CINXE.COM
Office of Faculty Affairs | Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health
<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en-US" class="no-js"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"><script type="text/javascript">(window.NREUM||(NREUM={})).init={ajax:{deny_list:["bam.nr-data.net"]}};(window.NREUM||(NREUM={})).loader_config={licenseKey:"NRJS-26d49e9cd1d82010791",applicationID:"529647296"};;/*! For license information please see nr-loader-rum-1.274.0.min.js.LICENSE.txt */ (()=>{var e,t,r={8122:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{a:()=>i});var n=r(944);function i(e,t){try{if(!e||"object"!=typeof e)return(0,n.R)(3);if(!t||"object"!=typeof t)return(0,n.R)(4);const r=Object.create(Object.getPrototypeOf(t),Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptors(t)),o=0===Object.keys(r).length?e:r;for(let a in o)if(void 0!==e[a])try{if(null===e[a]){r[a]=null;continue}Array.isArray(e[a])&&Array.isArray(t[a])?r[a]=Array.from(new Set([...e[a],...t[a]])):"object"==typeof e[a]&&"object"==typeof t[a]?r[a]=i(e[a],t[a]):r[a]=e[a]}catch(e){(0,n.R)(1,e)}return r}catch(e){(0,n.R)(2,e)}}},2555:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{Vp:()=>c,fn:()=>s,x1:()=>u});var n=r(384),i=r(8122);const o={beacon:n.NT.beacon,errorBeacon:n.NT.errorBeacon,licenseKey:void 0,applicationID:void 0,sa:void 0,queueTime:void 0,applicationTime:void 0,ttGuid:void 0,user:void 0,account:void 0,product:void 0,extra:void 0,jsAttributes:{},userAttributes:void 0,atts:void 0,transactionName:void 0,tNamePlain:void 0},a={};function s(e){try{const t=c(e);return!!t.licenseKey&&!!t.errorBeacon&&!!t.applicationID}catch(e){return!1}}function c(e){if(!e)throw new Error("All info objects require an agent identifier!");if(!a[e])throw new Error("Info for ".concat(e," was never set"));return a[e]}function u(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error("All info objects require an agent identifier!");a[e]=(0,i.a)(t,o);const r=(0,n.nY)(e);r&&(r.info=a[e])}},9417:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{D0:()=>g,gD:()=>h,xN:()=>p});var n=r(993);const i=e=>{if(!e||"string"!=typeof e)return!1;try{document.createDocumentFragment().querySelector(e)}catch{return!1}return!0};var o=r(2614),a=r(944),s=r(384),c=r(8122);const u="[data-nr-mask]",d=()=>{const e={mask_selector:"*",block_selector:"[data-nr-block]",mask_input_options:{color:!1,date:!1,"datetime-local":!1,email:!1,month:!1,number:!1,range:!1,search:!1,tel:!1,text:!1,time:!1,url:!1,week:!1,textarea:!1,select:!1,password:!0}};return{ajax:{deny_list:void 0,block_internal:!0,enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10,autoStart:!0},distributed_tracing:{enabled:void 0,exclude_newrelic_header:void 0,cors_use_newrelic_header:void 0,cors_use_tracecontext_headers:void 0,allowed_origins:void 0},feature_flags:[],generic_events:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:30,autoStart:!0},harvest:{tooManyRequestsDelay:60},jserrors:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10,autoStart:!0},logging:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10,autoStart:!0,level:n.p_.INFO},metrics:{enabled:!0,autoStart:!0},obfuscate:void 0,page_action:{enabled:!0},page_view_event:{enabled:!0,autoStart:!0},page_view_timing:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:30,autoStart:!0},performance:{capture_marks:!1,capture_measures:!1},privacy:{cookies_enabled:!0},proxy:{assets:void 0,beacon:void 0},session:{expiresMs:o.wk,inactiveMs:o.BB},session_replay:{autoStart:!0,enabled:!1,harvestTimeSeconds:60,preload:!1,sampling_rate:10,error_sampling_rate:100,collect_fonts:!1,inline_images:!1,fix_stylesheets:!0,mask_all_inputs:!0,get mask_text_selector(){return e.mask_selector},set mask_text_selector(t){i(t)?e.mask_selector="".concat(t,",").concat(u):""===t||null===t?e.mask_selector=u:(0,a.R)(5,t)},get block_class(){return"nr-block"},get ignore_class(){return"nr-ignore"},get mask_text_class(){return"nr-mask"},get block_selector(){return e.block_selector},set block_selector(t){i(t)?e.block_selector+=",".concat(t):""!==t&&(0,a.R)(6,t)},get mask_input_options(){return e.mask_input_options},set mask_input_options(t){t&&"object"==typeof t?e.mask_input_options={...t,password:!0}:(0,a.R)(7,t)}},session_trace:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10,autoStart:!0},soft_navigations:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10,autoStart:!0},spa:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10,autoStart:!0},ssl:void 0,user_actions:{enabled:!0}}},l={},f="All configuration objects require an agent identifier!";function g(e){if(!e)throw new Error(f);if(!l[e])throw new Error("Configuration for ".concat(e," was never set"));return l[e]}function p(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error(f);l[e]=(0,c.a)(t,d());const r=(0,s.nY)(e);r&&(r.init=l[e])}function h(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error(f);var r=g(e);if(r){for(var n=t.split("."),i=0;i<n.length-1;i++)if("object"!=typeof(r=r[n[i]]))return;r=r[n[n.length-1]]}return r}},3371:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{V:()=>f,f:()=>l});var n=r(8122),i=r(384),o=r(6154),a=r(9324);let s=0;const c={buildEnv:a.F3,distMethod:a.Xs,version:a.xv,originTime:o.WN},u={customTransaction:void 0,disabled:!1,isolatedBacklog:!1,loaderType:void 0,maxBytes:3e4,onerror:void 0,ptid:void 0,releaseIds:{},appMetadata:{},session:void 0,denyList:void 0,timeKeeper:void 0,obfuscator:void 0},d={};function l(e){if(!e)throw new Error("All runtime objects require an agent identifier!");if(!d[e])throw new Error("Runtime for ".concat(e," was never set"));return d[e]}function f(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error("All runtime objects require an agent identifier!");d[e]={...(0,n.a)(t,u),...c},Object.hasOwnProperty.call(d[e],"harvestCount")||Object.defineProperty(d[e],"harvestCount",{get:()=>++s});const r=(0,i.nY)(e);r&&(r.runtime=d[e])}},9324:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{F3:()=>i,Xs:()=>o,xv:()=>n});const n="1.274.0",i="PROD",o="CDN"},6154:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{OF:()=>c,RI:()=>i,WN:()=>d,bv:()=>o,gm:()=>a,mw:()=>s,sb:()=>u});var n=r(1863);const i="undefined"!=typeof window&&!!window.document,o="undefined"!=typeof WorkerGlobalScope&&("undefined"!=typeof self&&self instanceof WorkerGlobalScope&&self.navigator instanceof WorkerNavigator||"undefined"!=typeof globalThis&&globalThis instanceof WorkerGlobalScope&&globalThis.navigator instanceof WorkerNavigator),a=i?window:"undefined"!=typeof WorkerGlobalScope&&("undefined"!=typeof self&&self instanceof WorkerGlobalScope&&self||"undefined"!=typeof globalThis&&globalThis instanceof WorkerGlobalScope&&globalThis),s=Boolean("hidden"===a?.document?.visibilityState),c=/iPad|iPhone|iPod/.test(a.navigator?.userAgent),u=c&&"undefined"==typeof SharedWorker,d=((()=>{const e=a.navigator?.userAgent?.match(/Firefox[/\s](\d+\.\d+)/);Array.isArray(e)&&e.length>=2&&e[1]})(),Date.now()-(0,n.t)())},1687:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{Ak:()=>c,Ze:()=>l,x3:()=>u});var n=r(7836),i=r(3606),o=r(860),a=r(2646);const s={};function c(e,t){const r={staged:!1,priority:o.P3[t]||0};d(e),s[e].get(t)||s[e].set(t,r)}function u(e,t){e&&s[e]&&(s[e].get(t)&&s[e].delete(t),g(e,t,!1),s[e].size&&f(e))}function d(e){if(!e)throw new Error("agentIdentifier required");s[e]||(s[e]=new Map)}function l(e="",t="feature",r=!1){if(d(e),!e||!s[e].get(t)||r)return g(e,t);s[e].get(t).staged=!0,f(e)}function f(e){const t=Array.from(s[e]);t.every((([e,t])=>t.staged))&&(t.sort(((e,t)=>e[1].priority-t[1].priority)),t.forEach((([t])=>{s[e].delete(t),g(e,t)})))}function g(e,t,r=!0){const o=e?n.ee.get(e):n.ee,s=i.i.handlers;if(!o.aborted&&o.backlog&&s){if(r){const e=o.backlog[t],r=s[t];if(r){for(let t=0;e&&t<e.length;++t)p(e[t],r);Object.entries(r).forEach((([e,t])=>{Object.values(t||{}).forEach((t=>{t[0]?.on&&t[0]?.context()instanceof a.y&&t[0].on(e,t[1])}))}))}}o.isolatedBacklog||delete s[t],o.backlog[t]=null,o.emit("drain-"+t,[])}}function p(e,t){var r=e[1];Object.values(t[r]||{}).forEach((t=>{var r=e[0];if(t[0]===r){var n=t[1],i=e[3],o=e[2];n.apply(i,o)}}))}},7836:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{P:()=>c,ee:()=>u});var n=r(384),i=r(8990),o=r(3371),a=r(2646),s=r(5607);const c="nr@context:".concat(s.W),u=function e(t,r){var n={},s={},d={},l=!1;try{l=16===r.length&&(0,o.f)(r).isolatedBacklog}catch(e){}var f={on:p,addEventListener:p,removeEventListener:function(e,t){var r=n[e];if(!r)return;for(var i=0;i<r.length;i++)r[i]===t&&r.splice(i,1)},emit:function(e,r,n,i,o){!1!==o&&(o=!0);if(u.aborted&&!i)return;t&&o&&t.emit(e,r,n);for(var a=g(n),c=h(e),d=c.length,l=0;l<d;l++)c[l].apply(a,r);var p=m()[s[e]];p&&p.push([f,e,r,a]);return a},get:v,listeners:h,context:g,buffer:function(e,t){const r=m();if(t=t||"feature",f.aborted)return;Object.entries(e||{}).forEach((([e,n])=>{s[n]=t,t in r||(r[t]=[])}))},abort:function(){f._aborted=!0,Object.keys(f.backlog).forEach((e=>{delete f.backlog[e]}))},isBuffering:function(e){return!!m()[s[e]]},debugId:r,backlog:l?{}:t&&"object"==typeof t.backlog?t.backlog:{},isolatedBacklog:l};return Object.defineProperty(f,"aborted",{get:()=>{let e=f._aborted||!1;return e||(t&&(e=t.aborted),e)}}),f;function g(e){return e&&e instanceof a.y?e:e?(0,i.I)(e,c,(()=>new a.y(c))):new a.y(c)}function p(e,t){n[e]=h(e).concat(t)}function h(e){return n[e]||[]}function v(t){return d[t]=d[t]||e(f,t)}function m(){return f.backlog}}(void 0,"globalEE"),d=(0,n.Zm)();d.ee||(d.ee=u)},2646:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{y:()=>n});class n{constructor(e){this.contextId=e}}},9908:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{d:()=>n,p:()=>i});var n=r(7836).ee.get("handle");function i(e,t,r,i,o){o?(o.buffer([e],i),o.emit(e,t,r)):(n.buffer([e],i),n.emit(e,t,r))}},3606:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{i:()=>o});var n=r(9908);o.on=a;var i=o.handlers={};function o(e,t,r,o){a(o||n.d,i,e,t,r)}function a(e,t,r,i,o){o||(o="feature"),e||(e=n.d);var a=t[o]=t[o]||{};(a[r]=a[r]||[]).push([e,i])}},3878:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";function n(e,t){return{capture:e,passive:!1,signal:t}}function i(e,t,r=!1,i){window.addEventListener(e,t,n(r,i))}function o(e,t,r=!1,i){document.addEventListener(e,t,n(r,i))}r.d(t,{DD:()=>o,jT:()=>n,sp:()=>i})},5607:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{W:()=>n});const n=(0,r(9566).bz)()},9566:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{LA:()=>s,bz:()=>a});var n=r(6154);const i="xxxxxxxx-xxxx-4xxx-yxxx-xxxxxxxxxxxx";function o(e,t){return e?15&e[t]:16*Math.random()|0}function a(){const e=n.gm?.crypto||n.gm?.msCrypto;let t,r=0;return e&&e.getRandomValues&&(t=e.getRandomValues(new Uint8Array(30))),i.split("").map((e=>"x"===e?o(t,r++).toString(16):"y"===e?(3&o()|8).toString(16):e)).join("")}function s(e){const t=n.gm?.crypto||n.gm?.msCrypto;let r,i=0;t&&t.getRandomValues&&(r=t.getRandomValues(new Uint8Array(e)));const a=[];for(var s=0;s<e;s++)a.push(o(r,i++).toString(16));return a.join("")}},2614:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{BB:()=>a,H3:()=>n,g:()=>u,iL:()=>c,tS:()=>s,uh:()=>i,wk:()=>o});const n="NRBA",i="SESSION",o=144e5,a=18e5,s={STARTED:"session-started",PAUSE:"session-pause",RESET:"session-reset",RESUME:"session-resume",UPDATE:"session-update"},c={SAME_TAB:"same-tab",CROSS_TAB:"cross-tab"},u={OFF:0,FULL:1,ERROR:2}},1863:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";function n(){return Math.floor(performance.now())}r.d(t,{t:()=>n})},944:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";function n(e,t){"function"==typeof console.debug&&console.debug("New Relic Warning: https://github.com/newrelic/newrelic-browser-agent/blob/main/docs/warning-codes.md#".concat(e),t)}r.d(t,{R:()=>n})},5284:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{t:()=>c,B:()=>s});var n=r(7836),i=r(6154);const o="newrelic";const a=new Set,s={};function c(e,t){const r=n.ee.get(t);s[t]??={},e&&"object"==typeof e&&(a.has(t)||(r.emit("rumresp",[e]),s[t]=e,a.add(t),function(e={}){try{i.gm.dispatchEvent(new CustomEvent(o,{detail:e}))}catch(e){}}({loaded:!0})))}},8990:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{I:()=>i});var n=Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty;function i(e,t,r){if(n.call(e,t))return e[t];var i=r();if(Object.defineProperty&&Object.keys)try{return Object.defineProperty(e,t,{value:i,writable:!0,enumerable:!1}),i}catch(e){}return e[t]=i,i}},6389:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";function n(e,t=500,r={}){const n=r?.leading||!1;let i;return(...r)=>{n&&void 0===i&&(e.apply(this,r),i=setTimeout((()=>{i=clearTimeout(i)}),t)),n||(clearTimeout(i),i=setTimeout((()=>{e.apply(this,r)}),t))}}function i(e){let t=!1;return(...r)=>{t||(t=!0,e.apply(this,r))}}r.d(t,{J:()=>i,s:()=>n})},5289:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{GG:()=>o,sB:()=>a});var n=r(3878);function i(){return"undefined"==typeof document||"complete"===document.readyState}function o(e,t){if(i())return e();(0,n.sp)("load",e,t)}function a(e){if(i())return e();(0,n.DD)("DOMContentLoaded",e)}},384:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{NT:()=>o,US:()=>d,Zm:()=>a,bQ:()=>c,dV:()=>s,nY:()=>u,pV:()=>l});var n=r(6154),i=r(1863);const o={beacon:"bam.nr-data.net",errorBeacon:"bam.nr-data.net"};function a(){return n.gm.NREUM||(n.gm.NREUM={}),void 0===n.gm.newrelic&&(n.gm.newrelic=n.gm.NREUM),n.gm.NREUM}function s(){let e=a();return e.o||(e.o={ST:n.gm.setTimeout,SI:n.gm.setImmediate,CT:n.gm.clearTimeout,XHR:n.gm.XMLHttpRequest,REQ:n.gm.Request,EV:n.gm.Event,PR:n.gm.Promise,MO:n.gm.MutationObserver,FETCH:n.gm.fetch,WS:n.gm.WebSocket}),e}function c(e,t){let r=a();r.initializedAgents??={},t.initializedAt={ms:(0,i.t)(),date:new Date},r.initializedAgents[e]=t}function u(e){let t=a();return t.initializedAgents?.[e]}function d(e,t){a()[e]=t}function l(){return function(){let e=a();const t=e.info||{};e.info={beacon:o.beacon,errorBeacon:o.errorBeacon,...t}}(),function(){let e=a();const t=e.init||{};e.init={...t}}(),s(),function(){let e=a();const t=e.loader_config||{};e.loader_config={...t}}(),a()}},2843:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{u:()=>i});var n=r(3878);function i(e,t=!1,r,i){(0,n.DD)("visibilitychange",(function(){if(t)return void("hidden"===document.visibilityState&&e());e(document.visibilityState)}),r,i)}},3434:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{YM:()=>c});var n=r(7836),i=r(5607);const o="nr@original:".concat(i.W);var a=Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty,s=!1;function c(e,t){return e||(e=n.ee),r.inPlace=function(e,t,n,i,o){n||(n="");const a="-"===n.charAt(0);for(let s=0;s<t.length;s++){const c=t[s],u=e[c];d(u)||(e[c]=r(u,a?c+n:n,i,c,o))}},r.flag=o,r;function r(t,r,n,s,c){return d(t)?t:(r||(r=""),nrWrapper[o]=t,function(e,t,r){if(Object.defineProperty&&Object.keys)try{return Object.keys(e).forEach((function(r){Object.defineProperty(t,r,{get:function(){return e[r]},set:function(t){return e[r]=t,t}})})),t}catch(e){u([e],r)}for(var n in e)a.call(e,n)&&(t[n]=e[n])}(t,nrWrapper,e),nrWrapper);function nrWrapper(){var o,a,d,l;try{a=this,o=[...arguments],d="function"==typeof n?n(o,a):n||{}}catch(t){u([t,"",[o,a,s],d],e)}i(r+"start",[o,a,s],d,c);try{return l=t.apply(a,o)}catch(e){throw i(r+"err",[o,a,e],d,c),e}finally{i(r+"end",[o,a,l],d,c)}}}function i(r,n,i,o){if(!s||t){var a=s;s=!0;try{e.emit(r,n,i,t,o)}catch(t){u([t,r,n,i],e)}s=a}}}function u(e,t){t||(t=n.ee);try{t.emit("internal-error",e)}catch(e){}}function d(e){return!(e&&"function"==typeof e&&e.apply&&!e[o])}},993:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{ET:()=>o,p_:()=>i});var n=r(860);const i={ERROR:"ERROR",WARN:"WARN",INFO:"INFO",DEBUG:"DEBUG",TRACE:"TRACE"},o="log";n.K7.logging},3969:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{TZ:()=>n,XG:()=>s,rs:()=>i,xV:()=>a,z_:()=>o});const n=r(860).K7.metrics,i="sm",o="cm",a="storeSupportabilityMetrics",s="storeEventMetrics"},6630:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{T:()=>n});const n=r(860).K7.pageViewEvent},782:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{T:()=>n});const n=r(860).K7.pageViewTiming},6344:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{G4:()=>i});var n=r(2614);r(860).K7.sessionReplay;const i={RECORD:"recordReplay",PAUSE:"pauseReplay",REPLAY_RUNNING:"replayRunning",ERROR_DURING_REPLAY:"errorDuringReplay"};n.g.ERROR,n.g.FULL,n.g.OFF},4234:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{W:()=>o});var n=r(7836),i=r(1687);class o{constructor(e,t){this.agentIdentifier=e,this.ee=n.ee.get(e),this.featureName=t,this.blocked=!1}deregisterDrain(){(0,i.x3)(this.agentIdentifier,this.featureName)}}},7603:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{j:()=>P});var n=r(860),i=r(2555),o=r(3371),a=r(9908),s=r(7836),c=r(1687),u=r(5289),d=r(6154),l=r(944),f=r(3969),g=r(384),p=r(6344);const h=["setErrorHandler","finished","addToTrace","addRelease","addPageAction","setCurrentRouteName","setPageViewName","setCustomAttribute","interaction","noticeError","setUserId","setApplicationVersion","start",p.G4.RECORD,p.G4.PAUSE,"log","wrapLogger"],v=["setErrorHandler","finished","addToTrace","addRelease"];var m=r(1863),b=r(2614),y=r(993);var w=r(2646),A=r(3434);function R(e,t,r,n){if("object"!=typeof t||!t||"string"!=typeof r||!r||"function"!=typeof t[r])return(0,l.R)(29);const i=function(e){return(e||s.ee).get("logger")}(e),o=(0,A.YM)(i),a=new w.y(s.P);return a.level=n.level,a.customAttributes=n.customAttributes,o.inPlace(t,[r],"wrap-logger-",a),i}function E(){const e=(0,g.pV)();h.forEach((t=>{e[t]=(...r)=>function(t,...r){let n=[];return Object.values(e.initializedAgents).forEach((e=>{e&&e.api?e.exposed&&e.api[t]&&n.push(e.api[t](...r)):(0,l.R)(38,t)})),n.length>1?n:n[0]}(t,...r)}))}const x={};function _(e,t,g=!1){t||(0,c.Ak)(e,"api");const h={};var w=s.ee.get(e),A=w.get("tracer");x[e]=b.g.OFF,w.on(p.G4.REPLAY_RUNNING,(t=>{x[e]=t}));var E="api-",_=E+"ixn-";function N(t,r,n,o){const a=(0,i.Vp)(e);return null===r?delete a.jsAttributes[t]:(0,i.x1)(e,{...a,jsAttributes:{...a.jsAttributes,[t]:r}}),j(E,n,!0,o||null===r?"session":void 0)(t,r)}function T(){}h.log=function(e,{customAttributes:t={},level:r=y.p_.INFO}={}){(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/log/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,w),function(e,t,r={},i=y.p_.INFO){(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/logging/".concat(i.toLowerCase(),"/called")],void 0,n.K7.metrics,e),(0,a.p)(y.ET,[(0,m.t)(),t,r,i],void 0,n.K7.logging,e)}(w,e,t,r)},h.wrapLogger=(e,t,{customAttributes:r={},level:i=y.p_.INFO}={})=>{(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/wrapLogger/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,w),R(w,e,t,{customAttributes:r,level:i})},v.forEach((e=>{h[e]=j(E,e,!0,"api")})),h.addPageAction=j(E,"addPageAction",!0,n.K7.genericEvents),h.setPageViewName=function(t,r){if("string"==typeof t)return"/"!==t.charAt(0)&&(t="/"+t),(0,o.f)(e).customTransaction=(r||"http://custom.transaction")+t,j(E,"setPageViewName",!0)()},h.setCustomAttribute=function(e,t,r=!1){if("string"==typeof e){if(["string","number","boolean"].includes(typeof t)||null===t)return N(e,t,"setCustomAttribute",r);(0,l.R)(40,typeof t)}else(0,l.R)(39,typeof e)},h.setUserId=function(e){if("string"==typeof e||null===e)return N("enduser.id",e,"setUserId",!0);(0,l.R)(41,typeof e)},h.setApplicationVersion=function(e){if("string"==typeof e||null===e)return N("application.version",e,"setApplicationVersion",!1);(0,l.R)(42,typeof e)},h.start=()=>{try{(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/start/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,w),w.emit("manual-start-all")}catch(e){(0,l.R)(23,e)}},h[p.G4.RECORD]=function(){(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/recordReplay/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,w),(0,a.p)(p.G4.RECORD,[],void 0,n.K7.sessionReplay,w)},h[p.G4.PAUSE]=function(){(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/pauseReplay/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,w),(0,a.p)(p.G4.PAUSE,[],void 0,n.K7.sessionReplay,w)},h.interaction=function(e){return(new T).get("object"==typeof e?e:{})};const S=T.prototype={createTracer:function(e,t){var r={},i=this,o="function"==typeof t;return(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/createTracer/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,w),g||(0,a.p)(_+"tracer",[(0,m.t)(),e,r],i,n.K7.spa,w),function(){if(A.emit((o?"":"no-")+"fn-start",[(0,m.t)(),i,o],r),o)try{return t.apply(this,arguments)}catch(e){const t="string"==typeof e?new Error(e):e;throw A.emit("fn-err",[arguments,this,t],r),t}finally{A.emit("fn-end",[(0,m.t)()],r)}}}};function j(e,t,r,i){return function(){return(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/"+t+"/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,w),i&&(0,a.p)(e+t,[(0,m.t)(),...arguments],r?null:this,i,w),r?void 0:this}}function k(){r.e(296).then(r.bind(r,8778)).then((({setAPI:t})=>{t(e),(0,c.Ze)(e,"api")})).catch((e=>{(0,l.R)(27,e),w.abort()}))}return["actionText","setName","setAttribute","save","ignore","onEnd","getContext","end","get"].forEach((e=>{S[e]=j(_,e,void 0,g?n.K7.softNav:n.K7.spa)})),h.setCurrentRouteName=g?j(_,"routeName",void 0,n.K7.softNav):j(E,"routeName",!0,n.K7.spa),h.noticeError=function(t,r){"string"==typeof t&&(t=new Error(t)),(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/noticeError/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,w),(0,a.p)("err",[t,(0,m.t)(),!1,r,!!x[e]],void 0,n.K7.jserrors,w)},d.RI?(0,u.GG)((()=>k()),!0):k(),h}var N=r(9417),T=r(8122);const S={accountID:void 0,trustKey:void 0,agentID:void 0,licenseKey:void 0,applicationID:void 0,xpid:void 0},j={};var k=r(5284);const I=e=>{const t=e.startsWith("http");e+="/",r.p=t?e:"https://"+e};let O=!1;function P(e,t={},r,n){let{init:a,info:c,loader_config:u,runtime:l={},exposed:f=!0}=t;l.loaderType=r;const p=(0,g.pV)();c||(a=p.init,c=p.info,u=p.loader_config),(0,N.xN)(e.agentIdentifier,a||{}),function(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error("All loader-config objects require an agent identifier!");j[e]=(0,T.a)(t,S);const r=(0,g.nY)(e);r&&(r.loader_config=j[e])}(e.agentIdentifier,u||{}),c.jsAttributes??={},d.bv&&(c.jsAttributes.isWorker=!0),(0,i.x1)(e.agentIdentifier,c);const h=(0,N.D0)(e.agentIdentifier),v=[c.beacon,c.errorBeacon];O||(h.proxy.assets&&(I(h.proxy.assets),v.push(h.proxy.assets)),h.proxy.beacon&&v.push(h.proxy.beacon),E(),(0,g.US)("activatedFeatures",k.B),e.runSoftNavOverSpa&&=!0===h.soft_navigations.enabled&&h.feature_flags.includes("soft_nav")),l.denyList=[...h.ajax.deny_list||[],...h.ajax.block_internal?v:[]],l.ptid=e.agentIdentifier,(0,o.V)(e.agentIdentifier,l),e.ee=s.ee.get(e.agentIdentifier),void 0===e.api&&(e.api=_(e.agentIdentifier,n,e.runSoftNavOverSpa)),void 0===e.exposed&&(e.exposed=f),O=!0}},8374:(e,t,r)=>{r.nc=(()=>{try{return document?.currentScript?.nonce}catch(e){}return""})()},860:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{$J:()=>o,K7:()=>n,P3:()=>i});const n={ajax:"ajax",genericEvents:"generic_events",jserrors:"jserrors",logging:"logging",metrics:"metrics",pageAction:"page_action",pageViewEvent:"page_view_event",pageViewTiming:"page_view_timing",sessionReplay:"session_replay",sessionTrace:"session_trace",softNav:"soft_navigations",spa:"spa"},i={[n.pageViewEvent]:1,[n.pageViewTiming]:2,[n.metrics]:3,[n.jserrors]:4,[n.spa]:5,[n.ajax]:6,[n.sessionTrace]:7,[n.softNav]:8,[n.sessionReplay]:9,[n.logging]:10,[n.genericEvents]:11},o={[n.pageViewTiming]:"events",[n.ajax]:"events",[n.spa]:"events",[n.softNav]:"events",[n.metrics]:"jserrors",[n.jserrors]:"jserrors",[n.sessionTrace]:"browser/blobs",[n.sessionReplay]:"browser/blobs",[n.logging]:"browser/logs",[n.genericEvents]:"ins"}}},n={};function i(e){var t=n[e];if(void 0!==t)return t.exports;var o=n[e]={exports:{}};return r[e](o,o.exports,i),o.exports}i.m=r,i.d=(e,t)=>{for(var r in t)i.o(t,r)&&!i.o(e,r)&&Object.defineProperty(e,r,{enumerable:!0,get:t[r]})},i.f={},i.e=e=>Promise.all(Object.keys(i.f).reduce(((t,r)=>(i.f[r](e,t),t)),[])),i.u=e=>"nr-rum-1.274.0.min.js",i.o=(e,t)=>Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(e,t),e={},t="NRBA-1.274.0.PROD:",i.l=(r,n,o,a)=>{if(e[r])e[r].push(n);else{var s,c;if(void 0!==o)for(var u=document.getElementsByTagName("script"),d=0;d<u.length;d++){var l=u[d];if(l.getAttribute("src")==r||l.getAttribute("data-webpack")==t+o){s=l;break}}if(!s){c=!0;var f={296:"sha512-gkYkZDAwQ9PwaDXs2YM+rNIdRej1Ac1mupWobRJ8eahQcXz6/sunGZCKklrzi5kWxhOGRZr2tn0rEKuLTXzfAA=="};(s=document.createElement("script")).charset="utf-8",s.timeout=120,i.nc&&s.setAttribute("nonce",i.nc),s.setAttribute("data-webpack",t+o),s.src=r,0!==s.src.indexOf(window.location.origin+"/")&&(s.crossOrigin="anonymous"),f[a]&&(s.integrity=f[a])}e[r]=[n];var g=(t,n)=>{s.onerror=s.onload=null,clearTimeout(p);var i=e[r];if(delete e[r],s.parentNode&&s.parentNode.removeChild(s),i&&i.forEach((e=>e(n))),t)return t(n)},p=setTimeout(g.bind(null,void 0,{type:"timeout",target:s}),12e4);s.onerror=g.bind(null,s.onerror),s.onload=g.bind(null,s.onload),c&&document.head.appendChild(s)}},i.r=e=>{"undefined"!=typeof Symbol&&Symbol.toStringTag&&Object.defineProperty(e,Symbol.toStringTag,{value:"Module"}),Object.defineProperty(e,"__esModule",{value:!0})},i.p="https://js-agent.newrelic.com/",(()=>{var e={840:0,374:0};i.f.j=(t,r)=>{var n=i.o(e,t)?e[t]:void 0;if(0!==n)if(n)r.push(n[2]);else{var o=new Promise(((r,i)=>n=e[t]=[r,i]));r.push(n[2]=o);var a=i.p+i.u(t),s=new Error;i.l(a,(r=>{if(i.o(e,t)&&(0!==(n=e[t])&&(e[t]=void 0),n)){var o=r&&("load"===r.type?"missing":r.type),a=r&&r.target&&r.target.src;s.message="Loading chunk "+t+" failed.\n("+o+": "+a+")",s.name="ChunkLoadError",s.type=o,s.request=a,n[1](s)}}),"chunk-"+t,t)}};var t=(t,r)=>{var n,o,[a,s,c]=r,u=0;if(a.some((t=>0!==e[t]))){for(n in s)i.o(s,n)&&(i.m[n]=s[n]);if(c)c(i)}for(t&&t(r);u<a.length;u++)o=a[u],i.o(e,o)&&e[o]&&e[o][0](),e[o]=0},r=self["webpackChunk:NRBA-1.274.0.PROD"]=self["webpackChunk:NRBA-1.274.0.PROD"]||[];r.forEach(t.bind(null,0)),r.push=t.bind(null,r.push.bind(r))})(),(()=>{"use strict";i(8374);var e=i(944),t=i(6344),r=i(9566);class n{agentIdentifier;constructor(e=(0,r.LA)(16)){this.agentIdentifier=e}#e(t,...r){if("function"==typeof this.api?.[t])return this.api[t](...r);(0,e.R)(35,t)}addPageAction(e,t){return this.#e("addPageAction",e,t)}setPageViewName(e,t){return this.#e("setPageViewName",e,t)}setCustomAttribute(e,t,r){return this.#e("setCustomAttribute",e,t,r)}noticeError(e,t){return this.#e("noticeError",e,t)}setUserId(e){return this.#e("setUserId",e)}setApplicationVersion(e){return this.#e("setApplicationVersion",e)}setErrorHandler(e){return this.#e("setErrorHandler",e)}addRelease(e,t){return this.#e("addRelease",e,t)}log(e,t){return this.#e("log",e,t)}}class o extends n{#e(t,...r){if("function"==typeof this.api?.[t])return this.api[t](...r);(0,e.R)(35,t)}start(){return this.#e("start")}finished(e){return this.#e("finished",e)}recordReplay(){return this.#e(t.G4.RECORD)}pauseReplay(){return this.#e(t.G4.PAUSE)}addToTrace(e){return this.#e("addToTrace",e)}setCurrentRouteName(e){return this.#e("setCurrentRouteName",e)}interaction(){return this.#e("interaction")}wrapLogger(e,t,r){return this.#e("wrapLogger",e,t,r)}}var a=i(860),s=i(9417);const c=Object.values(a.K7);function u(e){const t={};return c.forEach((r=>{t[r]=function(e,t){return!0===(0,s.gD)(t,"".concat(e,".enabled"))}(r,e)})),t}var d=i(7603);var l=i(1687),f=i(4234),g=i(5289),p=i(6154),h=i(384);const v=e=>p.RI&&!0===(0,s.gD)(e,"privacy.cookies_enabled");function m(e){return!!(0,h.dV)().o.MO&&v(e)&&!0===(0,s.gD)(e,"session_trace.enabled")}var b=i(6389);class y extends f.W{constructor(e,t,r=!0){super(e.agentIdentifier,t),this.auto=r,this.abortHandler=void 0,this.featAggregate=void 0,this.onAggregateImported=void 0,!1===e.init[this.featureName].autoStart&&(this.auto=!1),this.auto?(0,l.Ak)(e.agentIdentifier,t):this.ee.on("manual-start-all",(0,b.J)((()=>{(0,l.Ak)(e.agentIdentifier,this.featureName),this.auto=!0,this.importAggregator(e)})))}importAggregator(t,r={}){if(this.featAggregate||!this.auto)return;let n;this.onAggregateImported=new Promise((e=>{n=e}));const o=async()=>{let o;try{if(v(this.agentIdentifier)){const{setupAgentSession:e}=await i.e(296).then(i.bind(i,3861));o=e(t)}}catch(t){(0,e.R)(20,t),this.ee.emit("internal-error",[t]),this.featureName===a.K7.sessionReplay&&this.abortHandler?.()}try{if(t.sharedAggregator)await t.sharedAggregator;else{t.sharedAggregator=i.e(296).then(i.bind(i,9337));const{EventAggregator:e}=await t.sharedAggregator;t.sharedAggregator=new e}if(!this.#t(this.featureName,o))return(0,l.Ze)(this.agentIdentifier,this.featureName),void n(!1);const{lazyFeatureLoader:e}=await i.e(296).then(i.bind(i,6103)),{Aggregate:a}=await e(this.featureName,"aggregate");this.featAggregate=new a(t,r),n(!0)}catch(t){(0,e.R)(34,t),this.abortHandler?.(),(0,l.Ze)(this.agentIdentifier,this.featureName,!0),n(!1),this.ee&&this.ee.abort()}};p.RI?(0,g.GG)((()=>o()),!0):o()}#t(e,t){switch(e){case a.K7.sessionReplay:return m(this.agentIdentifier)&&!!t;case a.K7.sessionTrace:return!!t;default:return!0}}}var w=i(6630);class A extends y{static featureName=w.T;constructor(e,t=!0){super(e,w.T,t),this.importAggregator(e)}}var R=i(9908),E=i(2843),x=i(3878),_=i(782),N=i(1863);class T extends y{static featureName=_.T;constructor(e,t=!0){super(e,_.T,t),p.RI&&((0,E.u)((()=>(0,R.p)("docHidden",[(0,N.t)()],void 0,_.T,this.ee)),!0),(0,x.sp)("pagehide",(()=>(0,R.p)("winPagehide",[(0,N.t)()],void 0,_.T,this.ee))),this.importAggregator(e))}}var S=i(3969);class j extends y{static featureName=S.TZ;constructor(e,t=!0){super(e,S.TZ,t),this.importAggregator(e)}}new class extends o{constructor(t,r){super(r),p.gm?(this.features={},(0,h.bQ)(this.agentIdentifier,this),this.desiredFeatures=new Set(t.features||[]),this.desiredFeatures.add(A),this.runSoftNavOverSpa=[...this.desiredFeatures].some((e=>e.featureName===a.K7.softNav)),(0,d.j)(this,t,t.loaderType||"agent"),this.run()):(0,e.R)(21)}get config(){return{info:this.info,init:this.init,loader_config:this.loader_config,runtime:this.runtime}}run(){try{const t=u(this.agentIdentifier),r=[...this.desiredFeatures];r.sort(((e,t)=>a.P3[e.featureName]-a.P3[t.featureName])),r.forEach((r=>{if(!t[r.featureName]&&r.featureName!==a.K7.pageViewEvent)return;if(this.runSoftNavOverSpa&&r.featureName===a.K7.spa)return;if(!this.runSoftNavOverSpa&&r.featureName===a.K7.softNav)return;const n=function(e){switch(e){case a.K7.ajax:return[a.K7.jserrors];case a.K7.sessionTrace:return[a.K7.ajax,a.K7.pageViewEvent];case a.K7.sessionReplay:return[a.K7.sessionTrace];case a.K7.pageViewTiming:return[a.K7.pageViewEvent];default:return[]}}(r.featureName).filter((e=>!(e in this.features)));n.length>0&&(0,e.R)(36,{targetFeature:r.featureName,missingDependencies:n}),this.features[r.featureName]=new r(this)}))}catch(t){(0,e.R)(22,t);for(const e in this.features)this.features[e].abortHandler?.();const r=(0,h.Zm)();delete r.initializedAgents[this.agentIdentifier]?.api,delete r.initializedAgents[this.agentIdentifier]?.features,delete this.sharedAggregator;return r.ee.get(this.agentIdentifier).abort(),!1}}}({features:[A,T,j],loaderType:"lite"})})()})();</script> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1" /> <link rel="profile" href="http://gmpg.org/xfn/11"> <link rel="shortcut icon" type="image/x-icon" href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/faculty-affairs/wp-content/themes/theme-main-2016/assets/images/favicon.ico" /> <meta name="msapplication-TileColor" content="#A51C30"> <meta name="msapplication-TileImage" content="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/faculty-affairs/wp-content/themes/theme-main-2016/assets/images/ms/ms-tile-icon.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/faculty-affairs/wp-content/themes/theme-main-2016/assets/images/ios/touch-icon-iphone.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="76x76" href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/faculty-affairs/wp-content/themes/theme-main-2016/assets/images/ios/touch-icon-ipad.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="120x120" href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/faculty-affairs/wp-content/themes/theme-main-2016/assets/images/ios/touch-icon-iphone-retina.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="152x152" href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/faculty-affairs/wp-content/themes/theme-main-2016/assets/images/ios/touch-icon-ipad-retina.png"> <meta property="fb:app_id" content="1019010578192159" /> <script>(function(html){html.className = html.className.replace(/\bno-js\b/,'js')})(document.documentElement);</script> <title>Office of Faculty Affairs | Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health</title> <meta name='robots' content='max-image-preview:large' /> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//www.hsph.harvard.edu' /> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//cdnjs.cloudflare.com' /> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//stats.wp.com' /> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//fonts.googleapis.com' /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="Office of Faculty Affairs » Feed" href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/faculty-affairs/feed/" /> <link rel="alternate" type="text/calendar" title="Office of Faculty Affairs » iCal Feed" href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/faculty-affairs/events/?ical=1" /> <script type="text/javascript"> /* <![CDATA[ */ window._wpemojiSettings = {"baseUrl":"https:\/\/s.w.org\/images\/core\/emoji\/15.0.3\/72x72\/","ext":".png","svgUrl":"https:\/\/s.w.org\/images\/core\/emoji\/15.0.3\/svg\/","svgExt":".svg","source":{"concatemoji":"https:\/\/www.hsph.harvard.edu\/faculty-affairs\/wp-includes\/js\/wp-emoji-release.min.js?ver=6.6.1"}}; /*! This file is auto-generated */ !function(i,n){var o,s,e;function c(e){try{var t={supportTests:e,timestamp:(new Date).valueOf()};sessionStorage.setItem(o,JSON.stringify(t))}catch(e){}}function p(e,t,n){e.clearRect(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height),e.fillText(t,0,0);var t=new Uint32Array(e.getImageData(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height).data),r=(e.clearRect(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height),e.fillText(n,0,0),new Uint32Array(e.getImageData(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height).data));return t.every(function(e,t){return e===r[t]})}function u(e,t,n){switch(t){case"flag":return n(e,"\ud83c\udff3\ufe0f\u200d\u26a7\ufe0f","\ud83c\udff3\ufe0f\u200b\u26a7\ufe0f")?!1:!n(e,"\ud83c\uddfa\ud83c\uddf3","\ud83c\uddfa\u200b\ud83c\uddf3")&&!n(e,"\ud83c\udff4\udb40\udc67\udb40\udc62\udb40\udc65\udb40\udc6e\udb40\udc67\udb40\udc7f","\ud83c\udff4\u200b\udb40\udc67\u200b\udb40\udc62\u200b\udb40\udc65\u200b\udb40\udc6e\u200b\udb40\udc67\u200b\udb40\udc7f");case"emoji":return!n(e,"\ud83d\udc26\u200d\u2b1b","\ud83d\udc26\u200b\u2b1b")}return!1}function f(e,t,n){var r="undefined"!=typeof WorkerGlobalScope&&self instanceof WorkerGlobalScope?new OffscreenCanvas(300,150):i.createElement("canvas"),a=r.getContext("2d",{willReadFrequently:!0}),o=(a.textBaseline="top",a.font="600 32px Arial",{});return e.forEach(function(e){o[e]=t(a,e,n)}),o}function t(e){var t=i.createElement("script");t.src=e,t.defer=!0,i.head.appendChild(t)}"undefined"!=typeof Promise&&(o="wpEmojiSettingsSupports",s=["flag","emoji"],n.supports={everything:!0,everythingExceptFlag:!0},e=new Promise(function(e){i.addEventListener("DOMContentLoaded",e,{once:!0})}),new Promise(function(t){var n=function(){try{var e=JSON.parse(sessionStorage.getItem(o));if("object"==typeof e&&"number"==typeof e.timestamp&&(new Date).valueOf()<e.timestamp+604800&&"object"==typeof e.supportTests)return e.supportTests}catch(e){}return null}();if(!n){if("undefined"!=typeof Worker&&"undefined"!=typeof OffscreenCanvas&&"undefined"!=typeof URL&&URL.createObjectURL&&"undefined"!=typeof Blob)try{var e="postMessage("+f.toString()+"("+[JSON.stringify(s),u.toString(),p.toString()].join(",")+"));",r=new Blob([e],{type:"text/javascript"}),a=new Worker(URL.createObjectURL(r),{name:"wpTestEmojiSupports"});return void(a.onmessage=function(e){c(n=e.data),a.terminate(),t(n)})}catch(e){}c(n=f(s,u,p))}t(n)}).then(function(e){for(var t in e)n.supports[t]=e[t],n.supports.everything=n.supports.everything&&n.supports[t],"flag"!==t&&(n.supports.everythingExceptFlag=n.supports.everythingExceptFlag&&n.supports[t]);n.supports.everythingExceptFlag=n.supports.everythingExceptFlag&&!n.supports.flag,n.DOMReady=!1,n.readyCallback=function(){n.DOMReady=!0}}).then(function(){return e}).then(function(){var e;n.supports.everything||(n.readyCallback(),(e=n.source||{}).concatemoji?t(e.concatemoji):e.wpemoji&&e.twemoji&&(t(e.twemoji),t(e.wpemoji)))}))}((window,document),window._wpemojiSettings); /* ]]> */ </script> <link rel='stylesheet' id='tribe-events-pro-mini-calendar-block-styles-css' href='https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/faculty-affairs/wp-content/plugins/events-calendar-pro/src/resources/css/tribe-events-pro-mini-calendar-block.min.css?ver=6.3.3' type='text/css' media='all' /> <style id='wp-emoji-styles-inline-css' type='text/css'> img.wp-smiley, img.emoji { display: inline !important; border: none !important; box-shadow: none !important; height: 1em !important; width: 1em !important; margin: 0 0.07em !important; vertical-align: -0.1em !important; background: none !important; padding: 0 !important; } </style> <link rel='stylesheet' id='wp-block-library-css' href='https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/faculty-affairs/wp-includes/css/dist/block-library/style.min.css?ver=6.6.1' type='text/css' media='all' /> <style id='wp-block-library-inline-css' type='text/css'> .has-text-align-justify{text-align:justify;} </style> <link rel='stylesheet' id='mediaelement-css' href='https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/faculty-affairs/wp-includes/js/mediaelement/mediaelementplayer-legacy.min.css?ver=4.2.17' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='wp-mediaelement-css' href='https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/faculty-affairs/wp-includes/js/mediaelement/wp-mediaelement.min.css?ver=6.6.1' type='text/css' media='all' /> <style id='jetpack-sharing-buttons-style-inline-css' type='text/css'> .jetpack-sharing-buttons__services-list{display:flex;flex-direction:row;flex-wrap:wrap;gap:0;list-style-type:none;margin:5px;padding:0}.jetpack-sharing-buttons__services-list.has-small-icon-size{font-size:12px}.jetpack-sharing-buttons__services-list.has-normal-icon-size{font-size:16px}.jetpack-sharing-buttons__services-list.has-large-icon-size{font-size:24px}.jetpack-sharing-buttons__services-list.has-huge-icon-size{font-size:36px}@media print{.jetpack-sharing-buttons__services-list{display:none!important}}.editor-styles-wrapper .wp-block-jetpack-sharing-buttons{gap:0;padding-inline-start:0}ul.jetpack-sharing-buttons__services-list.has-background{padding:1.25em 2.375em} </style> <style id='classic-theme-styles-inline-css' type='text/css'> /*! This file is auto-generated */ .wp-block-button__link{color:#fff;background-color:#32373c;border-radius:9999px;box-shadow:none;text-decoration:none;padding:calc(.667em + 2px) calc(1.333em + 2px);font-size:1.125em}.wp-block-file__button{background:#32373c;color:#fff;text-decoration:none} </style> <style id='global-styles-inline-css' type='text/css'> :root{--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--square: 1;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--4-3: 4/3;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--3-4: 3/4;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--3-2: 3/2;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--2-3: 2/3;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--16-9: 16/9;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--9-16: 9/16;--wp--preset--color--black: #000000;--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray: #abb8c3;--wp--preset--color--white: #ffffff;--wp--preset--color--pale-pink: #f78da7;--wp--preset--color--vivid-red: #cf2e2e;--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange: #ff6900;--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber: #fcb900;--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan: #7bdcb5;--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan: #00d084;--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue: #8ed1fc;--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue: #0693e3;--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple: #9b51e0;--wp--preset--gradient--vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(6,147,227,1) 0%,rgb(155,81,224) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(122,220,180) 0%,rgb(0,208,130) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(252,185,0,1) 0%,rgba(255,105,0,1) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(255,105,0,1) 0%,rgb(207,46,46) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(238,238,238) 0%,rgb(169,184,195) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--cool-to-warm-spectrum: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(74,234,220) 0%,rgb(151,120,209) 20%,rgb(207,42,186) 40%,rgb(238,44,130) 60%,rgb(251,105,98) 80%,rgb(254,248,76) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--blush-light-purple: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,206,236) 0%,rgb(152,150,240) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--blush-bordeaux: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(254,205,165) 0%,rgb(254,45,45) 50%,rgb(107,0,62) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-dusk: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,203,112) 0%,rgb(199,81,192) 50%,rgb(65,88,208) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--pale-ocean: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,245,203) 0%,rgb(182,227,212) 50%,rgb(51,167,181) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--electric-grass: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(202,248,128) 0%,rgb(113,206,126) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--midnight: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(2,3,129) 0%,rgb(40,116,252) 100%);--wp--preset--font-size--small: 13px;--wp--preset--font-size--medium: 20px;--wp--preset--font-size--large: 36px;--wp--preset--font-size--x-large: 42px;--wp--preset--spacing--20: 0.44rem;--wp--preset--spacing--30: 0.67rem;--wp--preset--spacing--40: 1rem;--wp--preset--spacing--50: 1.5rem;--wp--preset--spacing--60: 2.25rem;--wp--preset--spacing--70: 3.38rem;--wp--preset--spacing--80: 5.06rem;--wp--preset--shadow--natural: 6px 6px 9px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);--wp--preset--shadow--deep: 12px 12px 50px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.4);--wp--preset--shadow--sharp: 6px 6px 0px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);--wp--preset--shadow--outlined: 6px 6px 0px -3px rgba(255, 255, 255, 1), 6px 6px rgba(0, 0, 0, 1);--wp--preset--shadow--crisp: 6px 6px 0px rgba(0, 0, 0, 1);}:where(.is-layout-flex){gap: 0.5em;}:where(.is-layout-grid){gap: 0.5em;}body .is-layout-flex{display: flex;}.is-layout-flex{flex-wrap: wrap;align-items: center;}.is-layout-flex > :is(*, div){margin: 0;}body .is-layout-grid{display: grid;}.is-layout-grid > :is(*, div){margin: 0;}:where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-flex){gap: 2em;}:where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-grid){gap: 2em;}:where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-flex){gap: 1.25em;}:where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-grid){gap: 1.25em;}.has-black-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-black-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-black-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red) !important;}.has-very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-cool-to-warm-spectrum-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--cool-to-warm-spectrum) !important;}.has-blush-light-purple-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--blush-light-purple) !important;}.has-blush-bordeaux-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--blush-bordeaux) !important;}.has-luminous-dusk-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-dusk) !important;}.has-pale-ocean-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--pale-ocean) !important;}.has-electric-grass-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--electric-grass) !important;}.has-midnight-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--midnight) !important;}.has-small-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--small) !important;}.has-medium-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--medium) !important;}.has-large-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--large) !important;}.has-x-large-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--x-large) !important;} :where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-flex){gap: 1.25em;}:where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-grid){gap: 1.25em;} :where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-flex){gap: 2em;}:where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-grid){gap: 2em;} :root :where(.wp-block-pullquote){font-size: 1.5em;line-height: 1.6;} </style> <link rel='stylesheet' id='hsph-plugin-multisite-tweaks-styles-css' href='https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/faculty-affairs/wp-content/plugins/plugin-multisite-tweaks/assets/css/hsph-plugin-multisite-tweaks.css?ver%5BVersion%5D=1.2.2' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='hsph_page_elements_styles-css' href='https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/faculty-affairs/wp-content/plugins/plugin-page-elements/assets/css/plugin-page-elements.css?ver=1.2.6' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='hsph-plugin-tagging-topics-pages-css' href='https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/faculty-affairs/wp-content/plugins/plugin-tagging/assets/css/topics.css?ver=1.1.5' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='hsph-table-sortable-css-css' href='https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/faculty-affairs/wp-content/plugins/plugin-tinymce-tweaks/assets/css/hsph-table-sortable.css?ver=1.1.1' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='dashicons-css' href='https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/faculty-affairs/wp-includes/css/dashicons.min.css?ver=6.6.1' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='hsph-bootstrap-css' href='https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/faculty-affairs/wp-content/plugins/plugin-design-system/assets/css/hsph-bootstrap-no-conflict.css?ver=1.4.12' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='hsph-ui-shortcodes-style-css' href='https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/faculty-affairs/wp-content/plugins/plugin-ui-shortcodes/assets/css/hsph-ui-shortcodes.css?ver=1.6.11' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='hsph-fonts-css' href='https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Merriweather%3A300%2C400%2C700%2C300italic%2C400italic%2C700italic%7CInconsolata%3A400&subset=latin%2Clatin-ext&ver=1.3.101' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='genericons-css' href='https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/faculty-affairs/wp-content/plugins/jetpack/_inc/genericons/genericons/genericons.css?ver=3.1' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='hsph-style-css' href='https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/faculty-affairs/wp-content/themes/theme-main-2016/style.css?ver=1.3.101' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='hsph-people-research-css' href='https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/faculty-affairs/wp-content/themes/theme-main-2016/assets/css/people-research.css?ver=1.3.101' type='text/css' media='all' /> <!--[if lt IE 10]> <link rel='stylesheet' id='hsph-ie-css' href='https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/faculty-affairs/wp-content/themes/theme-main-2016/assets/css/ie9.css?ver=1.3.101' type='text/css' media='all' /> <![endif]--> <!--[if lt IE 9]> <link rel='stylesheet' id='hsph-ie8-css' href='https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/faculty-affairs/wp-content/themes/theme-main-2016/assets/css/ie8.css?ver=1.3.101' type='text/css' media='all' /> <![endif]--> <link rel='stylesheet' id='hsph-fontawesome-css' href='https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/faculty-affairs/wp-content/plugins/plugin-design-system/assets/css/hsph-fontawesome.css?ver=1.4.12' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='hsph-sharing-buttons-styles-css' href='https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/faculty-affairs/wp-content/plugins/plugin-social//assets/css/hsph-sharing-buttons.css?ver%5BVersion%5D=1.0.1' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='jetpack_css-css' href='https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/faculty-affairs/wp-content/plugins/jetpack/css/jetpack.css?ver=13.3.1' type='text/css' media='all' /> <script type="text/javascript" id="wp-sentry-browser-js-extra"> /* <![CDATA[ */ var wp_sentry = {"environment":"prod","release":"v6.6.1.5","context":{"tags":{"wordpress":"6.6.1","language":"en-US"}},"blacklistUrls":["https:\/\/theforum.sph.harvard.edu\/","https:\/\/theforum.sph.harvard.edu\/","https:\/\/p3.3playmedia.com\/","https:\/\/static.3playmedia.com\/","http:\/\/p3.3playmedia.com\/","http:\/\/static.3playmedia.com\/","https:\/\/www.hsph.harvard.edu\/voices\/","regex:3playmedia","regex:theforum\\.sph\\.harvard","regex:theforum\\.sph\\.harvard","harvard\\\\.edu\\\/voices\\\/","harvard\\.edu\\\/voices\\\/"],"denyUrls":["https:\/\/theforum.sph.harvard.edu\/","https:\/\/theforum.sph.harvard.edu\/","https:\/\/p3.3playmedia.com\/","https:\/\/static.3playmedia.com\/","http:\/\/p3.3playmedia.com\/","http:\/\/static.3playmedia.com\/","https:\/\/www.hsph.harvard.edu\/voices\/","regex:theforum\\.sph\\.harvard","regex:theforum\\.sph\\.harvard","harvard\\\\.edu\\\/voices\\\/","harvard\\.edu\\\/voices\\\/"],"dsn":"https:\/\/1cf5486bca3949988f6ee887a807ff7c@o259296.ingest.sentry.io\/1856593"}; /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/faculty-affairs/wp-content/plugins/wp-sentry-integration/public/wp-sentry-browser.min.js?ver=7.12.0" id="wp-sentry-browser-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/faculty-affairs/wp-content/plugins/jquery-updater/js/jquery-3.7.1.min.js?ver=3.7.1" id="jquery-core-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/faculty-affairs/wp-content/plugins/jquery-updater/js/jquery-migrate-3.4.1.min.js?ver=3.4.1" id="jquery-migrate-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/faculty-affairs/wp-includes/js/jquery/ui/core.min.js?ver=1.13.3" id="jquery-ui-core-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/faculty-affairs/wp-includes/js/jquery/ui/tabs.min.js?ver=1.13.3" id="jquery-ui-tabs-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/faculty-affairs/wp-includes/js/jquery/ui/accordion.min.js?ver=1.13.3" id="jquery-ui-accordion-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/faculty-affairs/wp-content/plugins/plugin-ui-shortcodes/assets/js/hsph-ui-shortcodes.js?ver=1.6.11" id="hsph-ui-shortcodes-scripts-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/faculty-affairs/wp-content/themes/theme-main-2016/assets/js/typekit.js?ver=1.3.101" id="hsph-typekit-js"></script> <!--[if lt IE 9]> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/html5shiv/3.7.3/html5shiv.js?ver=3.7.3" id="hsph-html5-js"></script> <![endif]--> <link rel="https://api.w.org/" href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/faculty-affairs/wp-json/" /><link rel="alternate" title="JSON" type="application/json" href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/faculty-affairs/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/4" /><link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" title="RSD" href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/faculty-affairs/xmlrpc.php?rsd" /> <link rel="canonical" href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/faculty-affairs/" /> <link rel='shortlink' href='https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/faculty-affairs/' /> <link rel="alternate" title="oEmbed (JSON)" type="application/json+oembed" href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/faculty-affairs/wp-json/oembed/1.0/embed?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hsph.harvard.edu%2Ffaculty-affairs%2F" /> <link rel="alternate" title="oEmbed (XML)" type="text/xml+oembed" href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/faculty-affairs/wp-json/oembed/1.0/embed?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hsph.harvard.edu%2Ffaculty-affairs%2F&format=xml" /> <!-- Google Analytics --> <script type="text/javascript"> (function(i,s,o,g,r,a,m){i['GoogleAnalyticsObject']=r;i[r]=i[r]||function(){ (i[r].q=i[r].q||[]).push(arguments)},i[r].l=1*new Date();a=s.createElement(o), m=s.getElementsByTagName(o)[0];a.async=1;a.src=g;m.parentNode.insertBefore(a,m) })(window,document,'script','https://www.google-analytics.com/analytics.js','ga'); ga( 'create', 'UA-16396394-1', 'hsph.harvard.edu', 'trackern1'); ga( 'trackern1.require', 'displayfeatures'); ga( 'trackern1.require', 'linkid'); ga( 'trackern1.set', 'dimension1', 'signed_out' ); ga( 'trackern1.set', 'dimension2', 'none' ); ga( 'trackern1.send', 'pageview'); ga( 'create', ' UA-44468534-1', 'hsph.harvard.edu', 'trackern2'); ga( 'trackern2.require', 'displayfeatures'); ga( 'trackern2.require', 'linkid'); ga( 'trackern2.set', 'dimension1', 'signed_out' ); ga( 'trackern2.set', 'dimension2', 'none' ); ga( 'trackern2.send', 'pageview'); </script> <!-- End Google Analytics --> <!-- Google Tag Manager --> <script>(function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start': new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0], j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src= 'https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f); })(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-XL6K');</script> <!-- End Google Tag Manager --> <meta http-equiv="content-language" content="en-us" /> <meta name="copyright" content="Copyright (c) 2024 The President and Fellows of Harvard College" /><meta name="tec-api-version" content="v1"><meta name="tec-api-origin" content="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/faculty-affairs"><link rel="alternate" href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/faculty-affairs/wp-json/tribe/events/v1/" /> <style>img#wpstats{display:none}</style> <!-- Jetpack Open Graph Tags --> <meta property="og:type" content="website" /> <meta property="og:title" content="Office of Faculty Affairs" /> <meta property="og:description" content="Site for administration pertaining to faculty, research scientist, and annual appointments, as well as faculty searches and standing committees of the faculty" /> <meta property="og:url" content="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/faculty-affairs/" /> <meta property="og:site_name" content="Office of Faculty Affairs" /> <meta property="og:image" content="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/faculty-affairs/wp-content/uploads/sites/40/2020/12/90-Smith-Photo-head-on.jpg" /> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1055" /> <meta property="og:image:height" content="476" /> <meta property="og:image:alt" content="" /> <meta property="og:locale" content="en_US" /> <meta name="twitter:site" content="@harvardchansph" /> <meta name="twitter:text:title" content="Welcome to the Office of Faculty Affairs" /> <meta name="twitter:image" content="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/faculty-affairs/wp-content/uploads/sites/40/2020/12/90-Smith-Photo-head-on.jpg?w=640" /> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image" /> <!-- End Jetpack Open Graph Tags --> <style id="kirki-inline-styles"></style></head> <body class="home page-template-default page page-id-4 tribe-no-js group-blog no-sidebar"> <script> window.fbAsyncInit = function() { FB.init({ appId : '1019010578192159', xfbml : true, version : 'v2.7' }); FB.AppEvents.logPageView(); }; (function(d, s, id){ var js, fjs = d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0]; if (d.getElementById(id)) {return;} js = d.createElement(s); js.id = id; js.src = "//connect.facebook.net/en_US/sdk.js"; fjs.parentNode.insertBefore(js, fjs); }(document, 'script', 'facebook-jssdk')); </script> <div class="wrapper" id="wrapper"> <div id="navbar" class="navbar"> <div id="nav-utility-menu" class="nav-utility-menu"></div> <div id="nav-primary-menu" class="nav-primary-menu"></div> <div id="nav-audience-menu" class="nav-audience-menu"></div> </div> <button id="main-menu-toggle" class="main-menu-toggle">Menu</button> <button id="main-menu-caption" class="main-menu-caption"><span id="main-menu-caption-text" class="main-menu-caption-text">Close Menu</span></button> <div id="page" class="site"> <a class="skip-link screen-reader-text" href="#content">Skip to content</a> <header id="masthead" class="site-header" role="banner"> <div id="audience-bar"> <div id="site-audience-menu" class="site-audience-menu"> <span class="information-for">Information For:</span> <nav id="audience-navigation" class="audience-navigation" aria-label="Audience Menu"> <div class="menu-audience-menu-container"><ul id="menu-audience-menu" class="hsph-audience-menu"><li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-111354113411"><a href="/admissions/">Prospective Students</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-111354113412"><a href="/current-students/">Current Students</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-111354113413"><a href="https://alumni.sph.harvard.edu">Alumni</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-111354113414"><a href="/faculty-staff/">Faculty & Staff</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-111354113415"><a href="/giving/">Friends & Supporters</a></li> </ul></div> </nav><!-- .main-navigation --> </div><!-- .site-header-menu --> <div id="index-search"> <div id="search"> <form role="search" method="get" class="search-form" action="/search"> <label> <span class="screen-reader-text">Search for:</span> <input type="search" class="search-field" placeholder="Search…" value="" name="q" id="q" title="Search for:" /> </label> <button type="submit" value="Search" aria-label="Search for:" class="search-submit"> </button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <div class="site-header-main"> <div class="site-branding"> <div class="site-title"><a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/" rel="home">Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health</a></div> </div><!-- .site-branding --> <div id="site-utility-menu" class="site-utility-menu"> <nav id="utility-navigation" class="utility-navigation" aria-label="Utility Menu"> <div class="menu-quicklinks-menu-container"><ul id="menu-quicklinks-menu" class="hsph-utility-menu"><li id="menu-item-111354113419" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-111354113419"><a href="/email/">Email</a></li> <li id="menu-item-111354113417" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-111354113417"><a href="/people/">People</a></li> <li id="menu-item-111354113422" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-111354113422"><a href="/academics/">Departments</a></li> <li id="menu-item-111354113416" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-111354113416"><a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/events/">Calendar</a></li> <li id="menu-item-111354113418" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-111354113418"><a href="/employment/">Careers</a></li> <li id="menu-item-111354113421" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-111354113421"><a title="Manage Student Information" href="https://my.harvard.edu">my.harvard</a></li> <li id="menu-item-111354113420" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-111354113420"><a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/giving/">Giving</a></li> </ul></div> </nav><!-- .main-navigation --> </div><!-- .site-header-menu --> </div><!-- .site-header-main --> <div id="site-header-menu" class="site-header-menu"> <!-- Start Imodules Primary Nav Scrape --> <nav id="site-navigation" class="main-navigation" aria-label="Primary Menu"> <div class="menu-main-navigation-container"><ul id="menu-main-navigation" class="hsph-primary-menu"><li id="menu-item-111354113405" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-111354113405"><a href="/about/">About</a></li> <li id="menu-item-111354113406" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-111354113406"><a href="/faculty-research/">Faculty & Research</a></li> <li id="menu-item-111354113407" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-111354113407"><a href="/admissions/">Admissions & Aid</a></li> <li id="menu-item-111354113408" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-111354113408"><a href="/departments/">Academics</a></li> <li id="menu-item-111354113409" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-111354113409"><a href="/ecpe/">Executive/Continuing Ed</a></li> <li id="menu-item-111354113410" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-111354113410"><a href="/news/">News</a></li> </ul></div> </nav><!-- .main-navigation --> <!-- End Imodules Primary Nav Scrape --> </div><!-- .site-header-menu --> </header><!-- .site-header --> <div id="content" class="site-content"> <div class="page-header"> <div class="page-title" > Office of Faculty Affairs </div> </div> <div id="breadcrumbs" class="hsph-site-title-present"> <!-- Breadcrumb NavXT 7.3.0 --> <a title="Go to Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health." href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu" class="main-home">Home</a> > Office of Faculty Affairs </div> <div id="primary" class="content-area "> <div id="left-nav" class="left-nav" role="navigation"> <div class="section-title"> <a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/faculty-affairs/" rel="home">Office of Faculty Affairs</a> <button class="dropdown-toggle" aria-expanded="false"><span class="screen-reader-text">Menu</span></button> </div> <div class="left-collapse-container"> <div id="left-search"> <form role="search" method="get" class="search-form" action="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/faculty-affairs/"> <label> <span class="screen-reader-text">Search for:</span> <input type="search" class="search-field" placeholder="Search this section" value="" name="s" title="Search for:" /> </label> <button type="submit" value="Search" aria-label="Search for:" class="search-submit"> </button> </form> </div> </div><!-- .left-collapse-container --> </div><!-- .sidebar .widget-area --> <main id="main" class="site-main"> <article id="post-4" class="post-4 page type-page status-publish hentry"> <!-- Show post title if 'hsph_post_header_title_display' is true --> <header class="entry-header"><h1 class="entry-title">Welcome to the Office of Faculty Affairs</h1></header> <div class="entry-content"> <p><img fetchpriority="high" decoding="async" data-attachment-id="5834" data-permalink="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/faculty-affairs/home/90-smith-photo-head-on/" data-orig-file="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/faculty-affairs/wp-content/uploads/sites/40/2020/12/90-Smith-Photo-head-on.jpg" data-orig-size="1055,476" data-comments-opened="0" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"1607431963","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"1"}" data-image-title="90 Smith Photo – head on" data-image-description="" data-image-caption="" data-medium-file="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/faculty-affairs/wp-content/uploads/sites/40/2020/12/90-Smith-Photo-head-on-300x135.jpg" data-large-file="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/faculty-affairs/wp-content/uploads/sites/40/2020/12/90-Smith-Photo-head-on-1024x462.jpg" class="aligncenter wp-image-5834 size-full" src="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/faculty-affairs/wp-content/uploads/sites/40/2020/12/90-Smith-Photo-head-on.jpg" alt="Photo of Harvard Chan School building streetfront" width="1055" height="476" srcset="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/faculty-affairs/wp-content/uploads/sites/40/2020/12/90-Smith-Photo-head-on.jpg 1055w, https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/faculty-affairs/wp-content/uploads/sites/40/2020/12/90-Smith-Photo-head-on-300x135.jpg 300w, https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/faculty-affairs/wp-content/uploads/sites/40/2020/12/90-Smith-Photo-head-on-1024x462.jpg 1024w, https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/faculty-affairs/wp-content/uploads/sites/40/2020/12/90-Smith-Photo-head-on-150x68.jpg 150w, https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/faculty-affairs/wp-content/uploads/sites/40/2020/12/90-Smith-Photo-head-on-768x347.jpg 768w, https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/faculty-affairs/wp-content/uploads/sites/40/2020/12/90-Smith-Photo-head-on-500x226.jpg 500w" sizes="(max-width: 709px) 85vw, (max-width: 909px) 67vw, (max-width: 1362px) 62vw, 840px" /></p> <div class="hsph-bootstrap content-box"><div class="card mb-4 border-left border-alert "><div class="content-box card-body row "><div class="col-md-12 "><h4 id="cbox-content-header1938889188" class="ui-content-header card-title">Notice: Content Migration to Office Intranet</h4><div class="card-text">The content that was previously available on this website has been moved to our <a href="https://intranet.hsph.harvard.edu/faculty-affairs/">intranet site</a>.<br /></div></div></div></div></div> <p>The Office of Faculty Affairs (OFA) strives to provide timely, consistent, and comprehensive guidance to academic appointees and staff who support them. We document and maintain policies and procedures related to all academic appointments (faculty and non-faculty) and appointment actions, including recruitment, hiring, onboarding, reviews, promotions, leaves, retirements, and the miscellaneous activities in and around those significant milestones. We track and analyze data, we seek to provide valuable professional development opportunities and resources to complement the University’s and our departments’ offerings, and to ensure our academic appointees are as well-positioned for success as they can be.</p> <p>In this work, we are first and foremost committed to the School’s values of equity, diversity, inclusion, and belonging throughout the life cycle of each academic appointment. We provide guidance on fair and unbiased search processes, salary equity, and review processes; receive and address Title IX complaints and other grievances and help to support individuals and teams as they attempt to collaborate, coauthor, and coexist effectively within the School’s physical, intellectual, and financial footprint.</p> <p>90 Smith Street, 1st Floor / Boston, MA 02120<br /> 617-432-1047 / 617-432-4711 (fax)<br /> <a href="mailto:facultyaffairs@hsph.harvard.edu">facultyaffairs@hsph.harvard.edu</a></p> </div><!-- .entry-content --> <footer class="entry-footer"> <div class="hsph-share-buttons hsph-bootstrap"><span class="hsph-share-btns-label">Share this:</span><a rel="external noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank" href="https://www.facebook.com/sharer/sharer.php?u=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hsph.harvard.edu%2Ffaculty-affairs%2F" aria-label="Facebook button link" class="btn btn-light btn-sm btn-squared shadow-none mr-2 mb-2 hsph-share-button-facebook"><i class="fa fa-facebook" aria-hidden="true"></i>Facebook</a><a rel="external noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank" href="https://twitter.com/intent/tweet?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hsph.harvard.edu%2Ffaculty-affairs%2F&text=Welcome+to+the+Office+of+Faculty+Affairs" aria-label="Twitter button link" class="btn btn-light btn-sm btn-squared shadow-none mr-2 mb-2 hsph-share-button-twitter"><i class="fa fa-twitter" aria-hidden="true"></i>Twitter</a><a rel="external noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank" href="https://www.linkedin.com/shareArticle?mini=true&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hsph.harvard.edu%2Ffaculty-affairs%2F&title=Welcome+to+the+Office+of+Faculty+Affairs" aria-label="LinkedIn button link" class="btn btn-light btn-sm btn-squared shadow-none mr-2 mb-2 hsph-share-button-linkedin"><i class="fa fa-linkedin" aria-hidden="true"></i>LinkedIn</a><a rel="external noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank" href="http://www.reddit.com/submit?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hsph.harvard.edu%2Ffaculty-affairs%2F&title=Welcome+to+the+Office+of+Faculty+Affairs" aria-label="Reddit button link" class="btn btn-light btn-sm btn-squared shadow-none mr-2 mb-2 hsph-share-button-reddit"><i class="fa fa-reddit-alien" aria-hidden="true"></i>Reddit</a></span></div> </footer><!-- .entry-footer --> </article><!-- #post-## --> </main><!-- .site-main --> </div><!-- .content-area --> </div><!-- .site-content --> <section id="hsph-news-footer" class="hsph-news-footer"> <h2 class="footer-news-title">News from the School</h2> <div class="news-item" id="footer-news-item-1"><div class="news-item-image"><a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/features/ole-norheim-health-priority-setting/"><img src="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/cropped-Ole-F-Norheim_800x600.jpg" height="320" width="480" title="Making health systems more fair and efficient" alt="Making health systems more fair and efficient"></a></div><a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/features/ole-norheim-health-priority-setting/"><h3>Making health systems more fair and efficient</h3></a></div><div class="news-item" id="footer-news-item-2"><div class="news-item-image"><a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/features/addressing-the-health-threats-posed-by-climate-change/"><img src="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/cropped-Globe-grass-stethoscope_1200x800.jpg" height="320" width="480" title="Addressing the health threats posed by climate change" alt="Addressing the health threats posed by climate change"></a></div><a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/features/addressing-the-health-threats-posed-by-climate-change/"><h3>Addressing the health threats posed by climate change</h3></a></div><div class="news-item" id="footer-news-item-3"><div class="news-item-image"><a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/features/nobel-laureate-discusses-ways-to-alleviate-global-poverty/"><img src="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/cropped-Studio-event_Abhijit-Banerjee_800x600.jpg" height="320" width="480" title="Nobel laureate discusses ways to alleviate global poverty" alt="Nobel laureate discusses ways to alleviate global poverty"></a></div><a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/features/nobel-laureate-discusses-ways-to-alleviate-global-poverty/"><h3>Nobel laureate discusses ways to alleviate global poverty</h3></a></div><div class="news-item" id="footer-news-item-4"><div class="news-item-image"><a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/features/addressing-the-u-s-maternal-mortality-crisis/"><img src="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/cropped-Pregnant-woman-and-doctor-2_800x600.jpg" height="320" width="480" title="Addressing the U.S. maternal mortality crisis" alt="Addressing the U.S. maternal mortality crisis"></a></div><a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/features/addressing-the-u-s-maternal-mortality-crisis/"><h3>Addressing the U.S. maternal mortality crisis</h3></a></div> </section> <footer id="colophon" class="site-footer" role="contentinfo"> <div id="footer-audience-menu" class="footer-audience-menu"> <span class="footer-information-for">Information For:</span> <nav id="footer-audience-navigation" class="footer-audience-navigation" aria-label="Audience Menu"> <div class="menu-audience-menu-container"><ul id="menu-audience-menu" class="hsph-audience-menu"><li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-111354113411"><a href="/admissions/">Prospective Students</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-111354113412"><a href="/current-students/">Current Students</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-111354113413"><a href="https://alumni.sph.harvard.edu">Alumni</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-111354113414"><a href="/faculty-staff/">Faculty & Staff</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-111354113415"><a href="/giving/">Friends & Supporters</a></li> </ul></div> </nav><!-- .footer-audience-navigation --> </div><!-- .footer-audience-menu --> <div id="footer-primary-menu" class="footer-primary-menu"> <nav id="footer-primary-navigation" class="footer-primary-navigation" aria-label="Primary Menu"> <div class="menu-footer-menu-container"><ul id="menu-footer-menu" class="hsph-footer-primary-menu"><li id="menu-item-111354113445" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-has-children menu-item-111354113445"><a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/about/">About</a> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-111354113446" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-111354113446"><a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/about/quick-facts/">Quick Facts</a></li> <li id="menu-item-111354113447" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-111354113447"><a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/harvard-chan-naming-gift/">Renaming the School</a></li> <li id="menu-item-111354113448" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-111354113448"><a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/deans-office/">Office of the Dean</a></li> <li id="menu-item-111354113449" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-111354113449"><a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/about/location-and-facilities/">Location and Facilities</a></li> <li id="menu-item-111354113450" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-111354113450"><a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/about/administrative-offices/">Administrative Offices</a></li> <li id="menu-item-111354113451" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-111354113451"><a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/about/contact-us/">Contact Us</a></li> </ul> </li> <li id="menu-item-111354113452" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-has-children menu-item-111354113452"><a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/faculty-research/">Faculty and Research</a> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-111354113453" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-111354113453"><a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/faculty/">Faculty and Researcher Directory</a></li> <li id="menu-item-111354113454" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-111354113454"><a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/departments/">Academic Departments, Divisions and Centers</a></li> <li id="menu-item-111354113455" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-111354113455"><a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/world-map/">International Research</a></li> <li id="menu-item-111354113456" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-111354113456"><a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/faculty-affairs/postdoctoral-research-fellows/">Postdoctoral Research Fellows</a></li> <li id="menu-item-111354113457" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-111354113457"><a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/faculty-affairs/">Office of Faculty Affairs</a></li> <li id="menu-item-111354113458" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-111354113458"><a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/searches/">Faculty Searches</a></li> <li id="menu-item-111354113459" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-111354113459"><a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/diversity/">Office of Diversity and Inclusion</a></li> </ul> </li> <li id="menu-item-111354113460" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-has-children menu-item-111354113460"><a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/admissions/">Admissions & Aid</a> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-111354113461" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-111354113461"><a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/admissions/why-harvard-chan/">Why Harvard Chan</a></li> <li id="menu-item-111354113462" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-111354113462"><a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/admissions/degree-programs/">Degree Programs</a></li> <li id="menu-item-111354113463" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-111354113463"><a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/admissions/non-degree-programs/">Non-Degree Programs</a></li> <li id="menu-item-111354113464" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-111354113464"><a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/admissions/financial-aid/">Financial Aid</a></li> <li id="menu-item-111354113465" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-111354113465"><a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/admissions/student-experience/">Student Experience</a></li> <li id="menu-item-111354113466" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-111354113466"><a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/admissions/careers/">Career Advancement</a></li> <li id="menu-item-111354113467" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-111354113467"><a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/admissions/admissions/">Apply</a></li> </ul> </li> <li id="menu-item-111354113468" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-has-children menu-item-111354113468"><a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/departments/">Academics</a> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-111354113469" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-111354113469"><a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/departments/#academicdepartments">Academic Departments</a></li> <li id="menu-item-111354113482" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-111354113482"><a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/departments/#divisions">Divisions</a></li> <li id="menu-item-111354113470" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-111354113470"><a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/departments/#researchcenters">Research Centers</a></li> <li id="menu-item-111354113472" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-111354113472"><a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/departments/#flagshipinitiatives">Flagship Initiatives</a></li> <li id="menu-item-111354113473" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-111354113473"><a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/departments/#internationalresearch">International Research</a></li> <li id="menu-item-111354113475" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-111354113475"><a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/research-strategy-and-development/">Research Administration and Support</a></li> <li id="menu-item-111354113474" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-111354113474"><a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/admissions/degree-programs/">Degree Programs</a></li> <li id="menu-item-111354113476" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-111354113476"><a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/departments/#Fellowships-and-Residencies">Fellowships and Residencies</a></li> <li id="menu-item-111354113477" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-111354113477"><a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/departments/#summerprograms">Summer Programs</a></li> <li id="menu-item-111354113478" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-111354113478"><a href="https://ecpe.sph.harvard.edu/">Continuing Professional Education</a></li> <li id="menu-item-111354113615" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-111354113615"><a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/admissions/degree-programs/interdisciplinary-concentrations/">Interdisciplinary Concentrations</a></li> <li id="menu-item-111354113616" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-111354113616"><a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/registrar/academic-calendar/">Academic Calendar</a></li> <li id="menu-item-111354113617" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-111354113617"><a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/1904/2015/12/Harvard-Chan-Viewbook-2015-162.pdf">Harvard Chan Viewbook</a></li> </ul> </li> <li id="menu-item-111354113479" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-has-children menu-item-111354113479"><a href="/ecpe/">Executive/Continuing Ed</a> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-111354113483" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-111354113483"><a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/ecpe/programs/">Program Offerings</a></li> <li id="menu-item-111354113484" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-111354113484"><a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/ecpe/programs-for-organizations/">Custom Programs</a></li> <li id="menu-item-111354113485" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-111354113485"><a href="https://execed2.sph.harvard.edu/executive-education-program-portfolio">Request Information</a></li> <li id="menu-item-111354113486" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-111354113486"><a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/ecpe/news/">News and Resources</a></li> <li id="menu-item-111354113487" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-111354113487"><a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/ecpe/about/">About ECPE</a></li> <li id="menu-item-111354113488" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-111354113488"><a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/ecpe/contact/">Contact</a></li> </ul> </li> <li id="menu-item-111354113480" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-has-children menu-item-111354113480"><a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/">News</a> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-111354113493" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-111354113493"><a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/features/">Featured News</a></li> <li id="menu-item-111354113494" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-111354113494"><a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/press-releases/">Press Releases</a></li> <li id="menu-item-111354113495" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-111354113495"><a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/multitaxo/tag/student-stories/">Student Stories</a></li> <li id="menu-item-111354113496" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-111354113496"><a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/hsph-in-the-news/">In the News</a></li> <li id="menu-item-111354113497" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-111354113497"><a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/newsletters/">Newsletters</a></li> <li id="menu-item-111354113498" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-111354113498"><a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/magazine/">HPH Magazine</a></li> <li id="menu-item-111354113500" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-111354113500"><a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/why-public-health/">Why Public Health?</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul></div> </nav><!-- .footer-primary-menu --> </div><!-- .footer-primary-navigation --> <div class="site-info"> <div class="site-footer-logo"><a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/" rel="home">Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health</a></div> <address class="vcard"> <div class="adr"> <span class="street-address">677 Huntington Avenue</span>, <span class="locality">Boston</span>, <abbr class="region" title="Massachusetts">MA</abbr> <span class="postal-code">02115</span> </div> </address> </div><!-- .site-info --> <div id="footer-social-menu" class="footer-social-menu"> <nav id="footer-social-navigation" class="footer-social-navigation" aria-label="Primary Menu"> <div class="menu-footer-social-container"><ul id="menu-footer-social" class="social-navigation"><li id="menu-item-111354108407" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-111354108407"><a title="Twitter" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="http://twitter.com/HarvardChanSPH">Twitter</a></li> <li id="menu-item-111354108408" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-111354108408"><a title="Facebook" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="http://www.facebook.com/harvardpublichealth">Facebook</a></li> <li id="menu-item-111354108409" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-111354108409"><a title="YouTube" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.youtube.com/user/HarvardPublicHealth">YouTube</a></li> <li id="menu-item-111354108411" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-111354108411"><a title="LinkedIn" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="http://www.linkedin.com/edu/school?id=20305&trk=tyah">LinkedIn</a></li> <li id="menu-item-111354113570" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-111354113570"><a href="https://www.instagram.com/harvardchansph/">Instagram</a></li> <li id="menu-item-111354108412" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-111354108412"><a title="iTunes U" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/harvard-public-health/id1079574471">iTunes</a></li> </ul></div> </nav><!-- .footer-social-navigation --> </div><!-- .footer-social-menu --> <div id="footer-footer-menu" class="footer-footer-menu"> <nav id="footer-navigation" class="footer-navigation" aria-label="Primary Menu"> <div class="menu-sub-footer-menu-container"><ul id="menu-sub-footer-menu" class="hsph-footer-menu"><li id="menu-item-1020" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-home menu-item-1020"><a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/">Harvard Chan Home</a></li> <li id="menu-item-111354105449" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-111354105449"><a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/about/contact-us/">Contact us</a></li> <li id="menu-item-111354105212" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-111354105212"><a href="https://www.harvard.edu">Harvard University Home</a></li> <li id="menu-item-1021" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-1021"><a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/giving/">Make a Gift</a></li> <li id="menu-item-111354108039" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-111354108039"><a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/privacy-policy/">Privacy Policy</a></li> <li id="menu-item-111354165484" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-111354165484"><a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/admissions/admissions/nondiscrimination-policy/">Nondiscrimination Policy</a></li> <li id="menu-item-111354105198" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-111354105198"><a href="https://www.harvard.edu/copyright-issue">Report Copyright Violation</a></li> <li id="menu-item-111354119821" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-111354119821"><a title="Online Accessibility at Harvard University" href="https://accessibility.harvard.edu/">Accessibility</a></li> <li id="menu-item-111354167382" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-111354167382"><a href="https://accessibility.huit.harvard.edu/digital-accessibility-policy">Digital Accessibility</a></li> </ul></div> </nav><!-- .footer-navigation --> </div><!-- .footer-footer-menu --> <div id="copyright" class="copyright"> Copyright © 2024 The President and Fellows of Harvard College </div><!-- .footer-footer-menu --> </footer><!-- .site-footer --> </div><!-- .site --> </div><!-- .wrapper --> <div class="menu-mask"></div> <!-- Google Tag Manager (noscript) --> <noscript><iframe src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-XL6K" height="0" width="0" title="Google tag manager" aria-hidden="true" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe></noscript> <!-- End Google Tag Manager (noscript) --> <script> ( function ( body ) { 'use strict'; body.className = body.className.replace( /\btribe-no-js\b/, 'tribe-js' ); } )( document.body ); </script> <script> // Slide controls for the sub brand carousel template jQuery(document).ready(function($) { if ( $('#sidebar-carousel-widget .flexslider').length && $().flexslider ) { $('#sidebar-carousel-widget .flexslider').flexslider({ animation: 'fade', prevText: ' ', nextText: ' ', controlsContainer: '#hsph-carousel-widget-controls', }); } }); </script> <script> // Slide controls for the sub brand carousel template jQuery(document).ready(function($) { if ( $('#news-sidebar-carousel-widget .flexslider').length && $().flexslider ) { $('#news-sidebar-carousel-widget .flexslider').flexslider({ animation: 'fade', prevText: ' ', nextText: ' ', controlsContainer: '#hsph-news-carousel-widget-controls', }); } }); </script> <script> /* <![CDATA[ */var tribe_l10n_datatables = {"aria":{"sort_ascending":": activate to sort column ascending","sort_descending":": activate to sort column descending"},"length_menu":"Show _MENU_ entries","empty_table":"No data available in table","info":"Showing _START_ to _END_ of _TOTAL_ entries","info_empty":"Showing 0 to 0 of 0 entries","info_filtered":"(filtered from _MAX_ total entries)","zero_records":"No matching records found","search":"Search:","all_selected_text":"All items on this page were selected. ","select_all_link":"Select all pages","clear_selection":"Clear Selection.","pagination":{"all":"All","next":"Next","previous":"Previous"},"select":{"rows":{"0":"","_":": Selected %d rows","1":": Selected 1 row"}},"datepicker":{"dayNames":["Sunday","Monday","Tuesday","Wednesday","Thursday","Friday","Saturday"],"dayNamesShort":["Sun","Mon","Tue","Wed","Thu","Fri","Sat"],"dayNamesMin":["S","M","T","W","T","F","S"],"monthNames":["January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"monthNamesShort":["January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"monthNamesMin":["Jan","Feb","Mar","Apr","May","Jun","Jul","Aug","Sep","Oct","Nov","Dec"],"nextText":"Next","prevText":"Prev","currentText":"Today","closeText":"Done","today":"Today","clear":"Clear"}};/* ]]> */ </script> <div id="jp-carousel-loading-overlay"> <div id="jp-carousel-loading-wrapper"> <span id="jp-carousel-library-loading"> </span> </div> </div> <div class="jp-carousel-overlay" style="display: none;"> <div class="jp-carousel-container"> <!-- The Carousel Swiper --> <div class="jp-carousel-wrap swiper-container jp-carousel-swiper-container jp-carousel-transitions" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/ImageGallery"> <div class="jp-carousel swiper-wrapper"></div> <div class="jp-swiper-button-prev swiper-button-prev"> <svg width="25" height="24" viewBox="0 0 25 24" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <mask id="maskPrev" mask-type="alpha" maskUnits="userSpaceOnUse" x="8" y="6" width="9" height="12"> <path d="M16.2072 16.59L11.6496 12L16.2072 7.41L14.8041 6L8.8335 12L14.8041 18L16.2072 16.59Z" fill="white"/> </mask> <g mask="url(#maskPrev)"> <rect x="0.579102" width="23.8823" height="24" fill="#FFFFFF"/> </g> </svg> </div> <div class="jp-swiper-button-next swiper-button-next"> <svg width="25" height="24" viewBox="0 0 25 24" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <mask id="maskNext" mask-type="alpha" maskUnits="userSpaceOnUse" x="8" y="6" width="8" height="12"> <path d="M8.59814 16.59L13.1557 12L8.59814 7.41L10.0012 6L15.9718 12L10.0012 18L8.59814 16.59Z" fill="white"/> </mask> <g mask="url(#maskNext)"> <rect x="0.34375" width="23.8822" height="24" fill="#FFFFFF"/> </g> </svg> </div> </div> <!-- The main close buton --> <div class="jp-carousel-close-hint"> <svg width="25" height="24" viewBox="0 0 25 24" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <mask id="maskClose" mask-type="alpha" maskUnits="userSpaceOnUse" x="5" y="5" width="15" height="14"> <path d="M19.3166 6.41L17.9135 5L12.3509 10.59L6.78834 5L5.38525 6.41L10.9478 12L5.38525 17.59L6.78834 19L12.3509 13.41L17.9135 19L19.3166 17.59L13.754 12L19.3166 6.41Z" fill="white"/> </mask> <g mask="url(#maskClose)"> <rect x="0.409668" width="23.8823" height="24" fill="#FFFFFF"/> </g> </svg> </div> <!-- Image info, comments and meta --> <div class="jp-carousel-info"> <div class="jp-carousel-info-footer"> <div class="jp-carousel-pagination-container"> <div class="jp-swiper-pagination swiper-pagination"></div> <div class="jp-carousel-pagination"></div> </div> <div class="jp-carousel-photo-title-container"> <h2 class="jp-carousel-photo-caption"></h2> </div> <div class="jp-carousel-photo-icons-container"> <a href="#" class="jp-carousel-icon-btn jp-carousel-icon-info" aria-label="Toggle photo metadata visibility"> <span class="jp-carousel-icon"> <svg width="25" height="24" viewBox="0 0 25 24" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <mask id="maskInfo" mask-type="alpha" maskUnits="userSpaceOnUse" x="2" y="2" width="21" height="20"> <path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M12.7537 2C7.26076 2 2.80273 6.48 2.80273 12C2.80273 17.52 7.26076 22 12.7537 22C18.2466 22 22.7046 17.52 22.7046 12C22.7046 6.48 18.2466 2 12.7537 2ZM11.7586 7V9H13.7488V7H11.7586ZM11.7586 11V17H13.7488V11H11.7586ZM4.79292 12C4.79292 16.41 8.36531 20 12.7537 20C17.142 20 20.7144 16.41 20.7144 12C20.7144 7.59 17.142 4 12.7537 4C8.36531 4 4.79292 7.59 4.79292 12Z" fill="white"/> </mask> <g mask="url(#maskInfo)"> <rect x="0.8125" width="23.8823" height="24" fill="#FFFFFF"/> </g> </svg> </span> </a> <a href="#" class="jp-carousel-icon-btn jp-carousel-icon-comments" aria-label="Toggle photo comments visibility"> <span class="jp-carousel-icon"> <svg width="25" height="24" viewBox="0 0 25 24" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <mask id="maskComments" mask-type="alpha" maskUnits="userSpaceOnUse" x="2" y="2" width="21" height="20"> <path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M4.3271 2H20.2486C21.3432 2 22.2388 2.9 22.2388 4V16C22.2388 17.1 21.3432 18 20.2486 18H6.31729L2.33691 22V4C2.33691 2.9 3.2325 2 4.3271 2ZM6.31729 16H20.2486V4H4.3271V18L6.31729 16Z" fill="white"/> </mask> <g mask="url(#maskComments)"> <rect x="0.34668" width="23.8823" height="24" fill="#FFFFFF"/> </g> </svg> <span class="jp-carousel-has-comments-indicator" aria-label="This image has comments."></span> </span> </a> </div> </div> <div class="jp-carousel-info-extra"> <div class="jp-carousel-info-content-wrapper"> <div class="jp-carousel-photo-title-container"> <h2 class="jp-carousel-photo-title"></h2> </div> <div class="jp-carousel-comments-wrapper"> <div id="jp-carousel-comments-loading"> <span>Loading Comments...</span> </div> <div class="jp-carousel-comments"></div> <div id="jp-carousel-comment-form-container"> <span id="jp-carousel-comment-form-spinner"> </span> <div id="jp-carousel-comment-post-results"></div> <form id="jp-carousel-comment-form"> <label for="jp-carousel-comment-form-comment-field" class="screen-reader-text">Write a Comment...</label> <textarea name="comment" class="jp-carousel-comment-form-field jp-carousel-comment-form-textarea" id="jp-carousel-comment-form-comment-field" placeholder="Write a Comment..." ></textarea> <div id="jp-carousel-comment-form-submit-and-info-wrapper"> <div id="jp-carousel-comment-form-commenting-as"> <fieldset> <label for="jp-carousel-comment-form-email-field">Email (Required)</label> <input type="text" name="email" class="jp-carousel-comment-form-field jp-carousel-comment-form-text-field" id="jp-carousel-comment-form-email-field" /> </fieldset> <fieldset> <label for="jp-carousel-comment-form-author-field">Name (Required)</label> <input type="text" name="author" class="jp-carousel-comment-form-field jp-carousel-comment-form-text-field" id="jp-carousel-comment-form-author-field" /> </fieldset> <fieldset> <label for="jp-carousel-comment-form-url-field">Website</label> <input type="text" name="url" class="jp-carousel-comment-form-field jp-carousel-comment-form-text-field" id="jp-carousel-comment-form-url-field" /> </fieldset> </div> <input type="submit" name="submit" class="jp-carousel-comment-form-button" id="jp-carousel-comment-form-button-submit" value="Post Comment" /> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div class="jp-carousel-image-meta"> <div class="jp-carousel-title-and-caption"> <div class="jp-carousel-photo-info"> <h3 class="jp-carousel-caption" itemprop="caption description"></h3> </div> <div class="jp-carousel-photo-description"></div> </div> <ul class="jp-carousel-image-exif" style="display: none;"></ul> <a class="jp-carousel-image-download" href="#" target="_blank" style="display: none;"> <svg width="25" height="24" viewBox="0 0 25 24" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <mask id="mask0" mask-type="alpha" maskUnits="userSpaceOnUse" x="3" y="3" width="19" height="18"> <path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M5.84615 5V19H19.7775V12H21.7677V19C21.7677 20.1 20.8721 21 19.7775 21H5.84615C4.74159 21 3.85596 20.1 3.85596 19V5C3.85596 3.9 4.74159 3 5.84615 3H12.8118V5H5.84615ZM14.802 5V3H21.7677V10H19.7775V6.41L9.99569 16.24L8.59261 14.83L18.3744 5H14.802Z" fill="white"/> </mask> <g mask="url(#mask0)"> <rect x="0.870605" width="23.8823" height="24" fill="#FFFFFF"/> </g> </svg> <span class="jp-carousel-download-text"></span> </a> <div class="jp-carousel-image-map" style="display: none;"></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/faculty-affairs/wp-content/plugins/plugin-tagging/assets/js/hsph-plugin-tagging.js?ver=1.1.5" id="hsph-plugin-tagging-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/faculty-affairs/wp-content/plugins/plugin-tinymce-tweaks/assets/js/jquery.tablesorter.min.js?ver=2.31.1" id="jquery-tablesorter-js-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/faculty-affairs/wp-content/plugins/plugin-tinymce-tweaks/assets/js/hsph-table-sortable.js?ver=1.1.1" id="hsph-table-sortable-js-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/faculty-affairs/wp-content/themes/theme-main-2016/assets/js/skip-link-focus-fix.js?ver=1.3.101" id="hsph-skip-link-focus-fix-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/faculty-affairs/wp-content/themes/theme-main-2016/assets/js/jquery.flexslider-min.js?ver=1.3.101" id="jquery-flexslider-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" id="hsph-script-js-extra"> /* <![CDATA[ */ var screenReaderText = {"expand":"<span class=\"screen-reader-text\">expand child menu<\/span>","collapse":"<span class=\"screen-reader-text\">collapse child menu<\/span>"}; /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/faculty-affairs/wp-content/themes/theme-main-2016/assets/js/functions.js?ver=1.3.101" id="hsph-script-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/faculty-affairs/wp-content/plugins/plugin-design-system/assets/js/hsph-bootstrap.bundle.min.js?ver=1.4.12" id="hsph-bootstrap-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://stats.wp.com/e-202448.js" id="jetpack-stats-js" data-wp-strategy="defer"></script> <script type="text/javascript" id="jetpack-stats-js-after"> /* <![CDATA[ */ _stq = window._stq || []; _stq.push([ "view", JSON.parse("{\"v\":\"ext\",\"blog\":\"47259612\",\"post\":\"4\",\"tz\":\"-5\",\"srv\":\"www.hsph.harvard.edu\",\"j\":\"1:13.3.1\"}") ]); _stq.push([ "clickTrackerInit", "47259612", "4" ]); /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" id="jetpack-carousel-js-extra"> /* <![CDATA[ */ var jetpackSwiperLibraryPath = {"url":"https:\/\/www.hsph.harvard.edu\/faculty-affairs\/wp-content\/plugins\/jetpack\/_inc\/build\/carousel\/swiper-bundle.min.js"}; var jetpackCarouselStrings = {"widths":[370,700,1000,1200,1400,2000],"is_logged_in":"","lang":"en","ajaxurl":"https:\/\/www.hsph.harvard.edu\/faculty-affairs\/wp-admin\/admin-ajax.php","nonce":"d91c4b8b35","display_exif":"1","display_comments":"1","single_image_gallery":"1","single_image_gallery_media_file":"","background_color":"black","comment":"Comment","post_comment":"Post Comment","write_comment":"Write a Comment...","loading_comments":"Loading Comments...","download_original":"View full size <span class=\"photo-size\">{0}<span class=\"photo-size-times\">\u00d7<\/span>{1}<\/span>","no_comment_text":"Please be sure to submit some text with your comment.","no_comment_email":"Please provide an email address to comment.","no_comment_author":"Please provide your name to comment.","comment_post_error":"Sorry, but there was an error posting your comment. Please try again later.","comment_approved":"Your comment was approved.","comment_unapproved":"Your comment is in moderation.","camera":"Camera","aperture":"Aperture","shutter_speed":"Shutter Speed","focal_length":"Focal Length","copyright":"Copyright","comment_registration":"0","require_name_email":"1","login_url":"https:\/\/www.hsph.harvard.edu\/faculty-affairs\/wp-login.php?redirect_to=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hsph.harvard.edu%2Ffaculty-affairs%2F","blog_id":"40","meta_data":["camera","aperture","shutter_speed","focal_length","copyright"]}; /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/faculty-affairs/wp-content/plugins/jetpack/_inc/build/carousel/jetpack-carousel.min.js?ver=13.3.1" id="jetpack-carousel-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript">window.NREUM||(NREUM={});NREUM.info={"beacon":"bam.nr-data.net","licenseKey":"NRJS-26d49e9cd1d82010791","applicationID":"529647296","transactionName":"YlBRN0pRWBUDBU1dWFsacgBMWVkITRZYU1I=","queueTime":0,"applicationTime":859,"atts":"ThdSQQJLSxs=","errorBeacon":"bam.nr-data.net","agent":""}</script></body> </html>