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<span>Career</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Career-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Work_and_views" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Work_and_views"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Work and views</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Work_and_views-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Work and views subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Work_and_views-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Conflict_Triangle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conflict_Triangle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Conflict Triangle</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conflict_Triangle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Structural_Violence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Structural_Violence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>Structural Violence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Structural_Violence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cultural_Violence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultural_Violence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.2</span> <span>Cultural Violence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cultural_Violence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Direct_Violence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Direct_Violence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.3</span> <span>Direct Violence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Direct_Violence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reinforcing_Factors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reinforcing_Factors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.4</span> <span>Reinforcing Factors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reinforcing_Factors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criticism_of_the_model" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticism_of_the_model"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.5</span> <span>Criticism of the model</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Criticism_of_the_model-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Peacebuilding" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Peacebuilding"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Peacebuilding</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Peacebuilding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criticism_of_the_United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticism_of_the_United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Criticism of the United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Criticism_of_the_United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Views_on_Communist_regimes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Views_on_Communist_regimes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Views on Communist regimes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Views_on_Communist_regimes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Views_on_Jews_and_Israel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Views_on_Jews_and_Israel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Views on Jews and Israel</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Views_on_Jews_and_Israel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Selected_awards_and_recognitions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Selected_awards_and_recognitions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Selected awards and recognitions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Selected_awards_and_recognitions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Selected_works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Selected_works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Selected works</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Selected_works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Johan Galtung</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 40 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-40" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">40 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%BA%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86%D8%BA" title="يوهان غالتونغ – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="يوهان غالتونغ" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yohan_Qaltunq" title="Yohan Qaltunq – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Yohan Qaltunq" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%99" title="ইয়োহান গাল্টুঙ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ইয়োহান গাল্টুঙ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%99%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B3" title="Йохан Галтунг – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Йохан Галтунг" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johan_Galtung" title="Johan Galtung – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Johan Galtung" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johan_Galtung" title="Johan Galtung – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Johan Galtung" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johan_Galtung" title="Johan Galtung – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Johan Galtung" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johan_Galtung" title="Johan Galtung – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Johan Galtung" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CE%B9%CF%8C%CF%87%CE%B1%CE%BD_%CE%93%CE%BA%CE%AC%CE%BB%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%BD%CE%B3%CE%BA" title="Γιόχαν Γκάλτουνγκ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Γιόχαν Γκάλτουνγκ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johan_Galtung" title="Johan Galtung – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Johan Galtung" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johan_Galtung" title="Johan Galtung – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Johan Galtung" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johan_Galtung" title="Johan Galtung – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Johan Galtung" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86_%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86%DA%AF" title="یوهان گالتونگ – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="یوهان گالتونگ" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johan_Galtung" title="Johan Galtung – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Johan Galtung" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9A%94%ED%95%9C_%EA%B0%88%ED%89%81" title="요한 갈퉁 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="요한 갈퉁" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%85%D5%B8%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D4%B3%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%A9%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%A3" title="Յոհան Գալթունգ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Յոհան Գալթունգ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97" title="जोहान गाल्टुंग – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="जोहान गाल्टुंग" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johan_Galtung" title="Johan Galtung – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Johan Galtung" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johan_Galtung" title="Johan Galtung – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Johan Galtung" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%99%D7%95%D7%94%D7%90%D7%9F_%D7%92%D7%9C%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%92" title="יוהאן גלטונג – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="יוהאן גלטונג" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%98%E1%83%9D%E1%83%B0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C_%E1%83%92%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9C%E1%83%92%E1%83%98" title="იოჰან გალტუნგი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="იოჰან გალტუნგი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AE%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B3" title="Юхан Гальтунг – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Юхан Гальтунг" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ioannes_Galtung" title="Ioannes Galtung – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Ioannes Galtung" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AC" title="يوهان جالتونج – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="يوهان جالتونج" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A8%E3%83%8F%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%82%AC%E3%83%AB%E3%83%88%E3%82%A5%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B0" title="ヨハン・ガルトゥング – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ヨハン・ガルトゥング" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johan_Galtung" title="Johan Galtung – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Johan Galtung" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johan_Galtung" title="Johan Galtung – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Johan Galtung" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johan_Galtung" title="Johan Galtung – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Johan Galtung" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johan_Galtung" title="Johan Galtung – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Johan Galtung" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johan_Galtung" title="Johan Galtung – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Johan Galtung" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B3,_%D0%99%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Галтунг, Йохан – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Галтунг, Йохан" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johan_Galtung" title="Johan Galtung – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Johan Galtung" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johan_Galtung" title="Johan Galtung – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Johan Galtung" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%88%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B3" title="Јохан Галтунг – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Јохан Галтунг" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johan_Galtung" title="Johan Galtung – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Johan Galtung" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johan_Galtung" title="Johan Galtung – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Johan Galtung" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johan_Galtung" title="Johan Galtung – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Johan Galtung" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johan_Galtung" title="Johan Galtung – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Johan Galtung" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%99%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B3" title="Йоган Гальтунг – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Йоган Гальтунг" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Norwegian sociologist and peace scholar (1930–2024)</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Johan Galtung</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Johan_Galtung_-_Trento.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Johan_Galtung_-_Trento.JPG/220px-Johan_Galtung_-_Trento.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Johan_Galtung_-_Trento.JPG/330px-Johan_Galtung_-_Trento.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Johan_Galtung_-_Trento.JPG/440px-Johan_Galtung_-_Trento.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2832" data-file-height="3545" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Galtung in 2012</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Johan Vincent Galtung</div><br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1930-10-24</span>)</span>24 October 1930<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Oslo" title="Oslo">Oslo</a>, Norway</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">17 February 2024<span style="display:none">(2024-02-17)</span> (aged 93)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace">Stabekk Helsehus og Hospice, Baerum, Norway</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alma mater</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/University_of_Oslo" title="University of Oslo">University of Oslo</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data">Principal founder of <a href="/wiki/Peace_and_conflict_studies" title="Peace and conflict studies">peace and conflict studies</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouses</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style></li></ul> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ingrid_Eide" title="Ingrid Eide">Ingrid Eide</a></div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1956; <abbr title="divorced">div.</abbr> 1968)<wbr /></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1151524712"></li></ul> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;">Fumiko Nishimura</div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1969)<wbr /></div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">4</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Right_Livelihood_Award" title="Right Livelihood Award">Right Livelihood Award</a> (1987)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><b>Scientific career</b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Fields</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Sociology" title="Sociology">Sociology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peace_and_conflict_studies" title="Peace and conflict studies">peace and conflict studies</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Institutions</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oslo" title="University of Oslo">University of Oslo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peace_Research_Institute_Oslo_(PRIO)" class="mw-redirect" title="Peace Research Institute Oslo (PRIO)">Peace Research Institute Oslo (PRIO)</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:#eee;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Founder and Director of <a href="/wiki/Peace_Research_Institute_Oslo" title="Peace Research Institute Oslo">Peace Research Institute Oslo</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />1959–1969</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Asbj%C3%B8rn_Eide" title="Asbjørn Eide">Asbjørn Eide</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Johan_Galtung_-_Amy_Goodman_Dialogue_%28Program%29.webm/220px--Johan_Galtung_-_Amy_Goodman_Dialogue_%28Program%29.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="5678" data-mwtitle="Johan_Galtung_-_Amy_Goodman_Dialogue_(Program).webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Johan_Galtung_-_Amy_Goodman_Dialogue_(Program).webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/38/Johan_Galtung_-_Amy_Goodman_Dialogue_%28Program%29.webm/Johan_Galtung_-_Amy_Goodman_Dialogue_%28Program%29.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/38/Johan_Galtung_-_Amy_Goodman_Dialogue_%28Program%29.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/38/Johan_Galtung_-_Amy_Goodman_Dialogue_%28Program%29.webm/Johan_Galtung_-_Amy_Goodman_Dialogue_%28Program%29.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/38/Johan_Galtung_-_Amy_Goodman_Dialogue_%28Program%29.webm/Johan_Galtung_-_Amy_Goodman_Dialogue_%28Program%29.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/38/Johan_Galtung_-_Amy_Goodman_Dialogue_%28Program%29.webm/Johan_Galtung_-_Amy_Goodman_Dialogue_%28Program%29.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/38/Johan_Galtung_-_Amy_Goodman_Dialogue_%28Program%29.webm/Johan_Galtung_-_Amy_Goodman_Dialogue_%28Program%29.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/38/Johan_Galtung_-_Amy_Goodman_Dialogue_%28Program%29.webm/Johan_Galtung_-_Amy_Goodman_Dialogue_%28Program%29.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption>Galtung in discussion with <a href="/wiki/Amy_Goodman" title="Amy Goodman">Amy Goodman</a>, 2012</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Johan Vincent Galtung</b> (24 October 1930 – 17 February 2024) was a Norwegian <a href="/wiki/Sociologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Sociologist">sociologist</a> and the principal founder of the discipline of <a href="/wiki/Peace_and_conflict_studies" title="Peace and conflict studies">peace and conflict studies</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was the main founder of the <a href="/wiki/Peace_Research_Institute_Oslo" title="Peace Research Institute Oslo">Peace Research Institute Oslo</a> (PRIO) in 1959 and was its first director until 1970. He also established the <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Peace_Research" title="Journal of Peace Research">Journal of Peace Research</a></i> in 1964. </p><p>In 1969, he was appointed to the world's first <a href="/wiki/Chair_(academic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chair (academic)">chair</a> in peace and conflict studies, at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oslo" title="University of Oslo">University of Oslo</a>. He resigned his Oslo professorship in 1977 and thereafter held professorships at several other universities; from 1993 to 2000 he taught as Distinguished Professor of Peace Studies at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Hawaii" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Hawaii">University of Hawaii</a>. He was the <a href="/wiki/Mahathir_Mohamad" title="Mahathir Mohamad">Tun Mahathir</a> Professor of Global Peace at the <a href="/wiki/International_Islamic_University_Malaysia" title="International Islamic University Malaysia">International Islamic University Malaysia</a> until 2015.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Johan_Galtung&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:09252012GaltungITESMCCM02.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/09252012GaltungITESMCCM02.JPG/220px-09252012GaltungITESMCCM02.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/09252012GaltungITESMCCM02.JPG/330px-09252012GaltungITESMCCM02.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/09252012GaltungITESMCCM02.JPG/440px-09252012GaltungITESMCCM02.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>Galtung speaking at the <a href="/wiki/Monterrey_Institute_of_Technology_and_Higher_Education,_Mexico_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Monterrey Institute of Technology and Higher Education, Mexico City">Monterrey Institute of Technology and Higher Education, Mexico City</a> in September 2012.</figcaption></figure> <p>Galtung was born in <a href="/wiki/Oslo" title="Oslo">Oslo</a>. He earned the <a href="/wiki/Cand._real." class="mw-redirect" title="Cand. real.">cand. real.</a><sup id="cite_ref-coe.int_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-coe.int-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> degree in mathematics at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oslo" title="University of Oslo">University of Oslo</a> in 1956, and a year later completed the <a href="/wiki/Magister_(degree)#Denmark_and_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Magister (degree)">mag. art.</a> (PhD)<sup id="cite_ref-coe.int_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-coe.int-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> degree in sociology at the same university.<sup id="cite_ref-nbl_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nbl-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Galtung received the first of thirteen <a href="/wiki/Honorary_doctorate" class="mw-redirect" title="Honorary doctorate">honorary doctorates</a> in 1975.<sup id="cite_ref-Galtung-Institut_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Galtung-Institut-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Galtung's father and paternal grandfather were both <a href="/wiki/Physician" title="Physician">physicians</a>. The Galtung name has its origins in <a href="/wiki/Hordaland" title="Hordaland">Hordaland</a>, where his paternal grandfather was born. Nevertheless, his mother, Helga Holmboe, was born in central Norway, in <a href="/wiki/Tr%C3%B8ndelag" title="Trøndelag">Trøndelag</a>, while his father was born in <a href="/wiki/%C3%98stfold" title="Østfold">Østfold</a>, in the south. Galtung was married twice, and had two children by his first wife <a href="/wiki/Ingrid_Eide" title="Ingrid Eide">Ingrid Eide</a>, Harald Galtung and Andreas Galtung, and two by his second wife Fumiko Nishimura, Irene Galtung and Fredrik Galtung.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Galtung experienced <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> in German-occupied Norway, and as a 12-year-old saw his father arrested by the <a href="/wiki/Nazi" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi">Nazis</a>. By 1951, he was already a committed peace mediator, and elected to do 18 months of social service in place of his obligatory military service. After 12 months, Galtung insisted that the remainder of his social service be spent in activities relevant to peace.<sup id="cite_ref-Life_of_Johan_Galtung_in_Danish_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Life_of_Johan_Galtung_in_Danish-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Galtung died in Stabekk Helsehus og Hospice, Baerum, Norway, on 17 February 2024, at the age of 93. <sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Galtung's daughter, Irene Galtung, demanded an autopsy. The final autopsy report (September 2024) revealed the cause of death was pneumonia. Stabekk Helsehus did not know he had pneumonia; nor did they check whether he had it; nor did they treat it. </p><p>Furthermore, it was revealed (October 2024) that Galtung was not given any treatment whatsoever in Stabekk Helsehus from 2 to 17 February, 2024, even though he repeatedly expressed he wanted to live. </p><p>On 6 February 2024, the Stabekk Helsehus doctor had even confirmed that Johan was - not - dying, and could live weeks, months or years. Galtung was given morphine in Stabekk Helsehus, even though he did not want it because he said it is dangerous. There was no indication that he had the type of pain that necessitated morphine. Galtung was given increasing doses of morphine in the days before he died. At 6 am on February 17, 2024, only a short time before he died the same day, he was given morphine. </p><p><br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Career">Career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Johan_Galtung&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Upon receiving his mag. art. degree, Galtung moved to <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a>, in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>, where he taught for five semesters as an assistant professor in the department of sociology.<sup id="cite_ref-Life_of_Johan_Galtung_in_Danish_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Life_of_Johan_Galtung_in_Danish-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1959, Galtung returned to Oslo, where he founded the <a href="/wiki/Peace_Research_Institute_Oslo_(PRIO)" class="mw-redirect" title="Peace Research Institute Oslo (PRIO)">Peace Research Institute Oslo (PRIO)</a>. He was the institute's director until 1969.<sup id="cite_ref-PRIO_biography_for_Johan_Galtung_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PRIO_biography_for_Johan_Galtung-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1964, Galtung led PRIO to establish the first academic journal devoted to Peace Studies: the <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Peace_Research" title="Journal of Peace Research">Journal of Peace Research</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-PRIO_biography_for_Johan_Galtung_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PRIO_biography_for_Johan_Galtung-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the same year, he assisted in the founding of the <a href="/wiki/International_Peace_Research_Association" title="International Peace Research Association">International Peace Research Association</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1969, he left PRIO for a position as professor of peace and conflict research at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oslo" title="University of Oslo">University of Oslo</a>, a position he held until 1978.<sup id="cite_ref-PRIO_biography_for_Johan_Galtung_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PRIO_biography_for_Johan_Galtung-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Galtung was the director general of the International University Centre in <a href="/wiki/Dubrovnik" title="Dubrovnik">Dubrovnik</a> and helped to found and lead the World Future Studies Federation.<sup id="cite_ref-E._Boulding_1982:_323_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-E._Boulding_1982:_323-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-future_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-future-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He has held visiting positions at other universities, including <a href="/wiki/Santiago,_Chile" class="mw-redirect" title="Santiago, Chile">Santiago, Chile</a>, the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_University" title="United Nations University">United Nations University</a> in <a href="/wiki/Geneva" title="Geneva">Geneva</a>, <a href="/wiki/Witten/Herdecke_University" title="Witten/Herdecke University">Witten/Herdecke University</a><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in Germany, and at <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University" title="Princeton University">Princeton</a> and the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Hawaii" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Hawaii">University of Hawaii</a> in the USA.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2014, he was appointed the first Tun Mahathir Professor of Global Peace at the <a href="/wiki/International_Islamic_University_Malaysia" title="International Islamic University Malaysia">International Islamic University Malaysia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Economist and fellow peace researcher <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Boulding" class="mw-redirect" title="Kenneth Boulding">Kenneth Boulding</a> has said of Galtung that his "output is so large and so varied that it is hard to believe that it comes from a human".<sup id="cite_ref-K._Boulding_1977:_75_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-K._Boulding_1977:_75-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was a member of the <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Academy_of_Science_and_Letters" title="Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters">Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1993, he co-founded TRANSCEND: A Peace Development Environment Network.<sup id="cite_ref-transcend_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-transcend-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-INTERNATIONALRELATIONS_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-INTERNATIONALRELATIONS-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1987, he was given the <a href="/wiki/Right_Livelihood_Award" title="Right Livelihood Award">Right Livelihood Award</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Work_and_views">Work and views</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Johan_Galtung&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Work and views"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Johan_Galtung" title="Special:EditPage/Johan Galtung">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to 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Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Johan+Galtung%22">"Johan Galtung"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Johan+Galtung%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Johan+Galtung%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Johan+Galtung%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Johan+Galtung%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Johan+Galtung%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conflict_Triangle">Conflict Triangle</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Johan_Galtung&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Conflict Triangle"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Galtung's 1969 paper, "<b>Violence, Peace and Peace Research</b>",<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> he presents his theory of the Conflict Triangle, a framework used in the <a href="/wiki/Peace_and_conflict_studies" title="Peace and conflict studies">study of peace and conflict</a>, with the purpose of defining the three key elements of violence that form this "triangle." The theory is based on the principle that peace must be defined by widely accepted social goals, and that any state of peace is characterized by the absence of violence. When a conflict has features of all three areas of violence, the result is a more consolidated, static state of violence in a social system, which may include a conflict or a nation-state, whereas the absence of these three typologies of violence results in peace. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Structural_Violence">Structural Violence</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Johan_Galtung&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Structural Violence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Galtung's concept of <a href="/wiki/Structural_violence" title="Structural violence">structural violence</a> refers to the indirect forms of violence originating from social, economic, and political structures and manifesting primarily as oppression and exploitation.<sup id="cite_ref-:05_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:05-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 16">: 16 </span></sup> These indirect forms of violence result in injustices in the distribution of political power and economic benefits.<sup id="cite_ref-:05_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:05-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 16">: 16 </span></sup> </p><p>Rather than conveying a physical image, structural violence is an avoidable impairment of <a href="/wiki/Fundamental_human_needs" class="mw-redirect" title="Fundamental human needs">fundamental human needs</a>. Structural violence is increased in situations where low income individuals also suffer in the rank dimensions of education, health, and power. This is due to an overall consolidation of factors in the social structure, resulting in a high correlation between social class and disempowerment. Structural violence can be recognized through its relative stability, having been built into the social structure. This can make structural violence difficult to ascertain, despite its often vast consequences. This concept has been applied in a large number of cases, some of the most notable are listed below. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Akhil_Gupta" title="Akhil Gupta">Akhil Gupta</a> argued in 2012<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that structural violence has been the key influence in the nature and distribution of extreme suffering in India, driven by the Indian state in its alleged corruption, overly bureaucratic standards of governance used to exclude the middle and working classes from the political system through a system of politicized poverty. </p><p>Jacklyn Cock's 1989 paper<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in the <i><a href="/wiki/Review_of_African_Political_Economy" title="Review of African Political Economy">Review of African Political Economy</a></i> applied Galtung's theory of structural violence, analysing the role of militarized society under the <a href="/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">apartheid regime of South Africa</a> in the development of patriarchal values that is a form of structural violence against women. Cock found that tacit misdirection of women in society by its leadership focused their energies toward the direct and indirect incorporation of the patriarchal regime in order to maintain the status quo. </p><p>Mats Utas claimed<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that even those youth in Liberia indirectly unaffected by direct violence in the <a href="/wiki/First_Liberian_Civil_War" title="First Liberian Civil War">civil war of 1989-1996</a> suffered from structural violence in the form of association with different blocs, leading to poverty, joblessness and marginalisation effects. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Cultural_Violence">Cultural Violence</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Johan_Galtung&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Cultural Violence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Galtung defines cultural violence as ideas, consciousness, language, art, or science that can be used to legitimize or enable direct violence or structural violence.<sup id="cite_ref-:05_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:05-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 16–17">: 16–17 </span></sup> The existence of prevailing or prominent social norms make direct and structural violence seem natural or at least acceptable, and serves to explain how prominent beliefs can become so embedded in a given culture that they function as absolute and inevitable and are reproduced uncritically across generations. Galtung expanded on the concept of cultural violence in a 1990 paper<sup id="cite_ref-:0a_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0a-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> also published in the Journal of Peace Research. This concept has been applied in a limited number of cases, with most occurring after Galtung's follow up paper in 1990,<sup id="cite_ref-:0a_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0a-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> some of the most notable of which are listed below. </p><p>Johan Galtung has written about Zionism and violence. He has discussed various forms of violence, including structural and cultural violence, in his extensive body of work. Galtung has been critical of Zionism, particularly in the context of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, and has linked it to broader themes of structural violence. He has framed Zionism within his broader theories of structural and cultural violence, suggesting that the establishment and actions of the state of Israel have contributed to ongoing conflict and suffering in the region. </p><p><br /> </p><p>Gregory Phillips argues in his 2003 book, Addictions and Healing in Aboriginal Country,<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that resistance to the Western medical sphere driven by <a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_of_Indigenous_Australians" title="List of massacres of Indigenous Australians">previous atrocities</a> committed against the <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Australians" title="Indigenous Australians">Aboriginal community</a> has led to a fierce resistance effort against modern medicine, addiction treatment and perhaps fuels a desire to seek out drugs and illicit substances as a starting point of addiction. Wide scale suspicion against medical practitioners and government representatives has become engendered in the Aboriginal community. </p><p>In Enduring Violence: Ladina Women's Lives in Guatemala,<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the 2011 book by <a href="/wiki/Cecilia_Menj%C3%ADvar" title="Cecilia Menjívar">Cecilia Menjívar</a>, it is argued that the preexisting cultural conditions of <i>mediania</i>, or half and half, agriculture led to women facing large scale cultural violence due to high rents, low returns and high required investment with additionally harsh conditions due to the conflict in Guatemala. Given the patriarchal culture of Guatemala, any earnings would go to the partner of the working woman, leaving a large poverty gap enshrined in the demographic diversity of the country. </p><p>The Austrian peace researcher Franz Jedlicka has tried to measure the level of cultural violence in a "Culture of Violence Scale" in 2023.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Direct_Violence">Direct Violence</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Johan_Galtung&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Direct Violence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Direct Violence is characterised as having an actor that commits the violence, and is thus able to be traced back to persons as actors. Direct violence shows less stability, given it is subject to the preference sets of individuals, and thus is more easily recognised. Direct violence is the most visible, occurring <a href="/wiki/Physical_abuse" title="Physical abuse">physically</a> or <a href="/wiki/Verbal_abuse" title="Verbal abuse">verbally</a>, and the victim and the offender can be clearly identified. Direct violence is highly interdependent with structural and cultural violence: cultural and structural violence causes direct violence which on the other hand reinforces the former ones. This concept has been applied in a large number of cases, some of which are listed below. </p><p>A 2011 paper<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by the <a href="/wiki/International_Center_for_Research_on_Women" title="International Center for Research on Women">International Center for Research on Women</a> (ICRW) demonstrated the widespread nature of <a href="/wiki/Child_marriage" title="Child marriage">child marriage</a> in <a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South Asia</a>. The ICRW highlighted marriage before the age of 18 as a fundamental human rights violation, one that leads to early childbearing, with significantly higher maternal mortality and morbidity rates as well as higher infant mortality rates amongst women. The paper most directly presented evidence to show that child brides are at heightened risk of violence in the home. </p><p>In Matthew Chandler's 2009 paper<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> on so-called "non-violent" techniques utilised by <a href="/wiki/Hezbollah" title="Hezbollah">Hezbollah</a> still include forms of Direct Violence, most notably the threat of violence toward <a href="/wiki/Fouad_Siniora" title="Fouad Siniora">Fouad Siniora</a>'s allies after his 2008 order to dismantle the Hezbollah telecommunications network in 2008, which led to the freezing of the order. Further, Hezbollah are argued to have used their operation of <a href="/wiki/Hezbollah_social_services" title="Hezbollah social services">social services</a>, in lieu of government operations, as a ransom for support as well as rewarding their fighters with guaranteed healthcare and support for their families. Chandler argues this is due to opposition within the group to harming Lebanese civilians, who they view as "their own", or exacerbating conflict through civil war. </p><p>In 2005, Steven Wright made the case<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for Peacekeeping efforts to be regarded as violence due to increasing use of techniques such as pre-interrogation treatment, and the use of non-lethal weapons such as tear gas for crowd dispersal and plastic bullets, which he terms "torture-lite", being increasingly common in peacekeeping manuals across a number of nation-states and supranational organisations. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Reinforcing_Factors">Reinforcing Factors</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Johan_Galtung&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Reinforcing Factors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Johan_Galtung" title="Special:EditPage/Johan Galtung">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Galtung focuses a section of the paper on the means of direct and structural violence, in particular, developing groups of factors that may be included as types of such forms and methods of maintaining and reinforcing the mechanisms of such violence. In terms of reinforcing factors, Galtung identifies six key areas: </p> <dl><dt>Linear Ranking Order</dt> <dd>Systems in which there is an open and complete ranking of actors leaves no doubt as to the actor who is ranked more highly, and is thus a mechanism of structural violence due to the reinforcement of an existing power dynamic.</dd> <dt>Acyclical Interaction Pattern</dt> <dd>Systems in which all actors are connected via a one-way ‘correct’ path of interaction, where outcomes are structurally dependent on using this system in the intended way of its design. This makes structural systems stable, as change can only be achieved through this consolidated <a href="/wiki/Selectorate_theory" title="Selectorate theory">power-seeking and power-retaining system</a>.</dd> <dt>Rank-Centrality Correlation</dt> <dd>Within the social system, actors that are higher ranked are more central within the system itself, reinforcing their importance to the status quo as well as their incentives to maintain it.</dd> <dt>(4) System Congruence</dt> <dd>Social systems are made up of similar components, allowing those who are ranked highly and are successful at mobilising one system shifting from a comparative advantage within one system to an absolute advantage over all systems of desired operation.</dd> <dt>Rank Concordance</dt> <dd>Actors that are ranked highly within one metric, such as income, are also ranked highly on other metrics such as education and health. This congruence is also present in actors ranked low within these metrics, and serves to limit <a href="/wiki/Social_mobility" title="Social mobility">mobility within the social system</a>.</dd> <dt>Interlevel High Rank Coupling</dt> <dd>Collaboration amongst the highest ranks results in the system being defined in such a way that benefits the most powerful actors, usually through a sub optimally ranked representative (not the highest ranked actor), which limits allegations of system consolidation by the most powerful.</dd></dl> <p>Beyond Galtung's initial paper and thesis, scholars have applied the Conflict Triangle to a broad array of conflicts, struggles and occupations since 1969, and retroactively. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Criticism_of_the_model">Criticism of the model</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Johan_Galtung&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Criticism of the model"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Galtung's Conflict Triangle and Peace Research paper are widely cited as the foundational pieces of theory<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> within peace and conflict studies. However, they are not without criticism. Galtung uses very broad definitions of <a href="/wiki/Violence" title="Violence">violence</a>, <a href="/wiki/Conflict_(process)" title="Conflict (process)">conflict</a> and <a href="/wiki/Peace" title="Peace">peace</a>, and applies the terms of mean both direct and indirect, negative and positive, and violence in which one cannot distinguish actors or victims, which serves to limit the direct application of the model itself. </p><p>Galtung uses a <a href="/wiki/Positivism" title="Positivism">positivist</a> approach,<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in that he assumes that every rational tenet of the theory can be verified, serving to reject social processes beyond relationships and actions. This approach enforces a paradigm of clear-cut, currently testable propositions as the ‘whole’ of the system, and thus is often deemed <a href="/wiki/Reductionism" title="Reductionism">reductionist</a>. Galtung also wields an explicit <a href="/wiki/Normative" class="mw-redirect" title="Normative">normative</a> orientation in the paper, in which there is a weighting toward evaluative statements that may show bias or simply opinion, or indeed a trend toward the <a href="/wiki/Institution" title="Institution">institutions</a> and concepts of peace in the West, which may serve to limit the applicability of the model more widely. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Peacebuilding">Peacebuilding</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Johan_Galtung&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Peacebuilding"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Galtung proposes resolving conflicts through peacekeeping, peacemaking, and <a href="/wiki/Peacebuilding" title="Peacebuilding">peacebuilding</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:05_21-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:05-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 17">: 17 </span></sup> Peacekeeping and peacemaking primarily involve eliminating violence and bringing about immediate peace.<sup id="cite_ref-:05_21-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:05-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 17">: 17 </span></sup> In Galtung's view, addressing the root causes of violence requires peacebuilding which goes beyond ending direct violence to end structural violence and cultural violence.<sup id="cite_ref-:05_21-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:05-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 17">: 17 </span></sup> </p><p>The peacebuilding structures needed to address the root causes of conflict and support local capacity for peace management and conflict resolution.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Galtung has held several significant positions in international <a href="/wiki/Research" title="Research">research</a> councils and has been an advisor to several <a href="/wiki/International_organisations" class="mw-redirect" title="International organisations">international organisations</a>. Since 2004, he has been a member of the Advisory Council of the <a href="/wiki/Committee_for_a_Democratic_UN" class="mw-redirect" title="Committee for a Democratic UN">Committee for a Democratic UN</a>. </p><p>Galtung is strongly associated with the following concepts: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Structural_violence" title="Structural violence">Structural violence</a> – widely defined as the systematic ways in which a regime prevents individuals from achieving their full potential. Institutionalized racism and sexism are examples of this.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negative_peace" class="mw-redirect" title="Negative peace">Negative</a> vs. <a href="/wiki/Positive_peace" class="mw-redirect" title="Positive peace">positive peace</a> – popularized the concept that peace may be more than just the absence of overt violent conflict (negative peace), and will likely include a range of relationships up to a state where nations (or any groupings in conflict) might have collaborative and supportive relationships (positive peace). Though he did not cite them, these terms were, in fact, previously defined and discussed in a series of lectures starting in 1899 by <a href="/wiki/Jane_Addams" title="Jane Addams">Jane Addams</a> (in her 1907 book she switched to calling it 'newer ideals of peace' but continued to contrast them to the term negative peace), and in 1963 in the letter from a Birmingham jail by <a href="/wiki/Letter_from_Birmingham_Jail" title="Letter from Birmingham Jail">Martin Luther King Jr.</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Criticism_of_the_United_States">Criticism of the United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Johan_Galtung&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Criticism of the United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1973, Galtung criticised the "structural fascism" of the US and other Western countries that make war to secure materials and markets, stating: "Such an economic system is called <a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">capitalism</a>, and when it's spread in this way to other countries it's called imperialism", and praised <a href="/wiki/Fidel_Castro" title="Fidel Castro">Fidel Castro</a>'s Cuba in 1972 for "break[ing] free of imperialism's iron grip". Galtung stated that the US is a "killer country" guilty of "neo-fascist <a href="/wiki/State_terrorism" title="State terrorism">state terrorism</a>" and compared the US to <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> for bombing Kosovo during the <a href="/wiki/1999_NATO_bombing_of_Yugoslavia" class="mw-redirect" title="1999 NATO bombing of Yugoslavia">1999 NATO bombing of Yugoslavia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Peace_Racket_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Peace_Racket-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-barbarians_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-barbarians-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources"><span title="The material near this tag may rely on an unreliable source. Sources are from biased opinion pieces. (November 2024)">unreliable source?</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In an article published in 2004, Galtung predicted that the US empire will "decline and fall" by 2020. He expanded on this hypothesis in his 2009 book titled <i>The Fall of the US Empire - and Then What? Successors, Regionalization or Globalization? US Fascism or US Blossoming?</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-USempirefall_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USempirefall-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following the election of <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> in 2016, Galtung revised forward his theory of American global power decline, citing Trump's deportation policy and critical views of <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a> would accelerate it.<sup id="cite_ref-indy_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-indy-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Views_on_Communist_regimes">Views on Communist regimes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Johan_Galtung&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Views on Communist regimes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During his career, Galtung statements and views have drawn criticism including his criticism of Western countries during and after the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> and what his critics perceived as a positive attitude to the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a> and <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Republic of China">Communist China</a>. A 2007 article by <a href="/wiki/Bruce_Bawer" title="Bruce Bawer">Bruce Bawer</a> published by the <i><a href="/wiki/City_Journal_(New_York)" class="mw-redirect" title="City Journal (New York)">City Journal</a></i> magazine<sup id="cite_ref-The_Peace_Racket_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Peace_Racket-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a subsequent article in February 2009 by <a href="/wiki/Barbara_Kay" title="Barbara Kay">Barbara Kay</a> in the <i><a href="/wiki/National_Post" title="National Post">National Post</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-barbarians_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-barbarians-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> criticised Galtung's opinion of China during the rule of <a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao Zedong</a>. China, according to Galtung, was "repressive in a certain liberal sense", but he insisted "the whole theory about what an 'open society' is must be rewritten, probably also the theory of 'democracy'—and it will take a long time before the West will be willing to view China as a master teacher in such subjects."<sup id="cite_ref-The_Peace_Racket_35-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Peace_Racket-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Calling Galtung a "lifelong enemy of freedom", Bawer said Galtung discouraged Hungarian resistance against the <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1956" title="Hungarian Revolution of 1956">Soviet invasion in 1956</a>, and criticized his description in 1974 of <a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Solzhenitsyn" title="Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn">Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn</a> and <a href="/wiki/Andrei_Sakharov" title="Andrei Sakharov">Andrei Sakharov</a> as "persecuted elite personages".<sup id="cite_ref-The_Peace_Racket_35-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Peace_Racket-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Views_on_Jews_and_Israel">Views on Jews and Israel</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Johan_Galtung&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Views on Jews and Israel"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Galtung recommended that people should read <a href="/wiki/The_Protocols_of_the_Elders_of_Zion" title="The Protocols of the Elders of Zion">The Protocols of the Elders of Zion</a>, a fabricated antisemitic text purporting to describe a Jewish plan for global domination.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In defending his claims that Jews control American media companies, Galtung cited an article published by <a href="/wiki/National_Vanguard_(American_organization)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Vanguard (American organization)">National Vanguard</a>, a neo-Nazi organization.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Galtung's rhetoric has been criticized by Terje Emberland, a historian at the <a href="/wiki/Center_for_Studies_of_the_Holocaust_and_Religious_Minorities" title="Center for Studies of the Holocaust and Religious Minorities">Center for Studies of the Holocaust and Religious Minorities</a> in Oslo, and Øystein Sørensen, a University of Oslo historian known for his scholarship on conspiracy theories.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_41-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Asked by <a href="/wiki/NRK" title="NRK">NRK</a> about his controversial remarks, Galtung reiterated his recommendation that people should read The Protocols of the Elders of Zion.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_41-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Galtung rejected that he was anti-Semitic.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_41-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Israeli newspaper <i><a href="/wiki/Haaretz" title="Haaretz">Haaretz</a></i> accused Galtung in May 2012 of <a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">antisemitism</a> for (1) suggesting the possibility of a link between the <a href="/wiki/2011_Norway_attacks" title="2011 Norway attacks">2011 Norway attacks</a> and Israel's intelligence agency <a href="/wiki/Mossad" title="Mossad">Mossad</a>; (2) maintaining that "six Jewish companies" control 96% of world media; (3) identifying what he contends are ironic similarities between the banking firm <a href="/wiki/Goldman_Sachs" title="Goldman Sachs">Goldman Sachs</a> and the conspiratorial antisemitic forgery <i><a href="/wiki/The_Protocols_of_the_Elders_of_Zion" title="The Protocols of the Elders of Zion">The Protocols of the Elders of Zion</a></i>; and (4) theorizing, although not justified, antisemitism in post–<a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> <a href="/wiki/Weimar_Republic" title="Weimar Republic">Germany</a> was a predictable consequence of <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Germany" title="History of the Jews in Germany">German Jews</a> holding influential positions.<sup id="cite_ref-Haaretz_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Haaretz-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result of such statements, TRANSCEND International, an organisation co-founded by Galtung, released a statement in May 2012 attempting to clarify his opinions.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 8 August 2012, the World Peace Academy in <a href="/wiki/Basel" title="Basel">Basel</a>, Switzerland announced it was suspending Galtung from its organization, citing what it posited were his "reckless and offensive statements to questions that are specifically sensitive for Jews."<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Galtung said the claims were "smearing and libel".<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Selected_awards_and_recognitions">Selected awards and recognitions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Johan_Galtung&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Selected awards and recognitions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Johan_Galtung" title="Special:EditPage/Johan Galtung">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Johan+Galtung%22">"Johan Galtung"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Johan+Galtung%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Johan+Galtung%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Johan+Galtung%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Johan+Galtung%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Johan+Galtung%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li>Dr honoris causa, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Tampere" title="University of Tampere">University of Tampere</a>, 1975, peace studies</li> <li>Dr honoris causa, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cluj" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Cluj">University of Cluj</a>, 1976, future studies</li> <li>Dr honoris causa, <a href="/wiki/Uppsala_University" title="Uppsala University">Uppsala University</a>, 1987, Faculty of Social Sciences<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Dr honoris causa, <a href="/wiki/Soka_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Soka University">Soka University</a>, Tokyo, 1990, peace/Buddhism</li> <li>Dr honoris causa, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Osnabr%C3%BCck" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Osnabrück">University of Osnabrück</a>, 1995, peace studies</li> <li>Dr honoris causa, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Torino" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Torino">University of Torino</a>, 1998, sociology of law</li> <li>Dr honoris causa, <a href="/wiki/FernUniversit%C3%A4t_Hagen" class="mw-redirect" title="FernUniversität Hagen">FernUniversität Hagen</a>, 2000, philosophy</li> <li>Dr honoris causa, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Alicante" title="University of Alicante">University of Alicante</a>, 2002, sociology</li> <li>Dr honoris causa, <a href="/wiki/Benem%C3%A9rita_Universidad_Aut%C3%B3noma_de_Puebla" class="mw-redirect" title="Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla">Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla</a>, 2006, law</li> <li>Dr honoris causa, <a href="/wiki/Complutense_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Complutense University">Complutense University</a>, Madrid, 2017, politics and sociology</li> <li>Honorary professor, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Alicante" title="University of Alicante">University of Alicante</a>, Alicante, 1981</li> <li>Honorary professor, <a href="/wiki/Free_University_of_Berlin" title="Free University of Berlin">Free University of Berlin</a>, 1984–1993</li> <li>Honorary professor, <a href="/wiki/Sichuan_University" title="Sichuan University">Sichuan University</a>, Chengdu, 1986</li> <li>Honorary professor, <a href="/wiki/Witten/Herdecke_University" title="Witten/Herdecke University">Witten/Herdecke University</a>, Witten, 1993</li> <li>Distinguished professor of peace studies, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Hawaii" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Hawaii">University of Hawaii</a>, 1993-</li> <li>John Perkins University Distinguished Visiting Professor, 2005-</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_Livelihood_Award" title="Right Livelihood Award">Right Livelihood Award</a>, 1987</li> <li>First recipient of the Humanist Prize of the <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Humanist_Association" title="Norwegian Humanist Association">Norwegian Humanist Association</a>, 1988</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamnalal_Bajaj_International_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Jamnalal Bajaj International Award">Jamnalal Bajaj International Award</a> for Promoting Gandhian Values, 1993<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brage_Prize" title="Brage Prize">Brage Prize</a>, 2000</li> <li>First <a href="/wiki/Morton_Deutsch" title="Morton Deutsch">Morton Deutsch</a> Conflict Resolution Award, 2001</li> <li>Honorary Prize of the Norwegian Sociological Association, 2001</li> <li>Premio Hidalgo, Madrid, 2005</li> <li>Augsburg Golden Book of Peace, 2006</li> <li>Member of the <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Academy_of_Science_and_Letters" title="Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters">Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters</a></li> <li>Honorary member of the <a href="/wiki/Green_Party_(Norway)" title="Green Party (Norway)">Green Party</a>, 2009</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erik_Bye" title="Erik Bye">Erik Bye</a> Memorial Prize, 2011</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Selected_works">Selected works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Johan_Galtung&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Selected works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Galtung has published more than a thousand articles and over a hundred books.<sup id="cite_ref-transcend.org_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-transcend.org-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><i>Statistisk hypotesepröving</i> (<i>Statistical hypothesis testing</i>, 1953)</li> <li><i>Gandhis politiske etikk</i> (<i>Gandhi's political ethics</i>, 1955, with philosopher <a href="/wiki/Arne_N%C3%A6ss" title="Arne Næss">Arne Næss</a>)</li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/theorymethodsofs0000galt_w0y5">Theory and Methods of Social Research</a></i> (1967)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Violence_Peace_and_Peace_Research" class="mw-redirect" title="Violence Peace and Peace Research">Violence, Peace and Peace Research</a></i> (1969)</li> <li><i>Members of Two Worlds</i> (1971)</li> <li><i>Fred, vold og imperialisme</i> (<i>Peace, violence and imperialism</i>, 1974)</li> <li><i>Peace: Research – Education – Action</i> (1975)</li> <li><i>Learning from China?</i> (1977, with <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fumiko_Nishimura&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fumiko Nishimura (page does not exist)">Fumiko Nishimura</a>)</li> <li><i>Europe in the Making</i> (1989)</li> <li><i>Global Glasnost: Toward a New World Information and Communication Order?</i> (1992, with Richard C. Vincent)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://activity.scar.gmu.edu/sites/default/files/ICAR%20occasional%20paper%2011.pdf"><i>Global Projections of Deep-Rooted U.S Pathologies</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170818052750/http://activity.scar.gmu.edu/sites/default/files/ICAR%20occasional%20paper%2011.pdf">Archived</a> 18 August 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (1996)</li> <li><i>Peace By Peaceful Means: Peace and Conflict, Development and Civilization</i> (1996)</li> <li><i>Johan uten land. På fredsveien gjennom verden</i> (<i>Johan without land. On the Peace Path Through the World</i>, 2000, autobiography for which he won the <a href="/wiki/Brage_Prize" title="Brage Prize">Brage Prize</a>)</li> <li><i>50 Years: 100 Peace and Conflict Perspectives</i> (2008)</li> <li><i>Democracy – Peace – Development</i> (2008, with Paul D. Scott)</li> <li><i>50 Years: 25 Intellectual Landscapes Explored</i> (2008)</li> <li><i>Globalizing God: Religion, Spirituality and Peace</i> (2008, with Graeme MacQueen)<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Johan_Galtung&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cost_of_conflict" title="Cost of conflict">Cost of conflict</a>, a tool which attempts to calculate the price of conflict to the human race</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_peace_theory" title="Democratic peace theory">Democratic peace theory</a>, a theory which posits that <a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">democracies</a> are hesitant to engage in <a href="/wiki/Armed_conflict" class="mw-redirect" title="Armed conflict">armed conflict</a> with other identified democracies</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_race_theory" title="Critical race theory">Critical race theory</a>, a critical examination of society and culture, to the intersection of <a href="/wiki/Race_(human_categorization)" title="Race (human categorization)">race</a>, <a href="/wiki/Law" title="Law">law</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Power_(social_and_political)" title="Power (social and political)">power</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Johan_Galtung&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/John_David_Brewer" title="John David Brewer">John D. Brewer</a>, <i>Peace processes: a sociological approach</i>, p. 7, Polity Press, 2010</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150603050551/http://www.iais.org.my/e/index.php/events-sp-1744003054/past-events/517-public-lecture-seeking-peace-from-resolving-conflict-between-buddhists-and-muslims-in-myanmar-and-sri-lanka-by-prof-dr-johan-galtung.html">"Public Lecture: "Seeking Peace from Resolving Conflict between Buddhists and Muslims in Myanmar and Sri Lanka" by Prof. Dr. Johan Galtung"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iais.org.my/e/index.php/events-sp-1744003054/past-events/517-public-lecture-seeking-peace-from-resolving-conflict-between-buddhists-and-muslims-in-myanmar-and-sri-lanka-by-prof-dr-johan-galtung.html">the original</a> on 3 June 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 June</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Public+Lecture%3A+%22Seeking+Peace+from+Resolving+Conflict+between+Buddhists+and+Muslims+in+Myanmar+and+Sri+Lanka%22+by+Prof.+Dr.+Johan+Galtung&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iais.org.my%2Fe%2Findex.php%2Fevents-sp-1744003054%2Fpast-events%2F517-public-lecture-seeking-peace-from-resolving-conflict-between-buddhists-and-muslims-in-myanmar-and-sri-lanka-by-prof-dr-johan-galtung.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohan+Galtung" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-coe.int-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-coe.int_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-coe.int_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.coe.int/T/d/Com/Dossiers/Events/2002-10-interkultureller-Dialog/CV_Galtung.asp">"CV_Galtung"</a>. Coe.int. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304203824/http://www.coe.int/T/d/Com/Dossiers/Events/2002-10-interkultureller-Dialog/CV_Galtung.asp">Archived</a> from the original on 4 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 November</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CV_Galtung&rft.pub=Coe.int&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.coe.int%2FT%2Fd%2FCom%2FDossiers%2FEvents%2F2002-10-interkultureller-Dialog%2FCV_Galtung.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohan+Galtung" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nbl-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nbl_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://snl.no/.nbl_biografi/Johan_Galtung/utdypning">"Johan Galtung"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120926181900/http://snl.no/.nbl_biografi/Johan_Galtung/utdypning">Archived</a> 26 September 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Norsk_Biografisk_Leksikon" class="mw-redirect" title="Norsk Biografisk Leksikon">Norsk Biografisk Leksikon</a></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Galtung-Institut-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Galtung-Institut_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.galtung-institut.de/en/home/johan-galtung//">"Johan Galtung"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180807061952/https://www.galtung-institut.de/en/home/johan-galtung/">Archived</a> from the original on 7 August 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 April</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Johan+Galtung&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.galtung-institut.de%2Fen%2Fhome%2Fjohan-galtung%2F%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohan+Galtung" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080803201324/http://folk.uio.no/ingeba/family/1554.htm">"Genealogical data for Johan Galtung"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://folk.uio.no/ingeba/family/1554.htm">the original</a> on 3 August 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 November</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Genealogical+data+for+Johan+Galtung&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffolk.uio.no%2Fingeba%2Ffamily%2F1554.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohan+Galtung" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Life_of_Johan_Galtung_in_Danish-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Life_of_Johan_Galtung_in_Danish_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Life_of_Johan_Galtung_in_Danish_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.visdomsnettet.dk/a-402-1/">"Life of Johan Galtung (in Danish)"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304044026/http://www.visdomsnettet.dk/a-402-1/">Archived</a> from the original on 4 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 November</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Life+of+Johan+Galtung+%28in+Danish%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.visdomsnettet.dk%2Fa-402-1%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohan+Galtung" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dagbladet.no/nyheter/johan-galtung-er-dod/80992144">"Johan Galtung er død"</a>. Dagbladet. 17 February 2024. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240217111517/https://www.dagbladet.no/nyheter/johan-galtung-er-dod/80992144">Archived</a> from the original on 17 February 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 February</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Johan+Galtung+er+d%C3%B8d&rft.date=2024-02-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dagbladet.no%2Fnyheter%2Fjohan-galtung-er-dod%2F80992144&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohan+Galtung" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PRIO_biography_for_Johan_Galtung-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PRIO_biography_for_Johan_Galtung_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PRIO_biography_for_Johan_Galtung_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PRIO_biography_for_Johan_Galtung_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080528063552/http://www.prio.no/page/Project_detail/Staff_alpha_ALL/9244/47062.html">"PRIO biography for Johan Galtung"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.prio.no/page/Project_detail/Staff_alpha_ALL/9244/47062.html">the original</a> on 28 May 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 November</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=PRIO+biography+for+Johan+Galtung&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.prio.no%2Fpage%2FProject_detail%2FStaff_alpha_ALL%2F9244%2F47062.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohan+Galtung" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://soc.kuleuven.be/pol/ipra/about/history.html">History of the IPRA</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111203152016/http://soc.kuleuven.be/pol/ipra/about/history.html">Archived</a> 3 December 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-E._Boulding_1982:_323-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-E._Boulding_1982:_323_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(E. Boulding 1982: 323)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-future-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-future_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndersson2018" class="citation book cs1">Andersson, Jenny (2018). <i>The future of the world: Futurology, futurists, and the struggle for the post-Cold War imagination</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780198814337" title="Special:BookSources/9780198814337"><bdi>9780198814337</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+future+of+the+world%3A+Futurology%2C+futurists%2C+and+the+struggle+for+the+post-Cold+War+imagination&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=9780198814337&rft.aulast=Andersson&rft.aufirst=Jenny&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohan+Galtung" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFidw_-_Informationsdienst_Wissenschaft1999" class="citation web cs1">idw - Informationsdienst Wissenschaft (29 June 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://idw-online.de/de/news12358">"Friedensforscher Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c. mult. Johan Galtung wird verabschiedet - Nach dreizehn Jahren Lehre verabschiedet sich Prof. Galtung aus Witten/Herdecke"</a> [Peace researcher Prof. Dr Dr h.c. mult. Johan Galtung bids farewell - After thirteen years of teaching, Prof Galtung leaves Witten/Herdecke]<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 August</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Friedensforscher+Prof.+Dr.+Dr.+h.c.+mult.+Johan+Galtung+wird+verabschiedet+-+Nach+dreizehn+Jahren+Lehre+verabschiedet+sich+Prof.+Galtung+aus+Witten%2FHerdecke&rft.date=1999-06-29&rft.au=idw+-+Informationsdienst+Wissenschaft&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fidw-online.de%2Fde%2Fnews12358&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohan+Galtung" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110515132012/http://www.dn.se/DNet/jsp/polopoly.jsp?d=1058&a=97294&previousRenderType=2">"<i>Dagens Nyheter</i> 2003-01-15"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dn.se/DNet/jsp/polopoly.jsp?d=1058&a=97294&previousRenderType=2">the original</a> on 15 May 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 September</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dagens+Nyheter+2003-01-15.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dn.se%2FDNet%2Fjsp%2Fpolopoly.jsp%3Fd%3D1058%26a%3D97294%26previousRenderType%3D2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohan+Galtung" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iium.edu.my/aikol/pgpf">Tun Mahathir Perdana Global Peace Foundation (PGPF) Chair for Global Peace</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170802073648/http://www.iium.edu.my/aikol/pgpf">Archived</a> 2 August 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/International_Islamic_University_Malaysia" title="International Islamic University Malaysia">International Islamic University Malaysia</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-K._Boulding_1977:_75-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-K._Boulding_1977:_75_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(K. Boulding 1977: 75)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110927170048/http://www.dnva.no/c26848/artikkel/vis.html?tid=27644">"Gruppe 7: Samfunnsfag (herunder sosiologi, statsvitenskap og økonomi)"</a> (in Norwegian). <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Academy_of_Science_and_Letters" title="Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters">Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dnva.no/c26848/artikkel/vis.html?tid=27644">the original</a> on 27 September 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 October</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gruppe+7%3A+Samfunnsfag+%28herunder+sosiologi%2C+statsvitenskap+og+%C3%B8konomi%29&rft.pub=Norwegian+Academy+of+Science+and+Letters&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dnva.no%2Fc26848%2Fartikkel%2Fvis.html%3Ftid%3D27644&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohan+Galtung" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-transcend-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-transcend_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.transcend.org/">"Transcend.org"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180130075836/https://www.transcend.org/">Archived</a> from the original on 30 January 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 December</span> 2003</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Transcend.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.transcend.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohan+Galtung" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-INTERNATIONALRELATIONS-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-INTERNATIONALRELATIONS_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.e-ir.info/2014/05/27/interview-johan-galtung/">"Interview - Johan Galtung"</a>. 27 May 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170805183601/http://www.e-ir.info/2014/05/27/interview-johan-galtung/">Archived</a> from the original on 5 August 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 November</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Interview+-+Johan+Galtung&rft.date=2014-05-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.e-ir.info%2F2014%2F05%2F27%2Finterview-johan-galtung%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohan+Galtung" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGaltung1969" class="citation journal cs1">Galtung, Johan (1969). 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.city-journal.org/html/17_3_peace_racket.html">the original</a> on 13 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 June</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=City+Journal&rft.atitle=The+Peace+Racket&rft.ssn=summer&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Bawer&rft.aufirst=Bruce&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.city-journal.org%2Fhtml%2F17_3_peace_racket.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohan+Galtung" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-barbarians-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-barbarians_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-barbarians_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nationalpost.com/story.html?id=1299901">Barbarians within the gate</a> by Barbara Kay, National Post, 18 February 2009. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged July 2022">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rDUEJb1uz_I"><span class="plainlinks">Prof. J. Galtung: 'US empire will fall by 2020'</span></a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a> Russia Today.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-USempirefall-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-USempirefall_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oldsite.transnational.org/SAJT/forum/meet/2004/Galtung_USempireFall.html">On the Coming Decline and Fall of the US Empire</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170725163913/http://www.oldsite.transnational.org/SAJT/forum/meet/2004/Galtung_USempireFall.html">Archived</a> 25 July 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> by Johan Galtung, Transnational Foundation and Peace and Research (TFF), 28 January 2004.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-indy-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-indy_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarriet_Agerholm2016" class="citation news cs1">Harriet Agerholm (7 December 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/donald-trump-us-power-to-collapse-predicted-ussr-fall-johan-galtung-a7460516.html">"Donald Trump will cause US power to collapse, says man who correctly predicted fall of USSR"</a>. The Independent.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Donald+Trump+will+cause+US+power+to+collapse%2C+says+man+who+correctly+predicted+fall+of+USSR&rft.date=2016-12-07&rft.au=Harriet+Agerholm&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Famericas%2Fdonald-trump-us-power-to-collapse-predicted-ussr-fall-johan-galtung-a7460516.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohan+Galtung" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoe_Allen2016" class="citation news cs1">Joe Allen (8 December 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pastemagazine.com/politics/donald-trump/man-who-correctly-predicted-fall-of-ussr-predicts">"Nobel Nominee Who Correctly Predicted Fall of U.S.S.R. Predicts Same Fate for U.S. Under Trump"</a>. Paste.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Nobel+Nominee+Who+Correctly+Predicted+Fall+of+U.S.S.R.+Predicts+Same+Fate+for+U.S.+Under+Trump&rft.date=2016-12-08&rft.au=Joe+Allen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pastemagazine.com%2Fpolitics%2Fdonald-trump%2Fman-who-correctly-predicted-fall-of-ussr-predicts&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohan+Galtung" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_41-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_41-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_41-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZondag2012" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Zondag, Martin H. W. (24 April 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nrk.no/norge/_-en-trist-sorti-for-galtung-1.8098250">"– En trist sorti for Galtung"</a>. <i>NRK</i> (in Norwegian Bokmål). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220928181147/https://www.nrk.no/norge/_-en-trist-sorti-for-galtung-1.8098250">Archived</a> from the original on 28 September 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NRK&rft.atitle=%E2%80%93+En+trist+sorti+for+Galtung&rft.date=2012-04-24&rft.aulast=Zondag&rft.aufirst=Martin+H.+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nrk.no%2Fnorge%2F_-en-trist-sorti-for-galtung-1.8098250&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohan+Galtung" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Haaretz-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Haaretz_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAderet2012" class="citation news cs1">Aderet, Ofer (30 April 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.haaretz.com/news/diplomacy-defense/pioneer-of-global-peace-studies-hints-at-link-between-norway-massacre-and-mossad-1.427385">"Pioneer of global peace studies hints at link between Norway massacre and Mossad"</a>. <i>Haaretz</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150502120136/http://www.haaretz.com/news/diplomacy-defense/pioneer-of-global-peace-studies-hints-at-link-between-norway-massacre-and-mossad-1.427385">Archived</a> from the original on 2 May 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 September</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Haaretz&rft.atitle=Pioneer+of+global+peace+studies+hints+at+link+between+Norway+massacre+and+Mossad&rft.date=2012-04-30&rft.aulast=Aderet&rft.aufirst=Ofer&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.haaretz.com%2Fnews%2Fdiplomacy-defense%2Fpioneer-of-global-peace-studies-hints-at-link-between-norway-massacre-and-mossad-1.427385&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohan+Galtung" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.transcend.org/galtung/statement-may-2012/">"TRANSCEND International's Statement Concerning the Label of anti-Semitism Against Johan Galtung"</a>. TRANSCEND International. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161126085342/https://www.transcend.org/galtung/statement-may-2012/">Archived</a> from the original on 26 November 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 September</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=TRANSCEND+International%27s+Statement+Concerning+the+Label+of+anti-Semitism+Against+Johan+Galtung&rft.pub=TRANSCEND+International&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.transcend.org%2Fgaltung%2Fstatement-may-2012%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohan+Galtung" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeinthal,_Benjamin2012" class="citation news cs1">Weinthal, Benjamin (9 August 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jpost.com/International/Article.aspx?id=280726">"Swiss group suspends 'anti-Semitic' Norway scholar"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Jerusalem_Post" title="The Jerusalem Post">The Jerusalem Post</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120812043506/http://www.jpost.com/International/Article.aspx?id=280726">Archived</a> from the original on 12 August 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 August</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Jerusalem+Post&rft.atitle=Swiss+group+suspends+%27anti-Semitic%27+Norway+scholar&rft.date=2012-08-09&rft.au=Weinthal%2C+Benjamin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jpost.com%2FInternational%2FArticle.aspx%3Fid%3D280726&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohan+Galtung" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.schattenblick.de/infopool/politik/meinung/pms00035.html">"STELLUNGNAHME/035: Professor Galtung zu den Vorwürfen des Antisemitismus (Johan Galtung)"</a>. <i>Schattenblick</i>. 14 December 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160305012452/http://www.schattenblick.de/infopool/politik/meinung/pms00035.html">Archived</a> from the original on 5 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 January</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Schattenblick&rft.atitle=STELLUNGNAHME%2F035%3A+Professor+Galtung+zu+den+Vorw%C3%BCrfen+des+Antisemitismus+%28Johan+Galtung%29&rft.date=2012-12-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.schattenblick.de%2Finfopool%2Fpolitik%2Fmeinung%2Fpms00035.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohan+Galtung" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.suedkurier.de/region/hochrhein/grenzach-wyhlen/Zwei-Vortraege-mit-Johan-Galtung;art372596,5804931">"Grenzach-Wyhlen: Zwei Vorträge mit Johan Galtung"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/S%C3%BCdkurier" title="Südkurier">Südkurier</a></i>. 6 December 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160915013415/http://www.suedkurier.de/region/hochrhein/grenzach-wyhlen/Zwei-Vortraege-mit-Johan-Galtung;art372596,5804931">Archived</a> from the original on 15 September 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 January</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=S%C3%BCdkurier&rft.atitle=Grenzach-Wyhlen%3A+Zwei+Vortr%C3%A4ge+mit+Johan+Galtung&rft.date=2012-12-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.suedkurier.de%2Fregion%2Fhochrhein%2Fgrenzach-wyhlen%2FZwei-Vortraege-mit-Johan-Galtung%3Bart372596%2C5804931&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohan+Galtung" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uu.se/en/about-uu/traditions/prizes/honorary-doctorates/">"Honorary doctorates - Uppsala University, Sweden"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190303094210/http://www.uu.se/en/about-uu/traditions/prizes/honorary-doctorates/">Archived</a> from the original on 3 March 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 July</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Honorary+doctorates+-+Uppsala+University%2C+Sweden&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.uu.se%2Fen%2Fabout-uu%2Ftraditions%2Fprizes%2Fhonorary-doctorates%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohan+Galtung" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jamnalalbajajfoundation.org/awards/archives/2010">"Jamnalal Bajaj Awards Archive"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Jamnalal_Bajaj_Foundation" class="mw-redirect" title="Jamnalal Bajaj Foundation">Jamnalal Bajaj Foundation</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130817053124/http://www.jamnalalbajajfoundation.org/awards/archives/2010">Archived</a> from the original on 17 August 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 April</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jamnalal+Bajaj+Awards+Archive&rft.pub=Jamnalal+Bajaj+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jamnalalbajajfoundation.org%2Fawards%2Farchives%2F2010&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohan+Galtung" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-transcend.org-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-transcend.org_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.transcend.org/t_database/members.php?showcv=1&idm=112">"TRANSCEND biography on Johan Galtung"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080521135629/http://www.transcend.org/t_database/members.php?showcv=1&idm=112">Archived</a> from the original on 21 May 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 January</span> 2005</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=TRANSCEND+biography+on+Johan+Galtung&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.transcend.org%2Ft_database%2Fmembers.php%3Fshowcv%3D1%26idm%3D112&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohan+Galtung" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120901134528/http://www.transcend.org/files/Galtungs_Production_1948-2010.pdf">"Johan Galtung's Publications 1948-2010"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.transcend.org/files/Galtungs_Production_1948-2010.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 1 September 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 September</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Johan+Galtung%27s+Publications+1948-2010&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.transcend.org%2Ffiles%2FGaltungs_Production_1948-2010.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohan+Galtung" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Johan_Galtung&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Boulding, Elise. 1982. "Review: Social Science—For What?: Festschrift for Johan Galtung." <i>Contemporary Sociology</i>. 11(3):323-324. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2067141">JSTOR Stable URL</a></li> <li>Boulding, Kenneth E. 1977. "Twelve Friendly Quarrels with Johan Galtung." <i>Journal of Peace Research</i>. 14(1):75-86. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/423312">JSTOR Stable URL</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Johan_Galtung&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Johan_Galtung" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Johan Galtung">Johan Galtung</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.transcend.org/">TRANSCEND: A Peace Development Environment Network</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.galtung-institute.com/">Galtung-Institute for Peace Theory and Peace Practice</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.prio.no/">Peace Research Institute Oslo (PRIO)</a></li> <li>Biography on <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110928232825/http://rightlivelihood.org/galtung.html">Right Livelihood Award</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130501054708/http://www.sandiego.edu/peacestudies/institutes/ipj/programs/distinguished_lecture_series/biographies/johan_galtung.php">Lecture transcript and video of Galtung's speech at the Joan B. Kroc Institute for Peace & Justice at the University of San Diego, December 2010</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mediathek.at/nc/type/8000/searchQuery/955/hash/KKe11D0L/">Audio recordings with Johan Galtung</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged November 2024">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup> in the Online Archive of the <a href="/wiki/%C3%96sterreichische_Mediathek" title="Österreichische Mediathek">Österreichische Mediathek</a> (Interviews and lectures in German). 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Award">Jamnalal Bajaj Award</a> winners</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Constructive work</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jugatram_Dave" title="Jugatram Dave">Jugatram Dave</a> (1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarla_Behn" title="Sarla Behn">Sarla Devi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Murlidhar_Devidas_Amte" class="mw-redirect" title="Murlidhar Devidas Amte">Baba Amte</a> (1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/T.Kallupatti#Gandhiniketan_Ashram" class="mw-redirect" title="T.Kallupatti">Gandhi Niketan Ashram</a> (1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amalprava_Das" title="Amalprava Das">Amalprava Das</a> (1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gokulbhai_Daulatram_Bhatt" class="mw-redirect" title="Gokulbhai Daulatram Bhatt">Gokulbhai Daulatram Bhatt</a> (1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagaduru_Ramachandra_Rao" class="mw-redirect" title="Tagaduru Ramachandra Rao">Tagaduru Ramachandra Rao</a> (1983)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Popatlal_Ramchandra_Shah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Popatlal Ramchandra Shah (page does not exist)">Popatlal Ramchandra Shah</a> (1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._S._Avinashilingam_Chettiar" class="mw-redirect" title="T. S. Avinashilingam Chettiar">T. S. Avinashilingam Chettiar</a> (1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunderlal_Bahuguna" title="Sunderlal Bahuguna">Sunderlal Bahuguna</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natwar_Thakkar" title="Natwar Thakkar">Natwar Thakkar</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishnammal_Jagannathan" title="Krishnammal Jagannathan">Krishnammal Jagannathan</a> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=K._Janardanan_Pillai&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="K. Janardanan Pillai (page does not exist)">K. Janardanan Pillai</a> (1989)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tirath_Ram&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tirath Ram (page does not exist)">Tirath Ram</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dwarko_Sundarani&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dwarko Sundarani (page does not exist)">Dwarko Sundarani</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thakurdas_Bang" title="Thakurdas Bang">Thakurdas Bang</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vichitra_Narain_Sharma&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vichitra Narain Sharma (page does not exist)">Vichitra Narain Sharma</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=L._N._Gopalaswami&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="L. N. Gopalaswami (page does not exist)">L. N. Gopalaswami</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kashinath_Trivedi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kashinath Trivedi (page does not exist)">Kashinath Trivedi</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manubhai_Pancholi" title="Manubhai Pancholi">Manubhai Pancholi</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._K._Patil" class="mw-redirect" title="R. K. Patil">R. K. Patil</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acharya_Ramamurti" title="Acharya Ramamurti">Acharya Ramamurti</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narayan_Desai" title="Narayan Desai">Narayan Desai</a> (1999)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Somdutt_Vedalankar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Somdutt Vedalankar (page does not exist)">Somdutt Vedalankar</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sisir_Sanyal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sisir Sanyal (page does not exist)">Sisir Sanyal</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siddharaj_Dhadda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siddharaj Dhadda (page does not exist)">Siddharaj Dhadda</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabindra_Nath_Upadhyay" title="Rabindra Nath Upadhyay">Rabindra Nath Upadhyay</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radhakrishna_Bajaj&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Radhakrishna Bajaj (page does not exist)">Radhakrishna Bajaj</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._Gopinathan_Nair" title="P. Gopinathan Nair">P. Gopinathan Nair</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salem_Nanjundaiah_Subba_Rao" title="Salem Nanjundaiah Subba Rao">Salem Nanjundaiah Subba Rao</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yashpal_M._Mittal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yashpal M. Mittal (page does not exist)">Yashpal M. Mittal</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biswanath_Pattnaik" title="Biswanath Pattnaik">Biswanath Pattnaik</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lavanam" title="Lavanam">Lavanam</a> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chunilal_Vaidya" title="Chunilal Vaidya">Chunilal Vaidya</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ramesh_Bhaiya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ramesh Bhaiya (page does not exist)">Ramesh Bhaiya</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vimla_Bahan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vimla Bahan (page does not exist)">Vimla Bahan</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jayant_Mathkar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jayant Mathkar (page does not exist)">Jayant Mathkar</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=G._V._Subba_Rao&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="G. V. Subba Rao (page does not exist)">G. V. Subba Rao</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Surendra_Koulagi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Surendra Koulagi (page does not exist)">Surendra Koulagi</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Man_Singh_Rawat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Man Singh Rawat (page does not exist)">Man Singh Rawat</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mohan_Hirabai_Hiralal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mohan Hirabai Hiralal (page does not exist)">Mohan Hirabai Hiralal</a> (2016)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Science and Technology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Satish_Chandra_Das_Gupta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Satish Chandra Das Gupta (page does not exist)">Satish Chandra Das Gupta</a> (1978)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jayant_Shamrao_Patil&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jayant Shamrao Patil (page does not exist)">Jayant Shamrao Patil</a> (1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anil_Sadgopal" title="Anil Sadgopal">Anil Sadgopal</a> (1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._M._M._Murugappa_Chettiar" title="A. M. M. Murugappa Chettiar">A. M. M. Murugappa Chettiar</a> (1981)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prembhai&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Prembhai (page does not exist)">Prembhai</a> (1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manibhai_Desai" title="Manibhai Desai">Manibhai Desai</a> (1983)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mohan_Narhari_Parikh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mohan Narhari Parikh (page does not exist)">Mohan Narhari Parikh</a> (1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanjit_Roy" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanjit Roy">Sanjit Roy</a> (1985)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vilas_B._Salunke&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vilas B. Salunke (page does not exist)">Vilas B. Salunke</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sunit_Dhanaji_Bonde&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sunit Dhanaji Bonde (page does not exist)">Sunit Dhanaji Bonde</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ishwarbhai_Patel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ishwarbhai Patel (page does not exist)">Ishwarbhai Patel</a> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._G._K._Menon" title="T. G. K. Menon">T. G. K. Menon</a> (1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shripad_Dabholkar" title="Shripad Dabholkar">Shripad Dabholkar</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=S._Krishnamurthy_Mirmira&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="S. Krishnamurthy Mirmira (page does not exist)">S. Krishnamurthy Mirmira</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitraniketan_Viswanathan" title="Mitraniketan Viswanathan">K. Vishwanathan</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dinkarrao_G._Pawar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dinkarrao G. Pawar (page does not exist)">Dinkarrao G. Pawar</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=V._S._Aggarwal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="V. S. Aggarwal (page does not exist)">V. S. Aggarwal</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._Muniratnam" title="G. Muniratnam">G. Muniratnam</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=V._S._Aggarwal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="V. S. Aggarwal (page does not exist)">V. S. Aggarwal</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=S._S._Katagihallimath&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="S. S. Katagihallimath (page does not exist)">S. S. Katagihallimath</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Devendra_Kumar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Devendra Kumar (page does not exist)">Devendra Kumar</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ajoy_Kumar_Basu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ajoy Kumar Basu (page does not exist)">Ajoy Kumar Basu</a> (1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhaskar_Save" title="Bhaskar Save">Bhaskar Save</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anil_K._Rajvanshi" title="Anil K. Rajvanshi">Anil K. Rajvanshi</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arunkumar_Dave&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arunkumar Dave (page does not exist)">Arunkumar Dave</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vinayak_Patil&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vinayak Patil (page does not exist)">Vinayak Patil</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prabhakar_Shankar_Thakur&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Prabhakar Shankar Thakur (page does not exist)">Prabhakar Shankar Thakur</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajendra_Singh" title="Rajendra Singh">Rajendra Singh</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anil_Prakash_Joshi" title="Anil Prakash Joshi">Anil Prakash Joshi</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anand_Dinkar_Karve&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anand Dinkar Karve (page does not exist)">Anand Dinkar Karve</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tushar_Kanjilal" title="Tushar Kanjilal">Tushar Kanjilal</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayyappa_Masagi" title="Ayyappa Masagi">Ayyappa Masagi</a> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chewang_Norphel" title="Chewang Norphel">Chewang Norphel</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anupam_Mishra" title="Anupam Mishra">Anupam Mishra</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kalyan_Paul&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kalyan Paul (page does not exist)">Kalyan Paul</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snehlata_Nath" title="Snehlata Nath">Snehlata Nath</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ram_Kumar_Singh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ram Kumar Singh (page does not exist)">Ram Kumar Singh</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perumal_Vivekanandan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Perumal Vivekanandan (page does not exist)">Perumal Vivekanandan</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._V._Nimbkar" title="B. V. Nimbkar">B. V. Nimbkar</a> (2016)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Women and child welfare</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kamalabai_Hospet" title="Kamalabai Hospet">Kamalabai Hospet</a> (1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramadevi_Choudhury" title="Ramadevi Choudhury">Ramadevi Choudhury</a> (1981)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Taraben_Mashruwala&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Taraben Mashruwala (page does not exist)">Taraben Mashruwala</a> (1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pushpaben_Mehta" title="Pushpaben Mehta">Pushpaben Mehta</a> (1983)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaura_Devi" title="Gaura Devi">Gaura Devi</a> (1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anutai_Wagh" title="Anutai Wagh">Anutai Wagh</a> (1985)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vasanti_S._Roy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vasanti S. Roy (page does not exist)">Vasanti S. Roy</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Annapragada_C._Krishna_Rao&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Annapragada C. Krishna Rao (page does not exist)">Annapragada C. Krishna Rao</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malati_Choudhury" title="Malati Choudhury">Malati Choudhury</a> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indirabai_Halbe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Indirabai Halbe (page does not exist)">Indirabai Halbe</a> (1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ratan_Shastri" title="Ratan Shastri">Ratan Shastri</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radha_Bhatt" title="Radha Bhatt">Radha Bhatt</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shalini_Moghe" title="Shalini Moghe">Shalini Moghe</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kantaben&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kantaben (page does not exist)">Kantaben</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Harivilasben_Shah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Harivilasben Shah (page does not exist)">Harivilasben Shah</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shanti_Devi" title="Shanti Devi">Shanti Devi</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vimla_Bahuguna&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vimla Bahuguna (page does not exist)">Vimla Bahuguna</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indumati_Parikh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Indumati Parikh (page does not exist)">Indumati Parikh</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vinoba_Niketan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vinoba Niketan (page does not exist)">Vinoba Niketan</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajammal_P._Devadas" title="Rajammal P. Devadas">Rajammal P. Devadas</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saraswathi_Gora" title="Saraswathi Gora">Saraswathi Gora</a> (1999)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vidya_Devi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vidya Devi (page does not exist)">Vidya Devi</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rehmat_Sultan_Fazelbhoy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rehmat Sultan Fazelbhoy (page does not exist)">Rehmat Sultan Fazelbhoy</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chitra_Naik" title="Chitra Naik">Chitra Naik</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alice_Garg" title="Alice Garg">Alice Garg</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarojini_Varadappan" title="Sarojini Varadappan">Sarojini Varadappan</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arunaben_Shankarprasad_Desai&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arunaben Shankarprasad Desai (page does not exist)">Arunaben Shankarprasad Desai</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abhay_and_Rani_Bang" title="Abhay and Rani Bang">Rani Bang</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashoka_Gupta" title="Ashoka Gupta">Ashoka Gupta</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoolbasan_Bai_Yadav" title="Phoolbasan Bai Yadav">Phoolbasan Bai Yadav</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaya_Arunachalam" title="Jaya Arunachalam">Jaya Arunachalam</a> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shakuntaladevi_Choudhary&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shakuntaladevi Choudhary (page does not exist)">Shakuntaladevi Choudhary</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shobhana_Ranade" title="Shobhana Ranade">Shobhana Ranade</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glenn_D._Paige" title="Glenn D. Paige">Glenn D. Paige</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vidhya_Das&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vidhya Das (page does not exist)">Vidhya Das</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chennupati_Vidaya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chennupati Vidaya (page does not exist)">Chennupati Vidaya</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anne_Ferrer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anne Ferrer (page does not exist)">Anne Ferrer</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dr._N._Manga_Devi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dr. N. Manga Devi (page does not exist)">Dr. N. Manga Devi</a> (2016)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Parodi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pierre Parodi (page does not exist)">Pierre Parodi</a> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danilo_Dolci" title="Danilo Dolci">Danilo Dolci</a> (1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._T._Ariyaratne" title="A. T. Ariyaratne">A. T. Ariyaratne</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Coates_Walker" title="Charles Coates Walker">Charles Walker</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homer_A._Jack" title="Homer A. Jack">Homer A. Jack</a> (1992)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Johan Galtung</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gedong_Bagus_Oka" title="Gedong Bagus Oka">Gedong Bagus Oka</a> (1994)</li> <li>Kamala (1995)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adolfo_De_Obieta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Adolfo De Obieta (page does not exist)">Adolfo De Obieta</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Young_Seek_Choue&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Young Seek Choue (page does not exist)">Young Seek Choue</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jharna_Dhara_Chowdhury" title="Jharna Dhara Chowdhury">Jharna Dhara Chowdhury</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Rotblat" title="Joseph Rotblat">Joseph Rotblat</a> (1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desmond_Tutu" title="Desmond Tutu">Desmond Tutu</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satish_Kumar" title="Satish Kumar">Satish Kumar</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Willoughby_(activist)" title="George Willoughby (activist)">George Willoughby</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_King_(political_scientist)" title="Mary King (political scientist)">Mary E. King</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marie_Thoeger&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marie Thoeger (page does not exist)">Marie Thoeger</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daisaku_Ikeda" title="Daisaku Ikeda">Daisaku Ikeda</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ismail_Serageldin" title="Ismail Serageldin">Ismail Serageldin</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Nagler" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael Nagler">Michael Nagler</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_Campana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Louis Campana (page does not exist)">Louis Campana</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Peter_Dougherty&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charles Peter Dougherty (page does not exist)">Charles Peter Dougherty</a> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lia_Diskin" title="Lia Diskin">Lia Diskin</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agus_Indra_Udayana" title="Agus Indra Udayana">Agus Indra Udayana</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nighat_Shafi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nighat Shafi (page does not exist)">Nighat Shafi</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean-Marie_Muller&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jean-Marie Muller (page does not exist)">Jean-Marie Muller</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulak_Sivaraksa" title="Sulak Sivaraksa">Sulak Sivaraksa</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minoru_Kasai&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Minoru Kasai (page does not exist)">Minoru Kasai</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rached_Ghannouchi" title="Rached Ghannouchi">Rached Ghannouchi</a> (2016)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Template"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/16px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/23px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/31px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Indian_awards_templates" title="Category:Indian awards templates">Templates</a></b> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WikiProject"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_India" 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style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q326830#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000109090514">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/64090791">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/30383/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJmxRpxg7RTH8kvGByRFrq">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118537415">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79007715">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb123993851">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb123993851">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00466914">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35110887">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn20010602707&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1150031">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p068417497">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90063276">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000054843&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000037494&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC199633947">Korea</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/vs688b5d05rbxz5">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810668314705606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007275438605171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058591555206706">Catalonia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14117932">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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