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class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Situs"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Daftar isi" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Daftar isi</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">pindah ke bilah sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">sembunyikan</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Awal</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Sejarah_Penemuan_Daguerreotype" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sejarah_Penemuan_Daguerreotype"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Sejarah Penemuan Daguerreotype</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sejarah_Penemuan_Daguerreotype-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Proses_Daguerreotype" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Proses_Daguerreotype"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Proses Daguerreotype</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Proses_Daguerreotype-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Referensi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Referensi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Referensi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Referensi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Daftar isi" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Gulingkan daftar isi" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Gulingkan daftar isi</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Daguerreotype</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Pergi ke artikel dalam bahasa lain. Terdapat 62 bahasa" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-62" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">62 bahasa</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daguerreotipe" title="Daguerreotipe – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Daguerreotipe" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daguerreotype" title="Daguerreotype – Inggris Kuno" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Daguerreotype" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Inggris Kuno" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="داجيرية – Arab" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="داجيرية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arab" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daguerrotipu" title="Daguerrotipu – Asturia" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Daguerrotipu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dagerotipiya" title="Dagerotipiya – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Dagerotipiya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BF%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Дагератыпія – Belarusia" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Дагератыпія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Дагеротипия – Bulgaria" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Дагеротипия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgaria" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0" title="দাগেরোচিত্র – Bengali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="দাগেরোচিত্র" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bengali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daguerreotip" title="Daguerreotip – Katalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Daguerreotip" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Katalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daguerrotypie" title="Daguerrotypie – Cheska" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Daguerrotypie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Cheska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B8" title="Дагеротипи – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Дагеротипи" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daguerreotypi" title="Daguerreotypi – Dansk" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Daguerreotypi" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Dansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daguerreotypie" title="Daguerreotypie – Jerman" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Daguerreotypie" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Jerman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9D%CF%84%CE%B1%CE%B3%CE%BA%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%84%CF%85%CF%80%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Νταγκεροτυπία – Yunani" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Νταγκεροτυπία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Yunani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daguerreotype" title="Daguerreotype – Inggris" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Daguerreotype" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Inggris" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dagerotipio" title="Dagerotipio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Dagerotipio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daguerrotipo" title="Daguerrotipo – Spanyol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Daguerrotipo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanyol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dagerrot%C3%BC%C3%BCpia" title="Dagerrotüüpia – Esti" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Dagerrotüüpia" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Esti" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dagerrotipo" title="Dagerrotipo – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Dagerrotipo" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%A7%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%BE" title="داگرئوتایپ – Persia" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="داگرئوتایپ" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dagerrotypia" title="Dagerrotypia – Suomi" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Dagerrotypia" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Suomi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daguerr%C3%A9otype" title="Daguerréotype – Prancis" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Daguerréotype" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Prancis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dagherotipie" title="Dagherotipie – Friuli" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Dagherotipie" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friuli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cl%C3%B3_daig%C3%A9arach" title="Cló daigéarach – Irlandia" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Cló daigéarach" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irlandia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daguerrotipo" title="Daguerrotipo – Galisia" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Daguerrotipo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galisia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artikel pilihan"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%93%D7%90%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%98%D7%99%D7%A4" title="דאגרוטיפ – Ibrani" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="דאגרוטיפ" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Ibrani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dagerotipija" title="Dagerotipija – Kroasia" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Dagerotipija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Kroasia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dagerrot%C3%ADpia" title="Dagerrotípia – Hungaria" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Dagerrotípia" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungaria" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B4%D5%A1%D5%A3%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%B8%D5%BF%D5%AB%D5%BA%D5%AB%D5%A1" title="Դագերոտիպիա – Armenia" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Դագերոտիպիա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daguerrea%C3%B0fer%C3%B0" title="Daguerreaðferð – Islandia" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Daguerreaðferð" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Islandia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dagherrotipia" title="Dagherrotipia – Italia" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Dagherrotipia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%80%E3%82%B2%E3%83%AC%E3%82%AA%E3%82%BF%E3%82%A4%E3%83%97" title="ダゲレオタイプ – Jepang" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ダゲレオタイプ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Jepang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%93%E1%83%90%E1%83%92%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%9E%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="დაგეროტიპია – Georgia" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="დაგეროტიპია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%8A%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%A0%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%82%E1%9F%82%E1%9E%9A%E1%9F%89%E1%9E%BC%E1%9E%90%E1%9F%82%E1%9E%96" title="ដាហ្គែរ៉ូថែព – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ដាហ្គែរ៉ូថែព" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8B%A4%EA%B2%8C%EB%A0%88%EC%98%A4%ED%83%80%EC%9D%B4%ED%94%84" title="다게레오타이프 – Korea" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="다게레오타이프" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korea" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daguerreskrifa" title="Daguerreskrifa – Kornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Daguerreskrifa" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Kornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daguerreotypus" title="Daguerreotypus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Daguerreotypus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dagerotipija" title="Dagerotipija – Lituavi" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Dagerotipija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lituavi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dagerotipija" title="Dagerotipija – Latvi" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Dagerotipija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A1%E0%B4%97%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%88%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D" title="ഡഗറോടൈപ്പ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഡഗറോടൈപ്പ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daguerreotaip" title="Daguerreotaip – Melayu" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Daguerreotaip" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Melayu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daguerreotypie" title="Daguerreotypie – Belanda" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Daguerreotypie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Belanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daguerreotypi" title="Daguerreotypi – Nynorsk Norwegia" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Daguerreotypi" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Nynorsk Norwegia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daguerreotypi" title="Daguerreotypi – Bokmål Norwegia" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Daguerreotypi" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Bokmål Norwegia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daguerreotipe" title="Daguerreotipe – Ositania" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Daguerreotipe" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Ositania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dagerotypia" title="Dagerotypia – Polski" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Dagerotypia" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daguerre%C3%B3tipo" title="Daguerreótipo – Portugis" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Daguerreótipo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daghereotipie" title="Daghereotipie – Rumania" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Daghereotipie" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Rumania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="artikel bagus"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Дагеротипия – Rusia" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Дагеротипия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Rusia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dagerotipija" title="Dagerotipija – Serbo-Kroasia" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Dagerotipija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Kroasia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daguerreotype" title="Daguerreotype – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Daguerreotype" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dagerotypia" title="Dagerotypia – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Dagerotypia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dagerotipija" title="Dagerotipija – Sloven" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Dagerotipija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Sloven" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Дагеротипија – Serbia" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Дагеротипија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dagerrotypi" title="Dagerrotypi – Swedia" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Dagerrotypi" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%92%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%9F_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%88" title="டகேர் ஒளிப்பட முறை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="டகேர் ஒளிப்பட முறை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%9B%E0%B9%8C" title="ดาแกโรไทป์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ดาแกโรไทป์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dagerotip" title="Dagerotip – Turki" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Dagerotip" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BF%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Дагеротипія – Ukraina" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Дагеротипія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukraina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dagerotipiya" title="Dagerotipiya – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Dagerotipiya" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%93%B6%E7%89%88%E6%91%84%E5%BD%B1%E6%B3%95" title="银版摄影法 – Wu Tionghoa" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="银版摄影法" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu Tionghoa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%93%B6%E7%89%88%E6%91%84%E5%BD%B1%E6%B3%95" title="银版摄影法 – Tionghoa" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="银版摄影法" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Tionghoa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q179744#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Sunting pranala interwiki" class="wbc-editpage">Sunting pranala</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Ruang nama"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs 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class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tampilan</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">pindah ke bilah sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">sembunyikan</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Dari Wikipedia bahasa Indonesia, ensiklopedia bebas</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="id" dir="ltr"><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Boulevard_du_Temple_by_Daguerre.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Boulevard_du_Temple_by_Daguerre.jpg/220px-Boulevard_du_Temple_by_Daguerre.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Boulevard_du_Temple_by_Daguerre.jpg/330px-Boulevard_du_Temple_by_Daguerre.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Boulevard_du_Temple_by_Daguerre.jpg/440px-Boulevard_du_Temple_by_Daguerre.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3441" data-file-height="2472" /></a><figcaption>Boulevard du Temple, foto <b>Daguerreotype</b> pertama yang dibuat oleh <a href="/wiki/Daguerre" class="mw-redirect" title="Daguerre">Daguerre</a> pada sekitar tahun 1838-1839</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Daguerrotype</b> adalah sebuah metode atau proses untuk membuat <a href="/wiki/Foto" title="Foto">foto</a> yang pertama kali dipublikasikan di dunia. Metode atau proses percetakan ini diciptakan untuk pertama kali nya oleh dua orang sahabat yaitu <a href="/wiki/Louis_Daguerre" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis Daguerre">Louis Daguerre</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Nic%C3%A9phore_Ni%C3%A9pce" title="Nicéphore Niépce">Nicéphore Niépce</a> di Prancis pada tahun 1834. </p><p>Niepce adalah orang yang pertama memproduksi dan menghasilkan gambar <a href="/wiki/Fotografi" title="Fotografi">fotografi</a> dari <b>kamera Obscura</b> dengan menggunakan <i>Asphaltum</i> pada pelat tembaga yang sensitif dengan minyak lavender yang menggandung eksposur yang sangat panjang. </p><p>Gambar yang dihasilkan dari sistem Daguerreotype ini sendiri terbuat dari amalgam atau <i>Alloy</i> yaitu campuran dari <i>Mercury</i> dan perak. Uap <i>Mercury</i> yang dihasilkan dari kolam yang berisi air raksa yang dipanasakan digunakan untuk mengembangkan pelat yang terdiri dari pelat tembaga dengan lapisan perak yang tipis dan digulung di dalam kontak yang sebelum nya telah disensitifkan terhadap cahaya dengan uap <i>Yodium</i> sehingga membentuk kristal perak <i>Iodida</i> pada permukaan piring atau lempeng perak. </p><p>Kekuatan paparan kemudian dikurangi dengan menggunakan <i>bromin</i> untuk membentuk kristal perak bromida dan dengan mengganti lensa Chevalier dengan ukuran yang jauh lebih besar, dan lesan cepat yang dirancang oleh <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Petzval/Joseph">Petzval</a>. </p><p>Gambar yang terbentuk di atas lempengan perak tadi terlihat seperti kaca. Sayang nya, gambar ini dapat dengan mudah terhapus dengan jari dan mudah dioksidasi oleh udara, sehingga sejak awal proses Daguerreotype ini, dilakukan diruang tertutup dan hasil nya di bingkai dengan penutup kaca. </p><p>Ketika kita melihat hasil cetakan dari proses Daguerreotype ini, permukaan gelap tercermin ke permukaan kaca perak. Reproduksi dari detail pada foto yang tajam sangat baik dan sempurna sebagian karena permukaan yang benar-benar rata. Walaupun Daguerreotype menghasilkan gambar yang “unik”, gambar ini dapat disalin kembali dengan redaguerreotype yang asli. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sejarah_Penemuan_Daguerreotype">Sejarah Penemuan Daguerreotype</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Daguerreotype&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Sunting bagian: Sejarah Penemuan Daguerreotype" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Daguerreotype&action=edit&section=1" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Sejarah Penemuan Daguerreotype"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Para seniman dan penemu-penemu, sejak masa <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" class="mw-redirect" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a> atau masa pencerahan kembali, telah mencari cara atau metode untuk menangkap dan mengabadikan kejadian-kejadian visual. Misal nya sebelum nya, dengan menggunakan kamera Obscura, para seniman dapat secara manual menangkap apa yang mereka lihat. </p><p>Sebelumnya ada penemuan mengenai metode foto sensitif dan zat-zat termasuk <i>silver</i> <i>nitrate</i> oleh <a href="/wiki/Albertus_Magnus" class="mw-redirect" title="Albertus Magnus">Albertus Magnus</a>. Metode ini ditemukan Magnus pada abad ke 13. Dan adapun penumuan degan campuran <i>silver</i> dan kapur oleh <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Heinrich_Schulze/Johan">Heinrich Schulze</a> padda tahun 1724. Dan penemuan pula dari Nichole Niepce dengan sebutan Nichole Niepce’s bitumen yang berbasis pada <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heliography/">Heliography</a>, juga ikut berkontribusi terhadap perkembangan metode Daguerreotype ini. pada tahun 1829 seniman sekaligus seorang ahli kimia dari <a href="/wiki/Prancis" title="Prancis">Prancis</a>, Louis J.M. Daguerre, dan Niepce, pemimpin dalam proyek foto kimia, bekerja sama berkontribusi membangun kamera yang lebih canggih untuk lebih mengembangakan teknologi mereka. </p><p>Setelah Niepce meninggal pada tahun 1833, Daguerre melanjutkan penelitian nya terhadap percobaan-percobaan kimia dan proses mekanik dalam merekam gambar dengan melapisi pelat tembaga dengan perak terionisasi <i>(silver ionized)</i>. Pada tahun 1835, setelah dengan sengaja ia memecahkan termometer raksa, ia menemukan metode mengembangkan citra atau images yang telah ter-Exposed selama 20-30 menit. Penyempurnaan lebih lanjut dari proses ini akan memungkinkan ia untuk dapat lebih memperbaiki citra atau images yang dihasilkan. Selain itu, metode ini juga mampu mencegah penggelapan dari pelat perak yang digunakan tadi, solusi yang disarankan nya cukup mudah, yaitu dengan menggunakan yodium yang banyak terdapat di dalam garam rumahan. Dan selanjutnya pada tahun 1837, Daguerreo berhasil untuk pertama kali nya menjalani secara penuh dari proses eksposur, mengembangkan nya dan fiksasi. Hasil dari prosee ini yang pernah dipublikasikan misalnya still life of plaster casts, a wicker-covered botle, a framed drawning and a curtain, and L’Atelier de l’artiste. </p><p><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Academy_of_Sciences/The">French Academy of Science</a> mengumunkan penemua proses Daguerreotype ini pada tanggal 9 january 1839. Tidak lama setelah itu, <a href="/wiki/William_Fox_Talbot" class="mw-redirect" title="William Fox Talbot">William Fox Talbot</a> mengumumkan penemuan nya yaitu calotype. Dengan begitu pada tahun 1839 ini ditandai sebagai hari di mana fotografi ditemukan. </p><p>Namun dengan berdalih bahwa Daguerre mendapatkan paten dari Prancis, pemerintahan Prancis justru mempensiunkan nya. Namun di Inggris, Miles Berry, yang bertindak atas nama Daguerre memperoleh paten untuk proses Daguerreotype pada tanggal 14 agustus 1839. Hampis bersamaan pada tanggal 19 agustus 1839, pemerintah Prancis mengumumkan penemuannya sebagai hadiah “gratis ke dunia.” </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Proses_Daguerreotype">Proses Daguerreotype</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Daguerreotype&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Sunting bagian: Proses Daguerreotype" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Daguerreotype&action=edit&section=2" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Proses Daguerreotype"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Daguerreotype dan Tintype adalah gambar fotografi yang mengizinkan transfer tidak langsung dari gambar ke media lain yang sensitive akan cahaya, sebagai lawan negative dari kaca atau kertas negative (klise). </p><p>Persiapan dari pelat sebelum terkena citra yang dihasilkan dalam pembentukan lapisan perak halide foto sensitive, dan paparan scenes atau adegan atau gambar melalui lensa membentuk gambar laten, ialah. Gamabr laten atau gambar yang nyata dibuat terlihat atau “dikembangakan” dengan menempatkan Eksposur Plate dengan keadaan terkena panas sekitar 30 derajat celcius samapi 90 derajat celcius dari cup <a href="/wiki/Mercury" class="mw-redirect" title="Mercury">Mercury</a>. Daguerre pertama kali yang menemukan dan mempublikasikan prinsip-prinsip pembangunan laten image (dalam publikasi dan hak paten di Inggris). </p><p>Uap <a href="/wiki/Mercury" class="mw-redirect" title="Mercury">Mercury</a> dikondensasikan pada tempat-tempat pada pelat tempat lampu eksposure yang memiliki cahaya yang paling kuat, dan sedikit di bagian gelap gambar atau yang bias kita sebut sebagai bayangan. Ini menghasilkan gambar dalam amalgam yang digunakan. Selanjutnya merkuri “mencuci” perak agar teroksidasi dari halide, pelarut dan mengamalgamasi ke partikel perak yang bebas yang melekat pada daerah yang terkena pelat, lalu proses fixing ini akan melepaskan dan menghapus halide perak yang masih terpajan. Hal ini mengakibatkan gambar unfixed yang dihasilkan terdiri dari area yang terang dan gelap dari amalgam abu-abu di atas piring. Kotak atau box yang dikembangkan dikonstruksikan untuk dapat diinspeksi gambar melalui kaca kuning dan untuk memungkinkan fotografer untuk menetukan kapan proses rekonstruksi ini harus dihentikan. </p><p>Proses selanjutnya dalam metode Daguereotype ini adalah bagaimana untuk memperbaiki gambar fotografi yang telah permanen. Dalam metode ini dijelaskan, untuk dapat memperbaiki gamabr yang telah permanen ialah dengan mencelupkandalam larutan soda hiposulfat, atau sering juga disebut dengan fixer atau hypo yang berguna untuk melepaskan halide yang tidak tereksposure. Awalnya dalam proses Daguerreotype pada tahap ini, digunakan larutan garam jenuh, tetapi kemudian diadopsi Hershel saran tentang tiosulfat natrium, seperti yang dilakukan WHF Talbot. </p><p>Gambar atau citra yang dihasilkan dalam metode ini sangat rapuh dan rentan terhadap kerusakan bila ditangani. Nyata nya hampir semua daguerreotypes dilindungi dari kerusakan atau kecelakaan yang disengaja ataupun yang tidak disengaja dengan menempatkan kaca pelindung yang diletakan di depan. Hal ini ditemukan ketika percobaan yang memanaskan pelat dengan pemanas yang terbuat dari klorida emas baik itu tone tone dan memperkuat gambar. Meskipun itu masih cukup rapuh dan memerlukan tempat yang aman dan tertutup untuk melindungi dari kelalaian sentuh serta oksidasi dari perak halus yang mampu membentuk warna berubah menjadi kehitam-hitaman di gambar. Produk “pengawetan” terbaik yang dihasilkan dari proses daguerreotype yang dilakukan pada abad ke 19 adalah <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">nitrogen</a> yang disegel kuat dalam kaca yang diisi dengan udara dan gas kimia inert. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Referensi">Referensi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Daguerreotype&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Sunting bagian: Referensi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Daguerreotype&action=edit&section=3" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Referensi"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>1. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pornographyhistory.com/">History of Pornography</a> </p><p>2. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rleggat.com/photohistory/history/daguerro.htm/">History of Daguerreotype</a> </p><p>3. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.floridamemory.com/OnlineClassroom/photographic-processes/index.cfm/">Florida Memory (Daguerreotype)</a> </p><p>4. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/dagu/hd_dagu.htm/">Metmuseum (Daguerreotype)</a> </p><p>5. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Foto/&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Foto/ (halaman belum tersedia)">Foto Rezaldy</a> </p><p>6. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_Daguerre/&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Louis Daguerre/ (halaman belum tersedia)">Louis Jacques Mande Daguerre Bastharian</a> </p><p>7. <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Nic%C3%A9phore_Ni%C3%A9pce&redirect=nodi/joseph/">Joseph Nicephore Niepce</a> </p><p>8. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fotografi/&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fotografi/ (halaman belum tersedia)">Fotografi 1006774045</a> </p><p>9. <a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Fox_Talbot/&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William Fox Talbot/ (halaman belum tersedia)">Willian Fox Talbot</a> </p><p>10. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Renaissance/&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Renaissance/ (halaman belum tersedia)">Masa-masa Pencerahan (Renaissance)</a> </p><p>11. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Albertus_Magnus/&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Albertus Magnus/ (halaman belum tersedia)">Albertus Magnus</a> </p><p>12. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.academie-sciences.fr/index_gb.htm/">The French Academy of Science</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Pranala_mati" title="Wikipedia:Pranala mati"><span title=" pranala nonaktif sejak Maret 2021">pranala nonaktif permanen</span></a></i>]</span></sup> </p><p><br /> </p>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Diperoleh dari "<a dir="ltr" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Daguerreotype&oldid=24968797">https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Daguerreotype&oldid=24968797</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Daftar_kategori" title="Istimewa:Daftar kategori">Kategori</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Teknologi" title="Kategori:Teknologi">Teknologi</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Kategori tersembunyi: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Artikel_dengan_pranala_luar_nonaktif" title="Kategori:Artikel dengan pranala luar nonaktif">Artikel dengan pranala luar nonaktif</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Artikel_dengan_pranala_luar_nonaktif_permanen" title="Kategori:Artikel dengan pranala luar nonaktif permanen">Artikel dengan pranala luar nonaktif permanen</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Halaman ini terakhir diubah pada 8 Desember 2023, pukul 13.22.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Teks tersedia di bawah <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Lisensi Atribusi-BerbagiSerupa Creative Commons</a>; ketentuan tambahan mungkin berlaku. 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