%9E%E5%96%AE%E5%85%83%E8%AD%98%E5%88%A5%E7%A2%BC" title="Help:分類單元識別碼">分類單元識別碼</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E6%95%B0%E6%8D%AE" title="维基数据">维基数据</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2102" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q2102">Q2102</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/INaturalist" title="INaturalist">iNaturalist</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inaturalist.org/taxa/85553">85553</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">检索自“<a dir="ltr" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=蛇&oldid=85885791">https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=蛇&oldid=85885791</a>”</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2%E5%88%86%E7%B1%BB" title="Special:页面分类">分类</a>：<ul><li><a 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