CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-disabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-not-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Help:Glossary - Wikibooks, open books for an open world</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-disabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-not-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikibooksmwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""], "wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy","wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"b2e9358a-5665-4828-a332-5ea5183901df","wgCanonicalNamespace":"Help","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":12,"wgPageName":"Help:Glossary","wgTitle":"Glossary","wgCurRevisionId":4041122,"wgRevisionId":4041122,"wgArticleId":78509,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Semi-protected project pages","Help"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Help:Glossary","wgRelevantArticleId":78509,"wgIsProbablyEditable":false,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":false,"wgRestrictionEdit":["autoconfirmed"],"wgRestrictionMove":["sysop"],"wgNoticeProject":"wikibooks","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":true,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"value":{"levels":3}}}, "wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":40000,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgDiscussionToolsFeaturesEnabled":{"replytool":true,"newtopictool":true,"sourcemodetoolbar":true,"topicsubscription":false,"autotopicsub":false,"visualenhancements":false,"visualenhancements_reply":false,"visualenhancements_pageframe":false},"wgDiscussionToolsFallbackEditMode":"visual","wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q1389361","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"wgSiteNoticeId":"2.24"};RLSTATE={ "ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.discussionTools.init.styles":"ready","oojs-ui-core.styles":"ready","oojs-ui.styles.indicators":"ready","mediawiki.widgets.styles":"ready","oojs-ui-core.icons":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready","ext.dismissableSiteNotice.styles":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.wikidialog","ext.gadget.commons-file","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap", "ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.discussionTools.init","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","wikibase.sidebar.tracking","ext.dismissableSiteNotice"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.discussionTools.init.styles%7Cext.dismissableSiteNotice.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cmediawiki.widgets.styles%7Coojs-ui-core.icons%2Cstyles%7Coojs-ui.styles.indicators%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.5"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Help:Glossary - Wikibooks, open books for an open world"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikibooks.org/wiki/Help:Glossary"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikibooks.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikibooks (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikibooks.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Help:Glossary"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikibooks Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="ext-discussiontools-replytool-enabled ext-discussiontools-newtopictool-enabled ext-discussiontools-sourcemodetoolbar-enabled skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-12 ns-subject page-Help_Glossary rootpage-Help_Glossary skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main Page</span></a></li><li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Find help on how to use and edit Wikibooks"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-Browse" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikibooks:Card_Catalog_Office" title="Check out what Wikibooks has to offer"><span>Browse</span></a></li><li id="n-Cookbook" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Cookbook:Table_of_Contents" title="Learn recipes from around the world"><span>Cookbook</span></a></li><li id="n-Wikijunior" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikijunior" title="Books for children"><span>Wikijunior</span></a></li><li id="n-Featured-books" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikibooks:Featured_books" title="The best of Wikibooks"><span>Featured books</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes in the wiki [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-randomrootpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RandomInCategory/Book:Wikibooks_Stacks/Books"><span>Random book</span></a></li><li id="n-Using-Wikibooks" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Using_Wikibooks"><span>Using Wikibooks</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-community" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-community" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Community </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-Reading-room-forum" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikibooks:Reading_room"><span>Reading room forum</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikibooks:Community_Portal" title="Find your way around the Wikibooks community"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikibooks:Reading_room/Bulletin_Board" title="Important community news"><span>Bulletin Board</span></a></li><li id="n-maintenance" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikibooks:Maintenance" title="Frequent tasks that you can help with"><span>Help out!</span></a></li><li id="n-Policies-and-guidelines" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikibooks:Policies_and_guidelines" title="Pages detailing important rules and procedures"><span>Policies and guidelines</span></a></li><li id="n-contact" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikibooks:Contact_us" title="Alternative methods of communication"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikibooks.svg" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikibooks" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikibooks-wordmark-vi.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 0.9375em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Textbook Project" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikibooks-tagline-en.svg" width="120" height="10" style="width: 7.5em; height: 0.625em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikibooks [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikibooks" aria-label="Search Wikibooks" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikibooks [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikibooks.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donations</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Help%3AGlossary" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Help%3AGlossary" title="You are encouraged to log in; however, it is not mandatory [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="More options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikibooks.org&uselang=en"><span>Donations</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Help%3AGlossary" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Help%3AGlossary" title="You are encouraged to log in; however, it is not mandatory [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Discussion for this IP address</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"><div id="mw-dismissablenotice-anonplace"></div><script>(function(){var node=document.getElementById("mw-dismissablenotice-anonplace");if(node){node.outerHTML="\u003Cdiv class=\"mw-dismissable-notice\"\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"mw-dismissable-notice-close\"\u003E[\u003Ca tabindex=\"0\" role=\"button\"\u003Edismiss\u003C/a\u003E]\u003C/div\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"mw-dismissable-notice-body\"\u003E\u003C!-- CentralNotice --\u003E\u003Cdiv id=\"localNotice\" data-nosnippet=\"\"\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"anonnotice\" lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\"\u003E\u003Cdiv style=\"width: fit-content; padding: 5px; border: 3px solid gray; background-color: #fafafa; text-align: center; margin: auto;\"\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cspan typeof=\"mw:File\"\u003E\u003Ca href=\"/wiki/File:OOjs_UI_icon_robot.svg\" class=\"mw-file-description\"\u003E\u003Cimg src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/OOjs_UI_icon_robot.svg/40px-OOjs_UI_icon_robot.svg.png\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"40\" height=\"40\" class=\"mw-file-element\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/OOjs_UI_icon_robot.svg/60px-OOjs_UI_icon_robot.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/OOjs_UI_icon_robot.svg/80px-OOjs_UI_icon_robot.svg.png 2x\" data-file-width=\"20\" data-file-height=\"20\" /\u003E\u003C/a\u003E\u003C/span\u003E The Wikibooks community is developing a policy on the use of generative AI. Please review the \u003Ca href=\"/wiki/Wikibooks:Artificial_Intelligence\" title=\"Wikibooks:Artificial Intelligence\"\u003Edraft policy\u003C/a\u003E and provide feedback on \u003Ca href=\"/wiki/Wikibooks_talk:Artificial_Intelligence\" title=\"Wikibooks talk:Artificial Intelligence\"\u003Eits talk page\u003C/a\u003E.\n\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003C/div\u003E\u003C/div\u003E\u003C/div\u003E\u003C/div\u003E\u003C/div\u003E";}}());</script></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-namespace">Help</span><span class="mw-page-title-separator">:</span><span class="mw-page-title-main">Glossary</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 6 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-6" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">6 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikibooks.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%AF%D8%A9:%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="مساعدة:مصطلحات – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مساعدة:مصطلحات" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikibooks.org/wiki/Vikikitab:Terminl%C9%99r" title="Vikikitab:Terminlər – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Vikikitab:Terminlər" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikibooks.org/wiki/Wikibooks:Terminologi" title="Wikibooks:Terminologi – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Wikibooks:Terminologi" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikibooks.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%87%D9%86%D9%85%D8%A7:%D9%88%D8%A7%DA%98%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%87" title="راهنما:واژه‌نامه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="راهنما:واژه‌نامه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikibooks.org/wiki/Aiuto:Glossario" title="Aiuto:Glossario – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Aiuto:Glossario" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikibooks.org/wiki/Pomoc:%C5%BBargon_u%C5%BCytkownik%C3%B3w" title="Pomoc:Żargon użytkowników – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Pomoc:Żargon użytkowników" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1389361#sitelinks-wikibooks" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-help" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Glossary" title="View the help page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Help page</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help_talk:Glossary" rel="discussion" title="Discussion about the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Discussion</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Glossary"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-viewsource" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Help:Glossary&action=edit" title="This page is protected.
You can view its source [e]" accesskey="e"><span>View source</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Help:Glossary&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Glossary"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-viewsource" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Help:Glossary&action=edit"><span>View source</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Help:Glossary&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Help:Glossary" title="A list of all wiki pages that link here [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Help:Glossary" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:UploadWizard?uselang=en" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Help:Glossary&oldid=4041122" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Help:Glossary&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fwiki%2FHelp%3AGlossary"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fwiki%2FHelp%3AGlossary"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-sister_projects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-sister_projects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Sister projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-Wikipedia" class="mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page"><span>Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-Wikiversity" class="mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Wikiversity:Main_Page"><span>Wikiversity</span></a></li><li id="n-Wiktionary" class="mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Wiktionary:Main_Page"><span>Wiktionary</span></a></li><li id="n-Wikiquote" class="mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Main_Page"><span>Wikiquote</span></a></li><li id="n-Wikisource" class="mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Main_Page"><span>Wikisource</span></a></li><li id="n-Wikinews" class="mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Main_Page"><span>Wikinews</span></a></li><li id="n-Wikivoyage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Main_Page"><span>Wikivoyage</span></a></li><li id="n-Commons" class="mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Main_Page"><span>Commons</span></a></li><li id="n-Wikidata" class="mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Wikidata:Main_Page"><span>Wikidata</span></a></li><li id="n-MediaWiki" class="mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Main_Page"><span>MediaWiki</span></a></li><li id="n-Meta-Wiki" class="mw-list-item"><a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Main_Page"><span>Meta-Wiki</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:Book&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Help%3AGlossary"><span>Create a collection</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Help%3AGlossary&action=show-download-screen"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Help:Glossary&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Commons:Editor%27s_index_to_Commons" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-mediawiki mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Manual:Glossary" hreflang="en"><span>MediaWiki</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-meta mw-list-item"><a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Glossary" hreflang="en"><span>Meta-Wiki</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-species mw-list-item"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikispecies:Glossary" hreflang="en"><span>Wikispecies</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikidata mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Wikidata:Glossary" hreflang="en"><span>Wikidata</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikifunctions mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikifunctions.org/wiki/Wikifunctions:Glossary" hreflang="en"><span>Wikifunctions</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikipedia mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Glossary" hreflang="en"><span>Wikipedia</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikisource mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Wikisource:Glossary" hreflang="en"><span>Wikisource</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikiversity mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Wikiversity:Glossary" hreflang="en"><span>Wikiversity</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikivoyage mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Wikivoyage:Jargon" hreflang="en"><span>Wikivoyage</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wiktionary mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Wiktionary:Glossary" hreflang="en"><span>Wiktionary</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1389361" title="Link to connected data repository item [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-protected-icon" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikibooks:Protection_policy#semi" title="This page is semi-protected."><img alt="This page is semi-protected." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Padlock-silver.svg/22px-Padlock-silver.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Padlock-silver.svg/33px-Padlock-silver.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Padlock-silver.svg/44px-Padlock-silver.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikibooks, open books for an open world</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div style="width:150px; float:right; clear:right; margin-left:15px; border:1px solid #999999; background-color: rgba(0, 0, 255, 0.1); text-align:center;"> <div style="padding:0.3em; background-color:rgba(102, 102, 255, 0.2); font-size:150%;"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Help:Contents">Wikibooks Help</a></div> <div style="padding:0.3em; line-height:1.5em;"> <p><a href="/wiki/Wikibooks:Welcome" title="Wikibooks:Welcome">About Wikibooks</a> <br/> <a href="/wiki/Help:FAQ" title="Help:FAQ">FAQs</a><br/> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Glossary</a> </p> </div> <div style="padding:0.3em; background-color:rgba(102, 102, 255, 0.2); font-size:0.9em; font-family:sans-serif;"><a href="/wiki/Help:Navigating" title="Help:Navigating">Navigating</a></div> <div style="padding:0.3em; line-height:1.5em;"> <p><a href="/wiki/Help:Pages" title="Help:Pages">Pages</a><br/> <a href="/wiki/Help:Tracking_changes" title="Help:Tracking changes">Tracking changes</a><br/> <a href="/wiki/Help:Account_management" title="Help:Account management">Account management</a> </p> </div> <div style="padding:0.3em; background-color:rgba(102, 102, 255, 0.2); font-size:0.9em; font-family:sans-serif;"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contributing" title="Help:Contributing">Contributing</a></div> <div style="padding:0.3em; line-height:1.5em;"> <p><a href="/wiki/Help:Editing" title="Help:Editing">Editing</a><br/> <a href="/wiki/Help:Categories" title="Help:Categories">Categories</a><br/> <a href="/wiki/Help:Files" title="Help:Files">Files</a><br/> <a href="/wiki/Help:Tables" title="Help:Tables">Tables</a><br/> <a href="/wiki/Help:Templates" title="Help:Templates">Templates</a> <br/> <a href="/wiki/Help:Variables" title="Help:Variables">Variables</a> <br/> <a href="/wiki/Help:Formulas" title="Help:Formulas">Formulas</a><br/> <a href="/wiki/Help:Quizzes" title="Help:Quizzes">Quizzes</a> <br/> <a href="/wiki/Help:Local_manuals_of_style" title="Help:Local manuals of style">Styling</a> <br/> <a href="/wiki/Help:Collections" title="Help:Collections">Collections</a> <br/> <a href="/wiki/Help:Importing" title="Help:Importing">Importing</a> </p> </div> </div> <div style="position:relative; top: -3em;"><span id="WB:GLOSSARY"></span></div> <div class="shortcutbox noprint" style="float:right; clear:right; border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background: #ffffff; margin:0.3em 0.3em 0.3em 1em; padding:3px; text-align:center;"><small><a href="/wiki/Wikibooks:Shortcuts" title="Wikibooks:Shortcuts">Shortcut</a>: <br/> <a href="/wiki/Wikibooks:GLOSSARY" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikibooks:GLOSSARY">WB:GLOSSARY</a></small></div> <table id="toc" class="toc noprint" summary="Contents"> <tbody><tr> <th>Contents </th></tr> <tr> <td><div style="text-align:left;"> <a href="#A">A</a> <a href="#B">B</a> <a href="#C">C</a> <a href="#D">D</a> <a href="#E">E</a> <a href="#F">F</a> <a href="#G">G</a> <a href="#H">H</a> <a href="#I">I</a> <a href="#J">J</a> <a href="#K">K</a> <a href="#L">L</a> <a href="#M">M</a> <a href="#N">N</a> <a href="#O">O</a> <a href="#P">P</a> <a href="#Q">Q</a> <a href="#R">R</a> <a href="#S">S</a> <a href="#T">T</a> <a href="#U">U</a> <a href="#V">V</a> <a href="#W">W</a> <a href="#X">X</a> <a href="#Y">Y</a> <a href="#Z">Z</a> <br/> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="A" data-mw-thread-id="h-A"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-A"></span>A<span data-mw-comment-end="h-A"></span></h2></div> <dl><dt>admin<span class="anchor" id="admin"></span></dt> <dd>See <b><a href="#administrator">administrator</a></b>.</dd> <dt>administrator<span class="anchor" id="administrator"></span></dt> <dd>An administrator (shorthand: admin) is a <b><a href="#Wikibookian">Wikibookian</a></b> with the ability to delete and restore pages, block and unblock users, and protect and unprotect pages from editing. They tend to have more editing experience on the project than an average user. See <a href="/wiki/Wikibooks:Administrators" title="Wikibooks:Administrators">Wikibooks:Administrators</a>.</dd> <dt>AGF<span class="anchor" id="AGF"></span></dt> <dd>Abbreviation for "<a href="/wiki/Wikibooks:Assume_good_faith" title="Wikibooks:Assume good faith">assume good faith</a>", a guideline whereby one should not assume that an unwanted or disputed edit was done maliciously.</dd> <dt>anon<span class="anchor" id="anon"></span></dt> <dd>Abbreviation for "anonymous user". As a user does not necessarily lose his or her anonymity by registering or logging in, this term should be avoided. See <b><a href="#IP_user">IP user</a></b>.</dd> <dt>ArbCom, Arbcom, ARBCOM<span class="anchor" id="ArbCom"></span><span class="anchor" id="Arbcom"></span><span class="anchor" id="ARBCOM"></span></dt> <dd>Abbreviation for <a href="/wiki/Wikibooks:Arbitration_Committee" title="Wikibooks:Arbitration Committee">Wikibooks:Arbitration Committee</a>, a proposal for <a href="/wiki/Wikibooks:Resolving_disputes" title="Wikibooks:Resolving disputes">resolving disputes</a> which has failed to gain consensus.</dd> <dt>archive<span class="anchor" id="archive"></span></dt> <dd>A <b><a href="#subpage">subpage</a></b> of a <b><a href="#talk_page">talk page</a></b> to which some parts of the discussion are transferred, to reduce the size of the talk page.</dd> <dt>autoconfirm<span class="anchor" id="autoconfirm"></span></dt> <dd>A newly registered user is still subject to some of the same restrictions as anonymous users—for example, inability to move pages or edit semi-protected pages. When a user is autoconfirmed, these restrictions end. Currently, a new user must wait four days to be autoconfirmed.</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="B" data-mw-thread-id="h-B"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-B"></span>B<span data-mw-comment-end="h-B"></span></h2></div> <dl><dt>ban<span class="anchor" id="ban"></span></dt> <dd>Banning is the extreme, last resort action by which someone is prevented from editing Wikibooks for a prolonged or indeterminate length of time. Reason for banning is usually a long history of biased edits, persistent adding of incorrect or doubtful material, refusal to cooperate with others, or extreme incivility and threats. If someone is banned, their username is blocked, and any username or IP that is with great likelihood identified as being the same person can be blocked without any further reason. See also <b><a href="#block">block</a></b>.</dd> <dt>blanking<span class="anchor" id="blanking"></span></dt> <dd>Removing all content from a page. If blanking a page is done in bad faith, it is vandalism. If blanking is done to a vandalized brand-new page, {{<a href="/wiki/Template:Delete" title="Template:Delete">delete</a>}} should be added to the blanked page to draw attention to it, rather than just blanking it. Newcomers often mistake blanking for deletion.</dd> <dt>block<span class="anchor" id="block"></span></dt> <dd>Action by an administrator, removing from a certain IP address or username the ability to edit Wikibooks. Usually done against addresses that have done vandalism or against users who have been banned—see <a href="/wiki/Wikibooks:Blocking_policy" title="Wikibooks:Blocking policy">Wikibooks:Blocking policy</a>. See also <b><a href="#ban">ban</a></b>.</dd> <dt>blue link, bluelink<span class="anchor" id="blue_link"></span><span class="anchor" id="bluelink"></span></dt> <dd>A <b><a href="#wikilink">wikilink</a></b> to a page that already exists shows up blue (or purple if it has been recently visited by that reader/editor).</dd> <dt>book<span class="anchor" id="book"></span></dt> <dd>A collection of pages associated together is called a <i>book</i>.</dd> <dt>bot<span class="anchor" id="bot"></span></dt> <dd>A program that automatically or semi-automatically adds or edits Wikibooks pages.</dd> <dt>bureaucrat<span class="anchor" id="bureaucrat"></span></dt> <dd>A Wikibooks administrator who has been entrusted with promoting users to sysops. Bureaucrats can also rename user accounts.</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="C" data-mw-thread-id="h-C"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-C"></span>C<span data-mw-comment-end="h-C"></span></h2></div> <dl><dt>canvassing<span class="anchor" id="canvassing"></span></dt> <dd>Canvassing is sending messages to multiple <b><a href="#Wikibookian">Wikibookians</a></b> with the intent to inform them about a community discussion. Under certain conditions, canvassing is acceptable to notify other editors of ongoing discussions, but inappropriate messages, written to influence the outcome rather than to improve the quality of a discussion, are considered disruptive since they compromise the consensus building process.</dd> <dt>cat, CAT<span class="anchor" id="cat"></span><span class="anchor" id="CAT"></span></dt> <dd>"Category" or "categorize". Often pluralized as "cats" or "cats." CAT used as an abbreviation for pages in the Category <b><a href="#namespace">namespace</a></b>. See also <b><a href="#category">category</a></b>.</dd> <dt>category<span class="anchor" id="category"></span></dt> <dd>A category is a collection of pages automatically formed by the Wikibooks servers by analyzing category tags in pages. Category tags are in the form <a href="/wiki/Category:Book:General_Mechanics" title="Category:Book:General Mechanics">Category:Book:General Mechanics</a>. The part after the first ":" is the name of the category. Adding a category tag causes a link to the category to be added to the bottom of the page, and also adds the page to the category listing. Most categories are normally added using one or another template. A list of basic categories to browse through, and how to add them, can be found at <a href="/wiki/Category:Categories" title="Category:Categories">Category:Categories</a>.</dd> <dt>CC-BY-SA<span class="anchor" id="CC-BY-SA"></span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Wikibooks:CC-BY-SA" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikibooks:CC-BY-SA">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike</a>. This is <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="wmf:Terms of Use">one of the licenses</a> for the use and distribution of Wikibooks content (see <a href="/wiki/Wikibooks:Copyrights" title="Wikibooks:Copyrights">Wikibooks:Copyrights</a> for details).</dd> <dt>CheckUser, checkuser<span class="anchor" id="CheckUser"></span><span class="anchor" id="checkuser"></span></dt> <dd>A Wikibooks administrator who has been entrusted with the ability to see the IP addresses of logged-in users, usually to determine if someone is using sockpuppets to violate policy. See also <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/CheckUser" class="extiw" title="m:CheckUser">m:CheckUser</a>.</dd> <dt>cleanup<span class="anchor" id="cleanup"></span></dt> <dd>The process of repairing pages that contain errors of grammar, are poorly formatted, or contain irrelevant material. Cleanup generally requires only editing skills, as opposed to the specialized knowledge that is more often called for by <a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_needing_attention" title="Category:Pages needing attention">pages needing attention</a>.</dd> <dt>comment out<span class="anchor" id="comment_out"></span></dt> <dd>To hide information from normal display yet still retain the material for editors to see. This is done by inserting the characters  at the end. These character strings are used to delimit comments in HTML code.</dd> <dt>Community Portal<span class="anchor" id="Community_Portal"></span><span class="anchor" id="community_portal"></span></dt> <dd>This lists the outstanding tasks that need to be addressed and several other useful bits of information and resources.</dd> <dt>contribs<span class="anchor" id="contribs"></span></dt> <dd>Short for contributions. A user has made these edits.</dd> <dt>contributor<span class="anchor" id="contributor"></span></dt> <dd>See <b><a href="#editor">editor</a></b>.</dd> <dt>COOK<span class="anchor" id="COOK"></span></dt> <dd>Common abbreviation for the <b><a href="#Cookbook">Cookbook</a></b> pages in the Cookbook <b><a href="#namespace">namespace</a></b>. See also <a href="/wiki/Wikibooks:Shortcuts" title="Wikibooks:Shortcuts">Wikibooks:Shortcuts</a>.</dd> <dt>Cookbook<span class="anchor" id="Cookbook"></span></dt> <dd>A subproject of Wikibooks dedicated to collecting recipes and cooking techniques. See <a href="/wiki/Cookbook:Table_of_Contents" title="Cookbook:Table of Contents">Cookbook:Table of Contents</a>.</dd> <dt>copyedit<span class="anchor" id="copyedit"></span></dt> <dd>A change to a page that only affects formatting, grammar, and other presentational aspects.</dd> <dt>copyvio<span class="anchor" id="copyvio"></span></dt> <dd>Copyright violation. Usually used in an edit summary when some copyrighted material has been added to Wikibooks. See also <a href="/wiki/Wikibooks:Copyrights" title="Wikibooks:Copyrights">Wikibooks:Copyrights</a>.</dd> <dt>'crat<span class="anchor" id="crat"></span></dt> <dd>Short for <b><a href="#bureaucrat">bureaucrat</a></b>.</dd> <dt>cut-and-paste move, cut and paste move, cut 'n' paste move, cut-n-paste move, etc.<span class="anchor" id="cut-and-paste_move"></span><span class="anchor" id="cut_and_paste_move"></span><span class="anchor" id="cut_'n'_paste_move"></span><span class="anchor" id="cut-n-paste_move"></span></dt> <dd>Moving a page by taking the text of the page, and put it into the edit window for the second page. Generally considered worse than the 'move page' option, because it causes the page and its edit history to be in different places. Cut and paste moves can be fixed by administrators.</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="D" data-mw-thread-id="h-D"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-D"></span>D<span data-mw-comment-end="h-D"></span></h2></div> <dl><dt>data dump<span class="anchor" id="data_dump"></span></dt> <dd>To import material from outside sources into Wikibooks without editing, formatting, and linking. This is frowned upon by most Wikibookians, and is often a <b><a href="#copyvio">copyvio</a></b>.</dd> <dt>de-admin<span class="anchor" id="de-admin"></span><span class="anchor" id="deadmin"></span></dt> <dd>See <b><a href="#de-sysop">de-sysop</a></b>.</dd> <dt>deletionist<span class="anchor" id="deletionist"></span></dt> <dd>Someone who actively attempts to delete pages that others prefer to keep.</dd> <dt>department<span class="anchor" id="department"></span></dt> <dd>Pages that provide the major top-level groupings of <a href="#shelf">shelves</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Wikibooks_Stacks" title="Wikibooks Stacks">Wikibooks Stacks</a>, which replaced the older <a href="#subject">subject pages</a>.</dd> <dt>deprecated<span class="anchor" id="deprecated"></span></dt> <dd>The term is also used to refer to pages, templates, or categories that have been <b><a href="#orphan">orphaned</a></b> or are no longer used.</dd> <dt>de-orphan, deorphan<span class="anchor" id="de-orphan"></span><span class="anchor" id="deorphan"></span></dt> <dd>To make a page no longer an <b><a href="#orphan">orphan</a></b>.</dd> <dt>de-sysop<span class="anchor" id="de-sysop"></span><span class="anchor" id="desysop"></span></dt> <dd>To take away someone's sysop status.</dd> <dt>developer<span class="anchor" id="developer"></span></dt> <dd>A user who can make direct changes to the Wikibooks software and database.</dd> <dt>de-wikify, dewikify<span class="anchor" id="de-wikify"></span><span class="anchor" id="dewikify"></span></dt> <dd>To remove (de-link) a <b><a href="#Wikify">wikification</a></b> of a page. This is usually due to pages being moved to Wikibooks from other wiki websites like Wikipedia, where many more links are used in the editorial styles on those projects.</dd> <dt>diff<span class="anchor" id="diff"></span></dt> <dd>The difference between two versions of page, as displayed using the <i>view history</i> feature, or from <a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="Special:RecentChanges">Recent Changes</a>. The versions to compare are encoded in the URL, so you can make a link by copying and pasting it—for instance when discussing a change on a book's talk page.</dd> <dt>double redirect<span class="anchor" id="double_redirect"></span></dt> <dd>A redirect which leads to another redirect. Counterintuitively, this will not bring one to the final destination, so it needs to be eliminated by linking directly to the target redirect. Double redirects are generated when moving a page that has redirects leading to it.</dd> <dt>dupe<span class="anchor" id="dupe"></span></dt> <dd>Short for a duplicate page. Often used when identifying a duplicate page that needs to be <b><a href="#merge">merged</a></b> with another.</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="E" data-mw-thread-id="h-E"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-E"></span>E<span data-mw-comment-end="h-E"></span></h2></div> <dl><dt>edit conflict<span class="anchor" id="edit_conflict"></span></dt> <dd>Appears if an edit is made to the page between when one opens it for editing and completes the edit. The later edit does not take effect, but the editor is prompted to merge their edit with the earlier one. Edit conflicts should not be confused with <b><a href="#edit_war">edit wars</a></b>.</dd> <dt>editor<span class="anchor" id="editor"></span></dt> <dd>Anyone who writes or modifies pages at Wikibooks. See also <b><a href="#contributor">contributor</a></b>, <b><a href="#user">user</a></b>.</dd> <dt>edit summary<span class="anchor" id="edit_summary"></span></dt> <dd>The contents of the "edit summary" box below the text box seen when editing a page.</dd> <dt>edit war<span class="anchor" id="edit_war"></span></dt> <dd>Two or more parties continually making their preferred changes to a page, each persistently undoing the changes made by the opposite party. Generally, an edit war is the result of an argument on a talk page that could not be resolved. Edit wars are forbidden and lead to blocks. See also <b><a href="#revert_war">revert war</a></b>, <b><a href="#wheel_war">wheel war</a></b>.</dd> <dt>external link<span class="anchor" id="external_link"></span></dt> <dd>A link to a website not owned by Wikimedia. The opposite of an <b><a href="#internal_link">internal link</a></b>, <b><a href="#wikilink">wikilink</a></b>, and <b><a href="#free_link">free link</a></b>.</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="F" data-mw-thread-id="h-F"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-F"></span>F<span data-mw-comment-end="h-F"></span></h2></div> <dl><dt>FB<span class="anchor" id="FB"></span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Wikibooks:Featured_books" title="Wikibooks:Featured books">Featured book</a>; a book that has been selected as representing "the best of Wikibooks". Books become featured when a <a href="/wiki/Wikibooks:Featured_books/Nominations" title="Wikibooks:Featured books/Nominations">candidate</a> gets consensus for promotion.</dd> <dt>fork<span class="anchor" id="fork"></span></dt> <dd>A splitting of an entity to satisfy different groups of people, typically used on Wikibooks so that we can write similar books for different audiences.</dd> <dt>free link<span class="anchor" id="free_link"></span></dt> <dd>A link pointing to another page within Wikibooks or its sister projects, sometimes referred to as <b><a href="#wikilink">wikilinks</a></b> or <b><a href="#internal_link">internal links</a></b>. Unless otherwise specified in a user's preferences, these links usually show up as blue if they are working and they haven't been visited before, red if they are broken or don't yet exist, and purple if they are working and they have been visited before.</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="G" data-mw-thread-id="h-G"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-G"></span>G<span data-mw-comment-end="h-G"></span></h2></div> <dl><dt>gadget<span class="anchor" id="gadget"></span></dt> <dd>A gadget is a JavaScript tool that can be enabled from your Wikibooks <a href="/wiki/Special:Preferences" title="Special:Preferences">preferences</a>.</dd> <dt>GFDL<span class="anchor" id="GFDL"></span></dt> <dd>Acronym for <a href="/wiki/Wikibooks:GFDL" title="Wikibooks:GFDL">GNU Free Documentation License</a>. This license with the added requirements that work be unversioned, with no invariant sections, front-cover texts, or back-cover texts. This is <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="wmf:Terms of Use">one of the licenses</a> for the use and distribution of Wikibooks content (see <a href="/wiki/Wikibooks:Copyrights" title="Wikibooks:Copyrights">Wikibooks:Copyrights</a> for details).</dd> <dt>Google test<span class="anchor" id="Google_test"></span></dt> <dd>Running portions or titles of pages through the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google" class="extiw" title="w:Google">Google</a> search engine for various purposes. The two most common are to check for copyright violations or to determine which term among several is the most widely used.</dd> <dt>GPL<span class="anchor" id="GPL"></span></dt></dl> <p>Acronym for <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_General_Public_License" class="extiw" title="w:GNU General Public License">GNU General Public License</a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MediaWiki" class="extiw" title="w:MediaWiki">MediaWiki</a> software, the one used to run all Wikimedia projects, like Wikibooks, is released under this license. </p> <dl><dt>gr<span class="anchor" id="gr"></span></dt> <dd>Grammar, used in edit summaries to indicate that a grammar problem is being corrected.</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="H" data-mw-thread-id="h-H"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-H"></span>H<span data-mw-comment-end="h-H"></span></h2></div> <dl><dt>history<span class="anchor" id="history"></span></dt> <dd>All previous versions of a page, from its creation to its current state. Also called <i>page history</i>. See <a href="/wiki/Help:Tracking_changes#Page_history" title="Help:Tracking changes">Help:Tracking changes#Page history</a>.</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="I" data-mw-thread-id="h-I"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-I"></span>I<span data-mw-comment-end="h-I"></span></h2></div> <dl><dt>IANAL<span class="anchor" id="IANAL"></span></dt> <dd>An abbreviation for "I Am Not a Lawyer", indicating that an editor is about to give their opinion on a legal matter as they understand it, although they are not professionally qualified to do so, and may not fully understand the law in question.</dd> <dt>inclusionist<span class="anchor" id="inclusionist"></span></dt> <dd>A user who is of the opinion that Wikibooks should contain as much information as possible, often regardless of presentation or notability.</dd> <dt>infobox<span class="anchor" id="infobox"></span></dt> <dd>A consistently formatted table which is present in pages with a common subject. See <a href="/wiki/Template:Infobox" title="Template:Infobox">Template:Infobox</a> and <a href="/wiki/Category:Infobox_templates" title="Category:Infobox templates">Category:Infobox templates</a> for examples.</dd> <dt>internal link<span class="anchor" id="internal_link"></span></dt> <dd>See <b><a href="#free_link">free link</a></b>, <b><a href="#wikilink">wikilink</a></b>.</dd> <dt>interwiki<span class="anchor" id="interwiki"></span></dt> <dd>A link to a sister project; this can be an interlanguage link to a corresponding page in a different language in Wikibooks, or a link to a project such as Wikisource, Wikipedia, Meta, etc.</dd> <dt>IP, IP user, IP editor<span class="anchor" id="IP"></span><span class="anchor" id="IP_user"></span><span class="anchor" id="IP_editor"></span></dt> <dd>Same as <b><a href="#anon">anon</a></b>.</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="L" data-mw-thread-id="h-L"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-L"></span>L<span data-mw-comment-end="h-L"></span></h2></div> <dl><dt>language link<span class="anchor" id="language_link"></span></dt> <dd>See <b><a href="#interwiki">interwiki</a></b>.</dd> <dt>link<span class="anchor" id="link"></span></dt> <dd>A string of colored text making a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/hyperlink" class="extiw" title="w:hyperlink">hyperlink</a> to give access to another document.</dd> <dt>link farm<span class="anchor" id="link_farm"></span></dt> <dd>Link farms are books or pages of books consisting entirely of external or internal links. Some pages consisting of internal or external links are acceptable (such as a bibliography or resources pages).</dd> <dt>link rot<span class="anchor" id="link_rot"></span></dt> <dd>Because websites change over time, many external links from Wikibooks to other sites cannot be guaranteed to remain active. When a page's links becomes outdated and no longer work, the page is said to have undergone <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/link_rot" class="extiw" title="w:link rot">link rot</a>.</dd> <dt>linkspamming<span class="anchor" id="linkspamming"></span></dt> <dd>A technique employed by unscrupulous websites, which consists of adding URLs to their website to (usually important) wiki pages, in order to increase their site ranking at search engines such as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google" class="extiw" title="w:Google">Google</a>. This process is often scripted, and may come from several anonymous IP addresses simultaneously.</dd> <dt>LTA</dt> <dd>Long-term abusers, users that disrupt Wikimedia projects on a long-term basis.</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="M" data-mw-thread-id="h-M"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-M"></span>M<span data-mw-comment-end="h-M"></span></h2></div> <dl><dt>m<span class="anchor" id="m"></span></dt> <dd>On the <a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="Special:RecentChanges">Recent Changes</a> page, <b>m</b> (lower case, bold) indicates a minor edit.</dd> <dt>mainspace<span class="anchor" id="mainspace"></span></dt> <dd>The main book <b><a href="#namespace">namespace</a></b> (i.e. not a talk page, not a "Wikibooks:" page, not a "User:" page, etc.)</dd> <dt>meat puppet<span class="anchor" id="meat_puppet"></span></dt> <dd>An account created only for the illegitimate strengthening of another user's position in votes or discussions. Unlike a <b><a href="#sock_puppet">sock puppet</a></b>, the account is used by another person. Meat puppets are treated exactly like sock puppets in most cases, making the distinction between them largely academic.</dd> <dt>MediaWiki<span class="anchor" id="MediaWiki"></span><span class="anchor" id="mediawiki"></span></dt> <dd>The software behind Wikibooks and its sister projects, as well as several projects not related to Wikimedia, and a namespace.</dd> <dt>merge<span class="anchor" id="merge"></span></dt> <dd>Taking the text of two pages, and turning it into a single page.</dd> <dt>mergist<span class="anchor" id="mergist"></span></dt> <dd>A user who compromises between the <b><a href="#inclusionist">inclusionist</a></b> and <b><a href="#deletionist">deletionist</a></b> principles. A mergist is of the opinion that while many topics merit inclusion at Wikibooks, not every topic deserves its own book, and tries to combine these "side" topics into longer, less specific books. Mergists also try to combine multiple less-developed books on the same topic into a single more thoroughly developed book.</dd> <dt>Meta, Meta-Wikimedia, metawiki<span class="anchor" id="Meta"></span><span class="anchor" id="Meta-Wikimedia"></span><span class="anchor" id="metawiki"></span></dt> <dd>A separate <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/wiki" class="extiw" title="w:wiki">wiki</a> (<a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="m:">meta.wikimedia.org</a>) used to discuss general Wikibooks matters along with matters concerning other <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia" class="extiw" title="w:Wikimedia">Wikimedia</a> projects.</dd> <dt>Meta page, meta-page<span class="anchor" id="Meta_page"></span><span class="anchor" id="meta-page"></span></dt> <dd>A page that provides information about Wikibooks. Meta pages are more correctly referred to as <i>project namespace</i> pages. Meta pages should not be confused with a page on <b><a href="#Meta-Wikimedia">Meta-Wikimedia</a></b>.</dd> <dt>mirror<span class="anchor" id="mirror"></span></dt> <dd>A website other than Wikibooks that uses content original to Wikibooks as a source for at least some of its content. See also <a href="/wiki/Wikibooks:Mirrors_and_forks" title="Wikibooks:Mirrors and forks">Wikibooks:Mirrors and forks</a>.</dd> <dt>module<span class="anchor" id="module"></span></dt> <dd>An instructional resource entry (a "page" in a book, if you will). All modules are pages, but not all pages are modules. See <a href="/wiki/Help:Pages#Modules" title="Help:Pages">Help:Pages#Modules</a>.</dd> <dt>MOS, MoS<span class="anchor" id="MOS"></span><span class="anchor" id="MoS"></span></dt> <dd>Found in <b><a href="#edit_summary">edit summaries</a></b> to indicate that a change has been made to make a page comply with Wikibooks' general or a local book's manual of style. See <a href="/wiki/Wikibooks:Manual_of_Style" title="Wikibooks:Manual of Style">Wikibooks:Manual of Style</a> and <a href="/wiki/Help:Local_manuals_of_style" title="Help:Local manuals of style">Help:Local manuals of style</a>.</dd> <dt>move<span class="anchor" id="move"></span></dt> <dd>Changing the name and location of a page because of a misspelling, violation of naming convention, misnomer, or inaccuracy. Involves either renaming the page or moving it and constructing a redirect to keep the original link intact.</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="N" data-mw-thread-id="h-N"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-N"></span>N<span data-mw-comment-end="h-N"></span></h2></div> <dl><dt>N</dt> <dd>On the <a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="Special:RecentChanges">Recent Changes</a> page, <b>N</b> (upper case, bold) indicates a new page.</dd> <dt>namespace<span class="anchor" id="namespace"></span></dt> <dd>A way to classify pages. Wikibooks has namespaces for instructional resources, pages about Wikibooks (Wikibooks:), user pages (User:), special pages (Special:) and talk pages (Talk:, Wikibooks talk:, and User talk:). See <a href="/wiki/Help:Pages#Namespaces" title="Help:Pages">Help:Pages#Namespaces</a>.</dd> <dt>NC<span class="anchor" id="NC"></span><span class="anchor" id="naming_convention"></span></dt> <dd>An acronym for <a href="/wiki/Wikibooks:NC" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikibooks:NC">naming convention</a> which is the suggested naming scheme for books and chapters within them.</dd> <dt>newbie, noob, newb<span class="anchor" id="newbie"></span><span class="anchor" id="noob"></span><span class="anchor" id="newb"></span></dt> <dd>A newcomer to Wikibooks.</dd> <dt>newbie experiment, newbie test<span class="anchor" id="newbie_experiment"></span><span class="anchor" id="newbie_test"></span></dt> <dd>An edit made by a newcomer to Wikibooks, just to see if "edit" <i>really</i> does what it sounds like. Use <a href="/wiki/Wikibooks:Sandbox" title="Wikibooks:Sandbox">Wikibooks:Sandbox</a> for these.</dd> <dt>NOR<span class="anchor" id="NOR"></span></dt> <dd>The Wikibooks policy that <a href="/wiki/Wikibooks:NOR" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikibooks:NOR">No Original Research</a> is allowed in books.</dd> <dt>NPOV<span class="anchor" id="NPOV"></span><span class="anchor" id="neutral_point_of_view"></span></dt> <dd>Acronym for <a href="/wiki/Wikibooks:Neutral_point_of_view" title="Wikibooks:Neutral point of view">neutral point of view</a>, or the agreement to report subjective opinions objectively, so as not to cause edit wars between opposing sides.</dd> <dt>null edit<span class="anchor" id="null_edit"></span></dt> <dd>A null edit is made when an editor opens the edit window of a document then re-saves the page without having made any text changes. This is sometimes done as a lazy way to purge—to update the functioning of templates (which require pages containing them to be edited in order for any changes to take effect). The term also applies to making a very small, non-substantive change (e.g., removing an unneeded blank line or adding one) in order to get the page history to register a change, for the purpose of leaving an edit summary that responds to a previous one.</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="O" data-mw-thread-id="h-O"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-O"></span>O<span data-mw-comment-end="h-O"></span></h2></div> <dl><dt>Open Ticket Request System<span class="anchor" id="Open_Ticket_Request_System"></span></dt> <dd>Refers to the people and software that surround the handling of email sent to the <b><a href="#Wikimedia">Wikimedia Foundation</a></b>.</dd> <dt>original research<span class="anchor" id="original_research"></span></dt> <dd>In Wikibooks, <a href="/wiki/Wikibooks:Original_research" title="Wikibooks:Original research">original research</a> (sometimes abbreviated OR) is material added to books that has not been published already by a reputable source. Wikibooks is not the appropriate place to publish original research.</dd> <dt>orphan<span class="anchor" id="orphan"></span></dt> <dd>An <i>orphaned page</i> is a page with no links from other pages in the main <b><a href="#namespace">namespace</a></b>. An orphaned file is a file with no links from any pages at all. You can view lists of <a href="/wiki/Special:LonelyPages" title="Special:LonelyPages">orphaned pages</a> and <a href="/wiki/Special:UnusedFiles" title="Special:UnusedFiles">orphaned files</a>.</dd> <dt>OTRS<span class="anchor" id="OTRS"></span></dt> <dd>Abbreviation for <b><a href="#Open_Ticket_Request_System">Open Ticket Request System</a></b>.</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="P" data-mw-thread-id="h-P"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-P"></span>P<span data-mw-comment-end="h-P"></span></h2></div> <dl><dt>page<span class="anchor" id="page"></span></dt> <dd>Any individual topic within Wikibooks; the web page without the top, bottom and side bars. Pages include textbook pages, stubs, redirects, disambiguation pages, user pages, talk pages, documentation, and special pages.</dd> <dt>PD<span class="anchor" id="PD"></span></dt> <dd>Material not presently under copyright and thus available for use without permission. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_domain" class="extiw" title="w:Public domain">Public domain</a>.</dd> <dt>per, per nom, per X<span class="anchor" id="per"></span><span class="anchor" id="per_nom"></span><span class="anchor" id="per_X"></span></dt> <dd>A comment on a page such as <b><a href="#RFP">RFP</a></b> or <b><a href="#RFD">RFD</a></b> may be accompanied by the note "per nom", which means "for the reasons given by the nominator". Similarly, a comment may be noted "per X" where X is the name of one of the other commenters, or a reference to some page that explains the reasoning.</dd> <dt>permastub<span class="anchor" id="permastub"></span></dt> <dd>Any <b><a href="#stub">stub</a></b> book which is unlikely to grow to a more respectable size; a book on a subject about which little can ever be written. These books are often potential candidates for merging into larger books, especially if they only consist of a single page.</dd> <dt>personal attack<span class="anchor" id="personal_attack"></span></dt> <dd>A comment that is not directed at content, but rather insults, demeans, or threatens another editor (or a group of editors) personally, with obvious malice. To maintain a friendly and productive atmosphere, personal attacks are forbidden per Wikibooks policy and may be grounds for <b><a href="#block">blocking</a></b> in serious and/or repeated cases. See <a href="/wiki/Wikibooks:No_personal_attacks" title="Wikibooks:No personal attacks">Wikibooks:No personal attacks</a>.</dd> <dt>pipe, piped link<span class="anchor" id="pipe"></span><span class="anchor" id="piped_link"></span></dt> <dd>A link where the text displayed in the page is not the name of the link target. Such links are created using the pipe character "|" e.g., [[Target Book|Displayed Text]]. Piped links may also be used to sort pages in categories by other than their name, e.g., if [[Category:Foo|Bar]] is placed on a page, the page will be listed alphabetically at "Bar" in category "Foo", irrespective of its title.</dd> <dt>POV<span class="anchor" id="POV"></span><span class="anchor" id="point_of_view"></span></dt> <dd>Literally, a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/point_of_view" class="extiw" title="w:point of view">point of view</a>, but often used negatively as an <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/adjective" class="extiw" title="w:adjective">adjective</a> to indicate <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/bias" class="extiw" title="w:bias">bias</a>.</dd> <dt>project namespace<span class="anchor" id="project_namespace"></span></dt> <dd>The project namespace is a <b><a href="#namespace">namespace</a></b> dedicated to providing information about Wikibooks. Pages in the project namespace always start with "Wikibooks:".</dd> <dt>protected page<span class="anchor" id="protected_page"></span></dt> <dd>This term indicates a page that cannot be edited except by <b><a href="#admin">administrators</a></b>, or in some cases, established users. Usually this is done to cool down an <b><a href="#edit_war">edit war</a></b>. See <a href="/wiki/Wikibooks:Protected_page" title="Wikibooks:Protected page">Wikibooks:Protected page</a>.</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="R" data-mw-thread-id="h-R"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-R"></span>R<span data-mw-comment-end="h-R"></span></h2></div> <dl><dt>random book<span class="anchor" id="random_book"></span></dt> <dd>The random book link is on the left of each page for most <b><a href="#skin">skins</a></b>. It will take you to a Wikibooks book that is chosen by a computer algorithm without any deliberate pattern or meaning to the choice.</dd> <dt>Reading room<span class="anchor" id="Reading_room"></span></dt> <dd>The main community forum of Wikibooks (found at <a href="/wiki/Wikibooks:Reading_room" title="Wikibooks:Reading room">Wikibooks:Reading room</a>), where proposals, technical problems, and other internals are announced and discussed in front of a wider audience than a topic-specific page would have.</dd> <dt>red link, redlink<span class="anchor" id="red_link"></span><span class="anchor" id="redlink"></span></dt> <dd>A link to a page that doesn't exist shows up red.</dd> <dt>revert<span class="anchor" id="revert"></span></dt> <dd>An edit that reverses changes made by someone else, thus restoring the prior version. See <a href="/wiki/Help:Editing#Reverting" title="Help:Editing">Help:Editing#Reverting</a>.</dd> <dt>revert war<span class="anchor" id="revert_war"></span></dt> <dd>See <b><a href="#edit_war">edit war</a></b>.</dd> <dt>RFD, RfD<span class="anchor" id="RFD"></span><span class="anchor" id="RfD"></span></dt> <dd>The section of <a href="/wiki/Wikibooks:Requests_for_deletion" title="Wikibooks:Requests for deletion">Wikibooks:Requests for deletion</a> where books or pages can be nominated for deletion.</dd> <dt>RFP, RfP<span class="anchor" id="RFP"></span><span class="anchor" id="RfP"></span></dt> <dd>The <a href="/wiki/Wikibooks:Requests_for_permissions" title="Wikibooks:Requests for permissions">Wikibooks:Requests for permissions</a> page where users can make their case to have the community grant them specific user rights, such as the ability to perform administrative actions.</dd> <dt>RFU, RfU<span class="anchor" id="RFU"></span><span class="anchor" id="RfU"></span></dt> <dd>The section of <a href="/wiki/Wikibooks:Requests_for_deletion" title="Wikibooks:Requests for deletion">Wikibooks:Requests for deletion</a> where arguments can be made to undelete a book or page.</dd> <dt>rm<span class="anchor" id="rm"></span></dt> <dd>Remove. Used in edit summaries to indicate that a particular piece of text or formatting has been deleted.</dd> <dt>rmv<span class="anchor" id="rmv"></span></dt> <dd> <ol><li>Remove (<b><a href="#rm">rm</a></b>) vandalism. Used in edit summaries when good edits were made after vandalism, requiring the editor to sort out the vandalism, as opposed to a simple reversion. See also <b><a href="#rvv">rvv</a></b>.</li> <li>Same as <b><a href="#rm">rm</a></b>.</li></ol></dd></dl> <dl><dt>rogue admin<span class="anchor" id="rogue_admin"></span></dt> <dd>Accusatory term for a Wikibooks <b><a href="#administrator">administrator</a></b>, suggesting that the accused person systematically abuses their administrative access. Such accusations are rarely found to be justified or particularly productive.</dd> <dt>rollback<span class="anchor" id="rollback"></span></dt> <dd>To change a page back to the version before the last edit. Administrators and reviewers have special tools to do this more easily. See <a href="/wiki/Help:Editing#Rollback" title="Help:Editing">Help:Editing#Rollback</a>.</dd> <dt>RR<span class="anchor" id="RR"></span></dt> <dd>Shorthand for the <b><a href="#Reading_room">Reading room</a></b>.</dd> <dt>rv<span class="anchor" id="rv"></span></dt> <dd><b><a href="#revert">Revert</a></b>. An edit summary indicating that the page has been reverted to a previous version, often because of <b><a href="#vandalism">vandalism</a></b>. See <a href="/wiki/Help:Editing#Reverting" title="Help:Editing">Help:Editing#Reverting</a>.</dd> <dt>rvv<span class="anchor" id="rvv"></span></dt> <dd><b><a href="#revert">Revert</a></b> of vandalism. See also <b><a href="#rv">rv</a></b>.</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="S" data-mw-thread-id="h-S"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-S"></span>S<span data-mw-comment-end="h-S"></span></h2></div> <dl><dt>sandbox<span class="anchor" id="sandbox"></span></dt> <dd>A sandbox is a page that users may edit however they want. Though it is meant to help users experiment and gain familiarity with wiki markup, the public sandbox at <a href="/wiki/Wikibooks:Sandbox" title="Wikibooks:Sandbox">Wikibooks:Sandbox</a> is often filled with strange things and patent nonsense. In addition to the public sandbox, users may create private sandboxes on subpages of their user page.</dd> <dt>section editing<span class="anchor" id="section_editing"></span></dt> <dd>Using one of the '[edit]' links to the right of each section's title, one can get an edit window containing only the section of the page that's below the [edit] link. This makes it easier to find the exact spot where one wants to edit, and helps you avoid an <b><a href="#edit_conflict">edit conflict</a></b>. You can turn section editing off in your <a href="/wiki/Special:Preferences" title="Special:Preferences">preferences</a> under the "Enable section editing via [edit] links" option.</dd> <dt>self-link<span class="anchor" id="self-link"></span></dt> <dd>A Wikilink contained in a page that points the reader to that same page, e.g., linking <i><a href="/wiki/Using_Wikibooks" title="Using Wikibooks">Using Wikibooks</a></i> in the page "<a href="/wiki/Using_Wikibooks" title="Using Wikibooks">Using Wikibooks</a>". Such links are automatically displayed as <b>strongly emphasized text</b> rather than links, but the more complex case of a link which redirects to the same page is not, and should be <b><a href="#de-wikify">de-wikified</a></b>.</dd> <dt>self-revert<span class="anchor" id="self-revert"></span></dt> <dd>An editor self-reverts when he or she <b><a href="#revert">reverts</a></b> or undoes an edit that he or she had previously made. This may be because the editor was merely making a test or because the editor later realized his or her edit was faulty.</dd> <dt>shelf<span class="anchor" id="shelf"></span></dt> <dd>Pages that organize the books at Wikibooks based on topic. At the top level of organization, shelves are grouped into <a href="#department">departments</a>. Shelves and departments belong to book <i><a href="/wiki/Wikibooks_Stacks" title="Wikibooks Stacks">Wikibooks Stacks</a></i>, which replaced the older <a href="#subject">subject pages</a>.</dd> <dt>shortcut<span class="anchor" id="shortcut"></span></dt> <dd>A redirect used to enable editors to get to a page more quickly without typing out the full title. See <a href="/wiki/Wikibooks:Shortcuts" title="Wikibooks:Shortcuts">Wikibooks:Shortcuts</a> for a list of common shortcuts.</dd> <dt>skin<span class="anchor" id="skin"></span></dt> <dd>The appearance theme in <a href="/wiki/Special:Preferences" title="Special:Preferences">Special:Preferences</a>. The default skin is called Vector, and eight others are available to logged-in users: Chick, Classic, Cologne Blue, Modern, Monobook, MySkin, Nostalgia, and Simple.</dd> <dt>sock puppet, sock<span class="anchor" id="sock_puppet"></span><span class="anchor" id="sock"></span></dt> <dd>Another user account created secretly by an existing Wikibookian, generally to manufacture the illusion of support in a discussion or argument.</dd> <dt>soft redirect<span class="anchor" id="soft_redirect"></span></dt> <dd>A very short page that essentially points the reader in the direction of another page. Used in cases where a normal redirect is inappropriate for various reasons (e.g. it is a cross-wiki redirect).</dd> <dt>sort key<span class="anchor" id="sort_key"></span></dt> <dd>A device to make a page file alphabetically (in a category or other list of pages) other than by the page's title.</dd> <dt>sp<span class="anchor" id="sp"></span></dt> <dd>Short for <i>spelling correction</i> or <i>space</i>. Used in <b><a href="#edit_summary">edit summaries</a></b>.</dd> <dt>speedy<span class="anchor" id="speedy"></span></dt> <dd>Abbreviation for <b><a href="#speedy_delete">speedy delete</a></b>. Can also be used as a verb – e.g., <i>"I think the page should be speedied"</i>. "Speedy" on Wikibooks does not mean "now, immediately", but rather something that can be done without further discussion.</dd> <dt>speedy delete<span class="anchor" id="speedy_delete"></span></dt> <dd>Deletion of a page without prior discussion. Pages can be speedily deleted only under very specific circumstances; see <a href="/wiki/Wikibooks:Deletion_policy" title="Wikibooks:Deletion policy">Wikibooks:Deletion policy</a> for those.</dd> <dt>speedy keep<span class="anchor" id="speedy_keep"></span></dt> <dd>The closing of a <b><a href="#RFD">request for deletion</a></b> before the normal end of the discussion period. This happens when the nomination has been faulty (e.g., a bad faith nomination) or when there is overwhelming evidence that the page should be kept (e.g., overwhelming support for keeping it, or a history of deletion attempts that have ended in the same way).</dd> <dt>split<span class="anchor" id="split"></span></dt> <dd>Separating a single page into two or more pages.</dd> <dt>steward</dt> <dd>An administrator who has been empowered to change any user's status, including granting and revoking administrator and bureaucrat status.</dd> <dt>stub</dt> <dd>An page considered too short to give an adequate introduction to a subject (often one paragraph or less). Stubs are marked with stub templates, a specific type of cleanup template, which add the pages to stub categories sorted by subject matter.</dd> <dt>SUB<span class="anchor" id="SUB"></span></dt> <dd>Common abbreviation for the <b><a href="#subject">subject</a></b> pages in the Subject <b><a href="#namespace">namespace</a></b>. See also <a href="/wiki/Wikibooks:Shortcuts" title="Wikibooks:Shortcuts">Wikibooks:Shortcuts</a>.</dd> <dt>subject, subject page<span class="anchor" id="subject"></span><span class="anchor" id="subject_page"></span></dt> <dd>Deprecated pages, more recently replaced by <a href="#shelf">shelves</a>, that organized the books at Wikibooks based on topic.</dd> <dt>subpage, sub-page<span class="anchor" id="subpage"></span><span class="anchor" id="sub-page"></span></dt> <dd>A page connected to a parent page, such as <a href="/wiki/Using_Wikibooks/About_The_Book" title="Using Wikibooks/About The Book">Using Wikibooks/About The Book</a>.</dd> <dt>subst, subst'ing<span class="anchor" id="subst"></span><span class="anchor" id="subst'ing"></span></dt> <dd>See <b><a href="#transclusion">transclusion</a></b>.</dd> <dt>SUL<span class="anchor" id="SUL"></span></dt> <dd>Abbreviation for "<a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/SUL" class="extiw" title="m:SUL">Single user login</a>", which refers to the process of unifying individual accounts with the same name across Wikimedia projects into one global account.</dd> <dt>sysop<span class="anchor" id="sysop"></span></dt> <dd>A less-used name for <b><a href="#administrator">administrator</a></b>. See also <b><a href="#de-sysop">de-sysop</a></b>.</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="T" data-mw-thread-id="h-T"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-T"></span>T<span data-mw-comment-end="h-T"></span></h2></div> <dl><dt>tag<span class="anchor" id="tag"></span></dt> <dd> <ol><li>A wiki <b><a href="#template">template</a></b>, in general.</li> <li>Specifically, a template that will assign a page to a category (most often a <a href="#stub">stub</a> template)</li> <li>Specifically, a template applied to a page that indicates that it needs cleanup or that something about it is disputed.</li> <li>Specifically, a template applied to a page that indicates that it has been nominated for deletion.</li> <li>Specifically, a <b><a href="#WikiProject">WikiProject</a></b> banner template applied to a talk page.</li> <li>Verb: To apply any such template to a page, or to add a category.</li></ol></dd></dl> <dl><dt>talk page<span class="anchor" id="talk_page"></span></dt> <dd>A page reserved for discussion of the page with which it is associated, such as a book's page. Very confusingly, the link to a talk page is labeled "discussion". All pages within Wikibooks (except pages in the Special <b><a href="#namespace">namespace</a></b> and talk pages themselves) have talk pages attached to them.</dd> <dt>task force<span class="anchor" id="task_force"></span></dt> <dd>A smaller group of editors in a <b><a href="#WikiProject">WikiProject</a></b> dedicated to a more specific field within the scope of the parent project. Task forces are located on WikiProject subpages. They generally have a less formal bureaucratic structure than full-fledged WikiProjects.</dd> <dt>TeX<span class="anchor" id="TeX"></span></dt> <dd>A programming language utilized in Wikibooks to write mathematical equations. See <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Help:Displaying_a_formula" class="extiw" title="meta:Help:Displaying a formula">meta:Help:Displaying a formula</a> for help with how to use it.</dd> <dt>template<span class="anchor" id="template"></span></dt> <dd>A way of automatically including the contents of one page within another page, used for boilerplate text, navigational aids, etc. See also: <a href="/wiki/Wikibooks:Templates" title="Wikibooks:Templates">Wikibooks:Templates</a>.</dd> <dt>thread<span class="anchor" id="thread"></span></dt> <dd>A <b><a href="#talk_page">talk page</a></b> discussion, usually with more than 2 indented replies. May refer to either a complete second level section (i.e. a section with heading surrounded by ==) of posts as is defined by talk page archiving bots. For this type of thread, the age is the time interval from the most recent post to current time. It can also refer to an individual sequence of indented paragraphs.</dd> <dt>test edit<span class="anchor" id="test_edit"></span></dt> <dd>Same as <b><a href="#newbie_test">newbie test</a></b>.</dd> <dt>TOC, ToC<span class="anchor" id="TOC"></span><span class="anchor" id="ToC"></span></dt> <dd>A page's table of contents, which lists the subsection headings within the page. This is usually close to the top left of the page, but may be placed at the top right, floated, or omitted entirely.</dd> <dt>top<span class="anchor" id="top"></span></dt> <dd>On a user's list of contributions, <b>(top)</b> indicates that the page has not been edited by anyone else since the user last edited it.</dd> <dt>transclusion<span class="anchor" id="transclusion"></span></dt> <dd>There are two main ways of using templates inside pages: transclusion (accomplished by using <code>{{Template Name}}</code>), and substitution (<code>{{subst:Template Name}}</code>). The former will include the content of <i>Template Name</i> on the fly whenever the page is loaded, while the latter will permanently insert the content of the template onto the page. Thus, using substitution, if the template content is modified at a later date, the page's content will <i>not</i> change.</dd> <dd>Substitution is the preferred method for long-term, permanent notices, as it creates a permanent record of the templates at the time and even helps to lighten the load on the database. Substitution has a further advantage in that a template may be de-linked from any associated category or slightly modified to suit the circumstances, for instance when the template is used on a talk page. Transclusion is preferred when it is possible that the template will be edited at a later date or when a list of pages including a template needs to be able to be generated.</dd> <dt>transwiki<span class="anchor" id="transwiki"></span></dt> <dd>Move a page to another wiki.</dd> <dt>troll<span class="anchor" id="troll"></span></dt> <dd>A user who incites or engages in disruptive behavior. There are some people who just enjoy causing conflict, and there are those who make a hobby of it. However, these are few in number. Calling someone a troll in a dispute is a bad idea; it has an effect similar to calling someone a Nazi–no further meaningful debate can be held.</dd> <dt>tweak<span class="anchor" id="tweak"></span></dt> <dd>A small edit.</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="U" data-mw-thread-id="h-U"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-U"></span>U<span data-mw-comment-end="h-U"></span></h2></div> <dl><dt>user<span class="anchor" id="user"></span></dt> <dd>See <b><a href="#editor">editor</a></b>.</dd> <dt>userbox<span class="anchor" id="userbox"></span></dt> <dd>A small box which is stored in the template space, and which includes a small piece of information about a user (such as "This user likes cheese"). Many users use userboxes on their user page, although some look down upon it. See also <a href="/wiki/Wikibooks:Userboxes" title="Wikibooks:Userboxes">Wikibooks:Userboxes</a>.</dd> <dt>user page<span class="anchor" id="user_page"></span></dt></dl> <p>A personal page for Wikibookians. Most people use their pages to introduce themselves and to keep various personal notes and lists. They are also used by Wikibookians to communicate with each other via the user talk pages. A user page has a name of the form <code>User:<username></code> (e.g. <code>User:Jimbo Wales</code>). </p> <dl><dt>userspace draft<span class="anchor" id="userspace_draft"></span></dt> <dd>A draft created in a user's "userspace".</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="V" data-mw-thread-id="h-V"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-V"></span>V<span data-mw-comment-end="h-V"></span></h2></div> <dl><dt>vandal<span class="anchor" id="vandal"></span></dt> <dd>One who engages in significant amounts of <b><a href="#vandalism">vandalism</a></b>.</dd> <dt>vandalism<span class="anchor" id="vandalism"></span></dt> <dd>Specifically, an edit deliberately intended to sabotage the site. This includes <a href="#linkspamming">linkspamming</a>. More generally any edit which serves to make the content of a page worse from the community's point of view. See also <a href="/wiki/Wikibooks:Dealing_with_vandalism" title="Wikibooks:Dealing with vandalism">Wikibooks:Dealing with vandalism</a>.</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="W" data-mw-thread-id="h-W"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-W"></span>W<span data-mw-comment-end="h-W"></span></h2></div> <dl><dt>wall of text<span class="anchor" id="wall_of_text"></span></dt> <dd>An unusually long paragraph, presenting a solid block of text of a dozen or more lines. Walls of text are visually unappealing and difficult to read. A wall of text in a book may simply be a sign of an inexperienced editor unfamiliar with Wikibooks markup, or may be a sign of a more serious issue such as cut-and-paste copyright violation. A wall of text in a talk page may be taken to be a sign of soapboxing or <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/shotgun_argumentation" class="extiw" title="w:shotgun argumentation">shotgun argumentation</a>.</dd> <dt>watchlist<span class="anchor" id="watchlist"></span></dt> <dd>A set of pages selected by the user, who can then click on <a href="/wiki/Special:Watchlist" title="Special:Watchlist">My watchlist</a> to see recent changes to those pages.</dd> <dt>wheel war<span class="anchor" id="wheel_war"></span></dt> <dd>A dispute between Wikibooks administrators who use the privileges of administrators (such as blocking) as weapons in an <b><a href="#edit_war">edit war</a></b>.</dd> <dt>WB<span class="anchor" id="WB"></span></dt> <dd>Common abbreviation for Wikibooks, especially for pages in the Wikibooks <b><a href="#namespace">namespace</a></b>. See also <a href="/wiki/Wikibooks:Shortcuts" title="Wikibooks:Shortcuts">Wikibooks:Shortcuts</a>.</dd> <dt>Wikibookian<span class="anchor" id="Wikibookian"></span></dt> <dd>A user of the Wikibooks project.</dd> <dt>Wikibooks<span class="anchor" id="Wikibooks"></span></dt> <dd>This website. Also refers to a collection of "books" that have been written on this site when written lowercase. A wikibook is just one of many books at Wikibooks. See also <b><a href="#book">book</a></b>. See <a href="/wiki/Wikibooks:Welcome" title="Wikibooks:Welcome">Wikibooks:Welcome</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wikibooks:What_is_Wikibooks" title="Wikibooks:What is Wikibooks">Wikibooks:What is Wikibooks</a>.</dd> <dt>Wikibooks namespace<span class="anchor" id="Wikibooks_namespace"></span></dt> <dd>See <b><a href="#project_namespace">project namespace</a></b>.</dd> <dt>wikibreak, wikivacation, wikiholiday, wiki-break, etc.<span class="anchor" id="wikibreak"></span><span class="anchor" id="wikivacation"></span><span class="anchor" id="wikiholiday"></span><span class="anchor" id="wiki-break"></span></dt> <dd>When a <b><a href="#Wikibookian">Wikibookian</a></b> takes a break from Wikibooks.</dd> <dt>wikify<span class="anchor" id="wikify"></span></dt> <dd>To format using Wiki markup (as opposed to plain text or <a href="/wiki/HTML" class="mw-redirect" title="HTML">HTML</a>) and add internal links to material, incorporating it into the whole of Wikibooks.</dd> <dt>Wikijunior<span class="anchor" id="Wikijunior"></span></dt> <dd>A subproject of Wikibooks dedicated to books for children from birth to age twelve. See <a href="/wiki/Wikijunior" title="Wikijunior">Wikijunior</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wikibooks:What_is_Wikijunior" title="Wikibooks:What is Wikijunior">Wikibooks:What is Wikijunior</a>.</dd> <dt>wikilawyering<span class="anchor" id="wikilawyering"></span></dt> <dd>Attempting to inappropriately rely on technicalities in a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/legal" class="extiw" title="w:legal">legalistic</a> manner with respect to Wikibooks' <a href="/wiki/Wikibooks:Policies_and_guidelines" title="Wikibooks:Policies and guidelines">policies and guidelines</a>.</dd> <dt>wikilink<span class="anchor" id="wikilink"></span></dt> <dd>A link to another Wikibooks page, as opposed to an <b><a href="#external_link">external link</a></b>.</dd> <dt>Wikimedia<span class="anchor" id="Wikimedia"></span></dt> <dd>Properly <i>Wikimedia Foundation Inc.</i>, a non-profit organization that provides a legal, financial, and organizational framework for Wikibooks and its sister projects and provides the necessary hardware.</dd> <dt>Wikipedia<span class="anchor" id="Wikipedia"></span></dt> <dd>A Wikibooks sister project to create a free online encyclopedia. See also <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia" class="extiw" title="w:Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a>.</dd> <dt>WikiProject<span class="anchor" id="WikiProject"></span></dt> <dd>An active group of Wikibooks editors working together to improve a specific group of books, usually those on one or more related topics. This often involves an attempt to standardize the content and style of the books using an agreed standard format. See <a href="/wiki/Wikibooks:WikiProject" title="Wikibooks:WikiProject">Wikibooks:WikiProject</a>.</dd> <dt>wikiquette<span class="anchor" id="wikiquette"></span></dt> <dd>The etiquette of working with others on Wikibooks.</dd> <dt>Wikiquote<span class="anchor" id="Wikiquote"></span></dt> <dd>A Wikibooks sister project to create a free online collection of quotations. See also <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikiquote" class="extiw" title="w:Wikiquote">Wikiquote</a>.</dd> <dt>Wikisource<span class="anchor" id="Wikisource"></span></dt> <dd>A Wikibooks sister project to create a free online compendium of primary source texts. See also <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikisource" class="extiw" title="w:Wikisource">Wikisource</a>.</dd> <dt>Wikispecies<span class="anchor" id="Wikispecies"></span></dt> <dd>A Wikibooks sister project. Wikispecies provides a central, extensive database for taxonomy (species data). Wikispecies is aimed at the needs of scientific users rather than general users. See also <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikispecies" class="extiw" title="w:Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a>.</dd> <dt>wikistress, wiki-stress, etc.<span class="anchor" id="wikistress"></span><span class="anchor" id="wiki-stress"></span></dt> <dd>Personal stress or tension induced by editing Wikibooks, or more often by being involved in minor conflict with another editor. Some users maintain a Wikistress meter on their <b><a href="#user_page">user page</a></b>.</dd> <dt>Wikiversity<span class="anchor" id="Wikiversity"></span></dt> <dd>A Wikibooks sister project to create a free online collection of participant-driven learning resources. See also <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikiversity" class="extiw" title="w:Wikiversity">Wikiversity</a>.</dd> <dt>Wiktionary</dt> <dd>A Wikibooks sister project to create a free online dictionary of every language. See also <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiktionary" class="extiw" title="w:Wiktionary">Wiktionary</a>.</dd> <dt>WJ<span class="anchor" id="WJ"></span></dt> <dd>Common abbreviation for <b><a href="#Wikijunior">Wikijunior</a></b>, especially for pages in the Wikijunior <b><a href="#namespace">namespace</a></b>. See also <a href="/wiki/Wikibooks:Shortcuts" title="Wikibooks:Shortcuts">Wikibooks:Shortcuts</a>.</dd> <dt>WMF<span class="anchor" id="WMF"></span></dt> <dd>See <b><a href="#Wikimedia">Wikimedia</a></b>.</dd></dl> <p><br/> </p> <table id="toc" class="toc noprint" summary="Contents"> <tbody><tr> <th>Contents </th></tr> <tr> <td><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="#top">Top</a> <a href="#A">A</a> <a href="#B">B</a> <a href="#C">C</a> <a href="#D">D</a> <a href="#E">E</a> <a href="#F">F</a> <a href="#G">G</a> <a href="#H">H</a> <a href="#I">I</a> <a href="#J">J</a> <a href="#K">K</a> <a href="#L">L</a> <a href="#M">M</a> <a href="#N">N</a> <a href="#O">O</a> <a href="#P">P</a> <a href="#Q">Q</a> <a href="#R">R</a> <a href="#S">S</a> <a href="#T">T</a> <a href="#U">U</a> <a href="#V">V</a> <a href="#W">W</a> <a href="#X">X</a> <a href="#Y">Y</a> <a href="#Z">Z</a> <br/> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r4271531">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r4274675">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Wikibooks_editor_navigation" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r4271531"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r4271518">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Wikibooks_editor_navigation" title="Template:Wikibooks editor navigation"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Wikibooks_editor_navigation" title="Template talk:Wikibooks editor navigation"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Wikibooks_editor_navigation&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Wikibooks_editor_navigation" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Wikibooks editor navigation</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wikibooks:Card_Catalog_Office" title="Wikibooks:Card Catalog Office">Content</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Wikibooks_Stacks" title="Wikibooks Stacks">Stacks</a> (<a href="/wiki/Wikibooks_Stacks/Departments" title="Wikibooks Stacks/Departments">Departments</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Wikibooks_Stacks/Adding_books" title="Wikibooks Stacks/Adding books">Adding books</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Wikibooks:Alphabetical_classification" title="Wikibooks:Alphabetical classification">Alphabetical classification</a>) <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Wikibooks:Featured_books" title="Wikibooks:Featured books">Featured books</a> (<a href="/wiki/Wikibooks:Good_books" title="Wikibooks:Good books">Criteria</a>) <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Cookbook:Table_of_Contents" title="Cookbook:Table of Contents">Cookbook</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Category:Cookbook/Help_pages&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Category:Cookbook/Help pages (does not exist)">Help pages</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Category:Cookbook/Special_pages&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Category:Cookbook/Special pages (does not exist)">Special pages</a>) <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Wikijunior" title="Wikijunior">Wikijunior</a> (<a href="/wiki/Department:Wikijunior" title="Department:Wikijunior">Department</a>) <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Department:Computing" title="Department:Computing">Computing</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Department:Engineering" title="Department:Engineering">Engineering</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Department:Humanities" title="Department:Humanities">Humanities</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Department:Languages" title="Department:Languages">Languages</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Department:Mathematics" title="Department:Mathematics">Mathematics</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Department:Science" title="Department:Science">Science</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Department:Social_sciences" title="Department:Social sciences">Social sciences</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Department:Standard_curricula" title="Department:Standard curricula">Standard curricula</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Shelf:Help" title="Shelf:Help">Wikibooks and MediaWiki help</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Wikibooks:PDF_versions" title="Wikibooks:PDF versions">PDF versions</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Wikibooks:Requested_books" title="Wikibooks:Requested books">Requested books</a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:FAQ" title="Help:FAQ">FAQs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Help:FAQ/Overview" title="Help:FAQ/Overview">Wikibooks overview</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Help:FAQ/Readers" title="Help:FAQ/Readers">Readers</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Help:FAQ/Contributing" title="Help:FAQ/Contributing">Contributing</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Help:FAQ/Editing" title="Help:FAQ/Editing">Editing</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Help:FAQ/Administration" title="Help:FAQ/Administration">Administration</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Help:FAQ/Problems" title="Help:FAQ/Problems">Problems</a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Help:Contents">Help</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><span style="white-space:nowrap"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Glossary</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Help:Navigating" title="Help:Navigating">Navigating</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pages" title="Help:Pages">Pages (Creating, Namespaces, Discussing, Archiving, Moving, Merging, Deleting)</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Help:Tracking_changes" title="Help:Tracking changes">Tracking changes</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Help:Account_management" title="Help:Account management">Account management</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Help:Contributing" title="Help:Contributing">Contributing (Why and why not contribute? Starting a book)</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Help:Editing" title="Help:Editing">Editing</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Help:Categories" title="Help:Categories">Categories</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Help:Files" title="Help:Files">Files</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Help:Tables" title="Help:Tables">Tables</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Help:Variables" title="Help:Variables">Variables</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Help:Formulas" title="Help:Formulas">Formulas</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Help:Quizzes" title="Help:Quizzes">Quizzes</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Help:Local_manuals_of_style" title="Help:Local manuals of style">Local manuals of style</a> (<a href="/wiki/Wikijunior:Style_guide" title="Wikijunior:Style guide">Wikijunior</a>) <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Help:Collections" title="Help:Collections">Collections</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Help:Importing" title="Help:Importing">Importing</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Help:Editnotices" title="Help:Editnotices">Editnotices</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Help:Database_download" title="Help:Database download">Database download</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Help:Development_stages" title="Help:Development stages">Development stages</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Help:Dialog" title="Help:Dialog">Dialog</a> (<a href="/wiki/Wikibooks:Assistant" title="Wikibooks:Assistant">Assistant</a>) <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Help:Export" title="Help:Export">Export</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Help:Print_versions" title="Help:Print versions">Print versions</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> Help books (<a href="/wiki/Using_Wikibooks" title="Using Wikibooks">Using Wikibooks</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Editing_Wikitext" title="Editing Wikitext">Editing Wikitext</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Cascading_Style_Sheets" title="Cascading Style Sheets">CSS</a>)</span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Templates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Help:Templates" title="Help:Templates">Template help</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Wikibooks:Templates" title="Wikibooks:Templates">Template index</a> (<a href="/wiki/Wikibooks:Templates/Book_information" title="Wikibooks:Templates/Book information">Book information</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Wikibooks:Templates/General" title="Wikibooks:Templates/General">General</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Wikibooks:Templates/Sources" title="Wikibooks:Templates/Sources">Sources</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Wikibooks:Templates/Links" title="Wikibooks:Templates/Links">Links</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Wikibooks:Templates/Navigation" title="Wikibooks:Templates/Navigation">Navigation</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Wikibooks:Templates/Files" title="Wikibooks:Templates/Files">Files</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Wikibooks:Templates/Media" title="Wikibooks:Templates/Media">Media</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Wikibooks:Templates/Maintenance" title="Wikibooks:Templates/Maintenance">Maintenance</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Wikibooks:Templates/Licensing_issues_notices" title="Wikibooks:Templates/Licensing issues notices">Licensing issues notices</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Wikibooks:Templates/Deletion" title="Wikibooks:Templates/Deletion">Deletion</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Wikibooks:Templates/Stubs" title="Wikibooks:Templates/Stubs">Stubs</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Wikibooks:Templates/User_messages" title="Wikibooks:Templates/User messages">User messages</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Wikibooks:Templates/User_notices" title="Wikibooks:Templates/User notices">User notices</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Wikibooks:Templates/User_pages" title="Wikibooks:Templates/User pages">User pages</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Wikibooks:Templates/Discussion" title="Wikibooks:Templates/Discussion">Discussion</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Wikibooks:Templates/Featured_books" title="Wikibooks:Templates/Featured books">Featured books</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Wikibooks:Templates/Policies_and_guidelines" title="Wikibooks:Templates/Policies and guidelines">Policies and guidelines</a>) <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Category:Templates" title="Category:Templates">Template categories</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Editing_Wikitext/Making_Templates_A101" title="Editing Wikitext/Making Templates A101">Making Templates A101</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Editing_Wikitext/Templates_Ready_to_Use" title="Editing Wikitext/Templates Ready to Use">Templates Ready to Use</a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wikibooks:Reading_room" title="Wikibooks:Reading room">Reading room</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Wikibooks:Reading_room/General" title="Wikibooks:Reading room/General">General</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Wikibooks:Reading_room/Proposals" title="Wikibooks:Reading room/Proposals">Proposals</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Wikibooks:Reading_room/Projects" title="Wikibooks:Reading room/Projects">Projects</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Wikibooks:Featured_books/Nominations" title="Wikibooks:Featured books/Nominations">Featured books</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Wikibooks:Reading_room/Assistance" title="Wikibooks:Reading room/Assistance">General</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Wikibooks:Reading_room/Technical_Assistance" title="Wikibooks:Reading room/Technical Assistance">Technical</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Wikibooks:Reading_room/Administrative_Assistance" title="Wikibooks:Reading room/Administrative Assistance">Administrative</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Wikibooks:Requests_for_deletion#Deletion" title="Wikibooks:Requests for deletion">Deletion</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Wikibooks:Requests_for_deletion#Undeletion" title="Wikibooks:Requests for deletion">Undeletion</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Wikibooks:Requests_for_import" title="Wikibooks:Requests for import">Import</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Wikibooks:Requests_for_permissions" title="Wikibooks:Requests for permissions">Permissions</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Wikibooks:Reading_room/Bulletin_Board" title="Wikibooks:Reading room/Bulletin Board">Bulletin Board</a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Useful_Wikibooks_pages" title="Category:Useful Wikibooks pages">Useful pages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Wikibooks:Accuracy_dispute" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikibooks:Accuracy dispute">Accuracy dispute</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Wikibooks:Authorship" title="Wikibooks:Authorship">Authorship</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Wikibooks:Autoblock" title="Wikibooks:Autoblock">Autoblock</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Wikibooks:Book_donations" title="Wikibooks:Book donations">Book donations</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Wikibooks:Categories" title="Wikibooks:Categories">Categories</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Wikibooks:Dealing_with_vandalism" title="Wikibooks:Dealing with vandalism">Dealing with vandalism</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Wikibooks:Dewikify" title="Wikibooks:Dewikify">Dewikify</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Wikibooks:How_to_obtain_public_domain_books" title="Wikibooks:How to obtain public domain books">How to obtain public domain books</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Wikibooks:Language_Learning_Difficulty_for_English_Speakers" title="Wikibooks:Language Learning Difficulty for English Speakers">Language Learning Difficulty</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Wikibooks:Licensing_guidelines" title="Wikibooks:Licensing guidelines">Licensing guidelines</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Wikibooks:NPOV_dispute" title="Wikibooks:NPOV dispute">NPOV dispute</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Wikibooks:Reading_Levels" title="Wikibooks:Reading Levels">Reading Levels</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Wikibooks:Render_as_PNG" title="Wikibooks:Render as PNG">Render as PNG</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Wikibooks:Subject_pages" title="Wikibooks:Subject pages">Subject pages</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Wikibooks:Textbook_standards" title="Wikibooks:Textbook standards">Textbook standards</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Wikibooks:User_rights" title="Wikibooks:User rights">User rights</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Wikibooks:Wikibooks_for_course_instructors" title="Wikibooks:Wikibooks for course instructors">Wikibooks for course instructors</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Wikibooks:Wikibooks_for_Wikimedians" title="Wikibooks:Wikibooks for Wikimedians">Wikibooks for Wikimedians</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Wikibooks:Wikimedia" title="Wikibooks:Wikimedia">Wikimedia</a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikibooks" title="Category:Wikibooks">Other<br/>project pages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Wikibooks:Welcome" title="Wikibooks:Welcome">Welcome</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Wikibooks:Sandbox" title="Wikibooks:Sandbox">Sandbox</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Wikibooks:Contact_us" title="Wikibooks:Contact us">Contact us</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Category:Wikibooks_disclaimers" title="Category:Wikibooks disclaimers">Disclaimers category</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Wikibooks:CCO_Resources" title="Wikibooks:CCO Resources">CCO Resources</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Wikibooks:Shortcuts" title="Wikibooks:Shortcuts">Shortcuts</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Wikibooks:Community_Portal" title="Wikibooks:Community Portal">Community Portal</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Wikibooks:Maintenance" title="Wikibooks:Maintenance">Maintenance</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Wikibooks:WikiProject" title="Wikibooks:WikiProject">WikiProject</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Wikibooks:Essays" title="Wikibooks:Essays">Wikibooks essays</a> (<a href="/wiki/Category:Wikibooks_essays" title="Category:Wikibooks essays">Essays category</a>) <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Wikibooks:Book_sources" title="Wikibooks:Book sources">Book sources</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Wikibooks:Wikibooks_as_an_aid_to_teaching" title="Wikibooks:Wikibooks as an aid to teaching">Wikibooks for teaching</a> (<a href="/wiki/Wikibooks:Guidelines_for_class_projects" title="Wikibooks:Guidelines for class projects">Guidelines for class projects</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Wikibooks:List_of_class_projects" title="Wikibooks:List of class projects">List of class projects</a>) <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Wikibooks:WikiNode" title="Wikibooks:WikiNode">WikiNode</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Wikibooks:Edit_filter" title="Wikibooks:Edit filter">Edit filter</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Wikibooks:Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_3.0_Unported_License" title="Wikibooks:Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License">CC-BY-SA License</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Wikibooks:GNU_Free_Documentation_License" title="Wikibooks:GNU Free Documentation License">GFDL License</a></span></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>See also: <a href="/wiki/Wikibooks:Policies_and_guidelines" title="Wikibooks:Policies and guidelines">Policies and guidelines</a> (<a href="/wiki/Category:Wikibooks_policies_and_guidelines" title="Category:Wikibooks policies and guidelines">Category</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=Help:Glossary&oldid=4041122">https://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=Help:Glossary&oldid=4041122</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Special:Categories" title="Special:Categories">Category</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Help" title="Category:Help">Help</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden category: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Semi-protected_project_pages" title="Category:Semi-protected project pages">Semi-protected project pages</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 19 March 2022, at 13:40.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a class="external text" href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a class="external text" href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy Policy.</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikibooks:Welcome">About Wikibooks</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikibooks:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikibooks.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=Help:Glossary&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-5f58cd8b6-g96v6","wgBackendResponseTime":90,"wgDiscussionToolsPageThreads":[{"headingLevel":2,"name":"h-","type":"heading","level":0,"id":"h-A","replies":[]},{"headingLevel":2,"name":"h-","type":"heading","level":0,"id":"h-B","replies":[]},{"headingLevel":2,"name":"h-","type":"heading","level":0,"id":"h-C","replies":[]},{"headingLevel":2,"name":"h-","type":"heading","level":0,"id":"h-D","replies":[]},{"headingLevel":2,"name":"h-","type":"heading","level":0,"id":"h-E","replies":[]},{"headingLevel":2,"name":"h-","type":"heading","level":0,"id":"h-F","replies":[]},{"headingLevel":2,"name":"h-","type":"heading","level":0,"id":"h-G","replies":[]},{"headingLevel":2,"name":"h-","type":"heading","level":0,"id":"h-H","replies":[]},{"headingLevel":2,"name":"h-","type":"heading","level":0,"id":"h-I","replies":[]},{"headingLevel":2,"name":"h-","type":"heading","level":0,"id":"h-L","replies":[]},{"headingLevel":2,"name":"h-","type":"heading","level":0,"id":"h-M","replies":[]},{"headingLevel":2,"name":"h-","type":"heading","level":0,"id":"h-N","replies":[]},{"headingLevel":2,"name":"h-","type":"heading","level":0,"id":"h-O","replies":[]},{"headingLevel":2,"name":"h-","type":"heading","level":0,"id":"h-P","replies":[]},{"headingLevel":2,"name":"h-","type":"heading","level":0,"id":"h-R","replies":[]},{"headingLevel":2,"name":"h-","type":"heading","level":0,"id":"h-S","replies":[]},{"headingLevel":2,"name":"h-","type":"heading","level":0,"id":"h-T","replies":[]},{"headingLevel":2,"name":"h-","type":"heading","level":0,"id":"h-U","replies":[]},{"headingLevel":2,"name":"h-","type":"heading","level":0,"id":"h-V","replies":[]},{"headingLevel":2,"name":"h-","type":"heading","level":0,"id":"h-W","replies":[]}],"wgPageParseReport":{"discussiontools":{"limitreport-timeusage":"0.051"},"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.413","walltime":"0.501","ppvisitednodes":{"value":2746,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":74207,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":210,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":13,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":0,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":0,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":7886,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":0,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 302.570 1 -total"," 43.87% 132.748 177 Template:Anchor"," 39.07% 118.214 1 Template:Wikibooks_editor_navigation"," 37.70% 114.056 1 Template:Navbox"," 6.47% 19.570 1 Template:Wikibooks_help"," 5.18% 15.659 1 Template:Pp-protected"," 4.19% 12.677 1 Template:Pp-meta"," 3.48% 10.544 2 Template:CompactTOC8"," 2.35% 7.107 111 Template:·w"," 1.24% 3.744 1 Template:Tl"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.157","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":1046550,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-69bc8479c8-zpn4q","timestamp":"20241202104258","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> </body> </html>