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class="ds-top-related-works--grid-container"><div class="ds-related-content--container ds-top-related-works--container"><h2 class="ds-related-content--heading">Related papers</h2><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="0" data-entity-id="68756694" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/68756694/n_Originalbeitr%C3%A4ge_Subject_related_papers">n Originalbeiträge/Subject-related papers</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="178510120" href="https://independent.academia.edu/GiselaEife">Gisela Eife</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2011</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Social interest and striving for completion as an expression of immediate experience – On an aspect of Adler’s theory that has received little attention In this paper, the author discusses the concept of »immediate experience« and its meaning for Adlerian Psychology. 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Furthermore, the authors touches on the question of what it really is that is mutative in therapeutic treatment.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"n Originalbeiträge/Subject-related papers","attachmentId":79121616,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/68756694/n_Originalbeitr%C3%A4ge_Subject_related_papers","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/68756694/n_Originalbeitr%C3%A4ge_Subject_related_papers"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="1" data-entity-id="28885434" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/28885434/Die_1_0_Bachelorarbeit_ORIGINAL">Die 1 0 Bachelorarbeit ORIGINAL</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="54399691" href="https://independent.academia.edu/MaschaKuhn">Mascha Kuhn</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Die 1 0 Bachelorarbeit ORIGINAL","attachmentId":49317291,"attachmentType":"docx","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/28885434/Die_1_0_Bachelorarbeit_ORIGINAL","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/28885434/Die_1_0_Bachelorarbeit_ORIGINAL"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="2" data-entity-id="1363729" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/1363729/Plagiat_und_F%C3%A4lschung_Filiationen_von_Originalit%C3%A4t_und_Autorschaft">Plagiat und Fälschung: Filiationen von Originalität und Autorschaft</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="1193070" href="https://hs-duesseldorf.academia.edu/MartinDoll">Martin Doll</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Plagiate. Fälschungen, Imitate und andere Strategien aus zweiter Hand,, 2011</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Der Beitrag beschäftigt sich mit der Gegenüberstellung von Fälschung und Plagiat. Ausgehend von einer analytischen Unterscheidung beider Phänomene wird eine signifikante Gemeinsamkeit herausgearbeitet. Bei beiden wird nämlich stillschweigend eine Zweiheit – ein vorgängiges Werk, eine textliche Autorität – vorausgesetzt, die zugleich zum Verschwinden gebracht wird. Da in diesem Zusammenhang nicht nur das Fälschen und Plagiieren als ›Delikt‹ gilt, sondern auch das Versagen von Experten, dies zu erkennen, werden vor allem die kritischen Effekte, die bei der Aufdeckung angestoßen werden, in den Blick genommen. Um diese kritischen Implikationen vor Augen zu führen, wird ein 1944 unter dem Namen Ern Malley in der Literaturszene Australiens platziertes Gedicht-Fake genauer untersucht. Denn es sollte nicht nur avant la lettre den poetologischen Tod des Autors präfigurieren, sondern auch Auswirkungen auf den literarischen Avantgarde-Diskurs Australiens zeitigen, die ein vergleichbares ‚Original’ nicht gehabt hätte.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Plagiat und Fälschung: Filiationen von Originalität und Autorschaft","attachmentId":8492231,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/1363729/Plagiat_und_F%C3%A4lschung_Filiationen_von_Originalit%C3%A4t_und_Autorschaft","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/1363729/Plagiat_und_F%C3%A4lschung_Filiationen_von_Originalit%C3%A4t_und_Autorschaft"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="3" data-entity-id="57749711" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/57749711/Originalit%C3%A4t_durch_Unversch%C3%A4mtheit">Originalität durch Unverschämtheit?</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="45165782" href="https://independent.academia.edu/AloysPrinz">Aloys Prinz</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Review of Economics</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">SummaryThe objective of this paper is to understand certain developments in contemporary arts from an economic point of view. The peculiarity of art is its aesthetic quality in combination with its value as an investment object. Accordingly, four segments of the art market may be distinguished: warehouse art, business art, connoisseur art and high art. Because of their high aesthetic quality, only the last two segments of the market are of interest in this paper. On the market for high art, a dominance of investors is to be expected because this art has to please the average taste of investors. The market for connoisseur art will be dominated by an art elite which is merely interested in aesthetic quality. One of the crucial elements of contemporary art is its chutzpah. The economic reason for this is the necessity to attract interest. This aspect of modern art is seen as a common feature of art and marketing. This may explain the alliances between art and enterprises as well as the...</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Originalität durch Unverschämtheit?","attachmentId":72497016,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/57749711/Originalit%C3%A4t_durch_Unversch%C3%A4mtheit","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/57749711/Originalit%C3%A4t_durch_Unversch%C3%A4mtheit"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="4" data-entity-id="27689236" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/27689236/Autorschaft_Sch%C3%B6pfung_und_Originalit%C3%A4t_einige_%C3%9Cberlegungen_aus_unterschiedlichen_Blickwinkeln">Autorschaft, Schöpfung und Originalität: einige Überlegungen aus unterschiedlichen Blickwinkeln</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="9982655" href="https://ufpr.academia.edu/AngelaKretschmann">Angela Kretschmann</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Dieser Kommentar analysiert das Konzept der Originalität und der kreativen geistigen Arbeit nicht nur aus rechtlicher und juristischer Sicht, sondern bezieht auch andere Erkenntnisse über deren Bedeutung und Sinn in der aktuellen digitalen Gesellschaft mit ein. Er schlägt daher ein Umdenken der Begriffe "Autor", "Autorschaft" und "Plagiat" vor, welche nur selten hinterfragt werden. Dieser Kommentar zielt darauf ab, die Funktion des urheberrechtlichen Schutzes ausgehend von der Bedeutung des „Autors“ zu untersuchen. Dies ist nicht möglich, ohne die Konzepte der geistigen Schöpfung sowie der Originalität zu verstehen. Dabei ist es notwendig, nicht nur aus brasilianischer Perspektive, sich nicht nur über die Rechtsfragen, sondern auch über parallele Begrifflichkeiten in der Philosophie, Linguistik und Psychoanalyse Klarheit zu verschaffen.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Autorschaft, Schöpfung und Originalität: einige Überlegungen aus unterschiedlichen Blickwinkeln","attachmentId":47954657,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/27689236/Autorschaft_Sch%C3%B6pfung_und_Originalit%C3%A4t_einige_%C3%9Cberlegungen_aus_unterschiedlichen_Blickwinkeln","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/27689236/Autorschaft_Sch%C3%B6pfung_und_Originalit%C3%A4t_einige_%C3%9Cberlegungen_aus_unterschiedlichen_Blickwinkeln"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="5" data-entity-id="77510015" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/77510015/Wissenschaftliche_Arbeiten">Wissenschaftliche Arbeiten</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="38825209" href="https://cut-za.academia.edu/UlrichHolzbaur">Ulrich Holzbaur</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Projektmanagement für Studierende, 2020</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Wissenschaftliche Arbeiten","attachmentId":84826889,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/77510015/Wissenschaftliche_Arbeiten","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/77510015/Wissenschaftliche_Arbeiten"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="6" data-entity-id="92739325" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/92739325/Originell_und_kreativ">Originell und kreativ</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="147956598" href="https://independent.academia.edu/AnjaPostler">Anja Postler</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Was macht die Einzigartigkeit kreativer Lösungen aus? Ist Originalität das Hauptmerkmal von kreativen Produkten und Personen? Kann Kreativität durch Training und Techniken gefördert werden? Lothar Laux und sein Team beantworten diese und weitere Fragen auf anschauliche und abwechslungsreiche Weise. Mit vielen Beispielen und Abbildungen bringen sie ihre Faszination für originelle Ideen kreativer Persönlichkeiten zum Ausdruck. Sie laden die Leserinnen und Leser zudem ein, ihre eigenen kreativen Möglichkeiten für sich zu entdecken. Die Beispiele stammen aus Anwendungsbereichen wie Architektur, Theater, Fernsehen, Film, Literatur, Kunst, Medien und Produktentwicklung. Die Spannweite der Einzelthemen reicht vom antiken göttlichen Funken bis zur aktuellen Frage, ob die mithilfe von Künstlicher Intelligenz geschaffenen Werke wirklich die Qualität menschlicher Kreativität erreichen. Zwischen diesen beiden Polen liefert das Buch Ideen und Material zu folgenden Aspekten der Kreativitätsforsch...</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Originell und kreativ","attachmentId":95668041,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/92739325/Originell_und_kreativ","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/92739325/Originell_und_kreativ"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="7" data-entity-id="15357879" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/15357879/Arbeitskreis_Origenes_www_origenes_de">Arbeitskreis Origenes (www.origenes.de</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="34495838" href="https://independent.academia.edu/%CE%95%CE%A6%CE%97%CE%A1%CE%9F%CE%A5%CE%9A%CE%97">ΕΦΗ ΡΟΥΚΗ</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Arbeitskreis Origenes (www.origenes.de","attachmentId":38653636,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/15357879/Arbeitskreis_Origenes_www_origenes_de","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/15357879/Arbeitskreis_Origenes_www_origenes_de"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="8" data-entity-id="38399604" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/38399604/Zu_viel_ist_nicht_genug_Originalit%C3%A4ten_und_%C3%84sthetiken_in_der_seriellen_Kunst">Zu viel ist nicht genug. Originalitäten und Ästhetiken in der seriellen Kunst</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="75374448" href="https://juedischesmuseum.academia.edu/FriedrichTietjen">Friedrich Tietjen</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">In: Kunst ohne Unikat. Das Finale. Edition Artelier, Graz 1985–2019., 2019</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Das Buch wurde anlässlich der Ausstellung "Zu viel ist nicht genug! Die Schenkung "Sammlung Artelier"" in der Neuen Galerie in Graz publiziert.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Zu viel ist nicht genug. Originalitäten und Ästhetiken in der seriellen Kunst","attachmentId":58456912,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/38399604/Zu_viel_ist_nicht_genug_Originalit%C3%A4ten_und_%C3%84sthetiken_in_der_seriellen_Kunst","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/38399604/Zu_viel_ist_nicht_genug_Originalit%C3%A4ten_und_%C3%84sthetiken_in_der_seriellen_Kunst"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="9" data-entity-id="35804108" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/35804108/Universalit%C3%A4t_und_Originalit%C3%A4t_im_%C3%9Cbersetzungsdiskurs">Universalität und Originalität im Übersetzungsdiskurs</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="31196208" href="https://ege.academia.edu/FarukY%C3%BCcel">Faruk Yücel</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">ÖZET Bu makalede, çeviri bilim ve tarihinde farklı bağlamlarda gündeme gelen 'özgünlük' ve 'evrensellik' ile ilgili görüşlerin ardında yatan etmenler sorgulanmaktadır. 'Özgünlük ve 'evrensellik' konusunu irdeleyebilmek için, öncelikle 'özgünlüğün' ve 'evrenselliğin' ne anlamda kullanıldığına ve bu bunların hangi kavram ve ölçütlere dayandırıldığına bakmak gerekmektedir. İleri sürülen görüşlerin göreceliği, tarihsel bir yaklaşımı gerekli kılmaktadır. Kavramların bu niteliği, bütünleyici bir tanımlama yapmayı da zorlaştırmaktadır. Ancak konunun anlaşılabilmesi için, bu görüşlerin oluşmasında etkili olan bazı kavram ve ölçütler vardır. Bu bağlamda, çalışmada karşıt bir konum içerisinde sürdürülen çevrilebilirlilik-çevrilemezlik, yabancılaştırma-yerelleştirme, akılcılık-akıl dışılık, kaynak ve erek dil odaklılık gibi kavram ve ölçütlerin söylemleri nasıl geliştirdiği irdelenmektedir. ABSTRACT This article questions the factors underlying the ideas related with originality and universality which is found in different contexts of translation studies and translation history. To explore originality and universality we must first of all define these terms paying particular attention to related concepts and criteria. A historical approach is necessary because of the relativity of the assertions, so it is hard to make an incorporating definition. However, in order to make things clear we need to take into account some of the concepts and criteria which had an impact on the formation of these ideas. Therefore in this article how discourses develop concepts or criteria such as translatibility-untranslatibility, foreignization-domestication, rationality-irrationality, source text orientedness and target-text orientedness, will be investigated.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Universalität und Originalität im Übersetzungsdiskurs","attachmentId":55681013,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/35804108/Universalit%C3%A4t_und_Originalit%C3%A4t_im_%C3%9Cbersetzungsdiskurs","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/35804108/Universalit%C3%A4t_und_Originalit%C3%A4t_im_%C3%9Cbersetzungsdiskurs"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--wrapper js-loswp-sticky-ctas hidden"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--grid-container"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":77720065,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":77720065,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div><div class="ds-below-fold--grid-container"><div class="ds-work--container js-loswp-embedded-document"><div class="attachment_preview" data-attachment="Attachment_77720065" style="display: none"><div class="js-scribd-document-container"><div class="scribd--document-loading js-scribd-document-loader" style="display: block;"><img alt="Loading..." src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/loaders/paper-load.gif" /><p>Loading Preview</p></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div class="scribd--no-preview-alert js-preview-unavailable"><p>Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. 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