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University">Stanford University</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Center_for_Computer_Research_in_Music_and_Acoustics" class="mw-redirect" title="Center for Computer Research in Music and Acoustics">Center for Computer Research in Music and Acoustics</a> (CCRMA).<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Originally a <a href="/wiki/Flutist" class="mw-redirect" title="Flutist">flutist</a> and flute teacher, she is known for her work on <a href="/wiki/Digital_audio" title="Digital audio">digital audio</a> <a href="/wiki/Audio_coding_format" title="Audio coding format">coding formats</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marina_Bosi&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Marina Bosi was born near <a href="/wiki/Milan" title="Milan">Milan</a> and raised in <a href="/wiki/Florence" title="Florence">Florence</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Mel_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mel-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She studied the <a href="/wiki/Flute" title="Flute">flute</a> with <a href="/wiki/Severino_Gazzelloni" title="Severino Gazzelloni">Severino Gazzelloni</a>, and earned a diploma in the flute at the Conservatory of Music in Florence.<sup id="cite_ref-music_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-music-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She then taught flute at the <a href="/wiki/Conservatorio_di_Musica_Benedetto_Marcello_di_Venezia" title="Conservatorio di Musica Benedetto Marcello di Venezia">Conservatory of Music</a> in Venice. She later went back to school at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Florence" title="University of Florence">University of Florence</a> where she graduated with a doctorate in physics.<sup id="cite_ref-billboard_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-billboard-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Her dissertation (developed and implemented through research at <a href="/wiki/IRCAM" title="IRCAM">IRCAM</a> in Paris) was “Design of a High-Speed Computer System for the Processing of Musical Sound". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Career">Career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marina_Bosi&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>She served as chief technology officer at <a href="/wiki/MPEG_LA" title="MPEG LA">MPEG LA</a> and as a vice president at <a href="/wiki/DTS_(sound_system)" class="mw-redirect" title="DTS (sound system)">Digital Theater Systems</a> (DTS). At <a href="/wiki/Dolby_Laboratories" class="mw-redirect" title="Dolby Laboratories">Dolby Laboratories</a> she helped to develop the AC-2, <a href="/wiki/Dolby_Digital" title="Dolby Digital">AC-3</a>, and <a href="/wiki/MPEG-2" title="MPEG-2">MPEG-2</a> <a href="/wiki/Advanced_Audio_Coding" title="Advanced Audio Coding">Advanced Audio Coding</a> technologies. She has also worked on devising standards for audio and video technology and digital content.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bosi was also a part of the research team that created the 5.1 channel Dolby Digital format. <sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bosi came to the United States to be a visiting scholar at Stanford University's Center for Computer Research in Music and Acoustics (CCRMA). In the early 1990s, she developed Stanford's first course in digital audio coding, which eventually led to the publication of a textbook in the area.<sup id="cite_ref-text_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-text-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She is a founding member of the Digital Media Project and serves on its board of directors.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>She is a past president of the <a href="/wiki/Audio_Engineering_Society" title="Audio Engineering Society">Audio Engineering Society</a><sup id="cite_ref-billboard_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-billboard-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and has received the AES Board of Governors and Fellowship awards.<sup id="cite_ref-music_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-music-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2019, Marina Bosi was presented with the AES Silver Medal Award "in recognition of outstanding achievements in the development and standardization of audio and video coding and of secure digital rights management."<sup id="cite_ref-aes_awards_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aes_awards-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Selected_publications">Selected publications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marina_Bosi&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Selected publications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Marina Bosi and Richard E. Goldberg, <i>Introduction to Digital Audio Coding and Standards</i>, 2002.<sup id="cite_ref-text_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-text-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Marina Bosi <i>et al.</i>, “ISO/IEC MPEG-2 Advanced Audio Coding”', <i>Journal of the Audio Eng. Soc</i>, October 1997<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marina_Bosi&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ccrma.stanford.edu/faculty-staff">"Faculty and Staff"</a>. <i>CCRMA</i>. Stanford University<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CCRMA&rft.atitle=Faculty+and+Staff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fccrma.stanford.edu%2Ffaculty-staff&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarina+Bosi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mel-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mel_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLambert1998" class="citation news cs1">Lambert, Mel (August 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mediaandmarketing.com/13Writer/Interviews/MIX.Marina_Bosi.html">"Insights: Interview with Dr. Marina Bosi"</a>. <i>Media and Marketing</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Media+and+Marketing&rft.atitle=Insights%3A+Interview+with+Dr.+Marina+Bosi&rft.date=1998-08&rft.aulast=Lambert&rft.aufirst=Mel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mediaandmarketing.com%2F13Writer%2FInterviews%2FMIX.Marina_Bosi.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarina+Bosi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-music-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-music_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-music_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://music.stanford.edu/people/marina-bosi">"Marina Bosi"</a>. <i>Department of Music</i>. Stanford University<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Department+of+Music&rft.atitle=Marina+Bosi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmusic.stanford.edu%2Fpeople%2Fmarina-bosi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarina+Bosi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-billboard-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-billboard_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-billboard_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaley1999" class="citation news cs1">Daley, Dan (September 25, 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cAgEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA60">"Recording Studio and AES"</a>. <i>Billboard</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Billboard&rft.atitle=Recording+Studio+and+AES&rft.date=1999-09-25&rft.aulast=Daley&rft.aufirst=Dan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcAgEAAAAMBAJ%26pg%3DPA60&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarina+Bosi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ccrma.stanford.edu/people/marina-bosi">"Marina Bosi"</a>. <i>CCRMA</i>. Stanford University<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CCRMA&rft.atitle=Marina+Bosi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fccrma.stanford.edu%2Fpeople%2Fmarina-bosi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarina+Bosi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBosi" class="citation web cs1">Bosi, Marina. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://immersiveaudioalbum.com/2020/07/qa-with-marina-bosi/">"Q&A with Marina Bosi: Consulting Professor at Stanford University's Center for Computer Research in Music and Acoustics"</a>. <i>Immersive Audio Album</i>. Immersive Audio Album.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Immersive+Audio+Album&rft.atitle=Q%26A+with+Marina+Bosi%3A+Consulting+Professor+at+Stanford+University%27s+Center+for+Computer+Research+in+Music+and+Acoustics&rft.aulast=Bosi&rft.aufirst=Marina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fimmersiveaudioalbum.com%2F2020%2F07%2Fqa-with-marina-bosi%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarina+Bosi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-text-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-text_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-text_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBosiGoldberg2002" class="citation book cs1">Bosi, Marina; Goldberg, Richard E. (2002). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/introductiontodi0000bosi"><i>Introduction to Digital Audio Coding and Standards</i></a></span>. Norwell, Massachusetts: Kluwer Academic Publishers (Springer). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4020-7357-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-4020-7357-7"><bdi>1-4020-7357-7</bdi></a>. <q>Marina Bosi.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+Digital+Audio+Coding+and+Standards&rft.place=Norwell%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pub=Kluwer+Academic+Publishers+%28Springer%29&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=1-4020-7357-7&rft.aulast=Bosi&rft.aufirst=Marina&rft.au=Goldberg%2C+Richard+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fintroductiontodi0000bosi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarina+Bosi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dmpf.org/bod.php">"DMP Board of Directors"</a>. <i>Digital Media Project</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Digital+Media+Project&rft.atitle=DMP+Board+of+Directors&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dmpf.org%2Fbod.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarina+Bosi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-aes_awards-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-aes_awards_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aes.org/awards/?ID=2232">"AES Silver Medal Award >> Marina Bosi"</a>. <i>Audio Engineering Society</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 January</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Audio+Engineering+Society&rft.atitle=AES+Silver+Medal+Award+%3E%3E+Marina+Bosi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aes.org%2Fawards%2F%3FID%3D2232&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarina+Bosi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">M. Bosi <i>et al.</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aes.org/e-lib/browse.cfm?elib=10271">“ISO/IEC MPEG-2 Advanced Audio Coding”', <i>Journal of the Audio Eng. Soc</i>., Vol. 45, no.10, PP. 789–814, October 1997</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Additional_sources">Additional sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marina_Bosi&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Additional sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aes.org/historical/store/oralhistory/?code=OHP-038-DVD">Audio Engineering Society: Oral History Project </a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ccrma.stanford.edu/courses/422/">Course website for Music 422 "Perceptual Audio Coding" at Stanford </a></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marina_Bosi&oldid=1258859067">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marina_Bosi&oldid=1258859067</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Living_people" title="Category:Living people">Living people</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_from_Fiorenzuola_d%27Arda" title="Category:People from Fiorenzuola d'Arda">People from Fiorenzuola d'Arda</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Italian_audio_engineers" title="Category:Italian audio engineers">Italian audio engineers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:MPEG" title="Category:MPEG">MPEG</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Stanford_University_Department_of_Music_faculty" title="Category:Stanford University Department of Music faculty">Stanford University Department of Music faculty</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Women_audio_engineers" title="Category:Women audio engineers">Women audio engineers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Italian_music_educators" title="Category:Italian music educators">Italian music educators</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Italian_women_music_educators" title="Category:Italian women music educators">Italian women music educators</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Year_of_birth_missing_(living_people)" title="Category:Year of birth missing (living people)">Year of birth missing (living people)</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 22 November 2024, at 01:04<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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