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class="mw-body" role="main"> <a id="top"></a> <div id="siteNotice"></div> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">OA journal business models</span></h1> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body"> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Open Access Directory</div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="contentSub2"></div> <div id="jump-to-nav"></div> <a class="mw-jump-link" href="#mw-head">Jump to navigation</a> <a class="mw-jump-link" href="#searchInput">Jump to search</a> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="mw-parser-output"><p><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/oadwiki/File:Oad2.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="/oadwiki/images/thumb/0/09/Oad2.jpeg/60px-Oad2.jpeg" decoding="async" width="60" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="/oadwiki/images/thumb/0/09/Oad2.jpeg/90px-Oad2.jpeg 1.5x, /oadwiki/images/thumb/0/09/Oad2.jpeg/120px-Oad2.jpeg 2x" /></a></span> This list is part of the <a href="/oadwiki/Main_Page" title="Main Page"> Open Access Directory</a>. </p> <hr /> <table align="right"> <tbody><tr> <td><div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Advertising"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Advertising</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Auction"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Auction</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Crowdfunding"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Crowdfunding</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#E-commerce"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">E-commerce</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#Endowments"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Endowments</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#Fund-raising"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Fund-raising</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#Hybrid_OA_journals"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Hybrid OA journals</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#Institutional_subsidies"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">Institutional subsidies</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#Membership_dues"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">Membership dues</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="#Priced_editions"><span class="tocnumber">10</span> <span class="toctext">Priced editions</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="#Publication_fees_(APCs)"><span class="tocnumber">11</span> <span class="toctext">Publication fees (APCs)</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="#Submission_fees"><span class="tocnumber">12</span> <span class="toctext">Submission fees</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="#Temporary_OA"><span class="tocnumber">13</span> <span class="toctext">Temporary OA</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a href="#Third-party_licensing"><span class="tocnumber">14</span> <span class="toctext">Third-party licensing</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15"><a href="#Value-added_services"><span class="tocnumber">15</span> <span class="toctext">Value-added services</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-16"><a href="#Volunteer_effort"><span class="tocnumber">16</span> <span class="toctext">Volunteer effort</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li>This is a list of business models and revenue sources for OA journals.</li></ul> <ul><li>Some revenue sources are supplementary and not sufficient. We aim to include all the revenue sources actually used by OA journals, even if they are small parts of larger business models.</li></ul> <ul><li>If an example is dated (a given journal no longer uses a given model), please just change the verbs to the past tense. Don't delete the example. The list should track what models are now in use and what models were once tried.</li></ul> <ul><li>For the time being, the major categories are in alphabetical order, which does not reflect their relative prevalence.</li></ul> <ul><li>Related lists in OAD: <ol><li>Section on <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oad.simmons.edu/oadwiki/Research_questions#Journal_business_models">Journal business models</a> within our list of <a href="/oadwiki/Research_questions" title="Research questions">Research questions</a></li> <li>Section on <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oad.simmons.edu/oadwiki/Open_Access_Journals#Economic_Issues">Economic Issues</a> within our <a href="/oadwiki/Bibliography_of_open_access" title="Bibliography of open access">Bibliography of open access</a></li> <li><a href="/oadwiki/Guides_for_OA_journal_publishers" title="Guides for OA journal publishers">Guides for OA journal publishers</a></li> <li><a href="/oadwiki/OA_book_business_models" title="OA book business models">OA book business models</a></li> <li><a href="/oadwiki/OA_journal_launch_services" title="OA journal launch services">OA journal launch services</a></li> <li><a href="/oadwiki/OA_publication_funds" title="OA publication funds">OA publication funds</a></li></ol></li></ul> <ul><li>For real-time updates, some not yet reflected here, follow the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tagteam.harvard.edu/hubs/oatp/tag/oa.business_models">oa.business_models</a> tag of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/hoap/Open_Access_Tracking_Project">Open Access Tracking Project</a>.</li></ul> <ul><li>Suggested short URL for this page = <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bit.ly/oad-journal-models">bit.ly/oad-journal-models</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Wikidata identifier for this page: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q56229121">Q56229121</a>.</li></ul> <p><br /> </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Advertising">Advertising</span></h2> <ul><li><i>Description</i>. The model is to use advertising on the journal's web site or article pages in order to generate income to help support the journal. <ul><li>Under this model, web based advertising revenue is generally based on either the number of website users that may view the advertisement or the number of website users that interact with the advertisement (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sparcopen.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/incomemodels_v1.pdf">CPM versus CPA</a>).</li> <li>For more information and examples, see <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cyber.harvard.edu/hoap/Open_Access_Tracking_Project">Open Access Tracking Project</a> tag <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tagteam.harvard.edu/hubs/oatp/tag/oa.ads">oa.ads</a></i>.</li></ul></li></ul> <ol><li><i>Variation</i>. A journal or its publisher can sell advertising space to companies willing to advertise in the journal. This usually requires a marketing staff. <ul><li><i>Example</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bmj.com/">British Medical Journal</a> (BMJ) uses advertising as part of its <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mx2.arl.org/Lists/SPARC-OAForum/Message/4634.html">"unique mixed revenue model"</a>, which includes "subscriptions, online advertising, reprints and publishing fees paid by research article authors” as summarized in report <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ec.europa.eu/futurium/en/system/files/ged/oa_report.pdf">Alternative Open Access Publishing Models: Exploring New Territories in Scholarly Communication</a></i>.</li></ul></li> <li><i>Variation</i>. A journal can use advertising services like <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/adsense">Google AdSense</a>, which place ads on pages based on an algorithmic reading of their content. These services require no marketing staff. Because the journal doesn't know in advance what ads will be placed, this method can <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:4391163">answer suspicions</a> that advertising compromises editorial integrity. Similar <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20130610154001/http://www.sparc.arl.org/publisher/incomemodels/guide2-2.shtml">services include programs</a> such as <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://affiliate-program.amazon.com/">Amazon Associates</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://affiliates.barnesandnoble.com/">Barnes & Noble Affiliates Program</a> under which program affiliates may generate revenue from referral payments. <ul><li><i>Examples</i>. Journals using Google AdSense include: <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.opengovjournal.org">Open Government Journal</a> from the University of Alberta.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.priory.com/">Priory Medical Journals</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cmr-journal.org/">Contemporary Management Research</a> from the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.atisr.org/">Academy of Taiwan Information Systems Research</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jmir.org/">Journal of Medical Internet Research</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.neurojournal.com/">Neurology, Clinical Neurophysiology and Neuroscience</a> sponsored by the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theaacn.org">American Academy of Clinical Neurophysiology</a>.</li></ul></li></ul></li></ol> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Auction">Auction</span></h2> <ul><li><i>Description</i>. The model is for publishers to bid on articles to publish. The bid is in <i>academic dollars</i>, not actual currency or legal tender. The academic dollars would be shared with the authors, editors, and publishers of the works cited by the article. <ul><li><i>Example</i>. The model was first proposed by David Zetland a 2004 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.agecon.ucdavis.edu/graduateprogram/ourgradstuds/Student-pages/zetland/jmarket.pdf">preprint</a> (inactive link), and then in a 2007 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://arno.uvt.nl/show.cgi?fid=65098">discussion paper</a> and subsequent 2010 <i>Public Choice</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.springerlink.com/content/2q80214867370564/">article</a> with Jens Prüfer. It works as follows (quoting Prüfer and Zetland): "In the AMJA [Auction Model for Journal Articles], authors write papers, market them to editors, and post them for auction. Editors bid Academic Dollars (A$) for papers and assign "purchases" to referees. Referees put in effort to review and improve —not reject— papers. Readers read and cite articles (published papers) in their own work. When the papers of those readers (now authors) are later auctioned, A$ are redistributed to authors, editors and referees of cited articles as a reward for quality." While the <i>Public Choice</i> article does not mention this model's potential benefit for being a self-sustaining OA business model, a 2004 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://marginalrevolution.com/marginalrevolution/2004/11/a_market_for_jo.html">blog post</a> by Alex Tabarrok suggests the way in which an auction model could sustainably support an OA journal.</li></ul></li></ul> <ol><li><i>Variation</i>. Monetary bidding. Under this <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blog.scholasticahq.com/post/bidding-for-publishing-services-lower-academic-journal-costs/">proposed model</a>, publishers share bids with publishing institutions which then "select the lowest bidder for their publishing services".</li></ol> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Crowdfunding">Crowdfunding</span></h2> <ul><li><i>Description</i>. The model is for potential projects to be pitched online, allowing the broader community or “crowd” to choose to fund them with financial donations. With enough financial backing from the crowd, a project can cover its production costs and be published. <ul><li><i>Example</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chipin.com/">ChipIn</a>. Users of ChipIn can raise money for any project by defining the fundraiser's purpose, the desired amount, by when the funds must be raised, and by what method. Details are available <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chipin.com/overview">here</a>. A 2010 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.guardian.co.uk/books/booksblog/2010/feb/16/crowdfunding-author-advances">story</a> in the Guardian discusses blogger <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.deannazandt.com/2009/07/13/crowdfunding-n-friendraising-notes-from-the-trenches-of-book-project-support/">Deanna Zandt's</a> efforts to raise money to support herself while she finished a book project that did not offer her an advance. While this is not a journal model, it is a successful example of a crowdfunded publishing effort.</li> <li><i>Example</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kickstarter.com/">Kickstarter</a>. The Kickstarter model involves a pitched project, which receives "all-or-nothing funding...in return for rewards." <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kickstarter.com/discover/categories/periodical?ref=sidebar#">Several publishing projects</a> have been funded successfully.</li></ul></li></ul> <ol><li><i>Variation</i>. Street performer protocol. The model is one in which the author requests a specific sum be raised before creating a work; private donor funds are pooled to finance this work. Coined by John Kelsey and Bruce Schneier in their June 1999 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://firstmonday.org/htbin/cgiwrap/bin/ojs/index.php/fm/article/view/673/583"><i>First Monday</i></a> article, their “street performer protocol” is a model in which an author promises the delivery of a work for a specific sum; once private donations have filled the author’s goal, then the author creates the promised work, which is OA. <ul><li><i>Example</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://copycan.org/">Copycan</a> (inactive link). Through Copycan, an artist uploads digital content with "the amount of money he would like to have for releasing his work to the commons under a free license"; donors contribute, and if the funding goal is met, then "the artist gets paid, the content gets released and is from then on freely available." This site is now inactive.</li></ul></li> <li><i>Variation</i>. Article-Level Crowdfunding. Under this <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://knightcenter.utexas.edu/blog/00-18840-brazilians-launch-libre-new-microfinance-technology-journalism">proposed model</a>, publishers may provide a paid digital currency (with an associated monetary value) to users on an opt-in basis, which the user may then re-allocate to selected content as a donation. <ul><li><i>Example</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://knightcenter.utexas.edu/blog/00-18840-brazilians-launch-libre-new-microfinance-technology-journalism">Libre</a> is a platform that supports the option for users to "register on the Libre platform and select a monthly pre-paid plan" in which "the reader can distribute their Libres between the sites that they frequent" as a donation. Libre is proposed as a "microfinancing technology for journalism".</li></ul></li> <li><i>Variation</i>. User data contribution. Under this model, a publication may solicit data to access content at no monetary cost to the reader. This model has been <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sciencemag.org/news/2017/07/we-re-asking-frequent-readers-register-science-s-free-daily-news">introduced</a> in journalistic publications. <ul><li><i>Example</i>. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://science.sciencemag.org/">Science</a></i> first <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sciencemag.org/news/2017/07/we-re-asking-frequent-readers-register-science-s-free-daily-news">introduced this model</a> in June 2017, writing that the journal would solicit data for internal use from readers in a tiered structure. "After you read three stories in a calendar month, we will ask you to enter your email address....After 10 stories in a month we’ll ask you to register and share a couple of other details."</li></ul></li></ol> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="E-commerce">E-commerce</span></h2> <ul><li><i>Description</i>. The model is for an OA journal to offer branded products for sale, either internally or through an external vendor. <ul><li><i>Example</i>. The <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jvwresearch.org/">Journal of Virtual Worlds Research</a> offers a wide range of products through <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cafepress.com/jvwr.319153867">CafePress</a>.</li> <li><i>Example</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://libertarianpapers.org/">Libertarian Papers</a> has products available both from the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mises.org/store/Product2.aspx?ProductId=639&utm_source=Mises_Daily&utm_medium=Graphic&utm_campaign=Item_in_Daily">Ludwig von Mises Institut</a> bookstore and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cafepress.com/libpap">CafePress</a>.</li> <li><i>Example</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://math.rejecta.org/">Rejecta Mathematica</a> provides their merchandise through <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cafepress.com/rejecta">CafePress</a>.</li></ul></li></ul> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Endowments">Endowments</span></h2> <ul><li><i>Description</i>. The model is for an OA publication to build an endowment of third-party contributions to support its production costs. Endowments may be developed through fundraising campaigns in addition to other <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20130614072203/http://www.sparc.arl.org/publisher/incomemodels/guide2_7.shtml">approaches</a>. <ul><li><i>Example</i>. In January 2008, Yale University <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://opa.yale.edu/news/article.aspx?id=2327">increased its endowment payout</a> in order to support (among other things) OA for its courseware and library digitization projects.</li> <li><i>Example</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.19thc-artworldwide.org/">Nineteenth Century Art Worldwide</a>, a peer-reviewed journal published by the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ahnca.org/">Association of Historians of Nineteenth-Century Art (AHNCA)</a>, is funded via AHNCA membership dues and voluntary donations. Surplus donations are placed into an endowment.</li> <li><i>Example</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.americanpopularculture.com/home.htm">Americana: An Institute for American Studies and Creative writing</a> publishes <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.americanpopularculture.com/review_americana.htm">Review Americana</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.americanpopularculture.com/home.htm">Magazine Americana</a>, and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.americanpopularculture.com/journal/index.htm">Americana: The Journal of American Popular Culture</a> through an endowment.</li> <li><i>Example</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.electrochem.org/">The Electrochemical Society</a> announced a <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ecslibblog.wordpress.com/2016/07/07/ecss-oa-mission-free-the-science/">strategy</a> in 2016 to produce OA publications with no author-side publication fees with the support of an <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://freethescience.org/">endowment initiative</a>.</li> <li><i>Example</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://intarch.ac.uk/">Internet Archaeology</a> journal and the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archaeologydataservice.ac.uk/">Archaeology Data Service</a> manage the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://intarch.ac.uk/about/donate.html">Open Access Archaeology Fund</a> to fund the "publishing and archiving costs of researchers who have no means of institutional support", based on the solicitation of "recurring or single gift(s)" in exchange for physical objects based on the level of contribution, starting in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archaeologydataservice.ac.uk/blog/2017/06/open-access-archaeology-fund-2/">2016</a>.</li></ul></li></ul> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Fund-raising">Fund-raising</span></h2> <ul><li><i>Description</i>. The model is to solicit donations from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20130614072157/http://www.sparc.arl.org/publisher/incomemodels/guide2_6.shtml">individuals or institutions</a>, periodically or continuously. <ul><li><i>Note</i>. A 2014 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.3998/3336451.0018.307">survey</a> of English language journals based in the USA included in the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doaj.org/">Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ)</a> found that 4.8% of surveyed journals solicited reader donation.</li> <li><i>Example</i>. See the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20080216013302/http://www.plos.org/support/index.html">fund-raising page</a> formerly used by the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.plos.org/">Public Library of Science</a>.</li> <li><i>Example</i>. The journal <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.esoteric.msu.edu/Contents.html">Esoterica</a> from Michigan State University solicits donations through a <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.esoteric.msu.edu/Support.htm">journal web page</a> rather than a proprietary payment platform like PayPal.</li> <li><i>Example</i>. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://palrap.org/ojs/index.php/palrap">Pennsylvania Libraries: Research & Practice</a></i> solicits <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.3998/3336451.0018.307">donations</a> through the journal website, using a dedicated "Support PaLRaP" button on the journal homepage.</li></ul></li></ul> <ol><li><i>Variation</i>. A journal may solicit donations through an embedded <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.paypal.com">PayPal</a> or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://checkout.google.com/">Google Checkout</a> widget. <ul><li><i>Example</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.americanpopularculture.com/journal/index.htm">Americana: The Journal of American Popular Culture, 1900 to Present</a> collects donations to an <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.americanpopularculture.com/journal/endowment_fund.htm">"endowment fund"</a> through PayPal.</li> <li><i>Example</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jmir.org/payment/paypal/donation">The Journal of Medical Internet Research</a> formerly had a <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20120412040727/http://www.jmir.org/ojs/index.php/jmir/payment/paypal/donation">donation page</a> using PayPal.</li> <li><i>Example</i>. The <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.opengovjournal.org/">Open Government Journal</a>, published by the University of Alberta, solicits donations on their website through a Google Checkout. The <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.neurojournal.com/">Neurology, Neurophysiology and Neuroscience</a> uses the same type of widget.</li> <li><i>Example</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.othervoices.org/index.php">Other Voices</a>, published by the University of Pennsylvania, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.othervoices.org/donate.php">uses</a> PayPal to collect donations.</li></ul></li></ol> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Hybrid_OA_journals">Hybrid OA journals</span></h2> <ul><li><i>Description</i>. The model is for a journal to publish some OA articles and some non-OA articles, when the choice between the two is the author's rather than the editor's. Authors who choose the OA option must typically pay a publication fee or find a sponsor to pay a fee (see <a href="#Publication_fees">"Publication fees"</a> below). In return the journal provides immediate OA to the article at its own web site. Authors who don't choose the OA option don't pay a fee, although they might still pay page and color charges. Nor do they get immediate OA, although they might get delayed OA if the journal provides OA to its backfile after a certain embargo period. <ul><li>This section is for journals that charge publication fees and provide OA to some articles and not others. For journals that charge publication fees and provide OA to all their articles, see the section on <a href="#Publication_fees">"Publication fees"</a> below. For more information on Hybrid OA, see <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cyber.harvard.edu/hoap/Open_Access_Tracking_Project">Open Access Tracking Project</a> tag <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tagteam.harvard.edu/hubs/oatp/tag/oa.hybrid">oa.hybrid</a></i>.</li> <li><i>Examples</i>: <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ep.bmj.com/site/misc/unlocked.dtl">BMJ Journals Unlocked</a> from the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://group.bmj.com/group">British Medical Journal (BMJ) Group</a> changed to <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://group.bmj.com/products/journals/instructions-for-authors/editorial-policies#open-access">Open Access</a> effective October 1, 2012.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aslo.org/lo/information/freeaccess.html">Free Access Publication</a> from the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aslo.org/">Association for the Sciences of Limnology and Oceanography</a> also permits retroactive Free Access.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.library.yale.edu/~llicense/ListArchives/0608/msg00050.html">Funded Access</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wiley.com">Wiley's</a> initial OA program, has been updated with <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://authorservices.wiley.com/bauthor/onlineopen.asp">OnlineOpen</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iop.org/news/11/june/page_51127.html">IOP Publishers</a> now has a hybrid OA model for authors, as of June, 2011.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jneurosci.org/">Journal of Neuroscience</a> charges a $125 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jneurosci.org/site/misc/ifa_fee.xhtml">submission fee</a>; once an article is accepted, the author pays an <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jneurosci.org/site/misc/ifa_charges.xhtml">"Open Choice" publication fee</a> in addition to standard publication and color charges.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.minsocam.org/">Mineralogical Society of America</a> offers a per-page fee for author's choice OA.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldscinet.com/authors/openaccess.shtml">Open Access</a> from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldscientific.com/">World Scientific</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rsc.org/Publishing/Journals/OpenScience/">Open Science</a> from the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rsc.org/Publishing/">Royal Society of Chemistry</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.elsevier.com/wps/find/authorsview.authors/sponsoredarticles">Sponsored-article journals</a> from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.elsevier.com/">Elsevier</a>.</li></ul></li> <li>For more examples, see <i>Publishers with hybrid OA journal programs</i> on the OAD page of <a href="/oadwiki/Lists_maintained_by_others" title="Lists maintained by others">Lists maintained by others</a>.</li></ul></li></ul> <ol><li><i>Variation</i>. The journal promises to reduce the subscription price in proportion to author uptake of the OA option. (Failure to do so is sometimes called <i>double dipping</i>.) <ul><li><i>Example</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://journals.cambridge.org/action/stream?pageId=4088&level=2#4092">Cambridge Open</a> from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cambridge.org/">Cambridge University Press</a> is an "experiment" and "uptake will be monitored and future subscription prices will be modified to take into account the level of interest and uptake in this model".</li> <li><i>Example</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://royalsocietypublishing.org/site/authors/EXiS.xhtml">EXiS Open Choice</a> from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://royalsocietypublishing.org/">Royal Society Publishing</a>, starting in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://royalsocietypublishing.org/site/authors/EXiS.xhtml#question2">2012</a> has "implement[ed] a new and more transparent pricing policy in which the price of each journal is tied to the number of non-open access articles published in that journal and each journal will publish the relevant article counts annually"; rates are detailed <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://royalsocietypublishing.org/site/authors/EXiS_prices_simplified.xhtml">here</a>.</li></ul></li> <li><i>Variation</i>. The journal allows authors who select the OA option to retain copyright, or to retain more rights than authors who do not select the OA option.</li> <li><i>Variation</i>. The journal uses CC licenses (or an equivalent) for the OA articles, even if it doesn't do so for its other articles. <ul><li><i>Example</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://publish.aps.org/FREETOREAD_FAQ.html">Free to Read</a>, the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aps.org/">American Physical Society's</a> first OA initiative, has been updated with a <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://publish.aps.org/open_access.html">"sustainable model"</a> that features CC licensing and higher article processing charges.</li> <li><i>Example</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nature.com/npg_/index_npg.html">Nature Publishing Group</a> uses CC licensing, rather than the standard "exclusive License to Publish," for the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nature.com/press_releases/greengold.html">ten of its journals</a> that support opt-in OA.</li> <li><i>Example</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.springer.com/openchoice">Open Choice</a> from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.springeronline.com">Springer</a>, as of January 16, 2012, uses CC licensing.</li> <li><i>Example</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxfordjournals.org/oxfordopen">Oxford Open</a> from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oup.co.uk/">Oxford University Press</a> uses <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxfordjournals.org/oxfordopen/policies.html#Oxford">Open Licence Agreement CC licensing</a>.</li></ul></li> <li><i>Variation</i>. The OA versions are the same as the versions published in the priced or paywalled journal. (The alternative is to make the OA articles a truncation or abridgment of the TA editions, e.g., without links to references.)</li> <li><i>Variation</i>. The journal insists that the OA editions only appear on its own web site. (The alternative is to allow authors to deposit their OA articles in repositories independent of the publisher.)</li> <li><i>Variation</i>. The journal waives the fee for the OA option in cases of economic hardship or for authors from certain designated developing countries. <ul><li><i>Example</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://journalauthors.tandf.co.uk/">Taylor & Francis</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://journalauthors.tandf.co.uk/preparation/OpenAccess.asp#link2">Open Select</a> journals waive publication fees for <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://journalauthors.tandf.co.uk/pdfs/WorldBank-LI-LMI.pdf">low- or low-middle-income countries</a>, as classified by the World Bank.</li> <li><i>Example</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxfordjournals.org/oxfordopen/">Oxford Open</a> from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxfordjournals.org/">Oxford University Press</a> offers waivers and discounted <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxfordjournals.org/oxfordopen/charges.html">publication charges</a> for authors from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxfordjournals.org/access_purchase/developing_countries_list.html">"developing countries"</a>.</li></ul></li> <li><i>Variation</i>. The journal offers the OA option without any fee at all, or at a discounted fee, for authors in certain categories, for example, authors who are members of a certain society, authors who are employees of a subscribing institution, authors who serve as an editor or referee for one of the publisher's journals, and so on. <ul><li><i>Examples: No-fee hybrid journals</i>. Most hybrid journals charge publication fees. These three do not: (1) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/">Pediatrics</a>, published by the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aap.org/">American Academy of Pediatrics</a>, charges no publication fee, but the OA articles do not appear in the print edition. (2) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.plantphysiol.org/">Plant Physiology</a>, published by the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aspb.org/">American Society of Plant Biology</a>, charges no publication fee for members of the ASPB. (3) The <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/2006_12_31_fosblogarchive.html#116801966650743317">Emerald Asset</a> hybrid program, now defunct, from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.emeraldinsight.com/">Emerald</a> charged no publication fee for authors willing to write "a summary of their research findings highlighting their practical application."</li> <li><i>Example</i>. In <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/2007/06/oxford-hybrid-oa-journal-waives-fees.html">June 2007</a>, the hybrid <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxfordjournals.org/our_journals/exbotj/">Journal of Experimental Botany</a> from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oup.co.uk/">Oxford University Press</a> waived publication fees for authors from institutions paying for a subscription. In <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/2008/07/oxford-lowers-prices-on-hybrid-oa.html">July 2008</a>, Oxford <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mx2.arl.org/Lists/SPARC-OAForum/Message/4488.html">made clear</a> that all its hybrid <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxfordjournals.org/oxfordopen/">Oxford Open</a> journals discounted their publication fees for authors from subscribing institutions.</li> <li><i>Example</i>. The <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pnas.org/">Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</a> (PNAS) offer a <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pnas.org/site/subscriptions/open-access.shtml">fee discount</a> to authors that choose OA who are affiliated with an institution that subscribes to PNAS.</li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20140325000435/http://aoasg.org.au/the-membership-model-2/">Example</a></i>. The <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://acsopenaccess.org/">American Chemical Society (ACS)</a> "offer[s] a <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://acsopenaccess.org/acs-authorchoice/">discounted price on article processing charges</a> for authors at subscribing institutions and a further discount for ACS members".</li> <li>For other examples of waiving or discounting publication fees for institutional subscribers, see the section on "<a href="#Publication_fees">publication fees"</a> below.</li></ul></li> <li><i>Variation</i>. The journal charges one fee for OA articles that also appear in the non-OA edition available to subscribers, and a lower fee for OA articles that do not appear in the non-OA edition.</li> <li><i>Variation</i>. The journal refuses to publish work by authors bound by OA mandates (from funders or universities) unless those authors select the OA option and pay the associated fee.</li> <li><i>Variation</i>. The journal rescinds or limits its permission for self-archiving at the same time that it adopts a hybrid OA model, in order to steer authors who want OA away from (no-fee) self-archiving and toward the (fee-based) hybrid option.</li> <li><i>Variation</i>. The journal has a standard embargo period for its OA articles, even those for which a fee is paid. <ul><li><i>Example</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://spie.org/x10.xml?WT.svl=tn7">SPIE</a> offers fee-based hybrid OA for most of it journals, that is, it charges a flat publication fee to authors and provides immediate OA their work; however, with the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://spie.org/x866.xml">Journal of Biomedical Optics</a>, SPIE charges a publication fee and provides OA after a one-year embargo. Also note that SPIE's publications charges for non-OA works are voluntary. Details are available <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://spie.org/x42456.xml">here</a>.</li></ul></li></ol> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Institutional_subsidies">Institutional subsidies</span></h2> <ul><li><i>Description</i>. The model is for an institution to subsidize an OA journal, in whole or part, directly or indirectly. It may provide cash, facilities, equipment, or personnel on a <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20130614062119/http://www.sparc.arl.org/publisher/incomemodels/guide2-5.shtml">one-time or continuing</a> basis. The institution may be of any kind, for example, a university, laboratory, research center, library, learned society, museum, hospital, for-profit corporation, non-profit organization, foundation, or government agency.</li> <li><i>Note</i>. For institutional subsidies which include non-monetary support, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sparcopen.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/incomemodels_v1.pdf">recommended practices</a> for "in-kind contributions" suggest appraising the value of services provided.</li></ul> <ol><li><i>Variation: university subsidies</i>. There are many forms of university subsidies for OA journals: in-house publication of OA journals; funds to pay publication fees at fee-based OA journals; and provision of facilities, equipment, or personnel. (Note that many of these subsidies are also enjoyed by non-OA journals.) <ul><li><i>Example</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.math.ethz.ch/EMIS/journals/ETNA/">Electronic Transactions on Numerical Analysis</a> (ETNA) is published by "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.library.kent.edu/page/10000">Kent State University Library</a> in conjunction with the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://icm.mcs.kent.edu/">Institute of Computational Mathematics at Kent State University</a>"; ETNA also receives cooperative support from the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ricam.oeaw.ac.at/">Johann Radon Institute for Computational and Applied Mathematics of the Austrian Academy of Sciences</a> (RICAM).</li> <li><i>Example</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://escholarship.org/">eScholarship</a> from the University of California <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://escholarship.org/publish_journals.html">offers</a> the infrastructure and support to ensure "departments, research units, publishing programs, and individual scholars...have direct control over the creation and dissemination of the full range of their scholarship." A current list of the journals published by sScholarship are available <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://escholarship.org/uc/search?smode=browse;browse-journal=aa">here</a>.</li> <li><i>Example</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.journalofelectronicpublishing.org/about.html">Journal of Electronic Publishing</a> (JEP) is published by <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lib.umich.edu/mpublishing">MPublishing</a> of the University of Michigan Library. JEP also "benefits greatly from the support of industry leaders in the field of electronic scholarly publishing."</li> <li><i>Example</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.insectscience.org/">Journal of Insect Science</a> is "supported by the University of Wisconsin Libraries."</li> <li><i>Example</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ktf.franko.lviv.ua/JPS/">Journal of Physical Studies</a> was "initiated by the West Ukrainian Physical Society and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lnu.edu.ua/indexe.html">Ivan Franko National University of L'viv</a>."</li> <li><i>Example</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.philosophersimprint.org/">Philosophers' Imprint</a> is edited by philosophy faculty and published by librarians at the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://umich.edu/">University of Michigan</a>. Because the university already pays the salaries of these employees, and allows them to give some of their working time to the journal, the journal needn't charge reader-side subscription fees or author-side publication fees.</li> <li><i>Example</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thepress.purdue.edu/">Purdue University Press</a> is the "publishing arm of Purdue University and a unit of Purdue Libraries"; it produces a dozen <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://docs.lib.purdue.edu/thepress/">journals</a> as of April 2012.</li> <li><i>Example</i>. The <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uleth.ca/lib/incubator/">Lethbridge Journal Incubator</a> hosted by <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uleth.ca/">University of Lethbridge</a> proposes a model <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.slideshare.net/caedmon/elsevier-incubato">described as</a> a “Method of funding Open Access publication of humanities journal by aligning production with the research and teaching methods of the University.”.</li> <li><i>Examples</i>. Many universities have created funds to pay publication fees at fee-based OA journals. See our comprehensive list of <a href="/oadwiki/OA_journal_funds" class="mw-redirect" title="OA journal funds">OA journal funds</a>.</li> <li><i>Examples</i>. Other universities support fully-OA journals with library budgets, or library IT and staff resources: <a href="/oadwiki/Library_published_journals" class="mw-redirect" title="Library published journals">Library published journals</a>.</li></ul></li> <li><i>Variation: government subsidies</i>. There are many forms of government subsidies for OA journals: direct grants to OA journals or publishers; grants to researchers which they may use for publication fees or page charges at OA journals; in-house publication of OA journals; tax deductions for non-profit publishers of OA journals; budgetary support for public universities which the institutions may use to publish OA journals, subsidize OA journals, or hire faculty who spend part of their work-time editing OA journals. (Note that many of these subsidies are also used by TA journals.) <ul><li><i>Example</i>. The US Air Force publishes <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.airpower.au.af.mil/">Air and Space Power Journal</a>.</li> <li><i>Example</i>. France's <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnrs.fr/">Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique</a> provides <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnrs.fr/shs/recherche/soutien-revues.htm">support</a> for a <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnrs.fr/shs/recherche/docs/revueslabelCNRSavril2008.pdf">large number of OA journals</a>.</li> <li><i>Example</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/">Emerging Infectious Diseases</a> is a peer-reviewed OA journal published by the US <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cdc.gov/">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention</a>.</li> <li><i>Example</i>. The Canadian Province of Quebec offers a program, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fqrsc.gouv.qc.ca/">Fonds québécois de la recherche sur la société et la culture</a> (FQRSC), which supports 25-30 journals, including the journals within <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.erudit.org/">Consortium Érudit</a>. These journals are not OA, but provide OA to their backfiles after a two-year moving wall.</li> <li><i>Example</i>. The US <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/Pages/default.aspx">National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism</a> publishes the OA <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/Publications/AlcoholResearch/default.htm">Alcohol Research & Health</a>.</li> <li><i>Example</i>. The US <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.niehs.nih.gov/">National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences</a> publishes the peer-reviewed OA journal, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ehponline.org/">Environmental Health Perspectives</a>.</li> <li><i>Example</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scielo.br/">SciELO</a>, which publishes OA journals, is funded by <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnpq.br/">Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico</a> or CNPq, in the Brazilian federal government, and by <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fapesp.br/">Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo</a> or FAPESP, in the Brazilian State of São Paulo. The full SciELO network throughout Latin America and the Caribbean publishes <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scielo.org/php/index.php?lang=en">550 OA journals</a> (as of 7/13/08). This example is outlined in report <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ec.europa.eu/futurium/en/system/files/ged/oa_report.pdf">Alternative Open Access Publishing Models: Exploring New Territories in Scholarly Communication</a></i> by Adam Smith.</li> <li><i>Example</i>. Canada's publicly-funded <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sshrc.ca/">Social Science and Humanities Research Council</a> offers a program, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sshrc.ca/web/apply/program_descriptions/open_access_journals_e.asp">Aid to Open-Access Research Journals</a>, to support OA journals in the humanities and social sciences. In 2007, it gave <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sshrc.ca/web/winning/comp_results/2007/Aid_to_Open_Access_Research_07.pdf">grants to 11 OA journals</a>.</li></ul></li> <li><i>Variation: foundation subsidies</i>. Under this model, journals are supported in whole or in part by one or more charitable foundations. <ul><li><i>Example</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mitpressjournals.org/toc/dmal/-/3">The Ecology of Games</a> is an OA journal published by <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mitpressjournals.org/">MIT Press</a> and subsidized by the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.macfound.org/">MacArthur Foundation</a>.</li> <li><i>Example</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jla.oxfordjournals.org/">Journal of Legal Analysis</a> is <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxfordjournals.org/our_journals/jla/about.html">underwritten</a> by the Considine Family Foundation, and receives "the strong support of the Harvard Law School and the John M. Olin Center for Law, Economics, and Business."</li> <li><i>Example</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.krisis.eu/">Krisis</a> is a Dutch OA philosophy journal subsidized, in part, by the Dutch <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.prinsbernhardcultuurfonds.nl/">Prins Bernard Cultuurfonds</a> (Prince Bernhard Cultural Fund).</li> <li><i>Example</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.plosntds.org/home.action">PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases</a> is published by PLoS; its "start-up phase is supported by a grant from the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gatesfoundation.org/global-health/Pages/overview.aspx">Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation</a>."</li> <li><i>Example</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2016-06/mali-hea062316.php">Health Equity</a>, published by Mary Ann Liebert, Inc., was launched in 2016 with the support of a grant provided by the W.K. Kellogg Foundation.</li> <li><i>Example</i>. In February 2015, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.forskningsradet.no/en/Home_page/1177315753906">The Research Council of Norway</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.forskningsradet.no/servlet/web/en/Newsarticle/New_funding_scheme_for_open_access_publication/1254006308998/p1177315753918">announced</a> “The STIM-OA scheme will facilitate the transition to open access publication. Research institutions may be reimbursed for up to half of their outlay for publication in open access journals.”. In <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plus.google.com/u/0/+PeterSuber/posts/j6txz3r1Uir">2013</a>, the Research Council of Norway began their support in this area by funding 40 open access journals.</li></ul></li> <li><i>Variation: corporate subsidies</i>. Under this model, corporate entities may support a journal with resources contributed on a <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20130614062119/http://www.sparc.arl.org/publisher/incomemodels/guide2-5.shtml">one-time or continued</a> basis. <ul><li><i>Example</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ecam.oxfordjournals.org/">Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine</a> is an OA journal published by <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxfordjournals.org/">Oxford University Press</a> and subsidized by the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.inmprc.org/">Ishikawa Natural Medicinal Products Research Center</a>.</li> <li><i>Example</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nature.com/nature/archive/supplements.html">Nature Supplements</a> are special issues published by the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nature.com/">Nature Publishing Group</a> that focus on a particular topic or community. Some of these supplements are self-identified as being produced and/or supported by companies.</li></ul></li> <li><i>Variation: consortial subsidies</i>. This model overlaps with the categories above (university, government, foundation, and corporate subsidies). What's notable is that an OA resource can build a customized or <i>ad hoc</i> coalition of supporting organizations. Under this model, the cost to each supporting institution may <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://insights.uksg.org/articles/10.1629/uksg.166/">decrease</a> with the growth of the consortium. <ul><li><i>Example</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dlib.org/">D-Lib Magazine</a> is supported by the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dlib.org/dlib/alliance-participants.html">D-Lib Alliance</a>, a consortium of universities, libraries, and corporations. Also see more <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dlib.org/dlib/Dlib-alliance.html">details</a> on the D-Lib Alliance.</li> <li><i>Example</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.elifesciences.org/">eLife</a> is supported by a group of foundations including the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, the Max Planck Society, and the Wellcome Trust. Initially eLife did not charge publication fees, but adopted them at a later stage in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://peerj.com/preprints/3392/">January, 2017</a>. David Solomon discusses this example “<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.3332/ecancer.2014.ed44">The impact of digital dissemination for research and scholarship</a>”.</li> <li><i>Example</i>. The <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dpc.uba.uva.nl/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=jalc">Journal of Archaeology in the Low Countries</a> (JALC) is supported by a <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aaupblog.aaupnet.org/?p=205">customized coalition of nine institutions</a>. It is even profitable.</li> <li><i>Example</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://palaeo-electronica.org/owner.htm">Palaeontologia Electronica</a> is supported by "the Paleontological Society (Sponsor), the Palaeontological Association (Sponsor), the Society of Vertebrate Paleontology (Sponsor), and the Western Interior Paleontological Society (Contributor)."</li> <li><i>Example</i>. SCOAP<sup>3</sup> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scoap3.org/">Sponsoring Consortium for Open Access Publishing in Particle Physics</a>) is a global partnership of <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scoap3.org/participating-countries/">44 countries and 3 intergovernmental organizations</a>, representing 3000+ libraries, universities and research institutes. SCOAP<sup>3</sup> has transitioned key journals in the field of High Energy Physics to Gold OA. In addition born Gold OA journals are also supported. It eliminates the financial constraints for authors, by centrally paying publishers for peer-review and publishing services. The consortium is predominantly financed by participating libraries redirecting funds previously used for subscribing to the SCOAP<sup>3</sup> journals. All authors can publish OA at no cost in the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scoap3.org/scoap3journals/">participating journals</a>. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ec.europa.eu/futurium/en/system/files/ged/oa_report.pdf">Alternative Open Access Publishing Models: Exploring New Territories in Scholarly Communication</a></i> by Adam Smith discusses the progress of SCOAP<sup>3</sup>, adding, "In its first two years of operation, started in January 2014, the project has supported publication of about 9,000 articles in 10 participating journals." A summary of the model supported by SCOAP<sup>3</sup> is included in "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.3332/ecancer.2014.ed44">The impact of digital dissemination for research and scholarship</a>" by David J Solomon.</li> <li><i>Example</i>. The <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://openaccessnetwork.org/">Open Access Network (OAN)</a> follows a consortial model of “committed individuals, organizations, societies, publishers, libraries, and institutions”, supplemented by external “<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ec.europa.eu/futurium/en/system/files/ged/oa_report.pdf">seed funding</a>".</li> <li><i>Example</i>. The <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://foodsystemsjournal.org/">Journal of Agriculture, Food Systems, and Community Development</a> proposes a “<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://listserv.crl.edu/wa.exe?A2=ind1604&L=LIBLICENSE-L&D=0&P=43978">Community Supported Journal</a>” model based on converting licenses held by institutions into “OA Sponsor Shares” with added benefits for shareholders, as supplemented by revenue streams including submission fees, publication fees, and donation.</li> <li><i>Example</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://revistas.csic.es/">Revistas Científicas del CSIS</a> is a Spanish state supported <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ec.europa.eu/futurium/en/system/files/ged/oa_report.pdf">consortium</a> of “131 research institutes and centres and 160 associated units in universities and other research institutions” publishing OA journals and books at no cost to the author.</li> <li><i>Example</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lingoa.eu/">LingOA</a> supports linguistics journals in conversion to an OA model, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ec.europa.eu/futurium/en/system/files/ged/oa_report.pdf">under which</a> “LingOA pays for the APCs in the first 5 years, then payments are taken over by the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.openlibhums.org/">Open Library of Humanities</a>. Three journals have already joined LingOA with their complete editorial boards and editorial teams: Laboratory Phonology, The Journal of Portuguese Linguistics, and Glossa (formerly known as Lingua (Elsevier)).”. LingOA is <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lingoa.eu/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/151012Linguists-to-publish-journal-articles-in-fair-open-access-def-1.pdf">supported by a network</a> of universities based in the Netherlands.</li> <li><i>Example</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://scielo.org/php/index.php?lang=en">SciELO</a> is a <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ec.europa.eu/futurium/en/system/files/ged/oa_report.pdf">network of Latin American OA journals</a> operating under a single publishing program supported by a regional institutional consortium. As of <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ec.europa.eu/futurium/en/system/files/ged/oa_report.pdf">December 2015</a>, “The platform includes 15 national journal collections, around 1,100 active journals in total, and over half a million articles.”.</li> <li><i>Example</i>. The <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://muse.jhu.edu/article/193143">German Academic Publishers Project (GAP)</a> is "a cooperative consortium of academic presses, scholarly societies, universities, academic departments, and even individuals" supporting operations associated with the publication process.</li> <li><i>Example</i>. The <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journal.fi/">journal.fi platform</a> hosts over 50 journals. It's hosted by <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tsv.fi/">TSV</a> (Federation of Finnish learned societies), which as of 2018 is in talks to absorb all society journals previously published by legacy publishers.</li></ul></li> <li><i>Variation: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20130614053413/http://www.sparc.arl.org/publisher/incomemodels/guide3_3.shtml">Use-Triggered Fees</a></i>. “A use-triggered fee model supports open-access publication by imposing usage fees on a voluntary basis,” in which access to publications is centered around the payment of non-mandatory fees solicited from user institutions that have met a specified usage quota, omitting institutions based in developing countries. Approaches to implementing this model may include coordinating a "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20130614053413/http://www.sparc.arl.org/publisher/incomemodels/guide3_3.shtml">voluntary license</a>" between institution and publisher.</li> <li><i>Variation: Sponsorship</i>. Under <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20130614062040/http://www.sparc.arl.org/publisher/incomemodels/guide2-3.shtml">this model</a>, institutional sponsors may "subsidize some or all of a journal’s operating expenses in exchange for recognition." While sponsorship is primarily connected to institutions under this model, sponsorships may also be supported by individuals. <ul><li><i>Note</i>. Proposed <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sparcopen.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/incomemodels_v1.pdf">standards for practice</a> under this model include adopting a sponsorship policy, guidelines for sponsor credit, and carefully assessing proposed sponsor relationships.</li> <li><i>Example</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://palaeo-electronica.org/owner.htm">Paleontologica Electronica</a> recognizes journal sponsors and contributors on the journal website home page, and link to sponsor websites in journal site navigation.</li></ul></li></ol> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Membership_dues">Membership dues</span></h2> <ul><li><i>Description</i>. The model is for a membership organization, like a learned society, to use membership dues to support an OA journal, in whole or part. (See <a href="#Institutional_subsidies">"Institutional subsidies"</a>.) <ul><li>For potential examples, see the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:4387568">425 learned societies publishing OA journals</a> identified by Peter Suber and Caroline Sutton 2007, the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dash.harvard.edu/bitstream/handle/1/8338822/12-02-11.htm?sequence=1#societies">530 societies publishing OA journals</a> they identified in 2011, or the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cyber.harvard.edu/hoap/Societies_and_Open_Access_Research">1,033 societies publishing 1,000 full (non-hybrid) OA journals</a> identified by the Suber, Sutton, and Amanda Page in 2015. We say "potential" examples because this research doesn't (yet) say what fraction of a journal's expenses are covered by membership dues, as opposed to other revenue sources such as article processing charges.</li></ul></li></ul> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Priced_editions">Priced editions</span></h2> <ul><li><i>Description</i>. The model is for a journal to provide OA to one edition and sell access to another edition. The OA edition should contain the full text and other information (charts, illustrations, links, etc.), but the priced edition may appear earlier in time or include extra features, such as print. Priced editions may also offer file formats that some users prefer, for <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.slideserve.com/hilary-finch/open-access-journals-how-could-we-finance-them-and-how-do-we">example</a>, “High quality PDFs instead of low-quality or HTML”.</li></ul> <ol><li><i>Variation</i>: Revenue from a priced print edition supports an OA edition, with or without a delay in the release of the OA edition. <ul><li><i>Example</i>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.comminfolit.org/index.php/cil/index">Communications in Information Literacy</a>: Revenue from the POD edition supports the OA edition. Details in this <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.comminfolit.org/index.php/cil/article/view/Spring2008ED1/60">2008 editorial</a>.</li> <li><i>Example</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.math.uni-bielefeld.de/documenta/">Documenta Mathematica</a> is a no-fee OA journal subsidized by the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.supertr.com">sale of POD editions</a> of its annual volumes.</li> <li><i>Example</i>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fornvannen.se/">Fornvännen</a> publishes both an OA edition and a priced print edition. Instead of ordinary "delayed OA" (in which the digital edition is initially behind a price wall and later made OA), the full-text digital edition is OA from the moment it appears online, but doesn't appear online until six months after the print edition.</li> <li><i>Example</i>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jmir.org/index">Journal of Medical Internet Research</a>: Offers an OA edition in HTML and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jmir.org/cms/view/support_%26amp%3B_membership">priced memberships (institutional or individual)</a> that include a PDF edition and conference discounts for individual memberships.</li> <li><i>Example</i>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pensoft.net/journals/natureconservation/">Nature Conservation</a> publishes "identical print (high-resolution, full-color) and online (PDF) versions," with the print content available by subscription and the online content available OA. See details <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://phys.org/wire-news/93358556/nature-conservation-a-new-open-access-peer-reviewed-interdisc.html">here</a>.</li> <li><i>Example</i>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.postgradmed.com/">Postgraduate Medicine</a>: The HTML edition is OA and a print edition is available by <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.postgradmed.com/sub.php">subscription</a>.</li></ul></li> <li><i>Variation</i>: The priced and OA editions contain the same texts and appear at the same time, but differ in production quality. <ul><li><i>Example</i>: The <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://improbable.com/">Annals of Improbable Research</a> has published four versions of each article since <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/2007/12/air-converts-to-oa.html">December 2007</a>: priced print, priced hi-res PDF, free low-res PDF, and free HTML. (Don't be misled by the fact that AIR isn't a "serious" journal. It still needs a serious business model.)</li> <li><i>Example</i>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cleo.cnrs.fr/">Cléo</a> (Centre pour l'édition électronique ouverte) has used the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.openedition.org/?id=8873&lang=en">OpenEdition Fremium</a> business model for books and journals since February 2011. Under this model, HTML editions are OA and PDF edition are TA.</li></ul></li> <li><i>Variation</i>: The priced edition contains short summaries and the OA edition contains full texts (as opposed to the other way around). <ul><li><i>Example</i>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://email.bmjgroup.com/HM?a=A9X7Cq6YMmKM8XoQsa13xhbjiw">Since January 2010</a>, BMJ has published one-page <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://resources.bmj.com/bmj/authors/article-submission/bmj-pico-abridged-research-articles">pico</a> summaries of its OA research articles in the print, TA edition of <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bmj.com/">BMJ</a>. A BMJ survey showed that users were more likely to read the TA edition if it contained these summaries. (If intelligent abridgment catches on as a form of added value, then full-text OA becomes much easier to support. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:4317664">More comments</a>.)</li> <li>For an overview of this business model and added commentary see Peter Suber’s “<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dash.harvard.edu/handle/1/4317664">Abridgment as added value</a>”, originally published as part of the SPARC Open Access Newsletter in September 2009.</li></ul></li> <li><i>Variation</i>: The publisher sells reprints or offprints to help support an OA journal. <ul><li><i>Example</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.postgradmed.com/">Postgraduate Medicine</a> freely provides HTML versions of its articles but also <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.postgradmed.com/ad_svc.shtml">sells reprints</a> to generate income.</li> <li><i>Example</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/">BioMed Central</a> offers reprints for both its TA and OA content through <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.odysseypress.com/content/ez-reprint">EzReprint</a>. The revenue generated from reprint sales supports BioMed Central's waiver fund. See details <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blogs.biomedcentral.com/bmcblog/2012/07/20/order-high-quality-reprints-online-its-easy-with-ezreprint/">here</a>.</li></ul></li> <li><i>Variation</i>: The publisher subsidizes its OA publications with profits or revenue from a separate line of non-OA publications. <ul><li><i>Example</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://spie.org/x10.xml?WT.svl=tn7">SPIE</a> publishes <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://spie.org/x85226.xml">SPIE Letters</a> without charging its standard publication fee; this model is possible because the content of this OA journal is "peer-reviewed articles judged to be of significant originality and interest, and originally published in one of six SPIE journals." Details are available <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://spie.org/x42456.xml">here</a>.</li></ul></li> <li><i>Variation</i>: The publisher selects articles that appear in a priced journal (or collection of journals) to be featured in an full OA review journal. <ul><li><i>Example</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://spie.org/x10.xml?WT.svl=tn7">SPIE</a> publishes <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://spie.org/x85205.xml">SPIE Reviews</a>, which offers "full-length review articles...including original articles as well as review articles from other SPIE journals." Details are available <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://spie.org/x42456.xml">here</a>.</li></ul></li></ol> <h2><span id="Publication_fees_.28APCs.29"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Publication_fees_(APCs)">Publication fees (APCs)</span></h2> <ul><li><i>Description</i>. The model is to charge a fee upon acceptance of an article for publication. The idea is for the fee to cover the costs of production, although in practice it might cover more or less. Because rejected articles pay no publication fees (but see "<a href="#Submission_fees">submission fees</a>" below), the publication fee must cover the costs of publishing the accepted article plus the cost of reviewing the number of submissions rejected for each accepted submission. Because costs per accepted paper rise with the rejection rate, the fee must rise with the rejection rate. The bill may go to the author, but is often paid by the author's funder or employer rather than by the author out of pocket. Hence this model is sometimes, misleadingly, called the "author pays" or "author fee" model. The fee is sometimes called a "processing fee" or an "article processing charge" (APC). <ul><li>Note that a growing number of institutions have <a href="/oadwiki/OA_journal_funds" class="mw-redirect" title="OA journal funds">funds</a> to pay these fees on behalf of their faculty.</li> <li>Note that businesses are emerging to help fee-based publishers process fees. For example, see <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://openaccesskey.com/">Open Access Key</a> (OAK), and more details <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/alpsp/lp/2012/00000025/00000003/art00004">here</a>.</li> <li>This section is for journals which charge publication fees and provide OA to all their articles. For journals which charge publication fees and provide OA to some articles and not others, see the section on <a href="#Hybrid_OA_journals">hybrid journals</a> above.</li> <li>See Peter Suber's 2006 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dash.harvard.edu/handle/1/4391309">article</a> reviewing early evidence that a minority of OA journals and a majority of non-OA journals charged publication fees. Raym Crow's 2009 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arl.org/sparc/publisher/incomemodels/index.shtml">study</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arl.org/sparc/publisher/incomemodels/guide2-1.shtml">found</a> that "almost half" of OA journals charged publication fees. Stuart Shieber's May 2009 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/pamphlet/2009/05/29/what-percentage-of-open-access-journals-charge-publication-fees/">survey</a> of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.doaj.org/">DOAJ</a> found that only 30% charged publication fees.</li> <li><i>Examples</i>: <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/">BioMed Central</a>. See the BMC <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/info/about/apcfaq">Article Processing Charge FAQ</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hindawi.com/">Hindawi</a>. See the Hindawi page on its <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hindawi.com/journals/ijpg/apc.html">Article Processing Charges</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.plos.org/">Public Library of Science</a>. See the PLoS page on its <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.plos.org/journals/pubfees.html">publication fees</a> and its <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.plos.org/about/faq.html#pubquest">Publication Fee FAQs</a>.</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> <ol><li><i>Variation: Flat fees.</i> The journal charges the same fee for every accepted article. <ul><li><i>Examples</i>: <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tswj.com/">The Scientific World Journal</a> charges a flat-rate <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tswj.com/apc/">APC</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.springeropen.com/">SpringerOpen</a> charges flat rates that <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.springeropen.com/authors/apc">vary by journal</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jmirpublications.com/">JMIR Publications</a> charges a flat rate <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jmir.org/about/editorialPolicies#custom7">article processing fee</a> for publication in select journals, including <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://medinform.jmir.org/">JMIR Medical Informatics</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.i-jmr.org/">Interactive Journal of Medical Research</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mental.jmir.org/">JMIR Mental Health</a>, and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cancer.jmir.org/">JMIR Cancer</a>.</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><i>Variation: Variable fees.</i> Fee size depends on article length or type of publication. <ul><li><i>Examples</i>: <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mdpi.com/">Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute</a> charges a flat APC for all journals up to a 30-page maximum, after which an additional per-page charge is levied. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mdpi.com/about/apc#amount-apc">Details</a> are provided.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pensoft.net/journals/natureconservation/">Nature Conservation</a> charges EURO 20.00 per page, with "[a] minimum fee of EURO 200 is fixed for papers smaller than 10 printed pages," with a reduced pricing structure for papers over 100 pages. See details on <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pensoft.net/journals/natureconservation/about/Open%20Access%20Fees#Open">Access Fees here</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.opticsexpress.org/">Optics Express</a> has a tiered structure for publication fees based on article length. See details <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.opticsinfobase.org/oe/submit/review/pub_charge.cfm">here</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchprotocols.org/">JMIR Research Protocols</a> charges a <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jmir.org/about/editorialPolicies#custom7">varied fee</a> based on the type of publication; for example, a lower fee for grant proposals and a higher fee for articles and a lower fee for grant proposals.</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><i>Variation: Variable fees based on embargo period</i>. Fee prices are based on the period of embargo; lower fees for OA publications released following an embargo period, and a higher fees for OA publications released with no embargo period (immediate OA). <ul><li><i>Example</i>. Rockefeller University Press <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rupress.org/content/publication-fees-and-choices">once offered</a> two publication fee options, including a $2,000 fee for OA publications released following a six month embargo period, and a higher $5,000 fee for OA publications released with no embargo period.</li></ul></li> <li><i>Variation: Fee discounts or waivers for economic hardship</i>. Some OA journals waive or reduce publication fees in cases of economic hardship. Some do it for all authors from certain, designated developing countries. Some do it on request, no questions asked. For another model that supports fee payment based on author ability, see the “Pay What You Want” variation below. <ul><li><i>Example</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ecancer.org/journal/journal.php">ecancermedicalscience</a> operates under a model which supports fee waiver in connection to the journal's larger "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ecancer.org/journal/charges.php">pay what you can afford</a>" model. This example is included in David J Solomon's "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.3332/ecancer.2014.ed44">The impact of digital dissemination for research and scholarship</a>".</li> <li><i>Example</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jmirpublications.com/">JMIR Publications</a> supports a <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jmir.org/about/editorialPolicies#custom7">waiver policy</a> for authors without available funds, granted through an application based system.</li></ul></li> <li><i>Variation: Fee discounts for author assistance</i>. Author assistance may include activities including but not limited to peer review or copy-editing. <ul><li><i>Example</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hydrology-and-earth-system-sciences.net/submission/service_charges.html">Hydrology and Earth Systems Science</a>, reduce their publication fee for authors who submit their manuscripts in a certain file format or who choose to do their own copy-editing.</li> <li><i>Example</i>. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://iopscience.iop.org/">The Institute of Physics</a></i> supports a "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://iopscience.iop.org/info/page/openaccess#charges">referee reward scheme</a>" under which reviewers may receive a <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20140325000435/http://aoasg.org.au/the-membership-model-2/">10% discount</a> on OA publication costs.</li></ul></li> <li><i>Variation: Fee waivers or discounts, from hybrid OA journals, for authors affiliated with institutions that pay for subscriptions.</i> <ul><li><i>Example</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rsc.org/">Royal Society of Chemistry's</a> UK-pilot <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rsc.org/publishing/librarians/goldforgold.asp">"Gold for Gold"</a> program uses a voucher code system that "rewards all institutions that subscribe to RSC Gold with voucher codes to make papers available via OA, free of charge." See the program announcement <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rsc.org/AboutUs/News/PressReleases/2012/gold-for-gold-rsc-open-access.asp">here</a> and details <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rsc.org/Publishing/librarians/GoldforGoldFAQs.asp">here</a>. The first article to be published with Gold for Gold is noted <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blogs.rsc.org/rscpublishing/2012/09/11/gold-for-gold-first-open-access-credit-used-by-university-of-hull/">here</a>.</li> <li>We list other examples under <a href="#Hybrid_OA_journals">hybrid OA journals</a> above.</li></ul></li> <li><i>Variation: Charging author-side fees while paying author royalties.</i> <ul><li><i>Example</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.intechopen.com/">InTech</a>, formerly <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sciyo.com/">Sciyo</a>, offered author royalties for a short time in 2010. As noted in a <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newswiretoday.com/news/62358/">2009 Newswire Today article</a>, "Author royalties [based on the number of downloads] will be accredited directly to the author's account...[the] aim of the model is to reward high quality academic work, deemed most useful by the research community." Additional information on InTech's model is available from a Richard Poynder <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://poynder.blogspot.com/2011/10/oa-interviews-intechs-nicola-rylett.html">interview</a> with the company's marketing director, Nicola Rylett.</li></ul></li> <li><i>Variation: One price for ordinary production, with extra charges for extra services.</i> <ul><li><i>Example</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://library.queensu.ca/ojs/index.php/IEE/index">Ideas in Ecology and Evolution</a> charges a $200 publication fee if the author uses conventional peer review and a $100 fee if the author uses the "author-directed peer review" system, which "allows authors to make their own arrangements for peer-review of manuscripts". See details <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://library.queensu.ca/ojs/index.php/IEE/about/submissions#authorFees">here</a>.</li> <li><i>Example</i>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.opticsexpress.org/">Optics Express</a> charges a general publication fee and charges extra for copy editing, if needed.</li> <li><i>Example</i>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://games.jmir.org/">JMIR Serious Games</a> offers an "optional <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jmir.org/about/editorialPolicies#custom7">fast-track fee</a> of US$450 if the author requires a decision within 3 weeks", in addition to an existing article processing charge.</li> <li><i>Example</i>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.medicine20.com/">Medicine 2.0</a> published by <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jmirpublications.com/">JMIR Publications</a> offers a <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jmir.org/about/editorialPolicies#custom7">priced copyediting option</a>, while otherwise charging no article processing fee.</li></ul></li> <li><i>Variation: Institutional memberships</i>. Some OA journals and publishers offer institutional memberships. The chief benefit of membership is that the journal waives or reduces publication fees for authors affiliated with member-institutions. Some charge a flat fee for membership. Some charge an amount linked to the number of articles published in the journal by the institution's employees. The more journals offered by a publisher (or more precisely, the more journals where institutional employees are likely to publish), the more valuable the membership is for members. In that sense, institutional membership are another way in which large publishers can benefit from economies of scale. <ul><li><i>Example</i>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/">BioMed Central</a>. See the BMC page on its <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://old.biomedcentral.com/libraries/membership">membership program</a>.</li> <li><i>Example</i>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hindawi.com/">Hindawi</a>. See the Hindawi page on its <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hindawi.com/memberships.html">membership program</a>.</li> <li><i>Example</i>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jmir.org/index">Journal of Medical Internet Research</a> (JMIR). See the JMIR page on its <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jmir.org/cms/view/support_%26amp%3B_membership">membership program</a>.</li> <li><i>Example</i>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.plos.org/">Public Library of Science</a>. See the PLoS page on its <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.plos.org/institutional-account-program">membership program</a>.</li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20140325000435/http://aoasg.org.au/the-membership-model-2/">Example</a></i>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wileyopenaccess.com/view/index.html">Wiley Open Access</a> supports two institutional account tracks including the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wileyopenaccess.com/details/content/12f25e73fb9/Partners-Fee.html">Wiley Open Access Partners Fee</a> (a discount plan) and the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wileyopenaccess.com/details/content/12f25e69a17/Institutional--Funder-Accounts.html">Wiley Open Access Account</a> (an APC payment plan).</li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20140325000435/http://aoasg.org.au/the-membership-model-2/">Example</a></i>: The <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://royalsociety.org/journals/librarians/open-access-membership/">Royal Society Open Access Membership</a> supports APC discount and prepayment options.</li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20140325000435/http://aoasg.org.au/the-membership-model-2/">Example</a></i>: <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://iopscience.iop.org/journal/1367-2630">New Journal of Physics</a></i> supports an program for <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://iopscience.iop.org/journal/1367-2630/page/Associate%20members">Associate Members</a> which receive a 5% discount on APC costs.</li></ul></li> <li><i>Variation: Consortial Institutional Memberships</i>: Some publishers form a membership-based consortium to support the publication of OA journals through the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://insights.uksg.org/articles/10.1629/uksg.166/">payment of membership dues</a>. <ul><li><i>Example</i>. The <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://about.openlibhums.org/">Open Library of the Humanities (OLH)</a> follows a <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://about.openlibhums.org/2014/04/07/library-partnership-subsidies-lps/">Library Partnership Subsidies (LPS)</a> model, in which a consortium of libraries support the cost of publication, at no cost to the author. This model provides economies of scale in which the cost to individual members is a function of the number of members. This model is discussed by Adam Smith in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ec.europa.eu/futurium/en/system/files/ged/oa_report.pdf">Alternative Open Access Publishing Models: Exploring New Territories in Scholarly Communication</a>, and by Martin Paul Eve in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://insights.uksg.org/articles/10.1629/uksg.166/">Co-operating for gold open access without APCs</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7710/2162-3309.1131">All That Glisters: Investigating Collective Funding Mechanisms for Gold Open Access in Humanities Disciplines</a>. For more on this example, see items tagged with <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tagteam.harvard.edu/hubs/oatp/tag/oa.open_library_humanities">oa.open_library_humanities</a></i> as part of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cyber.harvard.edu/hoap/Open_Access_Tracking_Project">Open Access Tracking Project</a>.</li></ul></li> <li><i>Variation: Author memberships</i>. The author membership model supports the option to publish a set number of publications within the duration of the membership period, as supported by membership dues paid by or on behalf of the author. <ul><li><i>Example</i>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://peerj.com/">PeerJ</a> supports author-side tiered lifetime <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://peerj.com/pricing/#apc-membership-pricing">membership plans</a> in addition to APC based pricing models. Within this structure, each membership tier supports a specified number of publications within the 12 month membership period with the expectation of community review contribution. This example is referenced as an example in David J Solomon’s “<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.3332/ecancer.2014.ed44">The impact of digital dissemination for research and scholarship</a>”.</li></ul></li> <li><i>Variation: Institutional arrangements without memberships</i>. Some OA publishers strike individual deals with individual institutions. <ul><li><i>Example</i>. In <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/2008/01/max-planck-society-will-pay-gold-oa.html">January 2008</a>, the Max Planck Society <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mpg.de/english/illustrationsDocumentation/documentation/pressReleases/2008/pressRelease20080128/genPDF.pdf">agreed to pay</a> the publication fees for MPS authors when they publish in any of the (then 17) OA journals from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.copernicus.org/">Copernicus Publications</a>.</li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20140325000435/http://aoasg.org.au/the-membership-model-2/">Example</a></i>. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://iopscience.iop.org/journal/1367-2630">New Journal of Physics</a></i> supports <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://iopscience.iop.org/journal/1367-2630/page/Article%20charge">individual arrangements</a> with institutions centered around payment or waiver based plans.</li></ul></li> <li><i>Variation: Fee-based OA for some topics, no-fee OA for other topics</i>. <ul><li><i>Example</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://epljournal.edpsciences.org/">Europhysics Letters</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iop.org/EJ/journal/EPL">announced</a> such a policy in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/2008/11/anticipating-scoap3-epl-converts-to-no.html">November 2008</a>.</li></ul></li> <li><i>Variation: Alternate compensation for access</i>. <ul><li><i>Example</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.congoo.com/">Congoo</a> is a "premium content search engine that is useful to both users and publishers". The model requires users to register; Congoo then "provides users with controlled and measurable access into premium content" from participating publishers, which would otherwise be toll access, while ensuring publishers "maintain full control over their valuable content." In exchange for providing a limited amount of their content OA through Congoo's search service, publishers receive users' registration information from Congoo. Details of the benefits to publishers are provided <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.congoo.com/publishers">here</a>, and related commentary may be found in a 2005 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/2005_12_25_fosblogarchive.html#113587416837785527">Open Access Newsletter update</a> and Antone Gonsalves's InformationWeek <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.informationweek.com/news/175700596">article</a>.</li></ul></li> <li><i>Variation: “Pay What You Want”. The size of the publication fee is up to the author.</i> <ul><li><i>Example</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thieme.com/books-main/plastic-surgery/product/2208-the-surgery-journal">The Surgery Journal (TSJ)</a> follows this model, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thieme.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=881:thieme-to-launch-new-pay-what-you-want-open-access-journal-this-spring&catid=82:2015&Itemid=91">outlining</a>, “Following acceptance of a paper after peer review, authors will be given the opportunity to pay an APC fee that they feel is most suitable (Pay What You Want - PWYW).”. In an experiment into the economics of this model conducted by the journal, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cacm.acm.org/opinion/articles/222177-pay-what-you-want-as-a-pricing-model-for-open-access-publishing/fulltext">authors of 27 papers</a> made their payment decisions with a mean payment of $480 across conditions", after being presented with a "recommended" fee.</li> <li><i>Example</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.regenmedres-journal.org/news/253-edp-sciences-now-publishing-regenerative-medicine-research-june-2016">Regenerative Medicine Research</a> supports this model as part of <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://publications.edpsciences.org/">EDP Sciences</a>, under "EDP’s Liberty APC model for article processing charges, where authors can choose their own fair price to publish a paper in Open Access including an amount of 0€." as outlined in the journal's <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.regenmedres-journal.org/news/253-edp-sciences-now-publishing-regenerative-medicine-research-june-2016">announced shift</a> to this model.</li> <li><i>Example</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cogentoa.com/">Cogent OA</a> is a publisher of OA journals supporting this model under a “Pay what you can” structure, writing, “Our 'Freedom Article Publishing Charges' allow you to select the article publishing charge contribution you can afford.”.</li> <li><i>Example</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ecancer.org/journal/journal.php">ecancermedicalscience</a> supports this model, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ecancer.org/journal/charges.php">outlining</a> "ecancermedicalscience publishes using a "pay what you can afford" model. If you have funding to publish your work in an open access journal, you will be asked to transfer it to ecancer (up to £1000). If you do not have access to this funding, you do not have to pay a fee.". <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/leap.1023/full">Sustainability in open access publishing: The ecancer case study</a></i> by Katie Foxall and Audrey Nailor provides a case study of this example.</li> <li><i>Example</i>. In July 2017, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thieme.com/">Thieme Publishers</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stm-publishing.com/thieme-and-schattauer-launch-new-open-access-journal-th-open/">launched</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://open.thieme.com/"><i>TH Open</i></a> with a "PWYW (pay what you want)" model.</li></ul></li> <li><i>Variation: Offsetting</i>. An institution's subscription payment for a hybrid journal includes (or "offsets") APCs for a certain number of OA articles in that journal by authors from that institution. <ul><li>For more discussion, analysis, and examples, see the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tagteam.harvard.edu/hubs/oatp/tag/oa.offsets">items tagged with <i>oa.offsets</i></a> in the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cyber.harvard.edu/hoap/Open_Access_Tracking_Project">Open Access Tracking Project</a>.</li> <li><i>Example</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ecsdl.org/">The Electrochemical Society</a> (ECS)'s <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ecsdl.org/site/misc/ecs_plus.xhtml">ECS Plus</a> program supports "article credits for authors from subscribing institutions, enabling affiliated authors to publish their articles as open access (OA) in ECS journals free of charge".</li></ul></li> <li><i>Variation: Integrated costs</i>. Some OA journals recover their costs by building them in to the costs of other activities such as conference registration. <ul><li><i>Example</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rce.feaa.ugal.ro/index.php/information-for-authors">Risk in Contemporary Economy</a> supports the publication of conference proceedings, and uses the conference registration fee to cover the costs. Also see the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sustainingknowledgecommons.org/2017/02/21/various-apc-models-the-case-of-conference-proceedings/">other examples</a> identified by Victoria Volkanova and Heather Morrison.</li></ul></li></ol> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Submission_fees">Submission fees</span></h2> <ul><li><i>Description</i>. The model is to charge a fee for evaluating a submitted paper, whether or not the paper is later accepted. A submission fee may be in addition to a publication fee (see <a href="#Publication_fees">"Publication fees"</a> above). Submission fees can reduce publication fees at journals with high rejection rates. <ul><li><i>Example</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/10.1111/(ISSN)1601-5223">Hereditas</a> charges a €100 submission fee. The author is charged a publication fee upon acceptance. Details of the publication costs are available <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/10.1111/(ISSN)1601-5223/homepage/ForAuthors.html">here</a>.</li> <li><i>Example</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jci.org/">Journal of Clinical Investigation</a> charges a $75 submission fee, in addition to publication fees. Details are available <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jci.org/kiosk/publish">here</a>.</li> <li><i>Example</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jmir.org/">Journal of Medical Internet Research</a>. See JMIR's <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jmir.org/cms/view/Instructions_for_Authors:Instructions_for_Authors_of_JMIR#Open_Access">fee schedule</a>.</li> <li>For more discussion, see the December 2010 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.knowledge-exchange.info/Default.aspx?ID=413">report by Mark Ware</a> (published by Knowledge Exchange). On p. 4, Ware lists 20 examples of OA journals charging submission fees, along with the fee amounts, the journal publishers, and the journal impact factors. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sharmanedit.wordpress.com/about/">Anna Sharman</a> explores Ware's discussion of the prevalence of submission fees, which journals use them, and the "pros and cons of submission fee" in a 2012 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sharmanedit.wordpress.com/2012/03/21/submission-fees/">blog post</a>.</li></ul></li></ul> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Temporary_OA">Temporary OA</span></h2> <ul><li><i>Description</i>. The model is for a publisher to offer free online access to a work for a restricted period, after which the work moves behind a paywall. The OA period may occur just once or periodically. Note: this is not "pure" OA, but represents a particular model that has been used by some publishers to experiment with OA. <ul><li><i>Example</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.emeraldinsight.com/">Emerald</a> has several limited-time gratis OA programs. <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.emeraldinsight.com/new_launch/index.htm">"New launch" journals</a>: three new journals are featured OA for two months, after which time they become TA and three new "free access" journals are swapped in.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.emeraldinsight.com/rin/index.htm?">Research in the News</a>: three articles/book chapters featuring content tied to current events are highlighted as "free access" for a month's time, launched in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.emeraldinsight.com/about/news/story.htm?id=3659">October 2011</a>.</li> <li>Special events: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.emeraldinsight.com/about/news/story.htm?id=3234">Earth Day</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.emeraldinsight.com/about/news/story.htm?id=3684">Global Entrepreneurship Week</a>, and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.emeraldinsight.com/about/news/story.htm?id=3077">International Women's Day</a> are examples of very short-term temporary OA linking select Emerald content with international days of awareness or celebration.</li></ul></li> <li><i>Example</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ala.org/lita/ital/">Information Technology and Libraries</a> (ITAL) provided OA to their forthcoming articles; these <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ala.org/lita/ital/prepub">preprints</a> were the final versions of works in press, and as such were neither copy edited nor formatted. Once the article appeared in print, then the work was no longer OA. However, as of <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ala.org/lita/ital/">January 2012</a>, ITAL "is adopting an open-access, e-only publishing model"; back issues of the journal and the preprints will become OA as time and funding allows.</li></ul></li></ul> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Third-party_licensing">Third-party licensing</span></h2> <ul><li><i>Description</i>. Under <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20130610154030/http://www.sparc.arl.org/publisher/incomemodels/guide3_4.shtml">this model</a>, “Open-access publishers that control significant bodies of content may be able to generate additional revenue by licensing content to third-party information aggregators and distributors.” Within this structure, OA publications may remain open while establishing independent licensing terms with an outside party.</li></ul> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Value-added_services">Value-added services</span></h2> <ul><li><i>Description</i>. This model offers added services and features on top of OA content, available for an opt-in subscription by the reader. A range of services is possible, such as <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-642-54484-2_10">print-on-demand</a>, or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130402045659/http://www.arl.org/sparc/publisher/incomemodels/guide3_5.shtml">alert services and site customization</a>. <ul><li><i>Example</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.openedition.org/">Open Edition</a>, a humanities and social sciences portal, includes work from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.openedition.org/">OpenEdition Books</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.revues.org/">Revues.org</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hypotheses.org/">Hypotheses</a>, and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://calenda.org/">Calenda</a>. The work is available OA, but institutions may buy a subscription to Open Edition to receive six value-added services, including "unlimited, DRM-free download access to PDF, ePub files of the articles of the 90 journals which have adopted the OpenEdition Freemium model", technical support, customized alerts, COUNTER statistics on use, and participation in the user committee working group. See details of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.openedition.org/14043">model</a>, and a 2011 article "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://elpub.scix.net/data/works/att/107_elpub2012.content.pdf">Freemium as a Sustainable Economic Model for Open Access Electronic Publishing in Humanities and Social Sciences</a>" on OpenEdition's freemium model by Pierre Mounier, OA through <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://elpub.scix.net/cgi-bin/works/Home">ELPUB</a>. Report <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ec.europa.eu/futurium/en/system/files/ged/oa_report.pdf">Alternative Open Access Publishing Models: Exploring New Territories in Scholarly Communication</a></i> adds, "The platform hosts 137 journals and 50 book publishers, with more than 110 subscribing libraries.”.</li> <li><i>Example</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oecd.org/about/publishing/">OECD Publishing</a> supports open access to published content in combination with additional priced features such as annotation tools and download functionality, available through subscription. This model is outlined in Richard Padley’s “<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.semantico.com/2014/07/freemium-and-the-forever-business-payment-models-in-scholarly-publishing/">Freemium and the forever business: payment models in scholarly publishing</a>” and in presentation <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.slideshare.net/tobygreen/learning-to-let-go-ssp-bostonfinal">Freemium Open Access Publishing - better than Green or Gold?</a></i> by Toby Green, Head of Publishing at OECD.</li></ul></li></ul> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Volunteer_effort">Volunteer effort</span></h2> <ul><li><i>Description</i>. The model is to use unpaid volunteers for some of the work in producing the journal. All scholarly journals (OA and non-OA) use volunteers to some extent, as authors, referees, and/or some kinds of editors. <ul><li><i>Note</i>. When a volunteer has a salary from another organization, and is allowed by that organization to spend some professional time on the journal, then the institution is directly or indirectly subsidizing the journal. (See <a href="#Institutional_subsidies">"Institutional subsidies"</a> above.) When the journal work is an overload, then the volunteer's employer is not subsidizing the journal. However, because it is often difficult to tell whether work is an overload (inside or outside a job description), it is often difficult to distinguish volunteer effort from institutional subsidy.</li> <li><i>Example</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://open.ebib.pl/ojs/index.php/ebib">Bulletin EBIB</a>, open access journal Bulletin EBIB from Poland published by <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ebib.pl/">EBIB Association</a>. This journal has been published for Polish librarians and information specialists since 1999. All of the work is done by volunteers - 20 librarians from different institutions living in different parts of the country. All work processes are based on teleworking.</li></ul></li></ul>    </div> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://oad.simmons.edu/oadwiki/index.php?title=OA_journal_business_models&oldid=28040">http://oad.simmons.edu/oadwiki/index.php?title=OA_journal_business_models&oldid=28040</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/oadwiki/Special:Categories" title="Special:Categories">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/oadwiki/Category:Lists_about_journals" title="Category:Lists about journals">Lists about journals</a></li><li><a href="/oadwiki/Category:Lists_about_business_models_and_funding" title="Category:Lists about business models and funding">Lists about business models and funding</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </div> <div id="mw-navigation"> <h2>Navigation menu</h2> <div id="mw-head"> <nav id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal vector-user-menu-legacy" aria-labelledby="p-personal-label" role="navigation" > <h3 id="p-personal-label" class="vector-menu-heading " > <span class="vector-menu-heading-label">Personal tools</span> </h3> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-login" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/oadwiki/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=OA+journal+business+models" title="You are encouraged to log in; however, it is not mandatory [o]" accesskey="o"><span>Log in</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/oadwiki/Special:RequestAccount" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span>Request account</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </nav> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav id="p-namespaces" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-namespaces vector-menu-tabs vector-menu-tabs-legacy" aria-labelledby="p-namespaces-label" role="navigation" > <h3 id="p-namespaces-label" class="vector-menu-heading " > <span class="vector-menu-heading-label">Namespaces</span> </h3> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected mw-list-item"><a href="/oadwiki/OA_journal_business_models" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Page</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/oadwiki/Talk:OA_journal_business_models" rel="discussion" title="Discussion about the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Discussion</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </nav> <nav id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet vector-menu-dropdown" aria-labelledby="p-variants-label" role="navigation" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-variants-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-variants" class="vector-menu-checkbox" aria-labelledby="p-variants-label" /> <label id="p-variants-label" class="vector-menu-heading " > <span class="vector-menu-heading-label">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation"> <nav id="p-views" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-views vector-menu-tabs vector-menu-tabs-legacy" aria-labelledby="p-views-label" role="navigation" > <h3 id="p-views-label" class="vector-menu-heading " > <span class="vector-menu-heading-label">Views</span> </h3> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected mw-list-item"><a href="/oadwiki/OA_journal_business_models"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-viewsource" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/oadwiki/index.php?title=OA_journal_business_models&action=edit" title="This page is protected.
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