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Transpondedor (aeronáutica) - Wikipedia, la enciclopedia libre

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vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Cambiar a la tabla de contenidos" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Cambiar a la tabla de contenidos</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Transpondedor (aeronáutica)</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Ir a un artículo en otro idioma. Disponible en 17 idiomas" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-17" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">17 idiomas</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%A8" title="مستجيب (árabe)" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مستجيب" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="árabe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transpond%C3%A9r" title="Transpondér (checo)" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Transpondér" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="checo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transponder_(luftfart)" title="Transponder (luftfart) (danés)" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Transponder (luftfart)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="danés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transpondercode" title="Transpondercode (alemán)" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Transpondercode" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="alemán" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transponder_(aeronautics)" title="Transponder (aeronautics) (inglés)" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Transponder (aeronautics)" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="inglés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1_(%D9%87%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AF%DB%8C)" title="ترانسپوندر (هوانوردی) (persa)" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ترانسپوندر (هوانوردی)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toisiotutkavastain" title="Toisiotutkavastain (finés)" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Toisiotutkavastain" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transpondeur_(aviation)" title="Transpondeur (aviation) (francés)" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Transpondeur (aviation)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transzponder" title="Transzponder (húngaro)" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Transzponder" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="húngaro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transponder_code" title="Transponder code (italiano)" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Transponder code" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8A%B8%EB%9E%9C%EC%8A%A4%ED%8F%B0%EB%8D%94_(%ED%95%AD%EA%B3%B5)" title="트랜스폰더 (항공) (coreano)" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="트랜스폰더 (항공)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coreano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transponder_(Reoplan)" title="Transponder (Reoplan) (lombardo)" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Transponder (Reoplan)" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="lombardo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kod_transpondera" title="Kod transpondera (polaco)" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kod transpondera" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polaco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%91%D1%82%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Самолётный радиолокационный ответчик (ruso)" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Самолётный радиолокационный ответчик" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="ruso" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transponder_(havac%C4%B1l%C4%B1k)" title="Transponder (havacılık) (turco)" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Transponder (havacılık)" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%B9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%86%DA%88%D8%B1_(%DB%81%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%BE%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C)" title="ٹرانسپونڈر (ہواپیمائی) (urdu)" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ٹرانسپونڈر (ہواپیمائی)" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BA%94%E7%AD%94%E6%9C%BA" title="应答机 (chino)" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="应答机" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="chino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1332920#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Editar enlaces interlingüísticos" class="wbc-editpage">Editar enlaces</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Espacios de nombres"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Transpondedor_(aeron%C3%A1utica)" title="Ver la página de contenido [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Artículo</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="new vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Discusi%C3%B3n:Transpondedor_(aeron%C3%A1utica)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" rel="discussion" class="new" title="Discusión acerca de la página (aún no redactado) [t]" 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accesskey="e"><span>Editar</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transpondedor_(aeron%C3%A1utica)&amp;action=history"><span>Ver historial</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Especial:LoQueEnlazaAqu%C3%AD/Transpondedor_(aeron%C3%A1utica)" title="Lista de todas las páginas de la wiki que enlazan aquí [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Lo que enlaza aquí</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Especial:CambiosEnEnlazadas/Transpondedor_(aeron%C3%A1utica)" rel="nofollow" title="Cambios recientes en las páginas que enlazan con esta [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Cambios en enlazadas</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a 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</div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Página de herramientas"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Apariencia"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Apariencia</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">mover a la barra lateral</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">ocultar</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">De Wikipedia, la enciclopedia libre</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="es" dir="ltr"><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Archivo:CessnaARC-RT-359ATransponder04.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/CessnaARC-RT-359ATransponder04.jpg/300px-CessnaARC-RT-359ATransponder04.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="201" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/CessnaARC-RT-359ATransponder04.jpg/450px-CessnaARC-RT-359ATransponder04.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/CessnaARC-RT-359ATransponder04.jpg/600px-CessnaARC-RT-359ATransponder04.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="502" /></a><figcaption>Un transpondedor con el código "Squawk" 1200.</figcaption></figure> <p>Un <b>transpondedor</b> (forma corta para <i>trans</i>misor-<i>respondedor</i><sup id="cite_ref-Mangine_1-0" class="reference separada"><a href="#cite_note-Mangine-1"><span class="corchete-llamada">[</span>1<span class="corchete-llamada">]</span></a></sup>&#8203; y a veces abreviado como XPDR,<sup id="cite_ref-FreeDict1_2-0" class="reference separada"><a href="#cite_note-FreeDict1-2"><span class="corchete-llamada">[</span>2<span class="corchete-llamada">]</span></a></sup>&#8203; XPNDR,<sup id="cite_ref-FreeDict2_3-0" class="reference separada"><a href="#cite_note-FreeDict2-3"><span class="corchete-llamada">[</span>3<span class="corchete-llamada">]</span></a></sup>&#8203; TPDR,<sup id="cite_ref-FreeDict3_4-0" class="reference separada"><a href="#cite_note-FreeDict3-4"><span class="corchete-llamada">[</span>4<span class="corchete-llamada">]</span></a></sup>&#8203; o TP<sup id="cite_ref-FreeDict4_5-0" class="reference separada"><a href="#cite_note-FreeDict4-5"><span class="corchete-llamada">[</span>5<span class="corchete-llamada">]</span></a></sup>&#8203;) es un dispositivo electrónico que produce una respuesta cuando se recibe una llamada de radio-frecuencia. Las aeronaves tienen transpondedores para facilitar su identificación en el <a href="/wiki/Control_del_tr%C3%A1fico_a%C3%A9reo" title="Control del tráfico aéreo">control del tráfico aéreo</a>. Gracias a estos dispositivos se han desarrollado sistemas anticolisión como un medio de detección de aeronaves en riesgo de chocar unos con otros.<sup id="cite_ref-TCAIM_6-0" class="reference separada"><a href="#cite_note-TCAIM-6"><span class="corchete-llamada">[</span>6<span class="corchete-llamada">]</span></a></sup>&#8203;<sup id="cite_ref-Peppler_7-0" class="reference separada"><a href="#cite_note-Peppler-7"><span class="corchete-llamada">[</span>7<span class="corchete-llamada">]</span></a></sup>&#8203; </p><p>El control de tráfico aéreo utilizan el término "Squawk" (graznar) cuando se asigna un código de transpondedor a una aeronave, por ejemplo Squawk 7421. El Squawk por lo tanto significa "Código de transpondedor seleccionado", que se traduce como "He seleccionado el código de transpondedor (Squawk) xxxx".<sup id="cite_ref-TCAIM_6-1" class="reference separada"><a href="#cite_note-TCAIM-6"><span class="corchete-llamada">[</span>6<span class="corchete-llamada">]</span></a></sup>&#8203; </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Radar_secundario">Radar secundario</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transpondedor_(aeron%C3%A1utica)&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1" title="Editar sección: Radar secundario"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="noprint AP rellink"><span style="font-size:88%">Artículo principal:</span>&#32;<i><a href="/wiki/Radar_secundario" title="Radar secundario"> Radar secundario</a></i></div> <p>El <a href="/wiki/Radar_secundario" title="Radar secundario">radar secundario</a> de vigilancia (SSR) se refiere como "secundario" (Pasivo) para distinguirlo del "radar primario" (Activo). </p><p>El radar primario determina distancia y azimut a un blanco con razonablemente alta fidelidad, y en caso de ser un Primario 3D también puede determinar la altura, mediante la generación de una señal de radio que rebota en el objeto y retorna al radar. </p><p>El SSR funciona de forma colaborativa junto con el avión. El secundario "interroga" y los aviones responden, el radar secundario calcula la distancia y azimut sobre la base de la respuesta del avión, pero además recibe información del transpondedor embarcado que es el que se encarga de transmitir una respuesta a un radar secundario. Esta respuesta más a menudo incluye la altitud de la aeronave y un código identificador de cuatro dígitos.<sup id="cite_ref-Peppler_7-1" class="reference separada"><a href="#cite_note-Peppler-7"><span class="corchete-llamada">[</span>7<span class="corchete-llamada">]</span></a></sup>&#8203;<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference separada"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="corchete-llamada">[</span>8<span class="corchete-llamada">]</span></a></sup>&#8203; </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Operación"><span id="Operaci.C3.B3n"></span>Operación</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transpondedor_(aeron%C3%A1utica)&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2" title="Editar sección: Operación"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Un piloto puede ser solicitado a "squawk" o activar un código dado por el controlador de tránsito aéreo a través de la radio, usando una frase como "Cessna 123AB, active (Squawk) 0363". Entonces, el piloto selecciona el código 0363 en su transpondedor y su señal en el radar del controlador de tráfico aéreo se asociará con la imagen que tiene este.<sup id="cite_ref-TCAIM_6-2" class="reference separada"><a href="#cite_note-TCAIM-6"><span class="corchete-llamada">[</span>6<span class="corchete-llamada">]</span></a></sup>&#8203;<sup id="cite_ref-Peppler_7-2" class="reference separada"><a href="#cite_note-Peppler-7"><span class="corchete-llamada">[</span>7<span class="corchete-llamada">]</span></a></sup>&#8203; </p><p>Debido a que el radar primario generalmente proporciona información de apoyo y posición pero carece de información de altitud, los modos C y S en los transpondedores también informan de altitud con precisión.<sup id="cite_ref-TCAIM_6-3" class="reference separada"><a href="#cite_note-TCAIM-6"><span class="corchete-llamada">[</span>6<span class="corchete-llamada">]</span></a></sup>&#8203;<sup id="cite_ref-Peppler_7-3" class="reference separada"><a href="#cite_note-Peppler-7"><span class="corchete-llamada">[</span>7<span class="corchete-llamada">]</span></a></sup>&#8203; </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Códigos_de_los_transpondedores"><span id="C.C3.B3digos_de_los_transpondedores"></span>Códigos de los transpondedores</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transpondedor_(aeron%C3%A1utica)&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3" title="Editar sección: Códigos de los transpondedores"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Los códigos de los transpondedores son números de cuatro dígitos transmitidos por el transpondedor en una aeronave en respuesta a una señal de interrogación del radar secundario para ayudar a los controladores de tráfico aéreo a separar el tráfico. Un código transpondedor discreto (a menudo llamado un código transpondedor) es asignado por los controladores aéreos para identificar unívocamente un avión. Esto permite una fácil identificación de las aeronaves en el radar.<sup id="cite_ref-TCAIM_6-4" class="reference separada"><a href="#cite_note-TCAIM-6"><span class="corchete-llamada">[</span>6<span class="corchete-llamada">]</span></a></sup>&#8203;<sup id="cite_ref-Peppler_7-4" class="reference separada"><a href="#cite_note-Peppler-7"><span class="corchete-llamada">[</span>7<span class="corchete-llamada">]</span></a></sup>&#8203; </p><p>Los códigos Squawk son de cuatro dígitos octales; los diales en un transpondedor se leen de cero a siete, ambos inclusive. Así el Squawk más bajo posible es 0000 y el más alto es 7777. Los cuatro dígitos octales pueden representar hasta 4096 códigos diferentes. </p><p>Los pilotos deben tener cuidado de no sintonizar alguno de los código de emergencia durante un cambio de código. Por ejemplo, al cambiar de 1200 a 6501 se podría convertir la segunda rueda a un 5 (por lo tanto 1500), y luego girar la primera rueda hacia atrás en la secuencia 1-0-7-6 a llegar a 6. En un momento dado el transpondedor sintonizaría el código de secuestro, lo que podría conducir a una mayor atención de la que uno desea. Los pilotos son instruidos a no colocar el transpondedor en "modo de espera" mientras cambian los códigos, ya que causa la pérdida de información de destino en la pantalla del control de tráfico aéreo, en su lugar les piden cambiar los códigos cuidadosamente para evitar seleccionar un código de emergencia por error. Los transpondedores digitales modernos son operados por botones para evitar este problema.<sup id="cite_ref-TCAIM_6-5" class="reference separada"><a href="#cite_note-TCAIM-6"><span class="corchete-llamada">[</span>6<span class="corchete-llamada">]</span></a></sup>&#8203;<sup id="cite_ref-Peppler_7-5" class="reference separada"><a href="#cite_note-Peppler-7"><span class="corchete-llamada">[</span>7<span class="corchete-llamada">]</span></a></sup>&#8203; </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Códigos_Squawk_utilizados_a_nivel_global"><span id="C.C3.B3digos_Squawk_utilizados_a_nivel_global"></span>Códigos Squawk utilizados a nivel global</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transpondedor_(aeron%C3%A1utica)&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4" title="Editar sección: Códigos Squawk utilizados a nivel global"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>7500: Interferencia ilícita (secuestro de la aeronave).</li> <li>7600: Comunicación perdida (problemas con la radio)</li> <li>7700: Emergencia general</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Referencias">Referencias</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transpondedor_(aeron%C3%A1utica)&amp;action=edit&amp;section=5" title="Editar sección: Referencias"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="listaref" style="-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; list-style-type: decimal;"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Mangine-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Mangine_1-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span id="CITAREFMangine2007" class="citation web">Mangine, Robert (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://forensicauto.net/id63.html">«The Truth About Transponders»</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado el 24 de diciembre de 2008</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fes.wikipedia.org%3ATranspondedor+%28aeron%C3%A1utica%29&amp;rft.au=Mangine%2C+Robert&amp;rft.aufirst=Robert&amp;rft.aulast=Mangine&amp;rft.btitle=The+Truth+About+Transponders&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fforensicauto.net%2Fid63.html&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FreeDict1-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FreeDict1_2-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span id="CITAREFFarlex,_Inc2008" class="citation web">Farlex, Inc (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://acronyms.thefreedictionary.com/XPDR">«XPDR»</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado el 24 de diciembre de 2008</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fes.wikipedia.org%3ATranspondedor+%28aeron%C3%A1utica%29&amp;rft.au=Farlex%2C+Inc&amp;rft.aulast=Farlex%2C+Inc&amp;rft.btitle=XPDR&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Facronyms.thefreedictionary.com%2FXPDR&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FreeDict2-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FreeDict2_3-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span id="CITAREFFarlex,_Inc2008" class="citation web">Farlex, Inc (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://acronyms.thefreedictionary.com/XPNDR">«XPNDR»</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado el 24 de diciembre de 2008</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fes.wikipedia.org%3ATranspondedor+%28aeron%C3%A1utica%29&amp;rft.au=Farlex%2C+Inc&amp;rft.aulast=Farlex%2C+Inc&amp;rft.btitle=XPNDR&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Facronyms.thefreedictionary.com%2FXPNDR&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FreeDict3-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FreeDict3_4-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span id="CITAREFFarlex,_Inc2008" class="citation web">Farlex, Inc (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://acronyms.thefreedictionary.com/TPDR">«TPDR»</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado el 24 de diciembre de 2008</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fes.wikipedia.org%3ATranspondedor+%28aeron%C3%A1utica%29&amp;rft.au=Farlex%2C+Inc&amp;rft.aulast=Farlex%2C+Inc&amp;rft.btitle=TPDR&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Facronyms.thefreedictionary.com%2FTPDR&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FreeDict4-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FreeDict4_5-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span id="CITAREFFarlex,_Inc2008" class="citation web">Farlex, Inc (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://acronyms.thefreedictionary.com/TP">«TP»</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado el 24 de diciembre de 2008</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fes.wikipedia.org%3ATranspondedor+%28aeron%C3%A1utica%29&amp;rft.au=Farlex%2C+Inc&amp;rft.aulast=Farlex%2C+Inc&amp;rft.btitle=TP&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Facronyms.thefreedictionary.com%2FTP&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TCAIM-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-TCAIM_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TCAIM_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TCAIM_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TCAIM_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TCAIM_6-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TCAIM_6-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span id="CITAREFTransport_Canada20_de_mayo_de_2010" class="citation web">Transport Canada (20 de mayo de 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100709182349/http://www.tc.gc.ca/eng/civilaviation/publications/tp14371-rac-1-0-474.htm#1-9">«TP 14371&#160;— Transport Canada Aeronautical Information Manual (TC AIM) RAC 1.9 Transponder Operation»</a>. Archivado desde <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tc.gc.ca/eng/civilaviation/publications/tp14371-rac-1-0-474.htm#1-9">el original</a> el 9 de julio de 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado el 21 de agosto de 2010</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fes.wikipedia.org%3ATranspondedor+%28aeron%C3%A1utica%29&amp;rft.au=Transport+Canada&amp;rft.aulast=Transport+Canada&amp;rft.btitle=TP+14371%26nbsp%3B%E2%80%94+Transport+Canada+Aeronautical+Information+Manual+%28TC+AIM%29+RAC+1.9+Transponder+Operation&amp;rft.date=20+de+mayo+de+2010&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tc.gc.ca%2Feng%2Fcivilaviation%2Fpublications%2Ftp14371-rac-1-0-474.htm%231-9&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Peppler-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-Peppler_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Peppler_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Peppler_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Peppler_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Peppler_7-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Peppler_7-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Peppler, I.L.: <i>From The Ground Up</i>, pages 238–239. Aviation Publishers Co. Limited, Ottawa Ontario, Twenty Seventh Revised Edition, 1996. <a href="/wiki/Especial:FuentesDeLibros/0969005490" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-9690054-9-0</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span id="CITAREFPhil_Vabre" class="citation web">Phil Vabre. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.airwaysmuseum.com/Surveillance.htm">«Air Traffic Services Surveillance Systems»</a>. <i>www.airwaysmuseum.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado el 15 de abril de 2010</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fes.wikipedia.org%3ATranspondedor+%28aeron%C3%A1utica%29&amp;rft.au=Phil+Vabre&amp;rft.aulast=Phil+Vabre&amp;rft.btitle=Air+Traffic+Services+Surveillance+Systems&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.pub=%27%27www.airwaysmuseum.com%27%27&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.airwaysmuseum.com%2FSurveillance.htm&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r161257576">.mw-parser-output .mw-authority-control{margin-top:1.5em}.mw-parser-output .mw-authority-control .navbox table{margin:0}.mw-parser-output .mw-authority-control .navbox hr:last-child{display:none}.mw-parser-output .mw-authority-control .navbox+.mw-mf-linked-projects{display:none}.mw-parser-output .mw-authority-control .mw-mf-linked-projects{display:flex;padding:0.5em;border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);background-color:var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0);color:var(--color-base,#202122)}.mw-parser-output .mw-authority-control .mw-mf-linked-projects ul li{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .mw-authority-control .navbox{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .mw-authority-control .navbox-list{border-color:#f8f9fa}.mw-parser-output .mw-authority-control .navbox th{background-color:#eeeeff}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .mw-authority-control .mw-mf-linked-projects{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#72777d);background-color:var(--background-color-neutral,#27292d);color:var(--color-base,#eaecf0)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .mw-authority-control .navbox{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#72777d)!important;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#202122)!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .mw-authority-control .navbox-list{border-color:#202122!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .mw-authority-control .navbox th{background-color:#27292d!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .mw-authority-control .mw-mf-linked-projects{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#72777d)!important;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral,#27292d)!important;color:var(--color-base,#eaecf0)!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .mw-authority-control .navbox{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#72777d)!important;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#202122)!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .mw-authority-control .navbox-list{border-color:#202122!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .mw-authority-control .navbox th{background-color:#27292d!important}}</style><div class="mw-authority-control"><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-label="Navbox" style="width: inherit;padding:3px"><table class="hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width: 12%; 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