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id="toc-Separation_of_work_and_residential_areas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Separation_of_work_and_residential_areas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Separation of work and residential areas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Separation_of_work_and_residential_areas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Movement_to_obtain_or_provide_goods_and_services" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Movement_to_obtain_or_provide_goods_and_services"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Movement to obtain or provide goods and services</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Movement_to_obtain_or_provide_goods_and_services-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mathematical_theories" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mathematical_theories"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Mathematical theories</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mathematical_theories-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economic_theories" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economic_theories"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Economic theories</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economic_theories-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Classification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Classification</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Classification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Negative_impacts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Negative_impacts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Negative impacts</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Negative_impacts-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Negative impacts subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Negative_impacts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Road_rage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Road_rage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Road rage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Road_rage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economic_loss" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economic_loss"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Economic loss</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economic_loss-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Positive_effects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Positive_effects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Positive effects</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Positive_effects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Countermeasures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Countermeasures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Countermeasures</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Countermeasures-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Countermeasures subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Countermeasures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Improving_Road_infrastructure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Improving_Road_infrastructure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Improving Road infrastructure</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Improving_Road_infrastructure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Urban_planning_and_design" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Urban_planning_and_design"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Urban planning and design</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Urban_planning_and_design-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Supply_and_demand" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Supply_and_demand"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Supply and demand</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Supply_and_demand-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Traffic_management" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Traffic_management"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Traffic management</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Traffic_management-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_associated" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_associated"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Other associated</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_associated-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-By_country" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_country"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>By country</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-By_country-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle By country subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-By_country-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Australia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Australia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Australia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Australia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bangladesh" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bangladesh"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Bangladesh</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bangladesh-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Brazil" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Brazil"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Brazil</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Brazil-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Canada" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Canada</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-China" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>China</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Greece" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Greece"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.6</span> <span>Greece</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Greece-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.7</span> <span>India</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indonesia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indonesia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.8</span> <span>Indonesia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indonesia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_Zealand" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_Zealand"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.9</span> <span>New Zealand</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_Zealand-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Philippines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Philippines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.10</span> <span>Philippines</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Philippines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Turkey" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Turkey"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.11</span> <span>Turkey</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Turkey-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.12</span> <span>United Kingdom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.13</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Traffic congestion</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 45 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-45" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">45 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verkeersopeenhoping" title="Verkeersopeenhoping – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Verkeersopeenhoping" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%83%D8%AF%D8%B3_%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A" title="تكدس مروري – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تكدس مروري" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%9F" title="যানজট – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="যানজট" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamacatan" title="Kamacatan – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Kamacatan" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Дарожны затор – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Дарожны затор" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Дарожны затор – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Дарожны затор" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%80%D1%8A%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Задръстване – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Задръстване" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embotellament" title="Embotellament – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Embotellament" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87%D1%83%D0%BB_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%87%C4%83%D0%BA%C4%95" title="Çул капланчăкĕ – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Çул капланчăкĕ" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dopravn%C3%AD_z%C3%A1cpa" title="Dopravní zácpa – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Dopravní zácpa" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verkehrsstau" title="Verkehrsstau – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Verkehrsstau" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liiklusummik" title="Liiklusummik – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Liiklusummik" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CF%85%CE%BA%CE%BB%CE%BF%CF%86%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%B1%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CF%83%CF%85%CE%BC%CF%86%CF%8C%CF%81%CE%B7%CF%83%CE%B7" title="Κυκλοφοριακή συμφόρηση – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κυκλοφοριακή συμφόρηση" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congesti%C3%B3n_vehicular" title="Congestión vehicular – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Congestión vehicular" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trafik%C5%9Dtopi%C4%9Do" title="Trafikŝtopiĝo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Trafikŝtopiĝo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auto-ilara" title="Auto-ilara – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Auto-ilara" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86" title="راه‌بندان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="راه‌بندان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embouteillage_(route)" title="Embouteillage (route) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Embouteillage (route)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B5%90%ED%86%B5_%EC%B2%B4%EC%A6%9D" title="교통 체증 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="교통 체증" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kemacetan" title="Kemacetan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kemacetan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congestione_stradale" title="Congestione stradale – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Congestione stradale" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A2%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%A1_%D7%AA%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%A2%D7%94" title="עומס תנועה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="עומס תנועה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%97%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%97%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D" title="ഗതാഗതക്കുരുക്ക് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഗതാഗതക്കുരുക്ക്" 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(verkeer) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="File (verkeer)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B8%8B%E6%BB%9E" title="渋滞 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="渋滞" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilk%C3%B8" title="Bilkø – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Bilkø" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%88_%E0%A8%A6%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%96%E0%A9%9C%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%A4" title="ਆਵਾਜਾਈ ਦੀ ਖੜੋਤ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਆਵਾਜਾਈ ਦੀ ਖੜੋਤ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korek_drogowy" title="Korek drogowy – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Korek drogowy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congestionamento" title="Congestionamento – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Congestionamento" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Дорожный затор – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Дорожный затор" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mbingarkimi_i_trafikut" title="Mbingarkimi i trafikut – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Mbingarkimi i trafikut" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traffic_congestion" title="Traffic congestion – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Traffic congestion" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dopravn%C3%A1_z%C3%A1pcha" title="Dopravná zápcha – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Dopravná zápcha" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sztau" title="Sztau – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Sztau" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liikenneruuhka" title="Liikenneruuhka – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Liikenneruuhka" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilk%C3%B6" title="Bilkö – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Bilkö" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%94" title="การจราจรติดขัด – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="การจราจรติดขัด" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a 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<div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><div class="cdx-message cdx-message--block cdx-message--warning mw-revision"><span class="cdx-message__icon"></span><div class="cdx-message__content"><div id="mw-revision-info-current"><p><b>This is the <a href="/wiki/Help:Page_history" title="Help:Page history">current revision</a> of this page, as edited by <span id="mw-revision-name"><a href="/wiki/User:Castncoot" class="mw-redirect mw-userlink" title="User:Castncoot" data-mw-revid="1258879233"><bdi>Castncoot</bdi></a> <span class="mw-usertoollinks">(<a href="/wiki/User_talk:Castncoot" class="mw-usertoollinks-talk" title="User talk:Castncoot">talk</a> | <a href="/wiki/Special:Contributions/Castncoot" class="mw-usertoollinks-contribs" title="Special:Contributions/Castncoot">contribs</a>)</span></span> at <span id="mw-revision-date">03:43, 22 November 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The present address (URL) is a <a href="/wiki/Help:Permanent_link" title="Help:Permanent link">permanent link</a> to this version.</b></p><div id="revision-info-current-plain" style="display: none;">Revision as of 03:43, 22 November 2024 by <a href="/wiki/User:Castncoot" class="mw-redirect mw-userlink" title="User:Castncoot" data-mw-revid="1258879233"><bdi>Castncoot</bdi></a> <span class="mw-usertoollinks">(<a href="/wiki/User_talk:Castncoot" class="mw-usertoollinks-talk" title="User talk:Castncoot">talk</a> | <a href="/wiki/Special:Contributions/Castncoot" class="mw-usertoollinks-contribs" title="Special:Contributions/Castncoot">contribs</a>)</span> <span class="comment">(sp)</span></div></div><div id="mw-revision-nav">(<a href="/w/index.php?title=Traffic_congestion&diff=prev&oldid=1258879233" title="Traffic congestion">diff</a>) <a href="/w/index.php?title=Traffic_congestion&direction=prev&oldid=1258879233" title="Traffic congestion">← Previous revision</a> | Latest revision (diff) | Newer revision → (diff)</div></div></div></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Transport condition characterized by slower speed and high density</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Traffic jam" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Traffic_jam_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Traffic jam (disambiguation)">Traffic jam (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:6th_Avenue_from_49th.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/6th_Avenue_from_49th.jpg/300px-6th_Avenue_from_49th.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="400" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/6th_Avenue_from_49th.jpg/450px-6th_Avenue_from_49th.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/6th_Avenue_from_49th.jpg/600px-6th_Avenue_from_49th.jpg 2x" data-file-width="615" data-file-height="820" /></a><figcaption>Congested <a href="/wiki/Avenue_of_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="Avenue of the Americas">Avenue of the Americas</a> in <a href="/wiki/Midtown_Manhattan" title="Midtown Manhattan">Midtown</a> <a href="/wiki/Manhattan" title="Manhattan">Manhattan</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>, which leads the world in urban automobile traffic congestion<sup id="cite_ref-NYCCongestion_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYCCongestion-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Traffic congestion</b> is a condition in transport that is characterized by slower speeds, longer trip times, and increased vehicular <a href="/wiki/Queuing_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Queuing theory">queueing</a>. Traffic congestion on urban road networks has increased substantially since the 1950s, resulting in many of the roads becoming obsolete.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When traffic demand is great enough that the interaction between vehicles slows the traffic stream, this results in congestion. While congestion is a possibility for any <a href="/wiki/Mode_of_transportation" class="mw-redirect" title="Mode of transportation">mode of transportation</a>, this article will focus on automobile congestion on public roads. </p><p>As demand approaches the capacity of a road (or of the intersections along the road), extreme traffic congestion sets in. When vehicles are fully stopped for periods of time, this is known as a <b>traffic jam</b><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or (informally) a <b>traffic snarl-up</b><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or a <b>tailback</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Drivers can become frustrated and engage in <a href="/wiki/Road_rage" title="Road rage">road rage</a>. Drivers and driver-focused road planning departments commonly propose to alleviate congestion by adding another lane to the road. This is ineffective: increasing road capacity <a href="/wiki/Induced_demand" title="Induced demand">induces more demand</a> for driving. </p><p>Mathematically, traffic is modeled as a flow through a fixed point on the route, analogously to <a href="/wiki/Fluid_dynamics" title="Fluid dynamics">fluid dynamics</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Causes">Causes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Traffic_congestion&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Causes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Speed-flow_horseshoe_diagram_traffic_congestion.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Speed-flow_horseshoe_diagram_traffic_congestion.svg/300px-Speed-flow_horseshoe_diagram_traffic_congestion.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Speed-flow_horseshoe_diagram_traffic_congestion.svg/450px-Speed-flow_horseshoe_diagram_traffic_congestion.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Speed-flow_horseshoe_diagram_traffic_congestion.svg/600px-Speed-flow_horseshoe_diagram_traffic_congestion.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption>Speed-flow diagram for a highway, scales omitted. When the volume of vehicles per hour reaches 75%-100% of the road capacity, traffic flow shifts from free-flowing (green) to congested (gray) and both volume and speeds are reduced. The red ellipse represents rush-hour traffic.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <div class="PieChartTemplate thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px"> <div class="mw-no-invert" style="background-color:white;margin:auto;position:relative;width:200px;height:200px;overflow:hidden;border-radius:100px;border:1px solid black;transform:scaleX(-1)rotate(-90deg)"> <div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:0; top:0; border-width:0 200px 200px 0; border-color:#B15928; z-index:-1"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 307.76835371753px; border-left-color:#6A3D9A"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:#6A3D9A"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:#6A3D9A"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 137.63819204712px; border-left-color:#FF7F00"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:#FF7F00"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:#FF7F00"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 3.2162452993533E-14px; border-left-color:#E31A1C"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:#E31A1C"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:#E31A1C"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:100px; border-width:80.901699437495px 58.778525229247px 0 0; border-top-color:#33A02C"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:#33A02C"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:0; border-width:0 137.63819204712px 100px 0; border-right-color:#1F78B4"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;right:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 100px 0;border-color:#1F78B4"></div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> <p>Causes of traffic congestion:<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#1F78B4; color:;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Traffic_bottleneck" title="Traffic bottleneck">Bottlenecks</a> (40%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#33A02C; color:;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Traffic_collision" title="Traffic collision">Traffic incidents</a> (25%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#E31A1C; color:;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Roadworks" title="Roadworks">Work zones</a> (10%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FF7F00; color:;"> </span> Bad weather (15%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#6A3D9A; color:;"> </span> Poor signal timing (5%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#B15928; color:;"> </span> Special events / other (5%)</div> </div> </div></div><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Traffic_Jam_in_Egypt.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Traffic_Jam_in_Egypt.jpg/220px-Traffic_Jam_in_Egypt.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Traffic_Jam_in_Egypt.jpg/330px-Traffic_Jam_in_Egypt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Traffic_Jam_in_Egypt.jpg/440px-Traffic_Jam_in_Egypt.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3888" /></a><figcaption>Traffic jam - traffic on the Cairo-Assiut highway is blocked due to fog.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Traffic_jam_Marginal_Pinheiros_6122_SAO_07_2009.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Traffic_jam_Marginal_Pinheiros_6122_SAO_07_2009.jpg/220px-Traffic_jam_Marginal_Pinheiros_6122_SAO_07_2009.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Traffic_jam_Marginal_Pinheiros_6122_SAO_07_2009.jpg/330px-Traffic_jam_Marginal_Pinheiros_6122_SAO_07_2009.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Traffic_jam_Marginal_Pinheiros_6122_SAO_07_2009.jpg/440px-Traffic_jam_Marginal_Pinheiros_6122_SAO_07_2009.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1383" data-file-height="922" /></a><figcaption>Traffic congestion on Marginal Pinheiros, near downtown <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo" title="São Paulo">São Paulo</a>. According to <i><a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a></i> magazine, São Paulo has the world's worst traffic jams.<sup id="cite_ref-Times_SP_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Times_SP-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Drivers are informed through <a href="/wiki/Variable_message_sign" class="mw-redirect" title="Variable message sign">variable message signs</a> that display the prevailing <a href="/wiki/Queueing_theory" title="Queueing theory">queue length</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Ayalon_trafic_congestion_time_lapse.webm/220px--Ayalon_trafic_congestion_time_lapse.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="391" data-durationhint="14" data-mwtitle="Ayalon_trafic_congestion_time_lapse.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Ayalon_trafic_congestion_time_lapse.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/1f/Ayalon_trafic_congestion_time_lapse.webm/Ayalon_trafic_congestion_time_lapse.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="270" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/1f/Ayalon_trafic_congestion_time_lapse.webm/Ayalon_trafic_congestion_time_lapse.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="406" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/1f/Ayalon_trafic_congestion_time_lapse.webm/Ayalon_trafic_congestion_time_lapse.webm.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="608" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1f/Ayalon_trafic_congestion_time_lapse.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9"" data-width="1080" data-height="1920" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/1f/Ayalon_trafic_congestion_time_lapse.webm/Ayalon_trafic_congestion_time_lapse.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="82" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/1f/Ayalon_trafic_congestion_time_lapse.webm/Ayalon_trafic_congestion_time_lapse.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="136" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/1f/Ayalon_trafic_congestion_time_lapse.webm/Ayalon_trafic_congestion_time_lapse.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="202" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/1f/Ayalon_trafic_congestion_time_lapse.webm/Ayalon_trafic_congestion_time_lapse.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="202" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Time-lapse_photography" title="Time-lapse photography">Time lapse</a> video of traffic congestion near HaShalom interchange in <a href="/wiki/Highway_20_(Israel)" title="Highway 20 (Israel)">Highway 20</a>, Israel</figcaption></figure> <p>Traffic congestion occurs when a volume of traffic generates demand for space greater than the available street capacity; this point is commonly termed <a href="/wiki/Degree_of_saturation_(traffic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Degree of saturation (traffic)">saturation</a>. Several specific circumstances can cause or aggravate congestion; most of them reduce the capacity of a road at a given point or over a certain length, or increase the number of vehicles required for a given volume of people or goods. About half of U.S. traffic congestion is recurring, and is attributed to sheer weight of traffic; most of the rest is attributed to traffic incidents, road work and weather events.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In terms of traffic operation, rainfall reduces traffic capacity and operating speeds, thereby resulting in greater congestion and road network productivity loss. </p><p>Individual incidents such as crashes or even a single car braking heavily in a previously smooth flow may cause ripple effects, a <a href="/wiki/Cascading_failure" title="Cascading failure">cascading failure</a>, which then spread out and create a sustained traffic jam when, otherwise, the normal flow might have continued for some time longer.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Separation_of_work_and_residential_areas">Separation of work and residential areas</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Traffic_congestion&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Separation of work and residential areas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>People often work and live in different parts of the city. Many <a href="/wiki/Workplace" title="Workplace">workplaces</a> are located in a <a href="/wiki/Central_business_district" title="Central business district">central business district</a> away from <a href="/wiki/Residential_area" title="Residential area">residential areas</a>, resulting in workers <a href="/wiki/Commuting" title="Commuting">commuting</a>. According to a 2011 report published by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau" title="United States Census Bureau">United States Census Bureau</a>, a total of 132.3 million people in the United States commute between their work and residential areas daily.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Movement_to_obtain_or_provide_goods_and_services">Movement to obtain or provide goods and services</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Traffic_congestion&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Movement to obtain or provide goods and services"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Istanbul_Otoyol_2_Richtung_FSM_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Istanbul_Otoyol_2_Richtung_FSM_2.jpg/220px-Istanbul_Otoyol_2_Richtung_FSM_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Istanbul_Otoyol_2_Richtung_FSM_2.jpg/330px-Istanbul_Otoyol_2_Richtung_FSM_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Istanbul_Otoyol_2_Richtung_FSM_2.jpg/440px-Istanbul_Otoyol_2_Richtung_FSM_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="2800" /></a><figcaption>A traffic jam in <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a>, and an opportunity for two <a href="/wiki/Simit" title="Simit">simit</a> vendors to sell food to drivers</figcaption></figure> <p>People may need to move about within the city to obtain goods and services, for instance to purchase goods or attend classes in a different part of the city. <a href="/wiki/Brussels" title="Brussels">Brussels</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgian</a> city with a strong service economy, has one of the worst traffic congestion in the world, wasting 74 hours in traffic in 2014. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mathematical_theories">Mathematical theories</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Traffic_congestion&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Mathematical theories"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Motorcycles_on_Civic_Boulevard_20080918.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Motorcycles_on_Civic_Boulevard_20080918.jpg/220px-Motorcycles_on_Civic_Boulevard_20080918.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Motorcycles_on_Civic_Boulevard_20080918.jpg/330px-Motorcycles_on_Civic_Boulevard_20080918.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Motorcycles_on_Civic_Boulevard_20080918.jpg/440px-Motorcycles_on_Civic_Boulevard_20080918.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>Congestion on a street in <a href="/wiki/Taipei" title="Taipei">Taipei</a> consisting primarily of <a href="/wiki/Motorcycles" class="mw-redirect" title="Motorcycles">motorcycles</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Some traffic engineers have attempted to apply the rules of <a href="/wiki/Fluid_dynamics" title="Fluid dynamics">fluid dynamics</a> to traffic flow, likening it to the flow of a fluid in a pipe. Congestion simulations and real-time observations have shown that in heavy but free flowing traffic, jams can arise spontaneously, triggered by minor events ("<a href="/wiki/Butterfly_effect" title="Butterfly effect">butterfly effects</a>"), such as an abrupt steering maneuver by a single motorist. Traffic scientists liken such a situation to the sudden freezing of <a href="/wiki/Supercooling" title="Supercooling">supercooled fluid</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ball_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ball-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, unlike a fluid, traffic flow is often affected by signals or other events at junctions that periodically affect the smooth flow of traffic. Alternative mathematical theories exist, such as <a href="/wiki/Boris_Kerner" title="Boris Kerner">Boris Kerner</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Three-phase_traffic_theory" title="Three-phase traffic theory">three-phase traffic theory</a> (see also spatiotemporal <a href="/wiki/Traffic_congestion:_Reconstruction_with_Kerner%27s_three-phase_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Traffic congestion: Reconstruction with Kerner's three-phase theory">reconstruction of traffic congestion</a>). </p><p>Because of the poor correlation of theoretical models to actual observed traffic flows, transportation planners and highway engineers attempt to <a href="/wiki/Traffic_flow" title="Traffic flow">forecast traffic flow</a> using empirical models. Their working traffic models typically use a combination of macro-, micro- and mesoscopic features, and may add matrix <a href="/wiki/Entropy" title="Entropy">entropy</a> effects, by "platooning" groups of vehicles and by randomizing the flow patterns within individual segments of the network. These models are then typically calibrated by measuring actual traffic flows on the links in the network, and the baseline flows are adjusted accordingly. </p><p>A team of MIT mathematicians has developed a model that describes the formation of "phantom jams", in which small disturbances (a driver hitting the brake too hard, or getting too close to another car) in heavy traffic can become amplified into a full-blown, self-sustaining traffic jam. Key to the study is the realization that the mathematics of such jams, which the researchers call "jamitons", are strikingly similar to the equations that describe detonation waves produced by explosions, says Aslan Kasimov, lecturer in MIT's Department of Mathematics. That discovery enabled the team to solve traffic-jam equations that were first theorized in the 1950s.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Economic_theories">Economic theories</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Traffic_congestion&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Economic theories"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Trafficjamdelhi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Trafficjamdelhi.jpg/220px-Trafficjamdelhi.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Trafficjamdelhi.jpg/330px-Trafficjamdelhi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Trafficjamdelhi.jpg/440px-Trafficjamdelhi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>India's <a href="/wiki/Economic_development_in_India" title="Economic development in India">economic growth</a> has resulted in a massive increase in the number of private vehicles on its roads overwhelming the transport infrastructure. Shown here is a traffic jam in <a href="/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">Delhi</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Congested roads can be seen as an example of the <a href="/wiki/Tragedy_of_the_commons" title="Tragedy of the commons">tragedy of the commons</a>. Because roads in most places are free at the point of usage, there is little financial incentive for drivers not to over-use them, up to the point where traffic collapses into a jam, when demand becomes limited by <a href="/wiki/Opportunity_cost" title="Opportunity cost">opportunity cost</a>. <a href="/wiki/Private_highway" title="Private highway">Privatization of highways</a> and <a href="/wiki/Road_pricing" title="Road pricing">road pricing</a> have both been proposed as measures that may reduce congestion through economic incentives and disincentives <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. Congestion can also happen due to non-recurring highway incidents, such as a <a href="/wiki/Car_accident" class="mw-redirect" title="Car accident">crash</a> or <a href="/wiki/Road_works" class="mw-redirect" title="Road works">roadworks</a>, which may reduce the road's capacity below normal levels. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Traffic_jam_in_Haikou,_Hainan,_China_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Traffic_jam_in_Haikou%2C_Hainan%2C_China_01.jpg/200px-Traffic_jam_in_Haikou%2C_Hainan%2C_China_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Traffic_jam_in_Haikou%2C_Hainan%2C_China_01.jpg/300px-Traffic_jam_in_Haikou%2C_Hainan%2C_China_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Traffic_jam_in_Haikou%2C_Hainan%2C_China_01.jpg/400px-Traffic_jam_in_Haikou%2C_Hainan%2C_China_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2985" data-file-height="3104" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_China_(1949%E2%80%93present)" title="Economic history of China (1949–present)">Rapid economic growth</a> in China has resulted in a massive increase in the number of private vehicles in its major cities. Shown here is a traffic jam in downtown <a href="/wiki/Haikou" title="Haikou">Haikou</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hainan_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Hainan Province">Hainan Province</a>, China.</figcaption></figure> <p>Economist <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Downs" title="Anthony Downs">Anthony Downs</a> argues that <a href="/wiki/Rush_hour" title="Rush hour">rush hour</a> traffic congestion is inevitable because of the benefits of having a relatively <a href="/wiki/Business_hours" title="Business hours">standard work day</a> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. In a <a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">capitalist</a> economy, goods can be allocated either by pricing (ability to pay) or by queueing (first-come first-served); congestion is an example of the latter. Instead of the traditional solution of making the "pipe" large enough to accommodate the total demand for peak-hour vehicle travel (a supply-side solution), either by widening roadways or increasing "flow pressure" via <a href="/wiki/Automated_highway_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Automated highway system">automated highway systems</a>, Downs advocates greater use of <a href="/wiki/Road_pricing" title="Road pricing">road pricing</a> to reduce congestion (a demand-side solution, effectively rationing demand), in turn putting the revenues generated therefrom into <a href="/wiki/Public_transportation" class="mw-redirect" title="Public transportation">public transportation</a> projects. </p><p>A 2011 study in <i><a href="/wiki/The_American_Economic_Review" class="mw-redirect" title="The American Economic Review">The American Economic Review</a></i> indicates that there may be a "fundamental law of road congestion." The researchers, from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto" title="University of Toronto">University of Toronto</a> and the <a href="/wiki/London_School_of_Economics" title="London School of Economics">London School of Economics</a>, analyzed data from the U.S. Highway Performance and Monitoring System for 1983, 1993 and 2003, as well as information on population, employment, geography, transit, and political factors. They determined that the number of vehicle-kilometers traveled (VKT) increases in direct proportion to the available lane-kilometers of roadways. The implication is that building new roads and widening existing ones only results in additional traffic that continues to rise until peak congestion returns to the previous level.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classification">Classification</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Traffic_congestion&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Classification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Qualitative classification of traffic is often done in the form of a six-letter A-F <a href="/wiki/Level_of_service_(transportation)" title="Level of service (transportation)">level of service</a> (LOS) scale defined in the <a href="/wiki/Highway_Capacity_Manual" title="Highway Capacity Manual">Highway Capacity Manual</a>, a US document used (or used as a basis for national guidelines) worldwide. These levels are used by <a href="/wiki/Transport_engineering" class="mw-redirect" title="Transport engineering">transportation engineers</a> as a <a href="/wiki/Shorthand" title="Shorthand">shorthand</a> and to describe traffic levels to the lay public. While this system generally uses delay as the basis for its measurements, the particular measurements and statistical methods vary depending on the facility being described. For instance, while the percent time spent following a slower-moving vehicle figures into the LOS for a rural two-lane road, the LOS at an urban intersection incorporates such measurements as the number of drivers forced to wait through more than one signal cycle.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Traffic congestion occurs in time and space, i.e., it is a <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/spatiotemporal" class="extiw" title="wikt:spatiotemporal">spatiotemporal</a> process. Therefore, another classification schema of traffic congestion is associated with some <a href="/wiki/Traffic_congestion:_Reconstruction_with_Kerner%27s_three-phase_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Traffic congestion: Reconstruction with Kerner's three-phase theory">common spatiotemporal features of traffic congestion</a> found in measured traffic data. Common spatiotemporal empirical features of traffic congestion are those features, which are qualitatively the same for different <a href="/wiki/Highway" title="Highway">highways</a> in different countries measured during years of traffic observations. Common features of traffic congestion are independent on <a href="/wiki/Weather" title="Weather">weather</a>, road conditions and road infrastructure, vehicular technology, driver characteristics, day time, etc. Examples of common features of traffic congestion are the features [J] and [S] for, respectively, the <i>wide moving jam</i> and <i>synchronized flow</i> traffic phases found in Kerner's <a href="/wiki/Three-phase_traffic_theory" title="Three-phase traffic theory">three-phase traffic theory</a>. The common features of traffic congestion can be reconstructed in space and time with the use of the <a href="/wiki/Traffic_congestion:_Reconstruction_with_Kerner%27s_three-phase_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Traffic congestion: Reconstruction with Kerner's three-phase theory">ASDA and FOTO</a> models. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Negative_impacts">Negative impacts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Traffic_congestion&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Negative impacts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Original_research plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Original_research" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>possibly contains <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" title="Wikipedia:No original research">original research</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Traffic_congestion&action=edit">improve it</a> by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verifying</a> the claims made and adding <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">inline citations</a>. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2017</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Traffic congestion has a number of negative effects: </p> <ul><li>Wasting time of motorists and passengers ("<a href="/wiki/Opportunity_cost" title="Opportunity cost">opportunity cost</a>"). As a non-productive activity for most people, congestion reduces regional economic health.</li> <li>Delays, which may result in late arrival for employment, meetings, and education, resulting in lost business, disciplinary action or other personal losses.</li> <li>Inability to forecast travel time accurately, leading to drivers allocating more time to travel "just in case", and less time on productive activities.</li> <li>Wasted fuel increasing <a href="/wiki/Air_pollution" title="Air pollution">air pollution</a> and <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas" title="Greenhouse gas">carbon dioxide emissions</a> owing to increased idling, acceleration and braking.</li> <li>Wear and tear on vehicles as a result of idling in traffic and frequent acceleration and braking, leading to more frequent repairs and replacements.</li> <li>Stressed and frustrated motorists, encouraging <a href="/wiki/Road_rage" title="Road rage">road rage</a> and reduced health of motorists</li> <li>Emergencies: blocked traffic may interfere with the passage of emergency vehicles traveling to their destinations where they are urgently needed.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spillover_effect" class="mw-redirect" title="Spillover effect">Spillover effect</a> from congested main arteries to secondary roads and side streets as alternative routes are attempted ('<a href="/wiki/Rat_running" title="Rat running">rat running</a>'), which may affect neighborhood <a href="/wiki/Amenity" title="Amenity">amenity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Real_estate" title="Real estate">real estate</a> prices.</li> <li>Higher chance of collisions due to tight spacing and constant stopping-and-going.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Road_rage">Road rage</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Traffic_congestion&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Road rage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Road_rage" title="Road rage">Road rage</a> is aggressive or angry behavior by a driver of an automobile or other motor vehicle. Such behavior might include rude gestures, verbal insults, deliberately driving in an unsafe or threatening manner, or making threats. Road rage can lead to altercations, assaults, and collisions which result in injuries and even deaths. It can be thought of as an extreme case of <a href="/wiki/Aggressive_driving" title="Aggressive driving">aggressive driving</a>.</p><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Female_Street_Sellers_Accra_12.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Female_Street_Sellers_Accra_12.jpg/257px-Female_Street_Sellers_Accra_12.jpg" decoding="async" width="257" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Female_Street_Sellers_Accra_12.jpg/386px-Female_Street_Sellers_Accra_12.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Female_Street_Sellers_Accra_12.jpg/514px-Female_Street_Sellers_Accra_12.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4207" data-file-height="2640" /></a><figcaption>An example of the traffic situation in Accra, Ghana, increasing carbon emission in the air</figcaption></figure><p>The term originated in the United States in 1987–1988 (specifically, from Newscasters at <a href="/wiki/KTLA" title="KTLA">KTLA</a>, a local television station), when a rash of freeway shootings occurred on the 405, 110 and 10 freeways in Los Angeles, California. These shooting sprees even spawned a response from the AAA Motor Club to its members on how to respond to drivers with road rage or aggressive maneuvers and gestures.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Economic_loss">Economic loss</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Traffic_congestion&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Economic loss"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Costs_of_Congestion_and_Parking_Search.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Costs_of_Congestion_and_Parking_Search.png/300px-Costs_of_Congestion_and_Parking_Search.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="310" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Costs_of_Congestion_and_Parking_Search.png/450px-Costs_of_Congestion_and_Parking_Search.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Costs_of_Congestion_and_Parking_Search.png/600px-Costs_of_Congestion_and_Parking_Search.png 2x" data-file-width="4028" data-file-height="4159" /></a><figcaption>Costs of congestion and parking search</figcaption></figure><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Traffic_congestion&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2019</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Area </th> <th>Loss in billions </th> <th>Note </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">US</a> </td> <td>$305 <sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">UK</a> </td> <td>$52.01 </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">NYC</a> </td> <td>$33.7 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles" title="Los Angeles">LA</a> </td> <td>$19.2 </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Metro_Manila" title="Metro Manila">Manila</a> </td> <td>$18.615 </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a> </td> <td>$11.4 </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/San_Francisco" title="San Francisco">SF</a> </td> <td>$10.6 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Atlanta" title="Atlanta">Atlanta</a> </td> <td>$7.1 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Jakarta" title="Jakarta">Jakarta</a> </td> <td>$5 </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Dhaka" title="Dhaka">Dhaka</a> </td> <td>$4.463 </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Greater_Toronto_and_Hamilton_Area" title="Greater Toronto and Hamilton Area">GTHA</a> </td> <td>$3.3 </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Positive_effects">Positive effects</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Traffic_congestion&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Positive effects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Silverdale_Rd._-_geograph.org.uk_-_1047019.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Silverdale_Rd._-_geograph.org.uk_-_1047019.jpg/220px-Silverdale_Rd._-_geograph.org.uk_-_1047019.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Silverdale_Rd._-_geograph.org.uk_-_1047019.jpg/330px-Silverdale_Rd._-_geograph.org.uk_-_1047019.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Silverdale_Rd._-_geograph.org.uk_-_1047019.jpg/440px-Silverdale_Rd._-_geograph.org.uk_-_1047019.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="430" /></a><figcaption>Houses in this street in <a href="/wiki/Royal_Tunbridge_Wells" title="Royal Tunbridge Wells">Royal Tunbridge Wells</a> were built when cars were few. With no provision for garages or off-street parking, on-street parking has formed a choke point likely to cause traffic congestion.</figcaption></figure> <p>Congestion has the benefit of encouraging motorists to retime their trips so that expensive road space is in full use for more hours per day. It may also encourage travellers to pick alternate modes with a lower environmental impact, such as public transport or bicycles.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It has been argued that traffic congestion, by reducing road speeds in cities, could reduce the frequency and severity of road crashes.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More recent research suggests that a U-curve exists between the number of accidents and the flow of traffic, implying that more accidents happen not only at high congestion levels, but also when there are very few vehicles on the road.<sup id="cite_ref-Kumar_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kumar-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Countermeasures">Countermeasures</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Traffic_congestion&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Countermeasures"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Mobility_transition" title="Mobility transition">Mobility transition</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Improving_Road_infrastructure">Improving Road infrastructure</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Traffic_congestion&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Improving Road infrastructure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Grnfld_Ramp.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Grnfld_Ramp.jpg/220px-Grnfld_Ramp.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Grnfld_Ramp.jpg/330px-Grnfld_Ramp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Grnfld_Ramp.jpg/440px-Grnfld_Ramp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1017" data-file-height="735" /></a><figcaption>Metered ramp on <a href="/wiki/Interstate_894" title="Interstate 894">I-894</a> in <a href="/wiki/Milwaukee,_Wisconsin" class="mw-redirect" title="Milwaukee, Wisconsin">Milwaukee, Wisconsin</a>, U.S. The queue of cars waiting at the red light can be seen on the upper portion of the picture.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A38(M)_Aston_Expressway.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/A38%28M%29_Aston_Expressway.jpg/220px-A38%28M%29_Aston_Expressway.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/A38%28M%29_Aston_Expressway.jpg/330px-A38%28M%29_Aston_Expressway.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/A38%28M%29_Aston_Expressway.jpg/440px-A38%28M%29_Aston_Expressway.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/A38(M)_motorway" title="A38(M) motorway">A38M Aston Expressway</a> in <a href="/wiki/Aston" title="Aston">Aston</a>, towards central <a href="/wiki/Birmingham" title="Birmingham">Birmingham</a> - the lanes are controlled via the overhead gantries, which reverse the flow of one lane (making 4 in one direction, 2 in the other and a central buffer lane) during peak times accordingly.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:404HOV_lane.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/404HOV_lane.png/170px-404HOV_lane.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/404HOV_lane.png/255px-404HOV_lane.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/404HOV_lane.png/340px-404HOV_lane.png 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>The HOV lanes in <a href="/wiki/Highway_404" class="mw-redirect" title="Highway 404">Highway 404</a> in <a href="/wiki/Southern_Ontario" title="Southern Ontario">Southern Ontario</a> are separated by a stripped buffer zone that breaks occasionally to allow vehicles to enter and exit the HOV lane.</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>Increasing road capacity is standard response to congestion, perhaps by widening an existing road or adding a new road, bridge or tunnel. However, this has been shown to result in attracting more traffic, otherwise known as <a href="/wiki/Induced_demand" title="Induced demand">induced demand</a>. The result can be greater congestion on the expanded artery itself or on auxiliary roads.<sup id="cite_ref-Schneider_2018_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schneider_2018-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a similar vein, <a href="/wiki/Braess%27s_paradox" title="Braess's paradox">Braess's paradox</a> shows that adding road capacity might make congestion worse, even if demand does not increase. In his paper, "The Law of Peak Hour Express Way Congestion", published in 1962, Anthony Downs formulated this phenomenon as a "law": “on urban commuter expressways, peak-hour traffic congestion rises to meet maximum capacity.”<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDowns1962393_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDowns1962393-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junction_(road)" class="mw-redirect" title="Junction (road)">Junction</a> improvements <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grade_separation" title="Grade separation">Grade separation</a>, using bridges (or, less often, tunnels) freeing movements from having to stop for other crossing movements</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramp_meter" title="Ramp meter">Ramp signaling</a>, 'drip-feeding' merging traffic via <a href="/wiki/Traffic_signal" class="mw-redirect" title="Traffic signal">traffic signals</a> onto a congested motorway-type roadway</li> <li>Reducing junctions <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Local-express_lanes" class="mw-redirect" title="Local-express lanes">Local-express lanes</a>, providing through lanes that bypass junction on-ramp and off-ramp zones</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limited-access_road" title="Limited-access road">Limited-access road</a>, roads that limit the type and amounts of <a href="/wiki/Driveway" title="Driveway">driveways</a> along their lengths</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reversible_lane" title="Reversible lane">Reversible lanes</a>, where certain sections of highway operate in the opposite direction on different times of the day(s) of the week, to match asymmetric demand. These pose a potential for collisions, if drivers do not notice the change in direction indicators. This may be controlled by <a href="/wiki/Variable-message_sign" title="Variable-message sign">variable-message signs</a> or by movable physical separation</li> <li>Separate lanes for specific user groups (usually with the goal of higher people throughput with fewer vehicles) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bus_lanes" class="mw-redirect" title="Bus lanes">Bus lanes</a> as part of a <a href="/wiki/Bus_rapid_transit" title="Bus rapid transit">busway system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-occupancy_toll_lane" title="High-occupancy toll lane">Express toll lanes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-occupancy_vehicle_lane" title="High-occupancy vehicle lane">HOV lanes</a>, for vehicles with at least three (sometimes at least two) riders, intended to encourage <a href="/wiki/Carpool" title="Carpool">carpooling</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slugging" title="Slugging">Slugging</a>, impromptu carpooling at HOV access points, on a <a href="/wiki/Hitchhiking" title="Hitchhiking">hitchhiking</a> or payment basis</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_economy" title="Market economy">Market-based</a> carpooling with pre-negotiated financial incentives for the driver</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Urban_planning_and_design">Urban planning and design</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Traffic_congestion&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Urban planning and design"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Urban_planning" title="Urban planning">City planning</a> and <a href="/wiki/Urban_design" title="Urban design">urban design</a> practices can have a huge impact on levels of future traffic congestion, though they are of limited relevance for short-term change. </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grid_plan" title="Grid plan">Grid plans</a> including <a href="/wiki/Fused_Grid" class="mw-redirect" title="Fused Grid">fused grid</a> road network geometry, rather than tree-like <a href="/wiki/Network_topology" title="Network topology">network topology</a> which branches into <a href="/wiki/Cul-de-sac" class="mw-redirect" title="Cul-de-sac">cul-de-sacs</a> (which reduce local traffic, but increase total distances driven and discourage walking by reducing connectivity). This avoids concentration of traffic on a small number of <a href="/wiki/Arterial_road" title="Arterial road">arterial roads</a> and allows more trips to be made without a car.</li> <li>Zoning laws that encourage <a href="/wiki/Mixed-use_development" title="Mixed-use development">mixed-use development</a>, which reduces distances between residential, commercial, retail, and recreational destinations and encourage cycling and walking. Cycling <a href="/wiki/Modal_share" title="Modal share">modal share</a> is strongly associated with the availability of local <a href="/wiki/Cycling_infrastructure" title="Cycling infrastructure">cycling infrastructure</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Mueller_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mueller-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carfree_city" title="Carfree city">Carfree cities</a>, car-light cities, and eco-cities designed to eliminate the need to travel by car for most inhabitants.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transit-oriented_development" title="Transit-oriented development">Transit-oriented development</a> are residential and commercial areas designed to maximize access to public transport by providing a transit station or stop (<a href="/wiki/Train_station" title="Train station">train station</a>, <a href="/wiki/Metro_station" title="Metro station">metro station</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tram_stop" title="Tram stop">tram stop</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Bus_stop" title="Bus stop">bus stop</a>).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Supply_and_demand">Supply and demand</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Traffic_congestion&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Supply and demand"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Transportation_demand_management" title="Transportation demand management">Transportation demand management</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:M25_motorway_2004-04-25.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/M25_motorway_2004-04-25.jpg/220px-M25_motorway_2004-04-25.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/M25_motorway_2004-04-25.jpg/330px-M25_motorway_2004-04-25.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/M25_motorway_2004-04-25.jpg/440px-M25_motorway_2004-04-25.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="536" /></a><figcaption>Widening works under way on the <a href="/wiki/M25_motorway" title="M25 motorway">M25 motorway</a> surrounding <a href="/wiki/London,_England" class="mw-redirect" title="London, England">London, England</a> to increase the number of lanes</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Noratrun.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Noratrun.jpg/220px-Noratrun.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1f/Noratrun.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="320" data-file-height="240" /></a><figcaption>During <a href="/wiki/Rush_hour" title="Rush hour">rush hour</a>, right turns onto the side street shown here are prohibited in order to prevent <a href="/wiki/Rat_running" title="Rat running">rat running</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Congestion can be reduced by either increasing road capacity (supply), or by reducing traffic (demand). Capacity can be increased in a number of ways, but needs to take account of <a href="/wiki/Induced_demand" title="Induced demand">latent demand</a> otherwise it may be used more strongly than anticipated. Critics of the approach of adding capacity have compared it to "fighting <a href="/wiki/Obesity" title="Obesity">obesity</a> by letting out your belt" (inducing demand that did not exist before). For example, when new lanes are created, households with a second car that used to be parked most of the time may begin to use this second car for commuting.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Reducing road capacity has in turn been attacked as removing free choice as well as increasing travel costs and times, placing an especially high burden on the low income residents who must commute to work.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Increased supply can include: </p> <ul><li>Adding more capacity at bottlenecks (such as by adding more lanes at the expense of <a href="/wiki/Hard_shoulder" class="mw-redirect" title="Hard shoulder">hard shoulders</a> or safety zones, or by removing local obstacles like bridge supports and widening tunnels)</li> <li>Adding more capacity over the whole of a route (generally by adding more lanes)</li> <li>Creating new routes</li> <li>Traffic management improvements (see separate section below)</li></ul> <p>Reduction of demand can include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parking" title="Parking">Parking restrictions</a>, making motor vehicle use less attractive by increasing the monetary and non-monetary costs of parking, introducing greater competition for limited city or road space.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most transport planning experts agree that <a href="/wiki/Free_parking" class="mw-redirect" title="Free parking">free parking</a> distorts the market in favor of car travel, exacerbating congestion.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Park_and_ride" title="Park and ride">Park and ride</a> facilities allowing parking at a distance and allowing continuation by <a href="/wiki/Public_transport" title="Public transport">public transport</a> or <a href="/wiki/Car_pool" class="mw-redirect" title="Car pool">ride sharing</a>. Park-and-ride <a href="/wiki/Car_park" class="mw-redirect" title="Car park">car parks</a> are commonly found at <a href="/wiki/Metro_station" title="Metro station">metro stations</a>, freeway entrances in suburban areas, and at the edge of smaller cities.</li> <li>Reduction of road capacity to force traffic onto other <a href="/wiki/Modal_share" title="Modal share">travel modes</a>. Methods include <a href="/wiki/Traffic_calming" title="Traffic calming">traffic calming</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Shared_space" title="Shared space">shared space</a> concept.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_pricing" title="Road pricing">Road pricing</a>, charging money for access onto a road/specific area at certain times, congestion levels or for certain road users <ul><li>"Cap and trade", in which only licensed cars are allowed on the roads.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A limited quota of car licenses are issued each year and traded in a <a href="/wiki/Free_market" title="Free market">free market</a> fashion. This guarantees that the number of cars does not exceed road capacity while avoiding the negative effects of <a href="/wiki/Economic_shortage" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic shortage">shortages</a> normally associated with quotas. However, since demand for cars tends to be inelastic, the result are exorbitant purchase prices for the licenses, pricing out the lower levels of society, as seen Singapore's <a href="/wiki/Certificate_of_Entitlement" title="Certificate of Entitlement">Certificate of Entitlement</a> scheme.<sup id="cite_ref-toh_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-toh-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congestion_pricing" title="Congestion pricing">Congestion pricing</a>, including: <ul><li>Congestion zone charges - a certain area, such as the inner part of a congested city, is surrounded with a cordon into which entry with a car requires payment. The cordon may be a physical boundary (i.e., surrounded by toll stations) or it may be virtual, with enforcement being via spot checks or cameras on the entry routes. Major examples are <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Electronic_road_pricing" class="mw-redirect" title="Electronic road pricing">electronic road pricing</a>, the <a href="/wiki/London_congestion_charge" title="London congestion charge">London congestion charge</a> system, <a href="/wiki/Stockholm_congestion_tax" title="Stockholm congestion tax">Stockholm congestion tax</a></li> <li>Fixed (the same at all times of day), variable (higher at peak times), or dynamic (higher during actual congestion) <a href="/wiki/Toll_road" title="Toll road">toll roads</a>, <a href="/wiki/Toll_bridge" title="Toll bridge">toll bridges</a>, <a href="/wiki/Toll_tunnel" title="Toll tunnel">toll tunnels</a>, and toll lanes</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Managed_lane" title="Managed lane">Managed lanes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/High-occupancy_toll_lane" title="High-occupancy toll lane">High-occupancy toll lanes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reversible_lane" title="Reversible lane">Reversible lanes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-occupancy_vehicle_lane" title="High-occupancy vehicle lane">High-occupancy vehicle lanes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bus_lane" title="Bus lane">Bus lanes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truck_lane_restriction" title="Truck lane restriction">Truck lane restrictions</a> and <a href="/wiki/Climbing_lane" title="Climbing lane">climbing lanes</a>, to allow faster vehicles to move unimpeded</li> <li>Allowing driving on highway shoulders at peak times</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_space_rationing" title="Road space rationing">Road space rationing</a>, where regulatory restrictions prevent certain types of vehicles from driving under certain circumstances or in certain areas. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vehicle_registration_plate" title="Vehicle registration plate">Number plate</a> restrictions based on days of the week, as practiced in several large cities in the world, such as <a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Mexico_City" title="Mexico City">Mexico City</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manila" title="Manila">Manila</a> and São Paulo.<sup id="cite_ref-konsult_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-konsult-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In effect, such cities are banning a different part of the automobile fleet from roads each day of the week. Mainly introduced to combat <a href="/wiki/Smog" title="Smog">smog</a>, these measures also reduce congestion. A weakness of this method is that richer drivers can purchase a second or third car to circumvent the ban.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2007)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/License" title="License">Permits</a>, where only certain types of vehicles (such as residents) are permitted to enter a certain area, and other types (such as through-traffic) are banned.<sup id="cite_ref-konsult_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-konsult-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, <a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Delano%C3%AB" title="Bertrand Delanoë">Bertrand Delanoë</a>, the mayor of <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>, has proposed to impose a complete ban on motor vehicles in the city's inner districts, with exemptions only for residents, businesses, and the disabled.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TrafficJamBikeLane.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/TrafficJamBikeLane.jpg/220px-TrafficJamBikeLane.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/TrafficJamBikeLane.jpg/330px-TrafficJamBikeLane.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/TrafficJamBikeLane.jpg/440px-TrafficJamBikeLane.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4573" data-file-height="3048" /></a><figcaption>Bike lane constructed in areas of low space to encourage use of human-sized transportation</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Policy" title="Policy">Policy</a> approaches, which usually attempt to provide either strategic alternatives or which encourage greater usage of existing alternatives through promotion, subsidies or restrictions. <ul><li>Incentives to use <a href="/wiki/Public_transport" title="Public transport">public transport</a>, increasing modal shares. This can be achieved through infrastructure investment, subsidies, transport <a href="/wiki/Intermodal_passenger_transport" title="Intermodal passenger transport">integration</a>, pricing strategies that decrease the <a href="/wiki/Marginal_cost" title="Marginal cost">marginal cost</a>/<a href="/wiki/Fixed_cost" title="Fixed cost">fixed cost</a> ratios,<sup id="cite_ref-simon_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-simon-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-link_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-link-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> improved <a href="/wiki/Public_transport_timetable" title="Public transport timetable">timetabling</a> and greater priority for buses to reduce journey time e.g. <a href="/wiki/Bus_lanes" class="mw-redirect" title="Bus lanes">bus lanes</a> or <a href="/wiki/Bus_rapid_transit" title="Bus rapid transit">bus rapid transit</a> .<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utility_cycling" title="Utility cycling">Cycling</a> promotion through legislation, cycle facilities, subsidies, and awareness campaigns.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Cycling_in_the_Netherlands" title="Cycling in the Netherlands">The Netherlands has been pursuing cycle friendly policies</a> for decades, and around a quarter of their commuting is done by bicycle.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Promotion of more flexible work place practices. For example, a flexible workplaces pilot was undertaken in Brisbane, Australia during 2009 to test the applicability of a voluntary travel behavior change program to achieve transport system outcomes, particularly as they related to managing congestion, either through mode shift or peak spreading. During the one-month Pilot, amongst almost 900 Brisbane CBD workers across 20 private and public sector organizations, shifts of more than 30% out of the morning and afternoon peak travel was recorded.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remote_work" title="Remote work">Remote work</a> encouraged through legislation and subsidies.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Online_shopping" title="Online shopping">Online shopping</a> promotion,<sup id="cite_ref-rac2050_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rac2050-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-dft_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dft-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> potentially with <a href="/wiki/Packstation" class="mw-redirect" title="Packstation">automated delivery booths</a> helping to solve the <a href="/wiki/Last_mile_(transportation)" title="Last mile (transportation)">last mile problem</a> and reduce shopping trips made by car.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Traffic_management">Traffic management</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Traffic_congestion&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Traffic management"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SES_Staumelder_A5.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/SES_Staumelder_A5.JPG/220px-SES_Staumelder_A5.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/SES_Staumelder_A5.JPG/330px-SES_Staumelder_A5.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/SES_Staumelder_A5.JPG/440px-SES_Staumelder_A5.JPG 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>Traffic congestion detector in Germany</figcaption></figure> <p>Use of so-called <a href="/wiki/Intelligent_transportation_system" title="Intelligent transportation system">intelligent transportation systems</a>, which guide traffic: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Traffic_reporting" title="Traffic reporting">Traffic reporting</a>, via radio, <a href="/wiki/Global_Positioning_System" title="Global Positioning System">GPS</a> and <a href="/wiki/Car_App" class="mw-redirect" title="Car App">mobile apps</a>, to advise road users</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variable_message_sign" class="mw-redirect" title="Variable message sign">Variable message signs</a> installed along the roadway, to advise road users<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_navigation_system" title="Automotive navigation system">Navigation systems</a>, possibly linked up to automatic traffic reporting</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traffic_counter" class="mw-redirect" title="Traffic counter">Traffic counters</a> permanently installed, to provide real-time traffic counts</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automated_highway_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Automated highway system">Automated highway systems</a>, a future idea which could reduce the safe interval between cars (required for braking in emergencies) and increase highway capacity by as much as 100% while increasing travel speeds<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2007)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parking_guidance_and_information" title="Parking guidance and information">Parking guidance and information</a> systems providing dynamic advice to motorists about free parking</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Active_traffic_management" title="Active traffic management">Active traffic management</a><sup id="cite_ref-ha6months_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ha6months-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> system opens up UK motorway <a href="/wiki/Hard_shoulder" class="mw-redirect" title="Hard shoulder">hard shoulder</a> as an extra traffic lane; it uses CCTV and VMS to control and monitor the traffic's use of the extra lane.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_associated">Other associated</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Traffic_congestion&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Other associated"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Road_Space_Requirements.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Road_Space_Requirements.png/220px-Road_Space_Requirements.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="248" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Road_Space_Requirements.png/330px-Road_Space_Requirements.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Road_Space_Requirements.png/440px-Road_Space_Requirements.png 2x" data-file-width="3717" data-file-height="4182" /></a><figcaption>Different modes of transport require different amounts of road space.</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/School" title="School">School</a> opening times arranged to avoid rush hour traffic (in some countries, private car school pickup and drop-off traffic are substantial percentages of peak hour traffic).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2008)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>Considerate driving behavior promotion and enforcement. Driving practices such as <a href="/wiki/Tailgating" title="Tailgating">tailgating</a>, frequent lane changes, and impeding the flow of traffic can reduce a road's capacity and exacerbate jams. In some countries signs are placed on highways to raise awareness, while others have introduced legislation against inconsiderate driving.</li> <li>Visual barriers to prevent drivers from slowing down out of curiosity (often called "<a href="/wiki/Rubbernecking" title="Rubbernecking">rubbernecking</a>" in the United States). This often includes crashes, with traffic slowing down even on roadsides physically separated from the crash location. This also tends to occur at construction sites, which is why some countries have introduced rules that motorway construction has to occur behind visual barrier</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speed_limit" title="Speed limit">Speed limit</a> reductions, as practiced on the <a href="/wiki/M25_motorway" title="M25 motorway">M25 motorway</a> in London. With lower speeds allowing cars to drive closer together, this increases the capacity of a road. Note that this measure is only effective if the <a href="/wiki/Interval_(time)" class="mw-redirect" title="Interval (time)">interval</a> between cars is reduced, not the distance itself. Low intervals are generally only safe at low speeds.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lane_splitting" title="Lane splitting">Lane splitting/filtering</a>, in which some jurisdictions allow <a href="/wiki/Motorcycle" title="Motorcycle">motorcycles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scooter_(motorcycle)" title="Scooter (motorcycle)">scooters</a> and bicycles to travel in the space between cars, buses, and trucks.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NHSTA_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NHSTA-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Reduction of road freight avoiding problems such as double parking with innovative solutions including cargo bicycles and Gothenburg's Stadsleveransens.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Reducing the quantity of cars that are on the road,<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> i.e. through <a href="/wiki/Proof-of-parking" class="mw-redirect" title="Proof-of-parking">proof-of-parking</a> requirements, <a href="/wiki/Circulation_plan" title="Circulation plan">circulation plans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Corporate_car_sharing" class="mw-redirect" title="Corporate car sharing">corporate car sharing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parallel_parking#Legality" title="Parallel parking">bans on on-street parking</a> or by increasing the costs of <a href="/wiki/Car_ownership" title="Car ownership">car ownership</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="By_country">By country</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Traffic_congestion&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: By country"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Australia">Australia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Traffic_congestion&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Australia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="clear: right; float:right;margin:0 0 1.5em 1.5em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:115%">External videos</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="video icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></span></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AnGdc-q5lX4">Traffic Jam Problem In Australia (1965)</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Warringah_Freeway2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Warringah_Freeway2.jpg/220px-Warringah_Freeway2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Warringah_Freeway2.jpg/330px-Warringah_Freeway2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Warringah_Freeway2.jpg/440px-Warringah_Freeway2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2576" data-file-height="1932" /></a><figcaption>Traffic jam in <a href="/wiki/Warringah_Freeway" title="Warringah Freeway">Warringah Freeway</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Traffic during peak hours in major Australian cities, such as Sydney, Melbourne, Brisbane and Perth, is usually very congested and can cause considerable delay for motorists. Australians rely mainly on radio and television to obtain current traffic information. GPS, <a href="/wiki/Webcams" class="mw-redirect" title="Webcams">webcams</a>, and online resources are increasingly being used to monitor and relay traffic conditions to motorists.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Traffic_congestion&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Bangladesh"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kazi_Nazrul_Islam_Ave_Road,_Dhaka._.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Kazi_Nazrul_Islam_Ave_Road%2C_Dhaka._.jpg/220px-Kazi_Nazrul_Islam_Ave_Road%2C_Dhaka._.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Kazi_Nazrul_Islam_Ave_Road%2C_Dhaka._.jpg/330px-Kazi_Nazrul_Islam_Ave_Road%2C_Dhaka._.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Kazi_Nazrul_Islam_Ave_Road%2C_Dhaka._.jpg/440px-Kazi_Nazrul_Islam_Ave_Road%2C_Dhaka._.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4160" data-file-height="3120" /></a><figcaption>Traffic jam in <a href="/wiki/Dhaka" title="Dhaka">Dhaka</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Traffic jams have become intolerable in Dhaka. Some other major reasons are the total absence of a <a href="/wiki/Rapid_transit" title="Rapid transit">rapid transit</a> system; the lack of an integrated urban planning scheme for over 30 years;<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> poorly maintained road surfaces, with potholes rapidly eroded further by frequent flooding and poor or non-existent drainage;<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> haphazard stopping and parking;<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> poor driving standards;<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> total lack of alternative routes, with several narrow and (nominally) one-way roads.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-The_Daily_Star_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Daily_Star-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Brazil">Brazil</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Traffic_congestion&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Brazil"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Traffic_jam_Sao_Paulo_09_2006_30.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Traffic_jam_Sao_Paulo_09_2006_30.JPG/220px-Traffic_jam_Sao_Paulo_09_2006_30.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Traffic_jam_Sao_Paulo_09_2006_30.JPG/330px-Traffic_jam_Sao_Paulo_09_2006_30.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Traffic_jam_Sao_Paulo_09_2006_30.JPG/440px-Traffic_jam_Sao_Paulo_09_2006_30.JPG 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Typical traffic jam in <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo" title="São Paulo">São Paulo</a> downtown, despite <a href="/wiki/Road_space_rationing" title="Road space rationing">road space rationing</a> by plate number. <i>Rua da Consolação</i>, São Paulo, Brazil</figcaption></figure> <p>According to <i><a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a></i> magazine, <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo" title="São Paulo">São Paulo</a> has the world's worst daily traffic jams.<sup id="cite_ref-Times_SP_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Times_SP-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Based on reports from the <i>Companhia de Engenharia de Tráfego</i>, the city's traffic management agency, the historical congestion record was set on May 23, 2014, with 344 kilometres (214 mi) of cumulative queues around the city during the evening rush hour.<sup id="cite_ref-BRArecord2014_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BRArecord2014-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The previous record occurred on November 14, 2013, with 309 kilometres (192 mi) of cumulative queues.<sup id="cite_ref-BRArecord2014_73-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BRArecord2014-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite implementation since 1997 of <a href="/wiki/Road_space_rationing" title="Road space rationing">road space rationing</a> by the last digit of the plate number during rush hours every weekday, traffic in this 20-million-strong city still experiences severe congestion. According to experts, this is due to the accelerated rate of motorization occurring since 2003 and the limited capacity of <a href="/wiki/Public_transport" title="Public transport">public transport</a>. In São Paulo, traffic is growing at a rate of 7.5% per year, with almost 1,000 new cars bought in the city every day.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The subway has only 61 kilometres (38 mi) of lines, though 35 further kilometers are under construction or planned by 2010. Every day, many citizens spend between three up to four hours behind the wheel. In order to mitigate the aggravating congestion problem, since June 30, 2008, the road space rationing program was expanded to include and restrict trucks and light commercial vehicles.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Canada">Canada</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Traffic_congestion&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Canada"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:401_Gridlock.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/401_Gridlock.jpg/220px-401_Gridlock.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/401_Gridlock.jpg/330px-401_Gridlock.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/401_Gridlock.jpg/440px-401_Gridlock.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1554" data-file-height="990" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ontario_Highway_401" title="Ontario Highway 401">Highway 401</a> in Ontario, which passes through Toronto, suffers chronic traffic congestion despite its width of up to 18 lanes.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>According to the Toronto Board of Trade, in 2010, <a href="/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto">Toronto</a> is ranked as the most congested city of 19 surveyed cities, with an average commute time of 80 minutes.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="China">China</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Traffic_congestion&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: China"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chang%27an_avenue_in_Beijing.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Chang%27an_avenue_in_Beijing.jpg/220px-Chang%27an_avenue_in_Beijing.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Chang%27an_avenue_in_Beijing.jpg/330px-Chang%27an_avenue_in_Beijing.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Chang%27an_avenue_in_Beijing.jpg/440px-Chang%27an_avenue_in_Beijing.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="750" /></a><figcaption>Traffic jam in Beijing</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Republic of China">Chinese</a> city of <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a> started a <a href="/wiki/Road_space_rationing_in_Beijing" title="Road space rationing in Beijing">license plate rationing</a> since the <a href="/wiki/2008_Summer_Olympics" title="2008 Summer Olympics">2008 Summer Olympics</a> whereby each car is banned from the urban core one workday per week, depending on the last digit of its license plate. As of 2016, 11 major Chinese cities have implemented similar policies.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Towards the end of 2010, Beijing announced a series of drastic measures to tackle the city's chronic traffic congestion, such as limiting the number of new plates issued to passenger cars to 20,000 a month, barring vehicles with non-Beijing plates from entering areas within the Fifth Ring Road during rush hours and expanding its <a href="/wiki/Beijing_Subway" title="Beijing Subway">subway system</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The government aims to cap the number of locally registered cars in Beijing to below 6.3 million by the end of 2020.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, more than nine major Chinese cities including <a href="/wiki/Shanghai" title="Shanghai">Shanghai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guangzhou" title="Guangzhou">Guangzhou</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hangzhou" title="Hangzhou">Hangzhou</a> started limiting the number of new plates issued to passenger cars in an attempt to curb the growth of car ownership.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In response to the increased demand to public transit caused by these policies, aggressive programs to <a href="/wiki/Urban_rail_transit_in_China" title="Urban rail transit in China">rapidly expand</a> public transport systems in many Chinese cities are currently underway.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A unique Chinese phenomenon of severe traffic congestion occurs during <a href="/wiki/Chunyun" title="Chunyun">Chunyun Period</a> or Spring Festival travel season.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is a long-held tradition for most Chinese people to reunite with their families during <a href="/wiki/Chinese_New_Year" title="Chinese New Year">Chinese New Year</a>. People return to their hometown to have a <a href="/wiki/Reunion_dinner" title="Reunion dinner">reunion dinner</a> with their families on <a href="/wiki/Chinese_New_Year" title="Chinese New Year">Chinese New Year</a>. It has been described as the largest annual human migration in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since the <a href="/wiki/Economic_reform_in_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic reform in the People's Republic of China">economic boom</a> and <a href="/wiki/Urbanization_in_China" title="Urbanization in China">rapid urbanization</a> of China since the late 1970s, many people work and study a considerable distance from their hometowns. Traffic flow is typically directional, with large amounts of the population working in more developed coastal provinces needing travel to their hometowns in the less developed interior. The process reverses near the end of Chunyun. With almost 3 billion trips<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> made in 40 days of the 2016 Chunyun Period, the Chinese intercity transportation network is extremely strained during this period. </p><p>The August 2010 <a href="/wiki/China_National_Highway_110_traffic_jam" title="China National Highway 110 traffic jam">China National Highway 110 traffic jam</a> in <a href="/wiki/Hebei" title="Hebei">Hebei</a> province caught media attention for its severity, stretching more than 100 kilometres (62 mi) from August 14 to 26, including at least 11 days of total <a href="/wiki/Gridlock" title="Gridlock">gridlock</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NYT0810_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT0810-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The event was caused by a combination of road works and thousands of coal trucks from <a href="/wiki/Inner_Mongolia" title="Inner Mongolia">Inner Mongolia</a>'s coalfields that travel daily to Beijing. The <a href="/wiki/New_York_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Times">New York Times</a> has called this event the "Great Chinese Gridlock of 2010."<sup id="cite_ref-NYT0810_92-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT0810-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The congestion is regarded as the worst in history by duration, and is one of the longest in length after the 175 kilometres (109 mi) long Lyon-Paris traffic jam in France on February 16, 1980. </p><p>Recently, in Hangzhou <a href="/wiki/City_Brain" title="City Brain">City Brain</a> has become active, reducing traffic congestion somewhat.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A 2021 study of subway constructions in China found that in the first year of a new subway line, road congestion declined.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Greece">Greece</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Traffic_congestion&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Greece"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:OpenStreetMap_%CE%94%CE%B1%CE%BA%CF%84%CF%8D%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%82_88432808.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/OpenStreetMap_%CE%94%CE%B1%CE%BA%CF%84%CF%8D%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%82_88432808.png/300px-OpenStreetMap_%CE%94%CE%B1%CE%BA%CF%84%CF%8D%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%82_88432808.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="204" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/OpenStreetMap_%CE%94%CE%B1%CE%BA%CF%84%CF%8D%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%82_88432808.png/450px-OpenStreetMap_%CE%94%CE%B1%CE%BA%CF%84%CF%8D%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%82_88432808.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/OpenStreetMap_%CE%94%CE%B1%CE%BA%CF%84%CF%8D%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%82_88432808.png/600px-OpenStreetMap_%CE%94%CE%B1%CE%BA%CF%84%CF%8D%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%82_88432808.png 2x" data-file-width="1053" data-file-height="716" /></a><figcaption>Athens inner Daktylios limits</figcaption></figure> <p>Since the 70s, the traffic on the streets of Athens has increased dramatically, with the existing road network unable to serve the ever-increasing demand. In addition, it has also caused an environmental burden, such as the <a href="/wiki/Photochemical_Smog" class="mw-redirect" title="Photochemical Smog">photochemical smog</a>. To deal with it, the <a href="/wiki/Daktylios" title="Daktylios">Daktylios</a> has been enforced. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="India">India</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Traffic_congestion&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: India"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Traffic_congestion" title="Special:EditPage/Traffic congestion">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ratan_Lal_Market,_Kaseru_Walan,_Paharganj,_New_Delhi,_Delhi,_India_-_panoramio_(1).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Ratan_Lal_Market%2C_Kaseru_Walan%2C_Paharganj%2C_New_Delhi%2C_Delhi%2C_India_-_panoramio_%281%29.jpg/220px-Ratan_Lal_Market%2C_Kaseru_Walan%2C_Paharganj%2C_New_Delhi%2C_Delhi%2C_India_-_panoramio_%281%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Ratan_Lal_Market%2C_Kaseru_Walan%2C_Paharganj%2C_New_Delhi%2C_Delhi%2C_India_-_panoramio_%281%29.jpg/330px-Ratan_Lal_Market%2C_Kaseru_Walan%2C_Paharganj%2C_New_Delhi%2C_Delhi%2C_India_-_panoramio_%281%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Ratan_Lal_Market%2C_Kaseru_Walan%2C_Paharganj%2C_New_Delhi%2C_Delhi%2C_India_-_panoramio_%281%29.jpg/440px-Ratan_Lal_Market%2C_Kaseru_Walan%2C_Paharganj%2C_New_Delhi%2C_Delhi%2C_India_-_panoramio_%281%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>Traffic jam in <a href="/wiki/New_Delhi" title="New Delhi">New Delhi</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The number of vehicles in India is quickly increasing as a growing middle class can now afford to buy cars. India's road conditions have not kept up with the exponential growth in number of vehicles. </p><p>Various causes for this include: </p> <ul><li>Private encroachments</li> <li>Non cooperation among drivers</li> <li>Unscientific road design</li> <li>Lack of free ways/exit ways where local roads and main roads intersect</li> <li>Lack of demarcated footpaths</li> <li>Lack of bus bays</li> <li>Lack of cycle tracks</li> <li>Lack of coordination among various government departments (e.g. digging of roads by telecom/water department and leaving it open)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Indonesia">Indonesia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Traffic_congestion&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Indonesia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BNN_Temporary_Transjakarta_Stop_at_Rush_Hour,_2023.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/BNN_Temporary_Transjakarta_Stop_at_Rush_Hour%2C_2023.jpg/220px-BNN_Temporary_Transjakarta_Stop_at_Rush_Hour%2C_2023.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/BNN_Temporary_Transjakarta_Stop_at_Rush_Hour%2C_2023.jpg/330px-BNN_Temporary_Transjakarta_Stop_at_Rush_Hour%2C_2023.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/BNN_Temporary_Transjakarta_Stop_at_Rush_Hour%2C_2023.jpg/440px-BNN_Temporary_Transjakarta_Stop_at_Rush_Hour%2C_2023.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Traffic congestion in <a href="/wiki/Jakarta" title="Jakarta">Jakarta</a>, <a href="/wiki/West_Java" title="West Java">West Java</a></figcaption></figure> <p>According to a 2015 study by motor oil company <a href="/wiki/Castrol" title="Castrol">Castrol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jakarta" title="Jakarta">Jakarta</a> is found to be the worst city in the world for traffic congestion. Relying on information from <a href="/wiki/TomTom" title="TomTom">TomTom</a> navigation devices in 78 countries, the index found that drivers are stopping and starting their cars 33,240 times per year on the road. After Jakarta, the worst cities for traffic are <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mexico_City" title="Mexico City">Mexico City</a>, <a href="/wiki/Surabaya" title="Surabaya">Surabaya</a>, and <a href="/wiki/St._Petersburg" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Petersburg">St. Petersburg</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Daily congestion in Jakarta is not a recent problem. The expansion of commercial area without <a href="/wiki/Road_expansion" title="Road expansion">road expansion</a> shows worsening daily congestion even in main roads such as <a href="/wiki/Jalan_Jenderal_Sudirman" title="Jalan Jenderal Sudirman">Jalan Jenderal Sudirman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jalan_M.H._Thamrin" title="Jalan M.H. Thamrin">Jalan M.H. Thamrin</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jalan_Gajah_Mada_and_Jalan_Hayam_Wuruk" title="Jalan Gajah Mada and Jalan Hayam Wuruk">Jalan Gajah Mada</a> in the mid-1970s.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2016, 22 people died as a result of traffic congestion in Java. They were among those stuck in a three-day traffic jam at a <a href="/wiki/Toll_road" title="Toll road">toll</a> exit in <a href="/wiki/Brebes_Regency" title="Brebes Regency">Brebes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Central_Java" title="Central Java">Central Java</a> called <a href="/wiki/Brebes_Exit" title="Brebes Exit">Brebes Exit</a> or 'Brexit'. The traffic block stretched for 21 km here and thousands of cars clogged the highway. Many people died because of carbon monoxide poisoning, fatigue or heat.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="New_Zealand">New Zealand</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Traffic_congestion&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: New Zealand"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Auckland_traffic_-_copyright-free_photo_released_to_public_domain.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Auckland_traffic_-_copyright-free_photo_released_to_public_domain.jpg/220px-Auckland_traffic_-_copyright-free_photo_released_to_public_domain.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Auckland_traffic_-_copyright-free_photo_released_to_public_domain.jpg/330px-Auckland_traffic_-_copyright-free_photo_released_to_public_domain.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Auckland_traffic_-_copyright-free_photo_released_to_public_domain.jpg/440px-Auckland_traffic_-_copyright-free_photo_released_to_public_domain.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Busy traffic in <a href="/wiki/Auckland" title="Auckland">Auckland</a>, New Zealand</figcaption></figure> <p>New Zealand has followed strongly car-oriented transport policies since after World War II (especially in <a href="/wiki/Auckland" title="Auckland">Auckland</a>, where one third of the country's population lives, is New Zealand's most traffic congested city, and has been labeled worse than New York for traffic congestion with commuters sitting in traffic congestion for 95 hours per year),<sup id="cite_ref-GRIFF_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GRIFF-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and currently has one of the highest car-ownership rates per capita in the world, after the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Traffic congestion in New Zealand is increasing with drivers on New Zealand's motorways reported to be struggling to exceed 20 km/h on an average commute, sometimes crawling along at 8 km/h for more than half an hour. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Philippines">Philippines</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Traffic_congestion&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Philippines"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Traffic_along_Commonwealth_Avenue_in_Quezon_City_on_July_5,_2022_(55339).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Traffic_along_Commonwealth_Avenue_in_Quezon_City_on_July_5%2C_2022_%2855339%29.jpg/220px-Traffic_along_Commonwealth_Avenue_in_Quezon_City_on_July_5%2C_2022_%2855339%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Traffic_along_Commonwealth_Avenue_in_Quezon_City_on_July_5%2C_2022_%2855339%29.jpg/330px-Traffic_along_Commonwealth_Avenue_in_Quezon_City_on_July_5%2C_2022_%2855339%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Traffic_along_Commonwealth_Avenue_in_Quezon_City_on_July_5%2C_2022_%2855339%29.jpg/440px-Traffic_along_Commonwealth_Avenue_in_Quezon_City_on_July_5%2C_2022_%2855339%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Traffic along <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Avenue,_Quezon_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Commonwealth Avenue, Quezon City">Commonwealth Avenue</a> in <a href="/wiki/Quezon_City" title="Quezon City">Quezon City</a> on July 5, 2022</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Heavy_traffic_sa_EDSA-Tramo_(Pasay)(2017-08-04).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Heavy_traffic_sa_EDSA-Tramo_%28Pasay%29%282017-08-04%29.jpg/200px-Heavy_traffic_sa_EDSA-Tramo_%28Pasay%29%282017-08-04%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Heavy_traffic_sa_EDSA-Tramo_%28Pasay%29%282017-08-04%29.jpg/300px-Heavy_traffic_sa_EDSA-Tramo_%28Pasay%29%282017-08-04%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Heavy_traffic_sa_EDSA-Tramo_%28Pasay%29%282017-08-04%29.jpg/400px-Heavy_traffic_sa_EDSA-Tramo_%28Pasay%29%282017-08-04%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption>Traffic jam at EDSA-Tramo in <a href="/wiki/Pasay" title="Pasay">Pasay</a>, Metro Manila</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Traffic_in_Metro_Manila" title="Traffic in Metro Manila">Traffic in Metro Manila</a></div> <p>According to a survey by <a href="/wiki/Waze" title="Waze">Waze</a>, traffic congestion in <a href="/wiki/Metro_Manila" title="Metro Manila">Metro Manila</a> is called the "worst" in the world, after <a href="/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro" title="Rio de Janeiro">Rio de Janeiro</a>, <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo" title="São Paulo">São Paulo</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jakarta" title="Jakarta">Jakarta</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is worsened by <a href="/wiki/Traffic_violation" class="mw-redirect" title="Traffic violation">violations of traffic laws</a>, like <a href="/wiki/Parking_violation" title="Parking violation">illegal parking</a>, loading and unloading, <a href="/wiki/Red_light_running" class="mw-redirect" title="Red light running">beating the red light</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Wrong-way_driving" title="Wrong-way driving">wrong-way driving</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Traffic congestion in Metro Manila is caused by the large number of registered vehicles, lack of roads, and <a href="/wiki/Human_overpopulation" title="Human overpopulation">overpopulation</a>, especially in the cities of <a href="/wiki/Manila" title="Manila">Manila</a> and <a href="/wiki/Caloocan" title="Caloocan">Caloocan</a>, as well as the municipality of <a href="/wiki/Pateros" title="Pateros">Pateros</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-faqph_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-faqph-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Traffic caused losses of ₱137,500,000,000 on the economy in 2011, and unbuilt roads and railway projects also causes worsening congestion.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) feared that daily economic losses will reach Php 6,000,000,000 by 2030 if traffic congestion cannot be controlled.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Turkey">Turkey</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Traffic_congestion&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Turkey"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Istanbul_Otoyol_2_Richtung_FSM_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Istanbul_Otoyol_2_Richtung_FSM_1.jpg/220px-Istanbul_Otoyol_2_Richtung_FSM_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Istanbul_Otoyol_2_Richtung_FSM_1.jpg/330px-Istanbul_Otoyol_2_Richtung_FSM_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Istanbul_Otoyol_2_Richtung_FSM_1.jpg/440px-Istanbul_Otoyol_2_Richtung_FSM_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2800" data-file-height="2100" /></a><figcaption>Traffic congestion in <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In recent years, the <a href="/wiki/Istanbul_Metropolitan_Municipality" title="Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality">Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality</a> has made huge investments on <a href="/wiki/Intelligent_transportation_system" title="Intelligent transportation system">intelligent transportation systems</a> and <a href="/wiki/Public_transportation" class="mw-redirect" title="Public transportation">public transportation</a>. Despite that, traffic is a significant problem in <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a>. <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a> has chosen the second most congested<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the most sudden-stopping traffic in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Travel times in Turkey's largest city take on average 55 percent longer than they should, even in relatively less busy hours.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Traffic_congestion&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: United Kingdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Traffic_Jam_-_geograph.org.uk_-_391642.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Traffic_Jam_-_geograph.org.uk_-_391642.jpg/220px-Traffic_Jam_-_geograph.org.uk_-_391642.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Traffic_Jam_-_geograph.org.uk_-_391642.jpg/330px-Traffic_Jam_-_geograph.org.uk_-_391642.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Traffic_Jam_-_geograph.org.uk_-_391642.jpg/440px-Traffic_Jam_-_geograph.org.uk_-_391642.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Congestion on <a href="/wiki/A64_road" title="A64 road">A64 road</a> heading towards to <a href="/wiki/York" title="York">York</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In the United Kingdom the inevitability of congestion in some urban road networks has been officially recognized since the <a href="/wiki/Department_for_Transport" title="Department for Transport">Department for Transport</a> set down policies based on the report <i><a href="/wiki/Traffic_in_Towns" title="Traffic in Towns">Traffic in Towns</a></i> in 1963: </p> <blockquote> <p>Even when everything that it is possibly to do by way of building new roads and expanding public transport has been done, there would still be, in the absence of deliberate limitation, more cars trying to move into, or within our cities than could possibly be accommodated.<sup id="cite_ref-tit_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tit-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Railway_bridge_near_Moira_-_geograph.org.uk_-_307866.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Railway_bridge_near_Moira_-_geograph.org.uk_-_307866.jpg/220px-Railway_bridge_near_Moira_-_geograph.org.uk_-_307866.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Railway_bridge_near_Moira_-_geograph.org.uk_-_307866.jpg/330px-Railway_bridge_near_Moira_-_geograph.org.uk_-_307866.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Railway_bridge_near_Moira_-_geograph.org.uk_-_307866.jpg/440px-Railway_bridge_near_Moira_-_geograph.org.uk_-_307866.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="426" /></a><figcaption>A solution to traffic congestion using <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Railways" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Ireland Railways">Northern Ireland Railways</a> from <a href="/wiki/Moira_railway_station" title="Moira railway station">Moira</a> to <a href="/wiki/Belfast_Great_Victoria_Street_railway_station" title="Belfast Great Victoria Street railway station">Belfast Great Victoria Street</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The Department for Transport sees growing congestion as one of the most serious transport problems facing the UK.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On December 1, 2006, <a href="/wiki/Rod_Eddington" title="Rod Eddington">Rod Eddington</a> published a UK government-sponsored <a href="/wiki/Eddington_Transport_Study" title="Eddington Transport Study">report into the future of Britain's transport infrastructure</a>. The Eddington Transport Study set out the case for action to improve road and rail networks, as a "crucial enabler of sustained productivity and competitiveness". Eddington has estimated that congestion may cost the economy of England £22 bn a year in lost time by 2025. He warned that roads were in serious danger of becoming so congested that the economy would suffer.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the launch of the report Eddington told journalists and transport industry representatives introducing <a href="/wiki/Road_pricing" title="Road pricing">road pricing</a> to encourage drivers to drive less was an "economic no-brainer". There was, he said "no attractive alternative". It would allegedly cut congestion by half by 2025, and bring benefits to the British economy totaling £28 bn a year.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A <a href="/wiki/London_congestion_charge" title="London congestion charge">congestion charge</a> for driving in central London was introduced in 2003. In 2013, ten years later, <a href="/wiki/Transport_for_London" title="Transport for London">Transport for London</a> reported that the scheme resulted in a 10% reduction in traffic volumes from baseline conditions, and an overall reduction of 11% in vehicle kilometers in London. Despite these gains, traffic speeds in central London became progressively slower. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Traffic_congestion&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Traffic_Jam,1953.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/19/Traffic_Jam%2C1953.jpg/240px-Traffic_Jam%2C1953.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="294" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/19/Traffic_Jam%2C1953.jpg/360px-Traffic_Jam%2C1953.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/19/Traffic_Jam%2C1953.jpg/480px-Traffic_Jam%2C1953.jpg 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="662" /></a><figcaption>Traffic jam in Los Angeles, 1953</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Trafficjamoninterstate5atpyramidlake.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Trafficjamoninterstate5atpyramidlake.jpg/220px-Trafficjamoninterstate5atpyramidlake.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Trafficjamoninterstate5atpyramidlake.jpg/330px-Trafficjamoninterstate5atpyramidlake.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Trafficjamoninterstate5atpyramidlake.jpg/440px-Trafficjamoninterstate5atpyramidlake.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="900" /></a><figcaption>On Fridays in <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>, <a href="/wiki/Interstate_5" title="Interstate 5">Interstate 5</a> is often congested as Los Angeles residents travel north for the <a href="/wiki/Workweek" class="mw-redirect" title="Workweek">weekend</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Miami_traffic_jam,_I-95_North_rush_hour.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Miami_traffic_jam%2C_I-95_North_rush_hour.jpg/220px-Miami_traffic_jam%2C_I-95_North_rush_hour.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Miami_traffic_jam%2C_I-95_North_rush_hour.jpg/330px-Miami_traffic_jam%2C_I-95_North_rush_hour.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Miami_traffic_jam%2C_I-95_North_rush_hour.jpg/440px-Miami_traffic_jam%2C_I-95_North_rush_hour.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4299" data-file-height="3225" /></a><figcaption>Rush hour traffic in Interstate 95 in <a href="/wiki/Miami" title="Miami">Miami</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Traffic_congestion_-_US_11E_-_Morristown,_TN.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Traffic_congestion_-_US_11E_-_Morristown%2C_TN.jpg/220px-Traffic_congestion_-_US_11E_-_Morristown%2C_TN.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Traffic_congestion_-_US_11E_-_Morristown%2C_TN.jpg/330px-Traffic_congestion_-_US_11E_-_Morristown%2C_TN.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Traffic_congestion_-_US_11E_-_Morristown%2C_TN.jpg/440px-Traffic_congestion_-_US_11E_-_Morristown%2C_TN.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="2689" /></a><figcaption>Congestion during <a href="/wiki/Lunch_hour" class="mw-redirect" title="Lunch hour">lunch hour</a> on <a href="/wiki/U.S._Route_11E" title="U.S. Route 11E">U.S. Route 11E</a> in <a href="/wiki/Morristown,_Tennessee" title="Morristown, Tennessee">Morristown, Tennessee</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Texas_Transportation_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Texas Transportation Institute">Texas Transportation Institute</a> estimated that, in 2000, the 75 largest metropolitan areas experienced 3.6 billion vehicle-hours of delay, resulting in 5.7 billion U.S. gallons (21.6 billion liters) in wasted fuel and $67.5 billion in lost productivity, or about 0.7% of the nation's <a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a>. It also estimated that the annual cost of congestion for each driver was approximately $1,000 in very large cities and $200 in small cities. Traffic congestion is increasing in major cities and delays are becoming more frequent in smaller cities and rural areas. </p><p>30% of traffic is cars looking for parking.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to traffic analysis firm <a href="/wiki/INRIX" title="INRIX">INRIX</a> in 2019,<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the top 31 worst US traffic congested cities (measured in average hours wasted per vehicle for the year) were: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th>City </th> <th>Hours wasted per vehicle </th> <th>Cost of congestion per driver </th></tr> <tr> <th>1 </th> <td>Boston, Massachusetts </td> <td>149 hours </td> <td>$2,205 </td></tr> <tr> <th>2 </th> <td>Chicago, Illinois </td> <td>145 hours </td> <td>$2,146 </td></tr> <tr> <th>3 </th> <td>Philadelphia, Pennsylvania </td> <td>142 hours </td> <td>$2,102 </td></tr> <tr> <th>4 </th> <td>New York City, New York </td> <td>140 hours </td> <td>$2,072 </td></tr> <tr> <th>5 </th> <td>Washington, D.C. </td> <td>124 hours </td> <td>$1,835 </td></tr> <tr> <th>6 </th> <td>Los Angeles, California </td> <td>103 hours </td> <td>$1,524 </td></tr> <tr> <th>7 </th> <td>San Francisco, California </td> <td>97 hours </td> <td>$1,436 </td></tr> <tr> <th>8 </th> <td>Portland, Oregon </td> <td>89 hours </td> <td>$1,317 </td></tr> <tr> <th>9 </th> <td>Baltimore, Maryland </td> <td>84 hours </td> <td>$1,243 </td></tr> <tr> <th>10 </th> <td>Atlanta, Georgia </td> <td>82 hours </td> <td>$1,214 </td></tr> <tr> <th>11 </th> <td>Houston, Texas </td> <td>81 hours </td> <td>$1,199 </td></tr> <tr> <th>12 </th> <td>Miami, Florida </td> <td>81 hours </td> <td>$1,199 </td></tr> <tr> <th>13 </th> <td>New Orleans, Louisiana </td> <td>79 hours </td> <td>$1,169 </td></tr> <tr> <th>14 </th> <td>Seattle, Washington </td> <td>74 hours </td> <td>$1,095 </td></tr> <tr> <th>15 </th> <td>Stamford, Connecticut </td> <td>74 hours </td> <td>$1,095 </td></tr> <tr> <th>16 </th> <td>Providence, Rhode Island </td> <td>70 hours </td> <td>$1,036 </td></tr> <tr> <th>17 </th> <td>San Diego, California </td> <td>70 hours </td> <td>$1,036 </td></tr> <tr> <th>18 </th> <td>Austin, Texas </td> <td>69 hours </td> <td>$1,021 </td></tr> <tr> <th>19 </th> <td>Sacramento, California </td> <td>64 hours </td> <td>$947 </td></tr> <tr> <th>20 </th> <td>Dallas, Texas </td> <td>63 hours </td> <td>$932 </td></tr> <tr> <th>21 </th> <td>Denver, Colorado </td> <td>63 hours </td> <td>$932 </td></tr> <tr> <th>22 </th> <td>Hartford, Connecticut </td> <td>61 hours </td> <td>$903 </td></tr> <tr> <th>23 </th> <td>Minneapolis, Minnesota </td> <td>52 hours </td> <td>$770 </td></tr> <tr> <th>24 </th> <td>Charlotte, North Carolina </td> <td>49 hours </td> <td>$725 </td></tr> <tr> <th>25 </th> <td>San Juan, Puerto Rico </td> <td>46 hours </td> <td>$681 </td></tr> <tr> <th>26 </th> <td>Cleveland, Ohio </td> <td>44 hours </td> <td>$651 </td></tr> <tr> <th>27 </th> <td>Columbus, Ohio </td> <td>43 hours </td> <td>$636 </td></tr> <tr> <th>28 </th> <td>Milwaukee, Wisconsin </td> <td>41 hours </td> <td>$607 </td></tr> <tr> <th>29 </th> <td>Detroit, Michigan </td> <td>39 hours </td> <td>$577 </td></tr> <tr> <th>30 </th> <td>San Antonio, Texas </td> <td>39 hours </td> <td>$577 </td></tr> <tr> <th>31 </th> <td>Boulder, Colorado </td> <td>37 hours </td> <td>$548 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The most congested highway in the United States, according to a 2010 study of freight congestion (truck speed and travel time), is Chicago's <a href="/wiki/Interstate_290_(Illinois)" title="Interstate 290 (Illinois)">Interstate 290</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Circle_Interchange" class="mw-redirect" title="Circle Interchange">Circle Interchange</a>. The average truck speed was just 29 mph (47 km/h).<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Traffic_congestion&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/UK_motorway_symbol.svg/42px-UK_motorway_symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/UK_motorway_symbol.svg/56px-UK_motorway_symbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="561" data-file-height="561" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Roads" title="Portal:Roads">Roads portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_ksysv_square.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Nuvola_apps_ksysv_square.svg/28px-Nuvola_apps_ksysv_square.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Nuvola_apps_ksysv_square.svg/42px-Nuvola_apps_ksysv_square.svg.png 1.5x, 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title="Car rental">Tourist rental cars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traffic_Message_Channel" class="mw-redirect" title="Traffic Message Channel">Traffic Message Channel</a> (TMC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Shoup" title="Donald Shoup">Donald Shoup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traffic_obstruction" title="Traffic obstruction">Traffic obstruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_planning" title="Urban planning">Urban planning</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Traffic_congestion&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economist.com/united-states/2024/11/21/congestion-pricing-in-new-york-gets-the-go-ahead-after-all-maybe">"Congestion pricing in New York gets the go-ahead after all. Maybe"</a>. The Economist. November 21, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 21,</span> 2024</span>. <q>But traffic is bad most days, with more than 900,000 cars entering Manhattan's central business district. inrix, a traffic-data firm, found that New York City leads the world in urban traffic congestion among the cities scored, with the average driver stationary for 101 hours a year.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Congestion+pricing+in+New+York+gets+the+go-ahead+after+all.+Maybe&rft.pub=The+Economist&rft.date=2024-11-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Funited-states%2F2024%2F11%2F21%2Fcongestion-pricing-in-new-york-gets-the-go-ahead-after-all-maybe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATraffic+congestion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCaves2004" class="citation book cs1">Caves, R. W. (2004). <i>Encyclopedia of the City</i>. Routledge. p. 141.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+the+City&rft.pages=141&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Caves&rft.aufirst=R.+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATraffic+congestion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTreiberKesting2012" class="citation book cs1">Treiber, Martin; Kesting, Arne (October 11, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sWiUjVAGTVgC&q=traffic+jam"><i>Traffic Flow Dynamics: Data, Models and Simulation</i></a>. Springer Science & Business Media. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-642-32459-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-642-32459-8"><bdi>978-3-642-32459-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210330012623/https://books.google.com/books?id=sWiUjVAGTVgC&q=traffic+jam">Archived</a> from the original on March 30, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 29,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Traffic+Flow+Dynamics%3A+Data%2C+Models+and+Simulation&rft.pub=Springer+Science+%26+Business+Media&rft.date=2012-10-11&rft.isbn=978-3-642-32459-8&rft.aulast=Treiber&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft.au=Kesting%2C+Arne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsWiUjVAGTVgC%26q%3Dtraffic%2Bjam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATraffic+congestion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMay1990" class="citation book cs1">May, Adolf Darlington (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XikpAQAAMAAJ&q=Traffic+jam%22"><i>Traffic Flow Fundamentals</i></a>. Prentice Hall. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780139260728" title="Special:BookSources/9780139260728"><bdi>9780139260728</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210330012608/https://books.google.com/books?id=XikpAQAAMAAJ&q=Traffic+jam%22">Archived</a> from the original on March 30, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 20,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=China%27s+Growth+Leads+to+Problems+Down+the+Road&rft.date=2010-08-27&rft.au=Michael+Wines&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2010%2F08%2F28%2Fworld%2Fasia%2F28china.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATraffic+congestion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJonathan_Watts2010" class="citation news cs1">Jonathan Watts (August 24, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/aug/24/china-60-mile-motorway-tailback">"Gridlock is a way of life for Chinese"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130915193304/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/aug/24/china-60-mile-motorway-tailback">Archived</a> from the original on September 15, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 20,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Gridlock+is+a+way+of+life+for+Chinese&rft.date=2010-08-24&rft.au=Jonathan+Watts&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2010%2Faug%2F24%2Fchina-60-mile-motorway-tailback&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATraffic+congestion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://edition.cnn.com/2019/01/15/tech/alibaba-city-brain-hangzhou/index.html">"Alibaba's 'City Brain' is slashing congestion in its hometown"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 4,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Alibaba%27s+%27City+Brain%27+is+slashing+congestion+in+its+hometown&rft.date=2019-01-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fedition.cnn.com%2F2019%2F01%2F15%2Ftech%2Falibaba-city-brain-hangzhou%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATraffic+congestion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuJiangZhangZou2021" class="citation journal cs1">Gu, Yizhen; Jiang, Chang; Zhang, Junfu; Zou, Ben (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aeaweb.org/articles?id=10.1257/app.20190024">"Subways and Road Congestion"</a>. <i>American Economic Journal: Applied Economics</i>. <b>13</b> (2): 83–115. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1257%2Fapp.20190024">10.1257/app.20190024</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1945-7782">1945-7782</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:233521120">233521120</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210330012559/https://www.aeaweb.org/articles?id=10.1257%2Fapp.20190024">Archived</a> from the original on March 30, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 30,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Economic+Journal%3A+Applied+Economics&rft.atitle=Subways+and+Road+Congestion&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=83-115&rft.date=2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A233521120%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1945-7782&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1257%2Fapp.20190024&rft.aulast=Gu&rft.aufirst=Yizhen&rft.au=Jiang%2C+Chang&rft.au=Zhang%2C+Junfu&rft.au=Zou%2C+Ben&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aeaweb.org%2Farticles%3Fid%3D10.1257%2Fapp.20190024&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATraffic+congestion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPantazi2015" class="citation news cs1">Pantazi, Chloe (February 2, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thrillist.com/travel/nation/city-with-worst-traffic-jakarta-indonesia-tops-castrol-s-ranking-of-cities-with-most-stop-starts">"The Worst Traffic In The World Is In..."</a> <i>Thrillist</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160816111355/https://www.thrillist.com/travel/nation/city-with-worst-traffic-jakarta-indonesia-tops-castrol-s-ranking-of-cities-with-most-stop-starts">Archived</a> from the original on August 16, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 12,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Thrillist&rft.atitle=The+Worst+Traffic+In+The+World+Is+In...&rft.date=2015-02-02&rft.aulast=Pantazi&rft.aufirst=Chloe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thrillist.com%2Ftravel%2Fnation%2Fcity-with-worst-traffic-jakarta-indonesia-tops-castrol-s-ranking-of-cities-with-most-stop-starts&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATraffic+congestion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMerrillees2015" class="citation book cs1">Merrillees, Scott (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=akLWjgEACAAJ&q=JAKARTA:+Portraits+of+a+Capital+1950-1980"><i>Jakarta: Portraits of a Capital 1950-1980</i></a>. Jakarta: Equinox Publishing. pp. 116–7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9786028397308" title="Special:BookSources/9786028397308"><bdi>9786028397308</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210330012722/https://books.google.com/books?id=akLWjgEACAAJ&q=JAKARTA%3A+Portraits+of+a+Capital+1950-1980">Archived</a> from the original on March 30, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 29,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jakarta%3A+Portraits+of+a+Capital+1950-1980&rft.place=Jakarta&rft.pages=116-7&rft.pub=Equinox+Publishing&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9786028397308&rft.aulast=Merrillees&rft.aufirst=Scott&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DakLWjgEACAAJ%26q%3DJAKARTA%3A%2BPortraits%2Bof%2Ba%2BCapital%2B1950-1980&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATraffic+congestion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/jul/08/indonesia-traffic-jam-deaths-java-brebes-brexit-junction">"Twelve people die in traffic jam in Indonesia at junction called 'Brexit'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian_(newspaper)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Guardian (newspaper)">The Guardian</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Agence_France-Presse" title="Agence France-Presse">Agence France-Presse</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 9,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Twelve+people+die+in+traffic+jam+in+Indonesia+at+junction+called+%27Brexit%27&rft.date=2016-07-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2016%2Fjul%2F08%2Findonesia-traffic-jam-deaths-java-brebes-brexit-junction&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATraffic+congestion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GRIFF-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-GRIFF_99-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeesDodson2006" class="citation web cs1">Mees, Paul; Dodson, Jago (April 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080413213710/http://www.griffith.edu.au/centre/urp/urp_publications/Issues_Papers/URP_IP5_MeesDodsonAucklandTransport_April2006.pdf">"Backtracking Auckland: Bureaucratic rationality and public preferences in transport planning"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Urban Research Program Issues Paper 5</i>. <a href="/wiki/Griffith_University" title="Griffith University">Griffith University</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 25,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Te+Ara%3A+The+Encyclopedia+of+New+Zealand&rft.atitle=Modern+Society&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.teara.govt.nz%2FNewZealandInBrief%2FSociety%2F8%2Fen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATraffic+congestion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTan2015" class="citation news cs1">Tan, Lara (October 2, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160123045043/http://cnnphilippines.com/metro/2015/10/01/Metro-Manila-Philippines-worst-traffic-longest-commute-Waze-survey.html">"Metro Manila has 'worst traffic on earth', longest commute - Waze"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CNN_Philippines" title="CNN Philippines">CNN Philippines</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 17,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Metro+Manila+has+%27worst+traffic+on+earth%27%2C+longest+commute+-+Waze&rft.date=2015-10-02&rft.aulast=Tan&rft.aufirst=Lara&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcnnphilippines.com%2Fmetro%2F2015%2F10%2F01%2FMetro-Manila-Philippines-worst-traffic-longest-commute-Waze-survey.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATraffic+congestion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiquicia" class="citation news cs1">Liquicia, Chi. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160208025450/http://www.latitudenews.com/story/manila-traffic-the-agony-without-the-ecstasy/">"Manila traffic: the agony, without the ecstasy"</a>. Latitude News. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.latitudenews.com/story/manila-traffic-the-agony-without-the-ecstasy/">the original</a> on February 8, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 19,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Traffic+Quarterly&rft.atitle=The+Law+of+Peak+Hour+Expressway+Congestion&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=393-409&rft.date=1962-07&rft.issn=0041-0713&rft.aulast=Downs&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftrid.trb.org%2Fview.aspx%3Fid%3D694596&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATraffic+congestion" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.springer.com/engineering/mechanical+eng/book/978-3-642-02604-1">B.S. Kerner, <i>Introduction to Modern Traffic Flow Theory and Control: The Long Road to Three-Phase Traffic Theory</i>, Springer, Berlin, New York 2009</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.springer.com/physics/complexity/book/978-3-540-20716-0">B.S. Kerner, <i>The Physics of Traffic</i>, Springer, Berlin, New York 2004</a></li> <li>Koslowsky, Meni; Avraham N. Kluger; and Mordechai Reich. Commuting Stress, New York: Plenum, 1995.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKoslowkskyKrausz" class="citation journal cs1">Koslowksky, Meni; Krausz, Moshe. 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(1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/jpa-00246697/document">"A Cellular Automaton Model for Freeway Traffic"</a>. <i>Journal de Physique I</i>. <b>2</b> (12): 2221–2229. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1992JPhy1...2.2221N">1992JPhy1...2.2221N</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1051%2Fjp1%3A1992277">10.1051/jp1:1992277</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:37135830">37135830</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+de+Physique+I&rft.atitle=A+Cellular+Automaton+Model+for+Freeway+Traffic&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=2221-2229&rft.date=1992&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A37135830%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1051%2Fjp1%3A1992277&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1992JPhy1...2.2221N&rft.aulast=Nagel&rft.aufirst=K.&rft.au=Schreckenberg%2C+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhal.archives-ouvertes.fr%2Fjpa-00246697%2Fdocument&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATraffic+congestion" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victoria_Transport_Policy_Institute" title="Victoria Transport Policy Institute">Victoria Transport Policy Institute</a> (March 2013), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vtpi.org/cong_relief.pdf">Smart Congestion Relief – Comprehensive Analysis Of Traffic Congestion Costs and Congestion Reduction Benefits</a></li> <li>R. Wiedemann, Simulation des Straßenverkehrsflusses. <i>Schriftenreihe des IfV</i>, 8, 1974. Institut für Verkehrswesen. 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English\"] = 1,\n [\"Use mdy dates\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-6b7f745dd4-plf49","timestamp":"20241125133956","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Traffic congestion","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Traffic_congestion","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q244156","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q244156","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2003-05-26T10:28:06Z","dateModified":"2024-11-22T03:43:11Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/7\/7a\/6th_Avenue_from_49th.jpg","headline":"condition on road networks that occurs as 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