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class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" 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class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Allergen</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 54 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-54" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">54 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D9%84%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="مولد الحساسية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مولد الحساسية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allergen" title="Allergen – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Allergen" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%95" title="অতিসংবেদনশীলকারক – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="অতিসংবেদনশীলকারক" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Алерген – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Алерген" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%98%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A0%E0%BD%95%E0%BE%B2%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%91%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A6%E0%BE%B3%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%84%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BE%90%E0%BE%B1%E0%BD%BA%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8D" title="མི་འཕྲོད་སློང་རྐྱེན། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="མི་འཕྲོད་སློང་རྐྱེན།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alergen" title="Alergen – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Alergen" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al%C2%B7lergogen" title="Al·lergogen – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Al·lergogen" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alergen" title="Alergen – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Alergen" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alergen" title="Alergen – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Alergen" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allergen" title="Allergen – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Allergen" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allergen" title="Allergen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Allergen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allergeen" title="Allergeen – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Allergeen" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%B3%CE%B9%CE%BF%CE%B3%CF%8C%CE%BD%CE%BF" title="Αλλεργιογόνο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αλλεργιογόνο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al%C3%A9rgeno" title="Alérgeno – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Alérgeno" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alergeno" title="Alergeno – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Alergeno" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alergeno" title="Alergeno – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Alergeno" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%84%D8%B1%DA%98%D9%86" title="آلرژن – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آلرژن" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allerg%C3%A8ne" title="Allergène – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Allergène" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al%C3%A9rxeno" title="Alérxeno – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Alérxeno" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%8C%EB%A0%88%EB%A5%B4%EA%B2%90" title="알레르겐 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="알레르겐" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%AC%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A3%D5%A5%D5%B6" title="Ալերգեն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ալերգեն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alergen" title="Alergen – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Alergen" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alergen" title="Alergen – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Alergen" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allergene" title="Allergene – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Allergene" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allergene" title="Allergene – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Allergene" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%A8%D7%92%D7%9F" title="אלרגן – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אלרגן" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alergen" title="Alergen – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Alergen" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Аллерген – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Аллерген" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al%C3%A8j%C3%A8n" title="Alèjèn – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Alèjèn" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alergenas" title="Alergenas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Alergenas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allerg%C3%A9n" title="Allergén – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Allergén" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allergeen" title="Allergeen – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Allergeen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%AC%E3%83%AB%E3%82%B2%E3%83%B3" title="アレルゲン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アレルゲン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allergen" title="Allergen – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Allergen" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allergen" title="Allergen – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Allergen" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alergen" title="Alergen – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Alergen" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al%C3%A9rgeno" title="Alérgeno – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Alérgeno" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alergen" title="Alergen – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Alergen" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Аллерген – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Аллерген" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%86%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%9A%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%9A" title="ආසාත්මිකතාකාරක – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ආසාත්මිකතාකාරක" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allergen" title="Allergen – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Allergen" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alerg%C3%A9n" title="Alergén – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Alergén" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alergen" title="Alergen – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Alergen" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%95%D9%84%DB%8E%D8%B1%D8%AC%DB%8C%D9%86" title="ئەلێرجین – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئەلێرجین" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Алерген – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Алерген" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alergen" title="Alergen – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Alergen" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allergeeni" title="Allergeeni – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Allergeeni" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allergen" title="Allergen – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Allergen" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%92%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF" title="ஒவ்வாமையூக்கி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஒவ்வாமையூக்கி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9E%E0%B9%89" title="สารก่อภูมิแพ้ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สารก่อภูมิแพ้" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Аллерген – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Аллерген" 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class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Type of antigen that produces an abnormally vigorous immune response</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the antigen. For the Irish-registered pharmaceutical company, see <a href="/wiki/Allergan" title="Allergan">Allergan</a>.</div> <p> An <b>allergen</b> is an otherwise harmless substance that triggers an <a href="/wiki/Allergic_reaction" class="mw-redirect" title="Allergic reaction">allergic reaction</a> in sensitive individuals by stimulating an <a href="/wiki/Immune_response" title="Immune response">immune response</a>. </p><p>In technical terms, an allergen is an <a href="/wiki/Antigen" title="Antigen">antigen</a> that is capable of stimulating a <a href="/wiki/Type-I_hypersensitivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Type-I hypersensitivity">type-I hypersensitivity</a> reaction in <a href="/wiki/Atopy" title="Atopy">atopic</a> individuals through <a href="/wiki/Immunoglobulin_E" title="Immunoglobulin E">immunoglobulin E</a> (IgE) responses.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most humans mount significant Immunoglobulin E responses only as a defense against <a href="/wiki/Parasitic_infection" class="mw-redirect" title="Parasitic infection">parasitic infections</a>. However, some individuals may respond to many common environmental antigens. This hereditary predisposition is called <a href="/wiki/Atopy" title="Atopy">atopy</a>. In atopic individuals, non-parasitic antigens stimulate inappropriate IgE production, leading to type I hypersensitivity.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Sensitivities vary widely from one person (or from one animal) to another. A very broad range of substances can be allergens to sensitive individuals. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Examples">Examples</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allergen&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Examples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Misc_pollen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Misc_pollen.jpg/240px-Misc_pollen.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Misc_pollen.jpg/360px-Misc_pollen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Misc_pollen.jpg/480px-Misc_pollen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1228" data-file-height="935" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Scanning_electron_microscope" title="Scanning electron microscope">SEM</a> of miscellaneous plant pollens. Pollens are very common allergens.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:House_Dust_Mite.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/House_Dust_Mite.jpg/240px-House_Dust_Mite.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/House_Dust_Mite.jpg/360px-House_Dust_Mite.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/House_Dust_Mite.jpg/480px-House_Dust_Mite.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="384" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/House_dust_mite" title="House dust mite">house dust mite</a>, its feces and <a href="/wiki/Chitin" title="Chitin">chitin</a> are common allergens</figcaption></figure> <p>Allergens can be found in a variety of sources, such as <a href="/wiki/Dust_mite" class="mw-redirect" title="Dust mite">dust mite</a> excretion, <a href="/wiki/Pollen" title="Pollen">pollen</a>, pet <a href="/wiki/Dander" title="Dander">dander</a>, or even <a href="/wiki/Royal_jelly" title="Royal jelly">royal jelly</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Food allergies are not as common as <a href="/wiki/Food_sensitivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Food sensitivity">food sensitivity</a>, but some foods such as <a href="/wiki/Peanut" title="Peanut">peanuts</a> (a <a href="/wiki/Legume" title="Legume">legume</a>), <a href="/wiki/Nut_(fruit)" title="Nut (fruit)">nuts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seafood" title="Seafood">seafood</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shellfish" title="Shellfish">shellfish</a> are the cause of serious allergies in many people.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The United States <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration" title="Food and Drug Administration">Food and Drug Administration</a> recognizes nine foods as major food allergens: peanuts, tree nuts, eggs, milk, shellfish, fish, wheat, soy, and most recently sesame,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as sulfites (chemical-based, often found in flavors and colors in foods) at 10ppm and over.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In other countries, due to differences in the genetic profiles of their citizens and different levels of exposure to specific foods, the official allergen lists will vary. Canada recognizes all nine of the allergens recognized by the US as well as mustard.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> additionally recognizes other <a href="/wiki/Gluten" title="Gluten">gluten-containing cereals</a> as well as celery and <a href="/wiki/Lupinus" title="Lupinus">lupin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another allergen is <a href="/wiki/Urushiol" title="Urushiol">urushiol</a>, a resin produced by <a href="/wiki/Poison-ivy_(plant)" class="mw-redirect" title="Poison-ivy (plant)">poison ivy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Poison_oak" title="Poison oak">poison oak</a>, which causes the skin rash condition known as <a href="/wiki/Urushiol-induced_contact_dermatitis" title="Urushiol-induced contact dermatitis">urushiol-induced contact dermatitis</a> by changing a skin cell's configuration so that it is no longer recognized by the immune system as part of the body. Various trees and wood products such as paper, cardboard, MDF etc. can also cause mild to severe allergy symptoms through touch or inhalation of sawdust such as asthma and skin rash.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An allergic reaction can be caused by any form of direct contact with the allergen—consuming food or drink one is sensitive to (ingestion), breathing in pollen, perfume or pet dander (inhalation), or brushing a body part against an allergy-causing plant (direct contact). Other common causes of serious allergy are <a href="/wiki/Wasp" title="Wasp">wasp</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Fire_ant" title="Fire ant">fire ant</a><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Bee" title="Bee">bee</a> stings,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Penicillin" title="Penicillin">penicillin</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Latex_allergy" title="Latex allergy">latex</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An extremely serious form of an allergic reaction is called <a href="/wiki/Anaphylaxis" title="Anaphylaxis">anaphylaxis</a>. <sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One form of treatment is the administration of sterile <a href="/wiki/Epinephrine" class="mw-redirect" title="Epinephrine">epinephrine</a> to the person experiencing anaphylaxis, which suppresses the body's overreaction to the allergen, and allows for the patient to be transported to a medical facility.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Common">Common</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allergen&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Common"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Peanuts,_Egg,_and_Milk_(33000737773).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Peanuts%2C_Egg%2C_and_Milk_%2833000737773%29.jpg/220px-Peanuts%2C_Egg%2C_and_Milk_%2833000737773%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Peanuts%2C_Egg%2C_and_Milk_%2833000737773%29.jpg/330px-Peanuts%2C_Egg%2C_and_Milk_%2833000737773%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Peanuts%2C_Egg%2C_and_Milk_%2833000737773%29.jpg/440px-Peanuts%2C_Egg%2C_and_Milk_%2833000737773%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>Common food allergens</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_allergens" title="List of allergens">List of allergens</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <p>In addition to foreign proteins found in foreign serum (from <a href="/wiki/Blood_transfusion" title="Blood transfusion">blood transfusions</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Vaccine" title="Vaccine">vaccines</a>, common allergens include: </p> <ul><li>Animal products <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fel_d_1" title="Fel d 1">Fel d 1</a> (<a href="/wiki/Allergy_to_cats" title="Allergy to cats">Allergy to cats</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fur" title="Fur">fur</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dander" title="Dander">dander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cockroach" title="Cockroach">cockroach</a> <a href="/wiki/Calyx_(zoology)#Insects" class="mw-redirect" title="Calyx (zoology)">calyx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wool" title="Wool">wool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dust_mite" class="mw-redirect" title="Dust mite">dust mite</a> excretion</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_allergy" title="Drug allergy">Drugs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Penicillin" title="Penicillin">penicillin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulfonamide_(medicine)" title="Sulfonamide (medicine)">sulfonamides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salicylate" class="mw-redirect" title="Salicylate">salicylates</a> (also found naturally in numerous <a href="/wiki/Fruit" title="Fruit">fruits</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_allergy" title="Food allergy">Foods</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celery" title="Celery">celery</a> and <a href="/wiki/Celeriac" title="Celeriac">celeriac</a><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maize" title="Maize">corn</a> or <a href="/wiki/Maize" title="Maize">maize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egg_allergy" title="Egg allergy">eggs</a> (typically <a href="/wiki/Egg_white" title="Egg white">albumen</a>, the white)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fruit_allergy" class="mw-redirect" title="Fruit allergy">fruit</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pumpkin" title="Pumpkin">pumpkin</a>, egg-plant</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legume" title="Legume">legumes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bean" title="Bean">beans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pea" title="Pea">peas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peanut_allergy" title="Peanut allergy">peanuts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soybean" title="Soybean">soybeans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milk_allergy" title="Milk allergy">milk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seafood_allergy" class="mw-redirect" title="Seafood allergy">seafood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sesame" title="Sesame">sesame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soy_allergy" title="Soy allergy">soy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nut_allergy" class="mw-redirect" title="Nut allergy">tree nuts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pecan" title="Pecan">pecans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almond" title="Almond">almonds</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheat_allergy" title="Wheat allergy">wheat</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insect_sting_allergy" title="Insect sting allergy">Insect stings</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bee" title="Bee">bee</a> sting <a href="/wiki/Venom_(poison)" class="mw-redirect" title="Venom (poison)">venom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wasp" title="Wasp">wasp</a> sting venom</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosquito" title="Mosquito">mosquito</a> bites</li></ul></li> <li>Mold <a href="/wiki/Spore" title="Spore">spores</a></li> <li>Top 5 allergens discovered in <a href="/wiki/Patch_test" title="Patch test">patch tests</a> in 2005–06: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nickel_sulfate" class="mw-redirect" title="Nickel sulfate">nickel sulfate</a> (19.0%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balsam_of_Peru" title="Balsam of Peru">Balsam of Peru</a> (11.9%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fragrance" class="mw-redirect" title="Fragrance">fragrance</a> mix I (11.5%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quaternium-15" title="Quaternium-15">quaternium-15</a> (10.3%), and</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neomycin" title="Neomycin">neomycin</a> (10.0%).<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated2005_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2005-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li>Metals <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel">nickel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromium" title="Chromium">chromium</a></li></ul></li> <li>Other <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latex_allergy" title="Latex allergy">latex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood" title="Wood">wood</a></li></ul></li> <li>Plant <a href="/wiki/Pollen" title="Pollen">pollens</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hay_fever" class="mw-redirect" title="Hay fever">hay fever</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grass" class="mw-redirect" title="Grass">grass</a> – <a href="/wiki/Ryegrass" class="mw-redirect" title="Ryegrass">ryegrass</a>, <a href="/wiki/Timothy-grass" class="mw-redirect" title="Timothy-grass">timothy-grass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weed" title="Weed">weeds</a> – <a href="/wiki/Ragweed" title="Ragweed">ragweed</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plantago" title="Plantago">plantago</a>, <a href="/wiki/Urtica" title="Urtica">nettle</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Artemisia_vulgaris" title="Artemisia vulgaris">Artemisia vulgaris</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Chenopodium_album" title="Chenopodium album">Chenopodium album</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Sorrel" title="Sorrel">sorrel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree" title="Tree">trees</a> – <a href="/wiki/Birch" title="Birch">birch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alder" title="Alder">alder</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hazel" title="Hazel">hazel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hornbeam" title="Hornbeam">hornbeam</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Aesculus" title="Aesculus">Aesculus</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Willow" title="Willow">willow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Populus" title="Populus">poplar</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Platanus" title="Platanus">Platanus</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Tilia" title="Tilia">Tilia</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Olea" title="Olea">Olea</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Ashe_juniper" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashe juniper">Ashe juniper</a>, <i>Alstonia scholaris</i></li></ul></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Seasonal">Seasonal</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allergen&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Seasonal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Seasonal allergy symptoms are commonly experienced during specific parts of the year, usually during spring, summer or fall when certain trees or grasses pollinate. This depends on the kind of tree or grass. For instance, some trees such as <a href="/wiki/Oak" title="Oak">oak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elm" title="Elm">elm</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Maple" title="Maple">maple</a> pollinate in the spring, while grasses such as <a href="/wiki/Cynodon_dactylon" title="Cynodon dactylon">Bermuda</a>, timothy and orchard pollinate in the summer. </p><p>Grass allergy is generally linked to hay fever because their symptoms and causes are somehow similar to each other. Symptoms include <a href="/wiki/Allergic_rhinitis#Allergic_rhinitisallergic" title="Allergic rhinitis">rhinitis</a>, which causes <a href="/wiki/Sneezing" class="mw-redirect" title="Sneezing">sneezing</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Runny_nose" class="mw-redirect" title="Runny nose">runny nose</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Allergic_conjunctivitis" title="Allergic conjunctivitis">allergic conjunctivitis</a>, which includes watering and itchy eyes.<sup id="cite_ref-Seasonal_Allergy_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Seasonal_Allergy-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also an initial tickle on the roof of the mouth or in the back of the throat may be experienced. </p><p>Also, depending on the season, the symptoms may be more severe and people may experience <a href="/wiki/Coughing" class="mw-redirect" title="Coughing">coughing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wheezing" class="mw-redirect" title="Wheezing">wheezing</a>, and irritability. A few people even become depressed, lose their <a href="/wiki/Appetite" title="Appetite">appetite</a>, or have problems sleeping.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moreover, since the <a href="/wiki/Sinuses" class="mw-redirect" title="Sinuses">sinuses</a> may also become congested, some people experience <a href="/wiki/Headaches" class="mw-redirect" title="Headaches">headaches</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Merck_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Merck-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>If both parents have had allergies in the past, there is a 66% chance for the individual to experience seasonal allergies, and the risk lowers to 60% if just one parent has had allergies.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The immune system also has strong influence on seasonal allergies, because it reacts differently to diverse allergens like pollen. When an allergen enters the body of an individual that is predisposed to allergies, it triggers an immune reaction and the production of antibodies. These allergen antibodies migrate to mast cells lining the nose, eyes, and lungs. When an allergen drifts into the nose more than once, mast cells release a slew of chemicals or histamines that irritate and inflame the moist membranes lining the nose and produce the symptoms of an allergic reaction: scratchy throat, itching, sneezing and watery eyes. Some symptoms that differentiate allergies from a cold include:<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>No fever.</li> <li>Mucous secretions are runny and clear.</li> <li>Sneezes occurring in rapid and several sequences.</li> <li>Itchy throat, ears and nose.</li> <li>These symptoms usually last longer than 7–10 days.</li></ul> <p>Among seasonal allergies, there are some allergens that fuse together and produce a new type of allergy. For instance, grass pollen allergens cross-react with food allergy proteins in vegetables such as onion, lettuce, carrots, celery, and corn. Besides, the cousins of birch pollen allergens, like apples, grapes, peaches, celery, and apricots, produce severe itching in the ears and throat. The cypress pollen allergy brings a cross reactivity between diverse species like olive, privet, ash and Russian olive tree pollen allergens. In some rural areas, there is another form of seasonal grass allergy, combining airborne particles of pollen mixed with mold.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Recent research has suggested that humans might develop allergies as a defense to fight off parasites. According to Yale University Immunologist <a href="/wiki/Ruslan_Medzhitov" title="Ruslan Medzhitov">Ruslan Medzhitov</a>, protease allergens cleave the same sensor proteins that evolved to detect proteases produced by the parasitic worms.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, a new report on seasonal allergies called "Extreme allergies and Global Warming", have found that many allergy triggers are worsening due to climate change. 16 states in the United States were named as "Allergen Hotspots" for large increases in allergenic tree pollen if global warming pollution keeps increasing. Therefore, researchers on this report claimed that global warming is bad news for millions of asthmatics in the United States whose asthma attacks are triggered by seasonal allergies.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Seasonal allergies are one of the main triggers for asthma, along with colds or flu, cigarette smoke and exercise. In Canada, for example, up to 75% of asthmatics also have seasonal allergies.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diagnosis">Diagnosis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allergen&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Diagnosis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Based on the symptoms seen on the patient, the answers given in terms of symptom evaluation and a physical exam, doctors can make a diagnosis to identify if the patient has a seasonal allergy. After performing the diagnosis, the doctor is able to tell the main cause of the allergic reaction and recommend the treatment to follow. 2 tests have to be done in order to determine the cause: a blood test and a skin test. Allergists do skin tests in one of two ways: either dropping some purified liquid of the allergen onto the skin and pricking the area with a small needle; or injecting a small amount of allergen under the skin.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Alternative tools are available to identify seasonal allergies, such as laboratory tests, imaging tests, and nasal endoscopy. In the laboratory tests, the doctor will take a nasal smear and it will be examined microscopically for factors that may indicate a cause: increased numbers of eosinophils (white blood cells), which indicates an allergic condition. If there is a high count of eosinophils, an allergic condition might be present.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another laboratory test is the blood test for IgE (immunoglobulin production), such as the <a href="/wiki/Radioallergosorbent_test" title="Radioallergosorbent test">radioallergosorbent test</a> (RAST) or the more recent enzyme allergosorbent tests (EAST), implemented to detect high levels of allergen-specific IgE in response to particular allergens. Although blood tests are less accurate than the skin tests, they can be performed on patients unable to undergo skin testing. Imaging tests can be useful to detect sinusitis in people who have chronic rhinitis, and they can work when other test results are ambiguous. There is also nasal endoscopy, wherein a tube is inserted through the nose with a small camera to view the passageways and examine any irregularities in the nose structure. Endoscopy can be used for some cases of chronic or unresponsive seasonal rhinitis.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fungal">Fungal</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allergen&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Fungal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1952 <a href="/wiki/Basidiospores" class="mw-redirect" title="Basidiospores">basidiospores</a> were described as being possible airborne allergens<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and were linked to asthma in 1969.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Basidiospores are the dominant airborne fungal allergens. Fungal allergies are associated with seasonal asthma.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are considered to be a major source of airborne allergens.<sup id="cite_ref-Horner-1991_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Horner-1991-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The basidospore family include mushrooms, rusts, smuts, brackets, and <a href="/wiki/Puffballs" class="mw-redirect" title="Puffballs">puffballs</a>. The airborne spores from mushrooms reach levels comparable to those of mold and pollens. The levels of mushroom respiratory allergy are as high as 30 percent of those with allergic disorder, but it is believed to be less than 1 percent of food allergies.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Heavy rainfall (which increases fungal spore release) is associated with increased hospital admissions of children with asthma.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A study in New Zealand found that 22 percent of patients with respiratory allergic disorders tested positive for basidiospores allergies.<sup id="cite_ref-Hasnain-1985_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hasnain-1985-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mushroom spore allergies can cause either immediate allergic symptomatology or delayed allergic reactions. Those with asthma are more likely to have immediate allergic reactions and those with allergic rhinitis are more likely to have delayed allergic responses.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A study found that 27 percent of patients were allergic to basidiomycete mycelia extracts and 32 percent were allergic to basidiospore extracts, thus demonstrating the high incidence of fungal sensitisation in individuals with suspected allergies.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has been found that of basidiomycete cap, mycelia, and spore extracts that spore extracts are the most reliable extract for diagnosing basidiomycete allergy.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Canada, 8% of children attending allergy clinics were found to be allergic to <a href="/wiki/Ganoderma" title="Ganoderma">Ganoderma</a>, a basidiospore.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Pleurotus_ostreatus" title="Pleurotus ostreatus">Pleurotus ostreatus</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Cladosporium" title="Cladosporium">cladosporium</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <i><a href="/wiki/Calvatia_cyathiformis" title="Calvatia cyathiformis">Calvatia cyathiformis</a></i> are significant airborne spores.<sup id="cite_ref-Horner-1991_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Horner-1991-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other significant fungal allergens include <a href="/wiki/Aspergillus" title="Aspergillus">aspergillus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alternaria" title="Alternaria">alternaria</a>-<a href="/wiki/Penicillin" title="Penicillin">penicillin</a> families.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In India <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fomes_pectinatus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fomes pectinatus (page does not exist)">Fomes pectinatus</a></i> is a predominant air-borne allergen affecting up to 22 percent of patients with respiratory allergies.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some fungal air-borne allergens such as <i><a href="/wiki/Coprinus_comatus" title="Coprinus comatus">Coprinus comatus</a></i> are associated with worsening of <a href="/wiki/Eczema" class="mw-redirect" title="Eczema">eczematous</a> skin lesions.<sup id="cite_ref-Fischer-1999_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fischer-1999-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Children who are born during autumn months (during fungal spore season) are more likely to develop asthmatic symptoms later in life.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Treatment">Treatment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allergen&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Treatment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Treatment includes <a href="/wiki/Over-the-counter_medication" class="mw-redirect" title="Over-the-counter medication">over-the-counter medications</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antihistamines" class="mw-redirect" title="Antihistamines">antihistamines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nasal_decongestants" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasal decongestants">nasal decongestants</a>, <a href="/wiki/Allergy_shots" class="mw-redirect" title="Allergy shots">allergy shots</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Alternative_medicine" title="Alternative medicine">alternative medicine</a>. In the case of nasal symptoms, <b>antihistamines</b> are normally the first option. They may be taken together with <a href="/wiki/Pseudoephedrine" title="Pseudoephedrine">pseudoephedrine</a> to help relieve a stuffy nose and they can stop the itching and sneezing. Some over-the-counter options are <a href="/wiki/Benadryl" title="Benadryl">Benadryl</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tavist" class="mw-redirect" title="Tavist">Tavist</a>. However, these antihistamines may cause extreme drowsiness, therefore, people are advised to not operate heavy machinery or drive while taking this kind of medication. Other side effects include dry <a href="/wiki/Mouth" title="Mouth">mouth</a>, blurred vision, <a href="/wiki/Constipation" title="Constipation">constipation</a>, difficulty with <a href="/wiki/Urination" title="Urination">urination</a>, confusion, and light-headedness.<sup id="cite_ref-PDR_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PDR-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is also a newer <b>second generation of antihistamines</b> that are generally classified as the "<a href="/wiki/Non-sedating_antihistamines" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-sedating antihistamines">non-sedating antihistamines</a>" or anti-drowsy, which include <a href="/wiki/Cetirizine" title="Cetirizine">cetirizine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Loratadine" title="Loratadine">loratadine</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Fexofenadine" title="Fexofenadine">fexofenadine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hay_Fever_Pharmacy_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hay_Fever_Pharmacy-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An example of <b>nasal decongestants</b> is pseudoephedrine and its side-effects include <a href="/wiki/Insomnia" title="Insomnia">insomnia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anxiety_(mood)" class="mw-redirect" title="Anxiety (mood)">restlessness</a>, and difficulty urinating. Some other <a href="/wiki/Nasal_spray" title="Nasal spray">nasal sprays</a> are available by prescription, including <a href="/wiki/Azelastine" title="Azelastine">Azelastine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ipratropium" class="mw-redirect" title="Ipratropium">Ipratropium</a>. Some of their side-effects include drowsiness. For eye symptoms, it is important to first bath the eyes with plain eyewashes to reduce the irritation. People should not wear <a href="/wiki/Contact_lenses" class="mw-redirect" title="Contact lenses">contact lenses</a> during episodes of conjunctivitis. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Allergen_immunotherapy" title="Allergen immunotherapy">Allergen immunotherapy</a> treatment involves administering doses of allergens to accustom the body to induce specific long-term tolerance.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Allergy immunotherapy can be administered orally (as sublingual tablets or sublingual drops), or by injections under the skin (subcutaneous).<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Immunotherapy contains a small amount of the substance that triggers the allergic reactions.<sup id="cite_ref-Mayo_Clinic_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mayo_Clinic-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ladders are also used for egg and milk allergies as a home-based therapy mainly for children.<sup id="cite_ref-Dietary_Advancement_Therapy_Using_M_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dietary_Advancement_Therapy_Using_M-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such methods cited in the UK involve the gradual introduction of the allergen in a cooked form where the protein allergenicity has been reduced to become less potent.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By reintroducing the allergen from a fully cooked, usually baked, state research suggests that a tolerance can emerge to certain egg and milk allergies under the supervision of a dietitian or specialist.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Dietary_Advancement_Therapy_Using_M_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dietary_Advancement_Therapy_Using_M-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The suitability of this treatment is debated between UK and North American experts.<sup id="cite_ref-Dietary_Advancement_Therapy_Using_M_55-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dietary_Advancement_Therapy_Using_M-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allergen&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asthma" title="Asthma">Asthma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asthmagen" title="Asthmagen">Asthmagen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioaerosol" title="Bioaerosol">Bioaerosol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eczema" class="mw-redirect" title="Eczema">Eczema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eggshell_skull" title="Eggshell skull">Eggshell skull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypoallergenic" title="Hypoallergenic">Hypoallergenic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immunodiagnostics" class="mw-redirect" title="Immunodiagnostics">Immunodiagnostics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_allergies" class="mw-redirect" title="List of allergies">List of allergies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nose_filter" title="Nose filter">Nose filter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oral_allergy_syndrome" title="Oral allergy syndrome">Oral allergy syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toxin" title="Toxin">Toxin</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allergen&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output 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Eigenmann PA (ed.). "Food allergen ladders: A need for standardization". <i>Pediatric Allergy and Immunology</i>. <b>33</b> (1): e13714. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fpai.13714">10.1111/pai.13714</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34882843">34882843</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pediatric+Allergy+and+Immunology&rft.atitle=Food+allergen+ladders%3A+A+need+for+standardization&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=e13714&rft.date=2022-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fpai.13714&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F34882843&rft.aulast=Venter&rft.aufirst=C&rft.au=Meyer%2C+R&rft.au=Ebisawa%2C+M&rft.au=Athanasopoulou%2C+P&rft.au=Mack%2C+DP&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAllergen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allergen&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170306063403/http://www.hon.ch/Library/Theme/Allergy/Glossary/allergy.html">"General information on allergy and allergens"</a>. <i>Health On the Net (HON) Foundation</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hon.ch/Library/Theme/Allergy/Glossary/allergy.html">the original</a> on 6 March 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Health+On+the+Net+%28HON%29+Foundation&rft.atitle=General+information+on+allergy+and+allergens&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hon.ch%2FLibrary%2FTheme%2FAllergy%2FGlossary%2Fallergy.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAllergen" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.allermatch.org">Allermatch — Sequence comparison to allergenic proteins</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fermi.utmb.edu/SDAP/">SDAP — Structural database of allergenic proteins</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.allergome.org/script/about.php">Allergome Database</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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title="Lymphocyte">Lymphocytic</a> <a href="/wiki/Adaptive_immune_system" title="Adaptive immune system">adaptive immune system</a> and <a href="/wiki/Complement_system" title="Complement system">complement</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lymphoid</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Antigens</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antigen" title="Antigen">Antigen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Superantigen" title="Superantigen">Superantigen</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Allergen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antigenic_variation" title="Antigenic variation">Antigenic variation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a 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style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antibody" title="Antibody">Antibody</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monoclonal_antibody" title="Monoclonal antibody">Monoclonal antibodies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyclonal_antibodies" title="Polyclonal antibodies">Polyclonal antibodies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autoantibody" title="Autoantibody">Autoantibody</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microantibody" title="Microantibody">Microantibody</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyclonal_B_cell_response" title="Polyclonal B cell response">Polyclonal B cell response</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allotype_(immunology)" title="Allotype (immunology)">Allotype</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isotype_(immunology)" title="Isotype (immunology)">Isotype</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idiotype" title="Idiotype">Idiotype</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Immune_complex" title="Immune complex">Immune complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paratope" title="Paratope">Paratope</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Immunity vs.<br /> tolerance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Action: <a href="/wiki/Immunity_(medical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Immunity (medical)">Immunity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autoimmunity" title="Autoimmunity">Autoimmunity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alloimmunity" title="Alloimmunity">Alloimmunity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allergy" title="Allergy">Allergy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypersensitivity" title="Hypersensitivity">Hypersensitivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inflammation" title="Inflammation">Inflammation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-reactivity" title="Cross-reactivity">Cross-reactivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Co-stimulation" title="Co-stimulation">Co-stimulation</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Inaction: <a href="/wiki/Immune_tolerance" title="Immune tolerance">Tolerance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_tolerance" title="Central tolerance">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peripheral_tolerance" title="Peripheral tolerance">Peripheral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clonal_anergy" title="Clonal anergy">Clonal anergy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clonal_deletion" title="Clonal deletion">Clonal deletion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immune_tolerance_in_pregnancy" title="Immune tolerance in pregnancy">Tolerance in pregnancy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immunodeficiency" title="Immunodeficiency">Immunodeficiency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immune_privilege" title="Immune privilege">Immune privilege</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Immunogenetics" title="Immunogenetics">Immunogenetics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affinity_maturation" 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