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href="#First_Period_(pro-Union)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>First Period (pro-Union)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_Period_(pro-Union)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_Period_(anti-Union)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_Period_(anti-Union)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Second Period (anti-Union)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_Period_(anti-Union)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Third_Period_(post-resignation)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Third_Period_(post-resignation)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Third Period (post-resignation)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Third_Period_(post-resignation)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>In popular media</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_popular_media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes_and_references" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes_and_references"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Notes and references</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Notes_and_references-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Notes and references subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Notes_and_references-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" 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role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 29 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-29" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">29 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%BA%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%B3_%D8%B3%D9%83%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%B3" title="غيناديوس سكولاريوس – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="غيناديوس سكولاريوس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/II_Gennadiy" title="II Gennadiy – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="II Gennadiy" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B9_II_%D0%A1%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Генадий II Схоларий – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Генадий II Схоларий" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gennadi_II_de_Constantinoble" title="Gennadi II de Constantinoble – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Gennadi II de Constantinoble" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gennadios_Scholarios" title="Gennadios Scholarios – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Gennadios Scholarios" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gennadios_Scholarios" title="Gennadios Scholarios – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Gennadios Scholarios" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CE%B5%CE%BD%CE%BD%CE%AC%CE%B4%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%A3%CF%87%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%AC%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Γεννάδιος Σχολάριος – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Γεννάδιος Σχολάριος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genadio_II" title="Genadio II – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Genadio II" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gennadius_Scholarius" title="Gennadius Scholarius – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Gennadius Scholarius" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gennade_II_Scholarios" title="Gennade II Scholarios – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Gennade II Scholarios" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gennadio_II_di_Costantinopoli" title="Gennadio II di Costantinopoli – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Gennadio II di Costantinopoli" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gennadius_II" title="Gennadius II – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Gennadius II" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/II._Jen%C3%A1diosz_konstantin%C3%A1polyi_p%C3%A1tri%C3%A1rka" title="II. Jenádiosz konstantinápolyi pátriárka – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="II. Jenádiosz konstantinápolyi pátriárka" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%98_II_%D0%A6%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Генадиј II Цариградски – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Генадиј II Цариградски" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%B3_%D8%B3%D9%83%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%B3" title="جيناديوس سكولاريوس – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="جيناديوس سكولاريوس" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gennadius_II_van_Constantinopel" title="Gennadius II van Constantinopel – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Gennadius II van Constantinopel" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B2%E3%83%B3%E3%83%8A%E3%83%87%E3%82%A3%E3%82%AA%E3%82%B92%E4%B8%96_(%E3%82%B3%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B9%E3%82%BF%E3%83%B3%E3%83%87%E3%82%A3%E3%83%8C%E3%83%BC%E3%83%9D%E3%83%AA%E7%B7%8F%E4%B8%BB%E6%95%99)" title="ゲンナディオス2世 (コンスタンディヌーポリ総主教) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ゲンナディオス2世 (コンスタンディヌーポリ総主教)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gennadiusz_II_Scholar" title="Gennadiusz II Scholar – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Gennadiusz II Scholar" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gen%C3%A1dio_II_de_Constantinopla" title="Genádio II de Constantinopla – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Genádio II de Constantinopla" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghenadie_al_II-lea_al_Constantinopolului" title="Ghenadie al II-lea al Constantinopolului – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Ghenadie al II-lea al Constantinopolului" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%A1%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Геннадий Схоларий – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Геннадий Схоларий" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gjergj_Sholari" title="Gjergj Sholari – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Gjergj Sholari" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B5_II_%D0%A6%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Генадије II Цариградски – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Генадије II Цариградски" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genadije_II_Carigradski" title="Genadije II Carigradski – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Genadije II Carigradski" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gennadios_Skholarios" title="Gennadios Skholarios – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Gennadios Skholarios" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gennadius_II_av_Konstantinopel" title="Gennadius II av Konstantinopel – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Gennadius II av Konstantinopel" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/II._Gennadios" title="II. Gennadios – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="II. Gennadios" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%96%D0%B9_%D0%A1%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%96%D0%B9" title="Геннадій Схоларій – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Геннадій Схоларій" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A0%B9%E7%B4%8D%E5%AD%A3%E7%83%8F%E6%96%AF%E4%BA%8C%E4%B8%96" title="根納季烏斯二世 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="根納季烏斯二世" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit 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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople from 1454 to 1456 and in 1463 and from 1464 to 1465</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above n" style="font-size:125%;color: #202122; background-color: #DFB0DF;"><div class="honorific-prefix" style="font-size: 77%; font-weight: normal;display:inline;"><a href="/wiki/Saint" title="Saint">Saint</a></div><br /><div style="display:inline" class="fn">Gennadius II of Constantinople</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader role"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ecumenical_Patriarchs_of_Constantinople" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Ecumenical Patriarchs of Constantinople">Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Gennadios_II_Sholarios.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Gennadios_II_Sholarios.jpg/220px-Gennadios_II_Sholarios.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Gennadios_II_Sholarios.jpg/330px-Gennadios_II_Sholarios.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Gennadios_II_Sholarios.jpg/440px-Gennadios_II_Sholarios.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="4000" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Gennadius II of Constantinople on a wall fresco in a monastery in <a href="/wiki/Serres" title="Serres">Serres</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Church</th><td class="infobox-data org"><a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_Patriarchate_of_Constantinople" title="Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople">Church of Constantinople</a></td></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">In office</th><td class="infobox-data">6 January 1454 –<br />6 January 1456<br />April 1463 – June 1463<br />Autumn 1464 – autumn 1465</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Athanasius_II_of_Constantinople" title="Athanasius II of Constantinople">Athanasius II of Constantinople</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Joasaph_I_of_Constantinople" title="Joasaph I of Constantinople">Joasaph I of Constantinople</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Sophronius_I_of_Constantinople" title="Sophronius I of Constantinople">Sophronius I of Constantinople</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Isidore_II_of_Constantinople" title="Isidore II of Constantinople">Isidore II of Constantinople</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Sophronius_I_of_Constantinople" title="Sophronius I of Constantinople">Sophronius I of Constantinople</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Mark_II_of_Constantinople" title="Mark II of Constantinople">Mark II of Constantinople</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background-color:#DDDDDD;">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Georgios Kourtesios</div><br /><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1400</span><br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1472</span><br />Saint John Prodromos Monastery near <a href="/wiki/Serrae" class="mw-redirect" title="Serrae">Siroz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rumelia_Eyalet" title="Rumelia Eyalet">Rumelia Eyalet</a>, Ottoman Empire</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background-color:#DDDDDD;">Sainthood</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Feast day</th><td class="infobox-data">25 August</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Venerated in</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Church</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Gennadius II of Constantinople</b> (<a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: Γεννάδιος; <a href="/wiki/Lay_name" class="mw-redirect" title="Lay name">lay name</a>: Γεώργιος Κουρτέσιος Σχολάριος, <i>Georgios Kourtesios</i>; <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1400</span> – <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1472</span>) was a <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Greeks" title="Byzantine Greeks">Byzantine Greek</a> philosopher and theologian, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_ecumenical_patriarchs_of_Constantinople" title="List of ecumenical patriarchs of Constantinople">Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople</a> from 1454 to 1465. He was a strong advocate for the use of <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotelian</a> philosophy in the Orthodox Church. </p><p>Gennadius II was, together with his mentor, <a href="/wiki/Mark_of_Ephesus" title="Mark of Ephesus">Mark of Ephesus</a>, involved in the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Florence" title="Council of Florence">Council of Florence</a> which aimed to end the schism between the Orthodox and Catholic churches. Gennadius II had studied and written extensively on Catholic theology. After the failure of the union of Florence and the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Constantinople" title="Fall of Constantinople">Fall of Constantinople</a>, Gennadius II became the first Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople under Ottoman rule. Just before the fall of Constantinople, and after Cardinal <a href="/wiki/Isidore_of_Kiev" title="Isidore of Kiev">Isidore of Kiev</a> had celebrated a Latin Mass in <a href="/wiki/Hagia_Sophia" title="Hagia Sophia">Hagia Sophia</a> to celebrate the ratification of the Council of Florence, its citizens consulted Gennadius II. Gibbon has him say: "O miserable Romans, why will ye abandon the truth? and why, instead of confiding in God, will ye put your trust in the Italians? In losing your faith you will lose your city. Have mercy on me, O Lord! I protest in thy presence that I am innocent of the crime. O miserable Romans, consider, pause, and repent. At the same moment that you renounce the religion of your fathers, by embracing impiety, you submit to a foreign servitude". </p><p>A polemicist, Gennadius II left in writing several treatises on the differences between Catholic and Orthodox theology, the <a href="/wiki/Filioque" title="Filioque">Filioque</a>, a defence of <a href="/wiki/Aristotelianism" title="Aristotelianism">Aristotelianism</a> and excerpts from an exposition (entitled <i>Confession</i>) of the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_faith" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Orthodox faith">Eastern Orthodox faith</a> addressed to <a href="/wiki/Mehmed_II" title="Mehmed II">Mehmed II</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biography">Biography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gennadius_Scholarius&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Biography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>He was born <i>Georgios Kourtesios</i> in <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1400</span> and he belonged to an ethnic <a href="/wiki/Greeks" title="Greeks">Greek</a> family originally from the island of <a href="/wiki/Chios" title="Chios">Chios</a>; the name <i>Scholarios</i> (which was also a title) is thought to derive from a family member's position in the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Navy" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Navy">Byzantine Navy</a> or the imperial palace.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His abecedary was <a href="/wiki/Mark_of_Ephesus" title="Mark of Ephesus">Mark of Ephesus</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (d. 1444).<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following his tutelage under the famous <a href="/wiki/John_Chortasmenos" title="John Chortasmenos">John Chortasmenos</a> ("didaskalos" of the Patriarchal School), Manuel-Mark might have then recommended him to study under his own previous master, <a href="/wiki/Gemistos_Plethon" title="Gemistos Plethon">Gemistos Plethon</a> (d. 1452–1454), <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1428.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, his studies under Plethon are a matter of speculation and, at any rate, would have been more likely attendance at Plethon's lectures at <a href="/wiki/Mystras" title="Mystras">Mystras</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gennadius had been a teacher of philosophy before entering the service of the emperor <a href="/wiki/John_VIII_Palaiologos" title="John VIII Palaiologos">John VIII Palaiologos</a> as a theological advisor. In fact, in 1437 – in anticipation of the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Florence" title="Council of Florence">Council of Florence</a> – the emperor formally studied <a href="/wiki/Neilos_Kabasilas" title="Neilos Kabasilas">Neilos Kabasilas</a>'s works along with <a href="/wiki/Mark_of_Ephesus" title="Mark of Ephesus">Mark of Ephesus</a> and Gennadius II. Curiously, the trio also formally studied the works of <a href="/wiki/Duns_Scotus" title="Duns Scotus">Duns Scotus</a> (d. 1308) because of his rejection of the Filioque in <a href="/wiki/Thomistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomistic">Thomistic</a> metaphysics, as well as Scotus' doctrine of a "formal distinction" between the persons and essence of God, as well as God's attributes (or "energies").<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was for this reason that Gennadius II wrote an academic refutation of the first eighteen of Mark of Ephesus' "Syllogistic Chapters against the Latins". From this, the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a> speculates that Gennadius II was likely writing an academic exercise to inform his former master that <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas</a>' opinions did not constitute a universally Latin approach to questions on the <a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinity</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Council_of_Florence">Council of Florence</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gennadius_Scholarius&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Council of Florence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Gennadius became historically important when, as judge in the civil courts under John VIII Palaiologos (1425–1448), he accompanied his emperor to the Council of Florence, held in 1438–1439 in <a href="/wiki/Ferrara" title="Ferrara">Ferrara</a> and <a href="/wiki/Florence" title="Florence">Florence</a>. The object of this endeavor was bringing a union between the <a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Church" title="Greek Orthodox Church">Greek</a> and <a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin Churches</a>, which he supported at that time.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911596_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911596-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He made four speeches at the council – all exceedingly conciliatory.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>At the same council appeared the celebrated Platonist, Gemistos Plethon, the most powerful opponent of the then dominant <a href="/wiki/Aristotelianism" title="Aristotelianism">Aristotelianism</a>, and consequently an antagonist of Gennadius. In church matters, as in philosophy, the two were opposed – Plethon advocated a partial return to Greek <a href="/wiki/Paganism" title="Paganism">paganism</a> in the form of a <a href="/wiki/Syncretic" class="mw-redirect" title="Syncretic">syncretic</a> union between <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</a>;<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> while Gennadius, more cautious, pressed the necessity for ecclesiastical union with Rome on doctrinal grounds, and was instrumental in drawing up a form which from its vagueness and ambiguity might be accepted by both parties. Gennadius was at a serious disadvantage because, being a layman, he could not directly take part in the discussions of the council.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911596–597_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911596–597-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Return_to_Constantinople">Return to Constantinople</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gennadius_Scholarius&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Return to Constantinople"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Despite his initial advocacy of the union (and berating many of the Orthodox bishops for their lack of theological learnedness), Gennadius soured on union during the council and left it early in June 1440. At the behest of his mentor <a href="/wiki/Mark_of_Ephesus" title="Mark of Ephesus">Mark of Ephesus</a>, who converted him completely to anti-Latin Orthodoxy, until his death, Gennadius was known (with Mark of Ephesus) as the most uncompromising enemy of the union. It was at just about this time (1444) that he began to draw attention to the putative heterodoxy of Aquinas' "distinction of reason" between the attributes (viz., energies) and essence of God. First, as contained in <a href="/wiki/Martin_Jugie" title="Martin Jugie">Martin Jugie</a>'s edition of his <i>opera omnia</i>, Gennadius interrupts chapters 94–96 of his discourse "On Being and Essence" of <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas</a> and replaces the <a href="/wiki/Thomism" title="Thomism">Thomistic</a> explanation with that of <a href="/wiki/Scotism" title="Scotism">Scotism</a> in order to agree better with <a href="/wiki/Gregory_Palamas" title="Gregory Palamas">Gregory Palamas</a>. However, he initially mitigates total condemnation of Aquinas, noting that later <a href="/wiki/Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Scholastics</a> (like <a href="/wiki/Hervaeus_Natalis" title="Hervaeus Natalis">Hervaeus Natalis</a>) interpret Aquinas in a more Orthodox light.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This point marks Gennadius' increasing theological distance from Aquinas, where he begins to be more theologically condemnatory of him in later works (e.g., his treatises on the Holy Spirit and his Preface to the Greek "Summa Theologiae"). However, this distance can be overstated. Marcus Plested observes that Gennadius' "love and esteem for Thomas was to continue undimmed throughout his career although he would often accentuate the note of caution in later works".<sup id="cite_ref-Marcus_Plested_2012,_pp._128–129_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marcus_Plested_2012,_pp._128–129-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite his cautions, Gennadius writes of Thomas "We love this divinely-inspired and wise man".<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He wrote many works to defend his new convictions, which differ so much from the earlier conciliatory ones that <a href="/wiki/Leo_Allatius" title="Leo Allatius">Leo Allatius</a> thought there must be two people of the same name;<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to whom <a href="/wiki/Edward_Gibbon" title="Edward Gibbon">Edward Gibbon</a>: "<a href="/wiki/Eus%C3%A8be_Renaudot" title="Eusèbe Renaudot">Eusèbe Renaudot</a> has restored the identity of his person, and the duplicity of his character".<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the death of John VIII in 1448, Gennadius entered the <a href="/wiki/Zeyrek_Mosque" title="Zeyrek Mosque">Pantokrator monastery</a> in Constantinople under Emperor <a href="/wiki/Constantine_XI_Palaiologos" title="Constantine XI Palaiologos">Constantine XI Palaiologos</a> (1448–1453) and took, according to the invariable custom, a new name: Gennadius. Before the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Constantinople" title="Fall of Constantinople">fall of the city</a> he was already well known as a bitter opponent of the union. He and Mark of Ephesus were the leaders of the anti-Latin party. In 1444, Mark of Ephesus on his deathbed praised Gennadius's irreconcilable attitude towards the Latins and the union.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was to Gennadius that the angry people went after seeing the <a href="/wiki/Uniate" class="mw-redirect" title="Uniate">Uniate</a> services in the great church of <a href="/wiki/Hagia_Sophia" title="Hagia Sophia">Hagia Sophia</a>. It is said that he hid himself, but left a notice on the door of his cell: "O unhappy Romans, why have you forsaken the truth? Why do you not trust in God, instead of in the Italians? In losing your faith you will lose your city".<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ottoman_period">Ottoman period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gennadius_Scholarius&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Ottoman period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Gennadius_Scholarius" title="Special:EditPage/Gennadius Scholarius">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2017</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gennadios_Mehmed_II.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Gennadios_Mehmed_II.jpg/220px-Gennadios_Mehmed_II.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="269" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Gennadios_Mehmed_II.jpg/330px-Gennadios_Mehmed_II.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Gennadios_Mehmed_II.jpg/440px-Gennadios_Mehmed_II.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1309" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption>Patriarch Gennadius II with Mehmet II depicted on an 18th-century painting</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gennadios_II_and_Mehmed_II.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Gennadios_II_and_Mehmed_II.jpg/170px-Gennadios_II_and_Mehmed_II.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="211" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Gennadios_II_and_Mehmed_II.jpg/255px-Gennadios_II_and_Mehmed_II.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Gennadios_II_and_Mehmed_II.jpg/340px-Gennadios_II_and_Mehmed_II.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2376" data-file-height="2948" /></a><figcaption>Patriarch Gennadius II with <a href="/wiki/Mehmed_II" title="Mehmed II">Mehmed II</a> depicted on a 20th-century mosaic<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>After the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Constantinople" title="Fall of Constantinople">fall of Constantinople</a>, Gennadius was taken prisoner by the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Turks</a>. In administering his new conquest, 21-year-old conquering Sultan <a href="/wiki/Mehmed_II" title="Mehmed II">Mehmed II</a> wished to assure the loyalty of the Greek population and above all avoid them appealing to the Roman Catholics for liberation, potentially sparking a new round of <a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a>. Mehmed II therefore sought the most anti-Catholic cleric he could find as a figure of unity for the Greeks under Turkish rule – and Gennadius as leading anti-Union figure was a natural choice. On 1 June 1453, just three days after the fall of the city, the new Patriarch's procession passed through the streets where Mehmed II received Gennadius II graciously and himself invested him with the signs of his office – the <a href="/wiki/Crosier" class="mw-redirect" title="Crosier">crosier</a> (<i>dikanikion</i>) and mantle. This ceremonial investiture would be repeated by all sultans and patriarchs thereafter. </p><p>Before the conquest of Constantinople, the rivalry between the Eastern and Western Churches had significantly weakened the power of the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople, leading to internal divisions among its clergy. This tumultuous period resulted in the inability to appoint a new patriarch following the resignation of <a href="/wiki/Athanasius_II_of_Constantinople" title="Athanasius II of Constantinople">Athanasius II of Constantinople</a>. After the city's conquest, Mehmed II ordered the selection and traditional consecration of a new patriarch according to the wishes of the Greeks, appointing Gennadius as the Patriarch of the Orthodox Church of Constantinople. </p><p>Mehmed II conferred upon the new Patriarch the title of <i><a href="/wiki/Millet_(Ottoman_Empire)" title="Millet (Ottoman Empire)">millet</a></i> Başkanı' (Head of the Nation), thereby authorising him to oversee all matters concerning his co-religionists. In a gesture reminiscent of the practices of Byzantine emperors, Mehmed II personally presented the Patriarch with the crosier and crown, symbols of his ecclesiastical authority. This act of investiture, accompanied by Janissary guards, safely paraded the new Patriarch through the city, introducing him to the populace and marking a seamless continuation of the ceremonial traditions of the Byzantine Empire into the Ottoman era. </p><p>The city's famous patriarchal basilica, the <a href="/wiki/Hagia_Sophia" title="Hagia Sophia">Hagia Sophia</a>, had already been converted into a mosque by the conquerors, so Gennadius II established his seat at the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Holy_Apostles" title="Church of the Holy Apostles">Church of the Holy Apostles</a>. Three years later the edifice, which was in a dilapidated state (in 1461 it was demolished by the Ottomans to make way for the <a href="/wiki/Fatih_Mosque" class="mw-redirect" title="Fatih Mosque">Fatih Mosque</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was abandoned by the Patriarch, who moved again to the <a href="/wiki/Pammakaristos_Church" title="Pammakaristos Church">Church of the Pammakaristos</a>. </p><p>The Ottomans divided their Empire into <i>millets</i> or subject nations, of which the Greeks were the largest, known as the <a href="/wiki/Rum_Millet" class="mw-redirect" title="Rum Millet">Rum Millet</a>. The Patriarch was appointed the official head or <i><a href="/wiki/Ethnarch" title="Ethnarch">Ethnarch</a></i> of the Greek millet, which was used as the Ottomans as a source for imperial administrators. Gennadius II became a political authority as well as a religious one, as were all his successors under the Ottomans.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>As was normal when a monk or lay scholar was appointed patriarch, Gennadius was consecutively <a href="/wiki/Holy_orders" title="Holy orders">ordained</a>, first as a deacon, then as a priest, then finally as a bishop before being appointed patriarch.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Patriarch">Patriarch</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gennadius_Scholarius&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Patriarch"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the spring of 1454 he was consecrated by the <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_bishop" title="Metropolitan bishop">metropolitan</a> of <a href="/wiki/Perinthus" title="Perinthus">Heraclea Perinthus</a>, but, since both the Church of Hagia Sophia and the palace of the patriarch were now in the hands of the Ottomans, he took up his residence successively in two <a href="/wiki/Monastery" title="Monastery">monasteries</a> of the city.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> While holding the episcopal office Gennadius II drew up, apparently for the use of Mehmed, a confession or exposition of the Christian faith, which was translated into Turkish by Ahmed, <a href="/wiki/Qadi" title="Qadi">Qadi</a> of <a href="/wiki/Veria" title="Veria">Berrhoea</a> (and first printed in Greek and Latin by A. Brassicanus at <a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a> in 1530).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911597_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911597-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Gennadius II was unhappy as patriarch, and tried to abdicate his position at least twice; in 1456 he resigned. The full reason for this step commonly attributed to his disappointment at the sultan's treatment of Christians, though Mehmed II seems to have kept the fairly tolerant conditions he had allowed to them; various writers hint at other motives.<sup id="cite_ref-Michalcescu_13_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Michalcescu_13-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eventually, he found the tensions between the <a href="/wiki/Greeks" title="Greeks">Greeks</a> and the Ottomans overwhelming. </p><p>He was later called two times to guide the Christian community as Patriarch during the turbulent period that followed the patriarchate of <a href="/wiki/Isidore_II_of_Constantinople" title="Isidore II of Constantinople">Isidore II of Constantinople</a>. There is no consensus among scholars about the exact dates of his last two patriarchates: according to Kiminas (2009), he reigned again from April 1463 to June 1463 and from autumn 1464 to autumn 1465.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Blanchet objects to the existence itself of these two additional terms.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Gennadius II then, like so many of his successors, ended his days as an ex-patriarch and a <a href="/wiki/Monk" title="Monk">monk</a>. He lived in the monastery of John the Baptist near <a href="/wiki/Serrae" class="mw-redirect" title="Serrae">Serrae</a> in <a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(region)" title="Macedonia (region)">Macedonia</a>, where he wrote books until he died in about 1472. </p><p>Gennadius II fills an important place in Byzantine history. He was the last of the old school of <a href="/wiki/Polemic" title="Polemic">polemical</a> writers and one of the greatest. Unlike most of his fellows he had an intimate acquaintance with Latin theological literature, especially with St. <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Scholastics</a>. He was as skillful an opponent of Catholic theology as <a href="/wiki/Mark_of_Ephesus" title="Mark of Ephesus">Mark of Ephesus</a>, and a more learned one. However, his opposition to Aquinas can be overstated. Marcus Plested observes that Gennadius II's "love and esteem for Thomas was to continued undimmed throughout his career although he would often accentuate the note of caution in later works". Despite his cautions Gennadius writes of Thomas "We love this divinely-inspired and wise man".<sup id="cite_ref-Luis_Petit_p._129_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Luis_Petit_p._129-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>His writings show him to be a student not only of Western philosophy but of controversy with Jews and Muslims, of the great <a href="/wiki/Hesychast" class="mw-redirect" title="Hesychast">Hesychast</a> question (he attacked <a href="/wiki/Barlaam_of_Seminara" title="Barlaam of Seminara">Barlaam of Seminara</a> and defended the monks; naturally, the Barlaamites were "latinophrones"), in short, of all the questions that were important in his time. He has another kind of importance as the first Patriarch of Constantinople under the Ottomans. From this point of view, he stands at the head of a new period in the history of his Church; the principles that regulated the condition of Orthodox Christians in the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> are the result of Mehmed II's arrangement with him.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Writings">Writings</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gennadius_Scholarius&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Writings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>About 100 to 120 of his alleged writings exist, some of which have never been published, and some of which are of doubtful authenticity. As far as is known, his writings may be classified into philosophical (interpretations of Aristotle, <a href="/wiki/Porphyry_(philosopher)" title="Porphyry (philosopher)">Porphyry</a> and others), translations of <a href="/wiki/Peter_of_Spain" title="Peter of Spain">Peter of Spain</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas</a>, defenses of Aristotelianism against the recrudescence of <a href="/wiki/Neoplatonism" title="Neoplatonism">Neoplatonism</a> and theological and ecclesiastical (partly concerning the union and partly defending Christianity against Muslims, Jews, and <a href="/wiki/Paganism" title="Paganism">pagans</a>), in addition to numerous <a href="/wiki/Homily" title="Homily">homilies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hymn" title="Hymn">hymns</a>, and letters. </p><p>Gennadius II was a prolific writer during all the periods of his life.<sup id="cite_ref-Michalcescu_13_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Michalcescu_13-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The complete works of Gennadius II were published in eight volumes by Jugie, Petit & Siderides, 1928–1936.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (Note: this edition supersedes the references made below.) </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_Period_(pro-Union)"><span id="First_Period_.28pro-Union.29"></span>First Period (pro-Union)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gennadius_Scholarius&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: First Period (pro-Union)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The chief works of this time are the "speeches" made at the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Florence" title="Council of Florence">Council of Florence</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> also a number of letters addressed to various friends, bishops, and statesmen, mostly unedited. An <i>Apology for five chapters of the Council of Florence</i><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is doubtful.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <i>History of the Council of Florence</i> under his name (in manuscript only) is really identical with that of Syropulos.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Second_Period_(anti-Union)"><span id="Second_Period_.28anti-Union.29"></span>Second Period (anti-Union)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gennadius_Scholarius&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Second Period (anti-Union)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A great number of polemical works against Latins were written in this time. Two books about the <i>Procession of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Ghost" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy Ghost">Holy Ghost</a></i>;<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> another one "against the insertion of the <i><a href="/wiki/Filioque" title="Filioque">Filioque</a></i> in the Creed";<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> two books and a letter about "<a href="/wiki/Purgatory" title="Purgatory">Purgatory</a>"; various sermons and speeches; a <i><a href="/wiki/Panegyric" title="Panegyric">Panegyric</a> of <a href="/wiki/Mark_of_Ephesus" title="Mark of Ephesus">Mark of Ephesus</a></i> (in 1447), etc. Some translations of works of Saint Thomas Aquinas, and polemical treatises against his theology by Gennadius II are still unedited, as is also his work against the Barlaamites. However, his hostility toward Aquinas can be overstated. Marcus Plested observes that Gennadius II's "love and esteem for Thomas was to continue undimmed throughout his career although he would often accentuate the note of caution in later works". Despite his cautions, Gennadius writes of Thomas "We love this divinely-inspired and wise man".<sup id="cite_ref-Luis_Petit_p._129_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Luis_Petit_p._129-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are also various philosophical treatises of which the chief is a <i>Defence of Aristotle</i> (<i>antilepseis hyper Aristotelous</i>) against the Neoplatonist, <a href="/wiki/Gemistos_Plethon" title="Gemistos Plethon">Gemistos Plethon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>His most important work is easily his "Confession" (<i>Ekthesis tes pisteos ton orthodoxon christianon</i>, generally known as <i>Homologia tou Gennadiou</i>) addressed to <a href="/wiki/Mehmed_II" title="Mehmed II">Mehmed II</a>. It contains twenty articles, of which however only the first twelve are authentic. It was written in Greek; Achmed, <a href="/wiki/Qadi" title="Qadi">Qadi</a> of <a href="/wiki/Veria" title="Veria">Berrhoea</a>, translated it into <a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a>. This is the first (in date) of the Orthodox Symbolic books. It was published first (in Greek and Latin) by Brassicanus (Vienna, 1530), and again by Chytræus (Frankfurt, 1582). <a href="/wiki/Martin_Crusius" title="Martin Crusius">Martin Crusius</a> printed it in <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a>, and Turkish (in Greek and Latin script) in his <i>Turco-Græcia</i> (Basle, 1584 reprinted in <i><a href="/wiki/Patrologia_Graeca" title="Patrologia Graeca">Patrologia Graeca</a></i>, CLX 333, sqq.). Rimmel reprinted it (Greek and Latin) (in his <i>Monumenta fidei Eccl. Orient.</i>, (Jena, 1850), I, 1–10.); and Michalcescu in Greek only. There exists an arrangement of this Confession in the form of a dialogue in which Mehmed asks questions ("What is God?" – "Why is he called <i>theos</i>?" – "And how many Gods are there?" and so on) and Gennadius II gives suitable answers. This is called variously Gennadius II's <i>Dialogue</i> (<i>dialexis</i>, διάλεξις), or <i>Confessio prior</i>, or <i>De Via salutis humanæ</i> (<i>Peri tes hodou tes soterias anthropon</i>). Rimmel prints it first, in Latin only, and thinks it was the source of the Confession. It is more probably a later compilation made from the Confession by someone else. It should be noticed that Gennadius II's (quasi-Platonic) philosophy is in evidence in his Confession (God cannot be interpreted, <i>theos</i> from <i>theein</i>, etc.; cf. Rimmel). Either for the same reason or to spare Muslim susceptibility he avoids the word <i>Prosopa</i> in explaining the <a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinity</a>, speaking of the three Persons as <i>idiomata</i> "which we call <a href="/wiki/Hypostasis_(philosophy_and_religion)" title="Hypostasis (philosophy and religion)">Hypostases</a>". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Third_Period_(post-resignation)"><span id="Third_Period_.28post-resignation.29"></span>Third Period (post-resignation)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gennadius_Scholarius&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Third Period (post-resignation)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the third period, from his resignation to his death (1459–1468), he continued writing theological and polemical works. An <a href="/wiki/Encyclical" title="Encyclical">encyclical</a> letter to all Christians <i>In defence of his resignation</i> is unedited, as are also a <i>Dialogue with two Turks about the divinity of Christ</i>, and a work about the <i>Adoration of God</i>, Jahn (<i>Anecdota græca</i>) has published a <i>Dialogue between a Christian and a Jew</i> and a collection of <i>Prophecies about Christ</i> gathered from the <a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a>. A treatise, <i>About our God, one in three, against <a href="/wiki/Atheists" class="mw-redirect" title="Atheists">Atheists</a> and <a href="/wiki/Polytheists" class="mw-redirect" title="Polytheists">Polytheists</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is chiefly directed against the theory that the world may have been formed by chance. Five books, <i>About the Foreknowledge and Providence of God</i> and a <i>Treatise on the manhood of Christ</i>, are also in <i><a href="/wiki/Patrologia_Graeca" title="Patrologia Graeca">Patrologia Graeca</a></i>, CLX. Lastly, there are many homilies by Gennadius II, most of which exist only in manuscript at <a href="/wiki/Mount_Athos" title="Mount Athos">Mount Athos</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_media">In popular media</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gennadius_Scholarius&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: In popular media"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>In 2012 film, <i><a href="/wiki/Fetih_1453" title="Fetih 1453">Fetih 1453</a></i>, Gennadius II is played by Adnan Kürtçü.</li> <li>Gennadius II is a significant character in the historical novel "Porphyry and Ash" which covers the final year of the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a> and the controversy of the act of union.</li> <li>Appears in novel <a href="/wiki/The_Dark_Angel_(Waltari_novel)" title="The Dark Angel (Waltari novel)">The Dark Angel</a> by <a href="/wiki/Mika_Waltari" title="Mika Waltari">Mika Waltari</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes_and_references">Notes and references</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gennadius_Scholarius&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Notes and references"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gennadius_Scholarius&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noprint"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span> </span>This article incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Gennadius_II" class="extiw" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Gennadius II">Gennadius II</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 11 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">596–</span>597.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Gennadius+II&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E596-%3C%2Fspan%3E597&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGennadius+Scholarius" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span> This article incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerbermann1913" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Gennadius_II" class="extiw" title="s:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Gennadius II">Gennadius II</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a></i>. New York: Robert Appleton Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Gennadius+II&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Robert+Appleton+Company&rft.date=1913&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGennadius+Scholarius" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="References">References</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gennadius_Scholarius&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gideon, Manuel (1885), Patriarchal Tables - Historical biographical news about the Patriarchs of Constantinople - from Andrew Protocletos to Joachim III of Thessalonica, 36–1884, p. 472 <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://anemi.lib.uoc.gr/php/pdf_pager.php?rec=/metadata/f/0/9/metadata-01-0000337.tkl&do=74635.pdf&pageno=480&width=396&height=625&maxpage=734&lang=en">[1]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">M. Pilavakis, Introduction to "First Antirrhetic against Manuel Kalekas", (London, Doctoral Diss., 1988), p. 24</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For Mark of Ephesus' death, see J. Gill, "The Year of the Death of Mark Eugenicus", <i>Byzantinische Zeitschrift</i>, 52 (1952), 23–31.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKappes2013a">Kappes (2013a)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKappes2013a">Kappes (2013a)</a>, pp. 214–215</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMonfasani2011">Monfasani (2011)</a>, pp. 165–168</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911596-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911596_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChisholm1911">Chisholm 1911</a>, p. 596.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911596–597-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911596–597_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChisholm1911">Chisholm 1911</a>, pp. 596–597.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKappes2013b">Kappes (2013b)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Marcus_Plested_2012,_pp._128–129-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Marcus_Plested_2012,_pp._128–129_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Marcus Plested (2012), <i>Orthodox Readings of Aquinas</i>, <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>, pp. 128–129</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Luis Petit, Xenophon Sidéridès, Martin Jugie, Eds. (1928–1936), <i>Oeuvres complètes de Georges Scholarios</i>, 8 vols, Paris, VI, 177–178, quoted in Plested, p. 129</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Diatriba de Georgiis</i> in Johann Albert Fabricius-Gottlieb Christoph Harless <i>Bibliotheca Græca</i>, X, 760–786</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Edward Gibbon, <i><a href="/wiki/Decline_and_Fall_of_the_Roman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire">Decline and Fall</a></i>, lxviii, note 41</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Patrologia_Graeca" title="Patrologia Graeca">Patrologia Graeca</a></i>, CLX, 529</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Quoted by Edward Gibbon, <i><a href="/wiki/Decline_and_Fall_of_the_Roman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire">Decline and Fall</a></i>, ed. <a href="/wiki/J._B._Bury" title="J. B. Bury">J. B. Bury</a>, VII, 176</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">G. Ágoston, B.A. Masters, <i>Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire</i>, (2009), 238.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Müller-Wiener, Wolfgang (1977), <i>Bildlexikon zur Topographie Istanbuls - Byzantion, Konstantinupolis, Istanbul bis zum Beginn d. 17 Jh.</i> (in German), Tübingen, Wasmuth <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-8030-1022-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-8030-1022-3">978-3-8030-1022-3</a>, 406</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911597-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911597_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChisholm1911">Chisholm 1911</a>, p. 597.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Michalcescu_13-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Michalcescu_13_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Michalcescu_13_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMichalcescu1904">Michalcescu (1904)</a>, p. 13</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For the different scholars' suggestions about the second and third terms of Gennadius II see the <a href="/wiki/List_of_ecumenical_patriarchs_of_Constantinople" title="List of ecumenical patriarchs of Constantinople">list of ecumenical patriarchs of Constantinople</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlanchet2001">Blanchet (2001)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Luis_Petit_p._129-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Luis_Petit_p._129_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Luis_Petit_p._129_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Luis Petit, <a href="/wiki/Xenophon_Sideridis" title="Xenophon Sideridis">Xenophon Sideridis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Martin_Jugie" title="Martin Jugie">Martin Jugie</a>, Eds. (1928–1936), <i>Oeuvres complètes de Georges Scholarios</i>, 8 vols, Paris, VI, 177–178, quoted in Plested, p. 129</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Martin Jugie, Luis Petit, and Xenophon Sideridis, 1928–1930, <i>Oeuvres complètes de Georges (Gennadios) Scholarios</i>, Paris, <a href="/wiki/Bayard_Presse" title="Bayard Presse">Maison de la Bonne Presse</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Printed in Hardouin, IX, and <i><a href="/wiki/Patrologia_Graeca" title="Patrologia Graeca">Patrologia Graeca</a></i>, CLX, 386 sqq.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Edited first (in Latin) at Rome in 1577, and again in 1628.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In <i>Patrologia Graeca</i>, CLIX is attributed to Joseph of Methone.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ed. Creighton, The Hague, 1660.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">One in Simonides, the other in <i>Patrologia Graeca</i>, CLX, 665</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Patrologia Graeca</i>, CLX, 713</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Patrologia Graeca</i>, CLX, 743 sqq.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Patrologia Graeca</i>, CLX, 667 sqq.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Codd. Athous</i>, Paris, 1289–1298.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gennadius_Scholarius&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_scholars_in_the_Renaissance" title="Greek scholars in the Renaissance">Greek scholars in the Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Chortasmenos" title="John Chortasmenos">John Chortasmenos</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gennadius_Scholarius&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlanchet2001" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Blanchet, Marie-Hélène (2001). "Georges Gennadios Scholarios a-t-il été trois fois patriarche de constantinople?". <i>Byzantion: Revue Internationale des Études Byzantines</i> (in French). <b>71</b> (1). Bruxelles: <span class="nowrap">60–</span>72.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Byzantion%3A+Revue+Internationale+des+%C3%89tudes+Byzantines&rft.atitle=Georges+Gennadios+Scholarios+a-t-il+%C3%A9t%C3%A9+trois+fois+patriarche+de+constantinople%3F&rft.volume=71&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E60-%3C%2Fspan%3E72&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Blanchet&rft.aufirst=Marie-H%C3%A9l%C3%A8ne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGennadius+Scholarius" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKappes2013a" class="citation journal cs1">Kappes, Christiaan W. (2013a). "Idolizing paganism – demonizing Christianity à propos N. Siniossoglou: radical Platonism in Byzantium: illumination and utopia in <i>Gemistos Plethon</i>". <i>Archiv für Mittelalterliche Philosophie und Kultur</i>. <b>19</b>: <span class="nowrap">210–</span>243.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Archiv+f%C3%BCr+Mittelalterliche+Philosophie+und+Kultur&rft.atitle=Idolizing+paganism+%E2%80%93+demonizing+Christianity+%C3%A0+propos+N.+Siniossoglou%3A+radical+Platonism+in+Byzantium%3A+illumination+and+utopia+in+Gemistos+Plethon&rft.volume=19&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E210-%3C%2Fspan%3E243&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Kappes&rft.aufirst=Christiaan+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGennadius+Scholarius" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKappes2013b" class="citation journal cs1">Kappes, Christiaan W. (2013b). "The Latin sources of the Palamite theology of George-Gennadius Scholarius". <i>Nicolaus</i>. <b>40</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">71–</span>113.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nicolaus&rft.atitle=The+Latin+sources+of+the+Palamite+theology+of+George-Gennadius+Scholarius&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E71-%3C%2Fspan%3E113&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Kappes&rft.aufirst=Christiaan+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGennadius+Scholarius" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKiminas2009" class="citation book cs1">Kiminas, Demetrius (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QLWqXrW2X-8C"><i>The Ecumenical Patriarchate - A History of Its Metropolitanates with Annotated Hierarch Catalogs</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Wildside_Press" title="Wildside Press">Wildside Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781434458766" title="Special:BookSources/9781434458766"><bdi>9781434458766</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ecumenical+Patriarchate+-+A+History+of+Its+Metropolitanates+with+Annotated+Hierarch+Catalogs&rft.pub=Wildside+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9781434458766&rft.aulast=Kiminas&rft.aufirst=Demetrius&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQLWqXrW2X-8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGennadius+Scholarius" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichalcescu1904" class="citation book cs1">Michalcescu, Jon (1904). <i>Die Bekenntnisse und die wichtigsten Glaubenszeugnisse der griechisch-orientalischen Kirche</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Die+Bekenntnisse+und+die+wichtigsten+Glaubenszeugnisse+der+griechisch-orientalischen+Kirche&rft.date=1904&rft.aulast=Michalcescu&rft.aufirst=Jon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGennadius+Scholarius" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMonfasani2011" class="citation book cs1">Monfasani, J. (2011). "The pro-Latin apologetics of the Greek émigrés to quattrocento Italy". <i>Byzantine Theology and its Philosophical Background</i>. Studies in Byzantine History and Civilization. Vol. 4. A. Rigo.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+pro-Latin+apologetics+of+the+Greek+%C3%A9migr%C3%A9s+to+quattrocento+Italy&rft.btitle=Byzantine+Theology+and+its+Philosophical+Background&rft.series=Studies+in+Byzantine+History+and+Civilization&rft.pub=A.+Rigo&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Monfasani&rft.aufirst=J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGennadius+Scholarius" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gennadius_Scholarius&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Athanasios_Angelou" title="Athanasios Angelou">Athanasios Angelou</a> "'Who am I?" Scholarios' answers and the Hellenic identity", in Φιλέλλην. Studies in honour of Robert Browning, Venice 1996, p. 1–19.</li> <li>Marie-Hélène Blanchet, <i>Georges-Gennadios Scholarios (vers 1400 – vers 1472) - un intellectuel orthodoxe face à la disparition de l'empire byzantin</i>, Institut Français d'Études Byzantines, Paris, 2008.</li> <li>Joseph Gill, "George Scholarius", in J. Gill, <i>Personalities of the Council of Florence and other Essays</i>, Oxford, 1964, pp. 79–94.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaurent1968" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Vitalien_Laurent" title="Vitalien Laurent">Laurent, Vitalien</a> (1968). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.persee.fr/doc/rebyz_0766-5598_1968_num_26_1_1407">"Les premiers patriarches de Constantinople sous la domination turque (1454–1476) - Succession et chronologie d'après un catalogue inédit"</a>. <i>Revue des études byzantines</i>. <b>26</b>: <span class="nowrap">229–</span>263. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3406%2Frebyz.1968.1407">10.3406/rebyz.1968.1407</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Revue+des+%C3%A9tudes+byzantines&rft.atitle=Les+premiers+patriarches+de+Constantinople+sous+la+domination+turque+%281454%E2%80%931476%29+-+Succession+et+chronologie+d%27apr%C3%A8s+un+catalogue+in%C3%A9dit&rft.volume=26&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E229-%3C%2Fspan%3E263&rft.date=1968&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3406%2Frebyz.1968.1407&rft.aulast=Laurent&rft.aufirst=Vitalien&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.persee.fr%2Fdoc%2Frebyz_0766-5598_1968_num_26_1_1407&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGennadius+Scholarius" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Livanos, Christopher; "Greek Tradition and Latin Influence in the Work of George Scholarios", <a href="/wiki/Gorgias_Press" title="Gorgias Press">Gorgias Press</a>, 2006.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaizi-Apostolopoulou2012" class="citation journal cs1">Paizi-Apostolopoulou, Machi (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ejournals.epublishing.ekt.gr/index.php/historicalReview/article/download/4072/3858">"Appealing to the Authority of a Learned Patriarch - New Evidence on Gennadios Scholarios' Responses to the Questions of George Branković"</a>. <i>The Historical Review/La Revue Historique</i>. <b>9</b>: <span class="nowrap">95–</span>116. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.12681%2Fhr.291">10.12681/hr.291</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Historical+Review%2FLa+Revue+Historique&rft.atitle=Appealing+to+the+Authority+of+a+Learned+Patriarch+-+New+Evidence+on+Gennadios+Scholarios%27+Responses+to+the+Questions+of+George+Brankovi%C4%87&rft.volume=9&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E95-%3C%2Fspan%3E116&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.12681%2Fhr.291&rft.aulast=Paizi-Apostolopoulou&rft.aufirst=Machi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fejournals.epublishing.ekt.gr%2Findex.php%2FhistoricalReview%2Farticle%2Fdownload%2F4072%2F3858&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGennadius+Scholarius" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRunciman1985" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Steven_Runciman" title="Steven Runciman">Runciman, Steven</a> (1985) [1968]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Vm5OGIBgoHMC"><i>The Great Church in Captivity - A Study of the Patriarchate of Constantinople from the Eve of the Turkish Conquest to the Greek War of Independence</i></a> (2nd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521313100" title="Special:BookSources/9780521313100"><bdi>9780521313100</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Great+Church+in+Captivity+-+A+Study+of+the+Patriarchate+of+Constantinople+from+the+Eve+of+the+Turkish+Conquest+to+the+Greek+War+of+Independence&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=9780521313100&rft.aulast=Runciman&rft.aufirst=Steven&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVm5OGIBgoHMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGennadius+Scholarius" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Eugenia Russell, "St Demetrius of Thessalonica - Cult and Devotion in the Middle Ages", Peter Lang, Oxford, 2010 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-0343-0181-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-0343-0181-7">978-3-0343-0181-7</a>.</li> <li>C.J.G. Turner; "The career of Georgios Gennadios Scholarios", <i>Byzantion</i>, 39 (1969), 420–455.</li> <li>C.J.G. Turner; "George Gennadius Scholarius and the Council of Florence", <i><a href="/wiki/The_Journal_of_Theological_Studies" title="The Journal of Theological Studies">The Journal of Theological Studies</a></i>, 18 (1967), 83–103.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20121215021510/http://stephanus.tlg.uci.edu/canon/wsearch?wtitle=3195&nperpage=all&uid=0&GreekFont=Beta&mode=c_search">Thesaurus Linguae Graecae - Bibliography of Gennadius Scholarius</a>.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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.navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Bishops_of_Byzantium_and_Patriarchs_of_Constantinople715" style="padding:3px"></div><table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FABE60;"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Church titles</a> </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Athanasius_II_of_Constantinople" title="Athanasius II of Constantinople">Athanasius II</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_ecumenical_patriarchs_of_Constantinople" title="List of ecumenical patriarchs of Constantinople">Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople</a> </b><br />1454 – 1456 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Isidore_II_of_Constantinople" title="Isidore II of Constantinople">Isidore II</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Joasaph_I_of_Constantinople" title="Joasaph I of Constantinople">Joasaph I</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_ecumenical_patriarchs_of_Constantinople" title="List of ecumenical patriarchs of Constantinople">Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople</a> </b><br />1463 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Sophronius_I_of_Constantinople" title="Sophronius I of Constantinople">Sophronius I</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Sophronius_I_of_Constantinople" title="Sophronius I of Constantinople">Sophronius I</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_ecumenical_patriarchs_of_Constantinople" title="List of ecumenical patriarchs of Constantinople">Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople</a> </b><br />1464 – 1465 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Mark_II_of_Constantinople" title="Mark II of Constantinople">Mark II</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:gold"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Patriarchs_of_Constantinople" title="Template:Patriarchs of Constantinople"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Patriarchs_of_Constantinople" title="Template talk:Patriarchs of Constantinople"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Patriarchs_of_Constantinople" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Patriarchs of Constantinople"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Bishops_of_Byzantium_and_Patriarchs_of_Constantinople715" class="wraplinks" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_Patriarch_of_Constantinople" title="Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople">Bishops of Byzantium and Patriarchs of <span class="locality">Constantinople</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Bishops of <a href="/wiki/Byzantium" title="Byzantium">Byzantium</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman</a> period, 38–330 AD)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_the_Apostle" title="Andrew the Apostle">Andrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stachys_the_Apostle" title="Stachys the Apostle">Stachys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onesimus" title="Onesimus">Onesimus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polycarpus_I_of_Byzantium" title="Polycarpus I of Byzantium">Polycarpus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutarch_of_Byzantium" title="Plutarch of Byzantium">Plutarch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sedecion_of_Byzantium" title="Sedecion of Byzantium">Sedecion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diogenes_of_Byzantium" title="Diogenes of Byzantium">Diogenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleutherius_of_Byzantium" title="Eleutherius of Byzantium">Eleutherius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felix_of_Byzantium" title="Felix of Byzantium">Felix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polycarpus_II_of_Byzantium" title="Polycarpus II of Byzantium">Polycarpus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athenodorus_of_Byzantium" title="Athenodorus of Byzantium">Athenodorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euzois_of_Byzantium" title="Euzois of Byzantium">Euzois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurence_of_Byzantium" title="Laurence of Byzantium">Laurence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alypius_of_Byzantium" title="Alypius of Byzantium">Alypius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pertinax_of_Byzantium" title="Pertinax of Byzantium">Pertinax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympianus_of_Byzantium" title="Olympianus of Byzantium">Olympianus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_I_of_Byzantium" title="Marcus I of Byzantium">Marcus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philadelphus_of_Byzantium" title="Philadelphus of Byzantium">Philadelphus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyriacus_I_of_Byzantium" title="Cyriacus I of Byzantium">Cyriacus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castinus_of_Byzantium" title="Castinus of Byzantium">Castinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugenius_I_of_Byzantium" title="Eugenius I of Byzantium">Eugenius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titus_of_Byzantium" title="Titus of Byzantium">Titus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dometius_of_Byzantium" title="Dometius of Byzantium">Dometius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rufinus_of_Byzantium" title="Rufinus of Byzantium">Rufinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Probus_of_Byzantium" title="Probus of Byzantium">Probus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metrophanes_of_Byzantium" title="Metrophanes of Byzantium">Metrophanes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_of_Constantinople" title="Alexander of Constantinople">Alexander</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Archbishops of <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a><br />(Roman period, 330–451 AD)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_of_Constantinople" title="Alexander of Constantinople">Alexander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_I_of_Constantinople" title="Paul I of Constantinople">Paul I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eusebius_of_Nicomedia" title="Eusebius of Nicomedia">Eusebius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonius_I_of_Constantinople" title="Macedonius I of Constantinople">Macedonius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eudoxius_of_Antioch" title="Eudoxius of Antioch">Eudoxius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evagrius_of_Constantinople" title="Evagrius of Constantinople">Evagrius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demophilus_of_Constantinople" title="Demophilus of Constantinople">Demophilus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximus_I_of_Constantinople" title="Maximus I of Constantinople">Maximus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_of_Nazianzus" title="Gregory of Nazianzus">Gregory I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nectarius_of_Constantinople" title="Nectarius of Constantinople">Nectarius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Chrysostom" title="John Chrysostom">John I Chrysostom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arsacius_of_Tarsus" title="Arsacius of Tarsus">Arsacius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atticus_of_Constantinople" title="Atticus of Constantinople">Atticus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sisinnius_I_of_Constantinople" title="Sisinnius I of Constantinople">Sisinnius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nestorius" title="Nestorius">Nestorius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximianus_of_Constantinople" title="Maximianus of Constantinople">Maximianus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proclus_of_Constantinople" title="Proclus of Constantinople">Proclus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flavian_of_Constantinople" title="Flavian of Constantinople">Flavian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatolius_of_Constantinople" title="Anatolius of Constantinople">Anatolius</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Patriarchs of Constantinople<br />(<a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine</a> period, 451–1453 AD)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anatolius_of_Constantinople" title="Anatolius of Constantinople">Anatolius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gennadius_of_Constantinople" title="Gennadius of Constantinople">Gennadius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acacius_of_Constantinople" title="Acacius of Constantinople">Acacius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fravitta_of_Constantinople" title="Fravitta of Constantinople">Fravitta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euphemius_of_Constantinople" title="Euphemius of Constantinople">Euphemius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonius_II_of_Constantinople" title="Macedonius II of Constantinople">Macedonius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_I_of_Constantinople" title="Timothy I of Constantinople">Timothy I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_Cappadocia" title="John of Cappadocia">John II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epiphanius_of_Constantinople" title="Epiphanius of Constantinople">Epiphanius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthimus_I_of_Constantinople" title="Anthimus I of Constantinople">Anthimus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menas_of_Constantinople" title="Menas of Constantinople">Menas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eutychius_of_Constantinople" title="Eutychius of Constantinople">Eutychius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Scholasticus" title="John Scholasticus">John III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_IV_of_Constantinople" title="John IV of Constantinople">John IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyriacus_II_of_Constantinople" title="Cyriacus II of Constantinople">Cyriacus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_I_of_Constantinople" title="Thomas I of Constantinople">Thomas I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergius_I_of_Constantinople" title="Sergius I of Constantinople">Sergius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyrrhus_of_Constantinople" title="Pyrrhus of Constantinople">Pyrrhus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_II_of_Constantinople" title="Paul II of Constantinople">Paul II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_of_Constantinople" title="Peter of Constantinople">Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_II_of_Constantinople" title="Thomas II of Constantinople">Thomas II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_V_of_Constantinople" title="John V of Constantinople">John V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_I_of_Constantinople" title="Constantine I of Constantinople">Constantine I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_I_of_Constantinople" title="Theodore I of Constantinople">Theodore I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_I_of_Constantinople" title="George I of Constantinople">George I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_III_of_Constantinople" title="Paul III of Constantinople">Paul III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Callinicus_I_of_Constantinople" title="Callinicus I of Constantinople">Callinicus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyros_of_Constantinople" title="Kyros of Constantinople">Cyrus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_VI_of_Constantinople" title="John VI of Constantinople">John VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanus_I_of_Constantinople" title="Germanus I of Constantinople">Germanus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anastasius_of_Constantinople" title="Anastasius of Constantinople">Anastasius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_II_of_Constantinople" title="Constantine II of Constantinople">Constantine II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicetas_I_of_Constantinople" title="Nicetas I of Constantinople">Nicetas I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_IV_of_Constantinople" title="Paul IV of Constantinople">Paul IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarasios_of_Constantinople" title="Tarasios of Constantinople">Tarasius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikephoros_I_of_Constantinople" title="Nikephoros I of Constantinople">Nicephorus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodotus_I_of_Constantinople" title="Theodotus I of Constantinople">Theodotus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antony_I_of_Constantinople" title="Antony I of Constantinople">Antony I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_VII_of_Constantinople" title="John VII of Constantinople">John VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methodios_I_of_Constantinople" title="Methodios I of Constantinople">Methodius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignatios_of_Constantinople" title="Ignatios of Constantinople">Ignatios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photios_I_of_Constantinople" title="Photios I of Constantinople">Photios I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_I_of_Constantinople" title="Stephen I of Constantinople">Stephen I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antony_II_of_Constantinople" title="Antony II of Constantinople">Antony II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Mystikos" title="Nicholas Mystikos">Nicholas I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euthymius_I_of_Constantinople" title="Euthymius I of Constantinople">Εuthymius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_II_of_Constantinople" title="Stephen II of Constantinople">Stephen II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tryphon_of_Constantinople" title="Tryphon of Constantinople">Tryphon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theophylact_of_Constantinople" title="Theophylact of Constantinople">Theophylact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyeuctus_of_Constantinople" title="Polyeuctus of Constantinople">Polyeuctus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basil_I_of_Constantinople" title="Basil I of Constantinople">Βasil I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antony_III_of_Constantinople" title="Antony III of Constantinople">Αntony III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_II_of_Constantinople" title="Nicholas II of Constantinople">Nicholas II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sisinnius_II_of_Constantinople" title="Sisinnius II of Constantinople">Sisinnius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergius_II_of_Constantinople" title="Sergius II of Constantinople">Sergius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eustathius_of_Constantinople" title="Eustathius of Constantinople">Eustathius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexius_of_Constantinople" title="Alexius of Constantinople">Alexius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_I_Cerularius" title="Michael I Cerularius">Michael I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_Leichoudes" title="Constantine Leichoudes">Constantine III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_VIII_of_Constantinople" title="John VIII of Constantinople">John VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmas_I_of_Constantinople" title="Cosmas I of Constantinople">Cosmas I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eustratius_Garidas" class="mw-redirect" title="Eustratius Garidas">Eustratius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_III_of_Constantinople" title="Nicholas III of Constantinople">Nicholas III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_IX_of_Constantinople" title="John IX of Constantinople">John IX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_of_Constantinople" title="Leo of Constantinople">Leo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_II_of_Constantinople" title="Michael II of Constantinople">Michael II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmas_II_of_Constantinople" title="Cosmas II of Constantinople">Cosmas II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_IV_of_Constantinople" title="Nicholas IV of Constantinople">Nicholas IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodotus_II_of_Constantinople" title="Theodotus II of Constantinople">Theodotus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neophytus_I_of_Constantinople" title="Neophytus I of Constantinople">Neophytus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_IV_of_Constantinople" title="Constantine IV of Constantinople">Constantine IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luke_Chrysoberges" class="mw-redirect" title="Luke Chrysoberges">Luke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_III_of_Constantinople" title="Michael III of Constantinople">Michael III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chariton_of_Constantinople" title="Chariton of Constantinople">Chariton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodosius_I_of_Constantinople" title="Theodosius I of Constantinople">Theodosius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basil_II_of_Constantinople" title="Basil II of Constantinople">Basil II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicetas_II_of_Constantinople" title="Nicetas II of Constantinople">Nicetas II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leontius_of_Constantinople" title="Leontius of Constantinople">Leontius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dositheus_of_Constantinople" title="Dositheus of Constantinople">Dositheus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_II_of_Constantinople" title="George II of Constantinople">George II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_X_of_Constantinople" title="John X of Constantinople">John X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_IV_of_Constantinople" title="Michael IV of Constantinople">Michael IV</a><sup><small>†</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_II_of_Constantinople" title="Theodore II of Constantinople">Theodore II</a><sup><small>†</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximus_II_of_Constantinople" title="Maximus II of Constantinople">Maximus II</a><sup><small>†</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_I_of_Constantinople" title="Manuel I of Constantinople">Μanuel I</a><sup><small>†</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanus_II_of_Constantinople" title="Germanus II of Constantinople">Germanus II</a><sup><small>†</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methodius_II_of_Constantinople" title="Methodius II of Constantinople">Methodius II</a><sup><small>†</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_II_of_Constantinople" title="Manuel II of Constantinople">Manuel II</a><sup><small>†</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arsenios_Autoreianos" title="Arsenios Autoreianos">Arsenius</a><sup><small>†</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicephorus_II_of_Constantinople" title="Nicephorus II of Constantinople">Nicephorus II</a><sup><small>†</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanus_III_of_Constantinople" title="Germanus III of Constantinople">Germanus III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_I_of_Constantinople" title="Joseph I of Constantinople">Joseph I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_XI_of_Constantinople" title="John XI of Constantinople">John XI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_II_of_Constantinople" title="Gregory II of Constantinople">Gregory II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athanasius_I_of_Constantinople" title="Athanasius I of Constantinople">Athanasius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_XII_of_Constantinople" title="John XII of Constantinople">John XII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nephon_I_of_Constantinople" title="Nephon I of Constantinople">Nephon I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_XIII_of_Constantinople" title="John XIII of Constantinople">John XIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerasimus_I_of_Constantinople" title="Gerasimus I of Constantinople">Gerasimus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaias_of_Constantinople" title="Isaias of Constantinople">Isaias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_XIV_of_Constantinople" title="John XIV of Constantinople">John XIV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isidore_I_of_Constantinople" title="Isidore I of Constantinople">Isidore I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Callistus_I_of_Constantinople" title="Callistus I of Constantinople">Callistus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philotheus_I_of_Constantinople" title="Philotheus I of Constantinople">Philotheus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macarius_of_Constantinople" title="Macarius of Constantinople">Macarius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nilus_of_Constantinople" title="Nilus of Constantinople">Nilus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antony_IV_of_Constantinople" title="Antony IV of Constantinople">Antony IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Callistus_II_of_Constantinople" title="Callistus II of Constantinople">Callistus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_I_of_Constantinople" title="Matthew I of Constantinople">Matthew I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euthymius_II_of_Constantinople" title="Euthymius II of Constantinople">Euthymius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_II_of_Constantinople" title="Joseph II of Constantinople">Joseph II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metrophanes_II_of_Constantinople" title="Metrophanes II of Constantinople">Metrophanes II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_III_of_Constantinople" title="Gregory III of Constantinople">Gregory III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athanasius_II_of_Constantinople" title="Athanasius II of Constantinople">Athanasius II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Patriarchs of Constantinople<br />(<a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a> period, 1453–1923 AD)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gennadius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isidore_II_of_Constantinople" title="Isidore II of Constantinople">Isidore II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joasaph_I_of_Constantinople" title="Joasaph I of Constantinople">Joasaph I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sophronius_I_of_Constantinople" title="Sophronius I of Constantinople">Sophronius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_II_of_Constantinople" title="Mark II of Constantinople">Mark II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symeon_I_of_Constantinople" title="Symeon I of Constantinople">Symeon I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dionysius_I_of_Constantinople" title="Dionysius I of Constantinople">Dionysius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raphael_I_of_Constantinople" title="Raphael I of Constantinople">Raphael I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximus_III_of_Constantinople" title="Maximus III of Constantinople">Maximus III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nephon_II_of_Constantinople" title="Nephon II of Constantinople">Nephon II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximus_IV_of_Constantinople" title="Maximus IV of Constantinople">Maximus IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joachim_I_of_Constantinople" title="Joachim I of Constantinople">Joachim I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pachomius_I_of_Constantinople" title="Pachomius I of Constantinople">Pachomius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theoleptus_I_of_Constantinople" title="Theoleptus I of Constantinople">Theoleptus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremias_I_of_Constantinople" title="Jeremias I of Constantinople">Jeremias I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joannicius_I_of_Constantinople" title="Joannicius I of Constantinople">Joannicius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dionysius_II_of_Constantinople" title="Dionysius II of Constantinople">Dionysius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joasaph_II_of_Constantinople" title="Joasaph II of Constantinople">Joasaph II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metrophanes_III_of_Constantinople" title="Metrophanes III of Constantinople">Metrophanes III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremias_II_of_Constantinople" title="Jeremias II of Constantinople">Jeremias II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pachomius_II_of_Constantinople" title="Pachomius II of Constantinople">Pachomius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theoleptus_II_of_Constantinople" title="Theoleptus II of Constantinople">Theoleptus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_II_of_Constantinople" title="Matthew II of Constantinople">Matthew II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_I_of_Constantinople" title="Gabriel I of Constantinople">Gabriel I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theophanes_I_of_Constantinople" title="Theophanes I of Constantinople">Theophanes I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meletius_I_Pegas" class="mw-redirect" title="Meletius I Pegas">Meletius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neophytus_II_of_Constantinople" title="Neophytus II of Constantinople">Neophytus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raphael_II_of_Constantinople" title="Raphael II of Constantinople">Raphael II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyril_Lucaris" title="Cyril Lucaris">Cyril I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_II_of_Constantinople" title="Timothy II of Constantinople">Timothy II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_IV_of_Constantinople" title="Gregory IV of Constantinople">Gregory IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthimus_II_of_Constantinople" title="Anthimus II of Constantinople">Anthimus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyril_II_of_Constantinople" title="Cyril II of Constantinople">Cyril II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athanasius_III_of_Constantinople" title="Athanasius III of Constantinople">Athanasius III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neophytus_III_of_Constantinople" title="Neophytus III of Constantinople">Neophytus III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parthenius_I_of_Constantinople" title="Parthenius I of Constantinople">Parthenius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parthenius_II_of_Constantinople" title="Parthenius II of Constantinople">Parthenius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joannicius_II_of_Constantinople" title="Joannicius II of Constantinople">Joannicius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyril_III_of_Constantinople" title="Cyril III of Constantinople">Cyril III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paisius_I_of_Constantinople" title="Paisius I of Constantinople">Paisius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parthenius_III_of_Constantinople" title="Parthenius III of Constantinople">Parthenius III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_II_of_Constantinople" title="Gabriel II of Constantinople">Gabriel II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parthenius_IV_of_Constantinople" title="Parthenius IV of Constantinople">Parthenius IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dionysius_III_of_Constantinople" title="Dionysius III of Constantinople">Dionysius III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clement_of_Constantinople" title="Clement of Constantinople">Clement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methodius_III_of_Constantinople" title="Methodius III of Constantinople">Methodius III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dionysius_IV_of_Constantinople" title="Dionysius IV of Constantinople">Dionysius IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerasimus_II_of_Constantinople" title="Gerasimus II of Constantinople">Gerasimus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athanasius_IV_of_Constantinople" title="Athanasius IV of Constantinople">Athanasius IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_of_Constantinople" title="James of Constantinople">James</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Callinicus_II_of_Constantinople" title="Callinicus II of Constantinople">Callinicus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neophytus_IV_of_Constantinople" title="Neophytus IV of Constantinople">Neophytus IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_III_of_Constantinople" title="Gabriel III of Constantinople">Gabriel III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neophytus_V_of_Constantinople" title="Neophytus V of Constantinople">Neophytus V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprianus_of_Constantinople" title="Cyprianus of Constantinople">Cyprianus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athanasius_V_of_Constantinople" title="Athanasius V of Constantinople">Athanasius V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyril_IV_of_Constantinople" title="Cyril IV of Constantinople">Cyril IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmas_III_of_Constantinople" title="Cosmas III of Constantinople">Cosmas III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremias_III_of_Constantinople" title="Jeremias III of Constantinople">Jeremias III</a></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Callinicus_III_of_Constantinople" title="Callinicus III of Constantinople">Callinicus III</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paisius_II_of_Constantinople" title="Paisius II of Constantinople">Paisius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seraphim_I_of_Constantinople" title="Seraphim I of Constantinople">Seraphim I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neophytus_VI_of_Constantinople" title="Neophytus VI of Constantinople">Neophytus VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyril_V_of_Constantinople" title="Cyril V of Constantinople">Cyril V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Callinicus_IV_of_Constantinople" title="Callinicus IV of Constantinople">Callinicus IV (III)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seraphim_II_of_Constantinople" title="Seraphim II of Constantinople">Seraphim II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joannicius_III_of_Constantinople" title="Joannicius III of Constantinople">Joannicius III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_of_Constantinople" title="Samuel of Constantinople">Samuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meletius_II_of_Constantinople" title="Meletius II of Constantinople">Meletius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodosius_II_of_Constantinople" title="Theodosius II of Constantinople">Theodosius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sophronius_II_of_Constantinople" title="Sophronius II of Constantinople">Sophronius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_IV_of_Constantinople" title="Gabriel IV of Constantinople">Gabriel IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Procopius_of_Constantinople" title="Procopius of Constantinople">Procopius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neophytus_VII_of_Constantinople" title="Neophytus VII of Constantinople">Neophytus VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerasimus_III_of_Constantinople" title="Gerasimus III of Constantinople">Gerasimus III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_V_of_Constantinople" title="Gregory V of Constantinople">Gregory V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Callinicus_V_of_Constantinople" title="Callinicus V of Constantinople">Callinicus V (IV)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremias_IV_of_Constantinople" title="Jeremias IV of Constantinople">Jeremias IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyril_VI_of_Constantinople" title="Cyril VI of Constantinople">Cyril VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugenius_II_of_Constantinople" title="Eugenius II of Constantinople">Eugenius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthimus_III_of_Constantinople" title="Anthimus III of Constantinople">Anthimus III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chrysanthus_of_Constantinople" title="Chrysanthus of Constantinople">Chrysanthus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agathangelus_of_Constantinople" title="Agathangelus of Constantinople">Agathangelus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantius_I_of_Constantinople" title="Constantius I of Constantinople">Constantius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantius_II_of_Constantinople" title="Constantius II of Constantinople">Constantius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_VI_of_Constantinople" title="Gregory VI of Constantinople">Gregory VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthimus_IV_of_Constantinople" title="Anthimus IV of Constantinople">Anthimus IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthimus_V_of_Constantinople" title="Anthimus V of Constantinople">Anthimus V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanus_IV_of_Constantinople" title="Germanus IV of Constantinople">Germanus IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meletius_III_of_Constantinople" title="Meletius III of Constantinople">Meletius III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthimus_VI_of_Constantinople" title="Anthimus VI of Constantinople">Anthimus VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyril_VII_of_Constantinople" title="Cyril VII of Constantinople">Cyril VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joachim_II_of_Constantinople" title="Joachim II of Constantinople">Joachim II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sophronius_III_of_Constantinople" title="Sophronius III of Constantinople">Sophronius III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joachim_III_of_Constantinople" title="Joachim III of Constantinople">Joachim III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joachim_IV_of_Constantinople" title="Joachim IV of Constantinople">Joachim IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dionysius_V_of_Constantinople" title="Dionysius V of Constantinople">Dionysius V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neophytus_VIII_of_Constantinople" title="Neophytus VIII of Constantinople">Neophytus VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthimus_VII_of_Constantinople" title="Anthimus VII of Constantinople">Anthimus VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_V_of_Constantinople" title="Constantine V of Constantinople">Constantine V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanus_V_of_Constantinople" title="Germanus V of Constantinople">Germanus V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meletius_Metaxakis" title="Meletius Metaxakis">Meletius IV</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Patriarchs of Constantinople<br />(<a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkish</a> period, since 1923 AD)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_VII_of_Constantinople" title="Gregory VII of Constantinople">Gregory VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_VI_of_Constantinople" title="Constantine VI of Constantinople">Constantine VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basil_III_of_Constantinople" title="Basil III of Constantinople">Basil III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photius_II_of_Constantinople" title="Photius II of Constantinople">Photius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_I_of_Constantinople" title="Benjamin I of Constantinople">Benjamin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximus_V_of_Constantinople" title="Maximus V of Constantinople">Maximus V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athenagoras_I_of_Constantinople" title="Athenagoras I of Constantinople">Athenagoras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demetrios_I_of_Constantinople" title="Demetrios I of Constantinople">Demetrius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bartholomew_I_of_Constantinople" class="mw-redirect" title="Bartholomew I of Constantinople">Bartholomew</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:gold"><div> <ul><li><sup><small>†</small></sup> in exile at <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Nicaea" title="Empire of Nicaea">Nicaea</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_christianity.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/16px-P_christianity.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/24px-P_christianity.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/32px-P_christianity.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Christianity" title="Portal:Christianity">Christianity portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px 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href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000122104642">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/316421957">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1820179/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJfRxTBr6RcKgyGKcrQXh3">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118958062">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n82027942">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" 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href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/2080380">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=44893">Greece</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=174907">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/nl036br609tzpmn">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810662458705606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/48268">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007603624805171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/118958062.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118958062">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/075535572">IdRef</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    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