Louis XVI and Gustavus III: Secret Diplomacy and Counter-Revolution, 1791-1792 on JSTOR

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" alt="The Historical Journal" data-qa="cover-image"> </a> </div> <div class="turn-away-content__article-summary-info"> <div class="badge content-type-label" data-qa="content-type"> Journal Article </div> <pharos-heading no-margin="true" class="title-font" size="40"> Louis XVI and Gustavus III: Secret Diplomacy and Counter-Revolution, 1791-1792 </pharos-heading> <div class="author-font"> Munro Price </div> <div class="turn-away-content__summary"> <div> The Historical Journal </div> <div> <a href="/web/20201012114429/https://www.jstor.org/stable/i353668"> Vol. 42, No. 2 (Jun., 1999)</a>, pp. 435-466 (32 pages) </div> <div> Published By: Cambridge University Press </div> </div> <div class="turn-away-content__summary"> <div data-qa="stable-url" class="stable_url"> <span>https://www.</span><span>jstor</span><span>.org</span>/stable/3020995 </div> </div> <div class="turn-away-content__summary"> <a href="/web/20201012114429/https://www.jstor.org/citation/info/10.2307/3020995" 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It does this by exploiting an important and unpublished source, the letters of the king's secret plenipotentiary to the European powers, the baron de Breteuil, to the foreign monarch most trusted by the French royal family, Gustavus III of Sweden. Since Louis XVI's precarious position in Paris from the October Days until his death prevented him from expressing his true feelings except very rarely, historians since have found it difficult to reach firm conclusions on his political views and motivation during the Revolution, and the result has often been partisan judgements from left and right. The issue has been further clouded by persistent claims for over a century that several of Louis's most important letters of this period are forgeries. While they do not resolve all these problems, the letters of Breteuil to Gustavus III, which are incontestably genuine, reveal Louis XVI's views on critical events between 1791 and 1792 as represented by the politician closest to his real policy, to the fellow-ruler in whom he had the most faith. The most important subjects covered are Breteuil's interpretation of Louis XVI's true attitude to the constitution of September 1791, his distrust of his brothers, the comtes de Provence and d'Artois, and the plan for an armed congress of the European powers to put pressure on revolutionary France. These letters, and Gustavus III's replies to them, are published at the end of the article in an appendix.</p>   <div> <pharos-heading level="2" size="10" class="summary-header">Journal Information</pharos-heading> <p class="summary-paragraph">The Historical Journal, celebrating the publication of its 50th volume this year, continues to publish papers on all aspects of British, European, and world history since the fifteenth century. The best contemporary scholarship is represented. Contributions come from all parts of the world. The journal aims to publish some thirty-five articles and communications each year and to review recent historical literature, mainly in the form of historiographical reviews and review articles. The journal provides a forum for younger scholars making a distinguished debut as well as publishing the work of historians of established reputation. 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