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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Skeletal_muscle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Skeletal muscle</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Skeletal_muscle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Colitis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Colitis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Colitis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Colitis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cancers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cancers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Cancers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cancers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the 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</div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" 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Homo sapiens</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <table class="infobox" style="width:26.4em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="4" style="text-align:center;font-size:125%;font-weight:bold">SLC5A8</th></tr><tr><td colspan="4" style="text-align:center"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:#ddd">Identifiers</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="background-color:#c3fdb8"><span class="plainlinks"><a href="/wiki/Gene_nomenclature" title="Gene nomenclature">Aliases</a></span></th><td colspan="3" style="background:#eee"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.genenames.org/data/gene-symbol-report/#!/hgnc_id/19119">SLC5A8</a></span>, AIT, SMCT, SMCT1, solute carrier family 5 member 8</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="background-color:#c3fdb8">External IDs</th><td colspan="3" style="background-color:#eee"><span class="plainlinks"><a href="/wiki/Mendelian_Inheritance_in_Man" class="mw-redirect" title="Mendelian Inheritance in Man">OMIM</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://omim.org/entry/608044">608044</a>; <a href="/wiki/Mouse_Genome_Informatics" title="Mouse Genome Informatics">MGI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.informatics.jax.org/marker/MGI:2384916">2384916</a>; <a href="/wiki/HomoloGene" title="HomoloGene">HomoloGene</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=homologene&dopt=HomoloGene&list_uids=64832">64832</a>; <a href="/wiki/GeneCards" title="GeneCards">GeneCards</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.genecards.org/cgi-bin/carddisp.pl?gene=SLC5A8">SLC5A8</a>; <a href="/wiki/Orthologous_MAtrix" title="Orthologous MAtrix">OMA</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://omabrowser.org/oma/vps/ENSG00000262217">SLC5A8 - orthologs</a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:#eee"><table class="collapsible collapsed" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:left"><tbody><tr><th colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:#ddd">Gene location (<a href="/wiki/Human_genome" title="Human genome">Human</a>)</th></tr><tr><td colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:#eee"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ideogram_human_chromosome_12.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chromosome 12 (human)"><img alt="Chromosome 12 (human)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Ideogram_human_chromosome_12.svg/300px-Ideogram_human_chromosome_12.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Ideogram_human_chromosome_12.svg/450px-Ideogram_human_chromosome_12.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Ideogram_human_chromosome_12.svg/600px-Ideogram_human_chromosome_12.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="474" data-file-height="189" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" width="15%" style="background-color:#c3fdb8"><a href="/wiki/Chromosome" title="Chromosome">Chr.</a></th><td colspan="3" width="85%" style="background-color:#eee"><span class="plainlinks"><a href="/wiki/Chromosome_12_(human)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chromosome 12 (human)">Chromosome 12 (human)</a><sup id="cite_ref-refGRCh38Ensembl_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-refGRCh38Ensembl-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:#eee"><div align="center"><div style="position: relative; width: 300px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Human_chromosome_12_ideogram.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chromosome 12 (human)"><img alt="Chromosome 12 (human)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Human_chromosome_12_ideogram.svg/300px-Human_chromosome_12_ideogram.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="58" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Human_chromosome_12_ideogram.svg/450px-Human_chromosome_12_ideogram.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Human_chromosome_12_ideogram.svg/600px-Human_chromosome_12_ideogram.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1125" data-file-height="216" /></a></span><div style="position: absolute; left: 217.90647918201px; top: 2px; padding: 0;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:HSR_1996_II_3.5e.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Genomic location for SLC5A8"><img alt="Genomic location for SLC5A8" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/HSR_1996_II_3.5e.svg/14px-HSR_1996_II_3.5e.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/HSR_1996_II_3.5e.svg/21px-HSR_1996_II_3.5e.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/HSR_1996_II_3.5e.svg/28px-HSR_1996_II_3.5e.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="142" data-file-height="142" /></a></span></div><div style="position: absolute; left: 223.9px; top: 19px; padding: 0;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Red_rectangle_2x18.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Genomic location for SLC5A8"><img alt="Genomic location for SLC5A8" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6a/Red_rectangle_2x18.png" decoding="async" width="2" height="18" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2" data-file-height="18" /></a></span></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" rowspan="2" width="15%" style="background-color:#c3fdb8"><a href="/wiki/Locus_(genetics)" title="Locus (genetics)">Band</a></th><td rowspan="2" width="35%" style="background-color:#eee"><span class="plainlinks">12q23.1-q23.2</span></td><th scope="row" style="background-color:#c3fdb8">Start</th><td style="background-color:#eee"><span class="plainlinks">101,155,493 <a href="/wiki/Base_pair" title="Base pair">bp</a><sup id="cite_ref-refGRCh38Ensembl_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-refGRCh38Ensembl-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="background-color:#c3fdb8">End</th><td style="background-color:#eee"><span class="plainlinks">101,210,238 <a href="/wiki/Base_pair" title="Base pair">bp</a><sup id="cite_ref-refGRCh38Ensembl_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-refGRCh38Ensembl-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:#eee"><table class="collapsible collapsed" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:left"><tbody><tr><th colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:#ddd">Gene location (<a href="/wiki/Laboratory_mouse" title="Laboratory mouse">Mouse</a>)</th></tr><tr><td colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:#eee"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ideogram_house_mouse_chromosome_10.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chromosome 10 (mouse)"><img alt="Chromosome 10 (mouse)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Ideogram_house_mouse_chromosome_10.svg/260px-Ideogram_house_mouse_chromosome_10.svg.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Ideogram_house_mouse_chromosome_10.svg/390px-Ideogram_house_mouse_chromosome_10.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Ideogram_house_mouse_chromosome_10.svg/520px-Ideogram_house_mouse_chromosome_10.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="470" data-file-height="200" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" width="15%" style="background-color:#c3fdb8"><a href="/wiki/Chromosome" title="Chromosome">Chr.</a></th><td colspan="3" width="85%" style="background-color:#eee"><span class="plainlinks">Chromosome 10 (mouse)<sup id="cite_ref-refGRCm38Ensembl_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-refGRCm38Ensembl-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:#eee"><div align="center"><div style="position: relative; width: 300px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ideogram_of_house_mouse_chromosome_10.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chromosome 10 (mouse)"><img alt="Chromosome 10 (mouse)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Ideogram_of_house_mouse_chromosome_10.svg/300px-Ideogram_of_house_mouse_chromosome_10.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="58" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Ideogram_of_house_mouse_chromosome_10.svg/450px-Ideogram_of_house_mouse_chromosome_10.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Ideogram_of_house_mouse_chromosome_10.svg/600px-Ideogram_of_house_mouse_chromosome_10.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="231" /></a></span><div style="position: absolute; left: 194.32030303092px; top: 2px; padding: 0;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:HSR_1996_II_3.5e.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Genomic location for SLC5A8"><img alt="Genomic location for SLC5A8" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/HSR_1996_II_3.5e.svg/14px-HSR_1996_II_3.5e.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/HSR_1996_II_3.5e.svg/21px-HSR_1996_II_3.5e.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/HSR_1996_II_3.5e.svg/28px-HSR_1996_II_3.5e.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="142" data-file-height="142" /></a></span></div><div style="position: absolute; left: 200.3px; top: 19px; padding: 0;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Red_rectangle_2x18.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Genomic location for SLC5A8"><img alt="Genomic location for SLC5A8" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6a/Red_rectangle_2x18.png" decoding="async" width="2" height="18" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2" data-file-height="18" /></a></span></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" rowspan="2" width="15%" style="background-color:#c3fdb8"><a href="/wiki/Locus_(genetics)" title="Locus (genetics)">Band</a></th><td rowspan="2" width="35%" style="background-color:#eee"><span class="plainlinks">10|10 C1</span></td><th scope="row" style="background-color:#c3fdb8">Start</th><td style="background-color:#eee"><span class="plainlinks">88,721,854 <a href="/wiki/Base_pair" title="Base pair">bp</a><sup id="cite_ref-refGRCm38Ensembl_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-refGRCm38Ensembl-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="background-color:#c3fdb8">End</th><td style="background-color:#eee"><span class="plainlinks">88,765,377 <a href="/wiki/Base_pair" title="Base pair">bp</a><sup id="cite_ref-refGRCm38Ensembl_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-refGRCm38Ensembl-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:#eee"><table class="collapsible collapsed" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:left"><tbody><tr><th colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:#ddd"><a href="/wiki/Gene_expression" title="Gene expression">RNA expression</a> pattern</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="background-color:#c3fdb8"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bgee.org/">Bgee</a></th><td><table class="none" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:left"><tbody><tr><th><b><a href="/wiki/Human_genome" title="Human genome">Human</a></b></th><th><b><a href="/wiki/Laboratory_mouse" title="Laboratory mouse">Mouse</a> (ortholog)</b></th></tr><tr><td><table class="none" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:center"><tbody><tr><td colspan="1"><span class="plainlinks" style="margin:-3px"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bgee.org/gene/ENSG00000262217">Top expressed in</a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="1"><div class="plainlinks" style="margin:-12px 0px -10px 0px"><ul style="line-height:15%;margin:9px"><li style="line-height: 137%;">olfactory zone of nasal mucosa</li><br /><li style="line-height: 137%;">thyroid gland</li><br /><li style="line-height: 137%;">left lobe of thyroid gland</li><br /><li style="line-height: 137%;">right lobe of thyroid gland</li><br /><li style="line-height: 137%;">testicle</li><br /><li style="line-height: 137%;">human kidney</li><br /><li style="line-height: 137%;">right adrenal gland</li><br /><li style="line-height: 137%;">left adrenal cortex</li><br /><li style="line-height: 137%;">right adrenal cortex</li><br /><li style="line-height: 137%;">renal cortex</li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></td><td><table class="none" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:center"><tbody><tr><td colspan="1"><span class="plainlinks" style="margin:-3px"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bgee.org/gene/ENSMUSG00000020062">Top expressed in</a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="1"><div class="plainlinks" style="margin:-12px 0px -10px 0px"><ul style="line-height:15%;margin:9px"><li style="line-height: 137%;">left colon</li><br /><li style="line-height: 137%;">proximal tubule</li><br /><li style="line-height: 137%;">olfactory epithelium</li><br /><li style="line-height: 137%;">right kidney</li><br /><li style="line-height: 137%;">parotid gland</li><br /><li style="line-height: 137%;">human kidney</li><br /><li style="line-height: 137%;">lacrimal gland</li><br /><li style="line-height: 137%;">conjunctival fornix</li><br /><li style="line-height: 137%;">ileum</li><br /><li style="line-height: 137%;">intestinal villus</li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:#eee"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bgee.org/gene/ENSG00000262217">More reference expression data</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="background-color:#c3fdb8"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://biogps.org/">BioGPS</a></th><td><table class="none" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:left"><tbody><tr><td colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:#eee"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PBB_GE_SLC5A8_gnf1h06297_s_at_fs.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/PBB_GE_SLC5A8_gnf1h06297_s_at_fs.png/250px-PBB_GE_SLC5A8_gnf1h06297_s_at_fs.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/PBB_GE_SLC5A8_gnf1h06297_s_at_fs.png/375px-PBB_GE_SLC5A8_gnf1h06297_s_at_fs.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/PBB_GE_SLC5A8_gnf1h06297_s_at_fs.png/500px-PBB_GE_SLC5A8_gnf1h06297_s_at_fs.png 2x" data-file-width="732" data-file-height="530" /></a></span><br /><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PBB_GE_SLC5A8_gnf1h06296_at_fs.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/PBB_GE_SLC5A8_gnf1h06296_at_fs.png/250px-PBB_GE_SLC5A8_gnf1h06296_at_fs.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/PBB_GE_SLC5A8_gnf1h06296_at_fs.png/375px-PBB_GE_SLC5A8_gnf1h06296_at_fs.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/PBB_GE_SLC5A8_gnf1h06296_at_fs.png/500px-PBB_GE_SLC5A8_gnf1h06296_at_fs.png 2x" data-file-width="732" data-file-height="530" /></a></span><br /><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PBB_GE_SLC5A8_gnf1h02682_at_fs.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/PBB_GE_SLC5A8_gnf1h02682_at_fs.png/250px-PBB_GE_SLC5A8_gnf1h02682_at_fs.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/PBB_GE_SLC5A8_gnf1h02682_at_fs.png/375px-PBB_GE_SLC5A8_gnf1h02682_at_fs.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/PBB_GE_SLC5A8_gnf1h02682_at_fs.png/500px-PBB_GE_SLC5A8_gnf1h02682_at_fs.png 2x" data-file-width="732" data-file-height="530" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:#eee"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://biogps.org/gene/160728/">More reference expression data</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:#eee"><table class="collapsible collapsed" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:left"><tbody><tr><th colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:#ddd"><a href="/wiki/Gene_ontology" class="mw-redirect" title="Gene ontology">Gene ontology</a></th></tr><tr><td style="background-color:#c3fdb8;font-weight:bold">Molecular function</td><td style="background-color:#eee"><div class="plainlinks"> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0005215">transporter activity</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0008028">monocarboxylic acid transmembrane transporter activity</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0022803">passive transmembrane transporter activity</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0015293">symporter activity</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0005343">organic acid:sodium symporter activity</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0015129">lactate transmembrane transporter activity</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0015552">propionate transmembrane transporter activity</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0015636">short-chain fatty acid transmembrane transporter activity</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0022857">transmembrane transporter activity</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0140161">monocarboxylate:sodium symporter activity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td style="background-color:#c3fdb8;font-weight:bold">Cellular component</td><td style="background-color:#eee"><div class="plainlinks"> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0016021">integral component of membrane</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0005886">plasma membrane</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0070062">extracellular exosome</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0016324">apical plasma membrane</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0016020">membrane</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td style="background-color:#c3fdb8;font-weight:bold">Biological process</td><td style="background-color:#eee"><div class="plainlinks"> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0006811">ion transport</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0006814">sodium ion transport</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0006915">apoptotic process</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0055085">transmembrane transport</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0015718">monocarboxylic acid transport</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0034356">NAD biosynthesis via nicotinamide riboside salvage pathway</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0006810">transport</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0015730">propanoate transport</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0015913">short-chain fatty acid import</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0035873">lactate transmembrane transport</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:1903825">organic acid transmembrane transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" style="background-color:#eee;text-align:center">Sources:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/">Amigo</a> / <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/QuickGO/">QuickGO</a></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:#eee"><table class="collapsible" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:left"><tbody><tr><th colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:#ddd"><a href="/wiki/Orthologs" class="mw-redirect" title="Orthologs">Orthologs</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="background-color:#c3fdb8">Species</th><td><b>Human</b></td><td><b>Mouse</b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="background-color:#c3fdb8"><a href="/wiki/Entrez" title="Entrez">Entrez</a></th><td><table class="none" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:right"><tbody><tr><th colspan="1"><span class="plainlinks"></span></th></tr><tr><td colspan="1"><p class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=gene&cmd=retrieve&dopt=default&list_uids=160728&rn=1">160728</a></p></td></tr></tbody></table></td><td><table class="none" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:right"><tbody><tr><th colspan="1"><span class="plainlinks"></span></th></tr><tr><td colspan="1"><p class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=gene&cmd=retrieve&dopt=default&list_uids=216225&rn=1">216225</a></p></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="background-color:#c3fdb8"><a href="/wiki/Ensembl" class="mw-redirect" title="Ensembl">Ensembl</a></th><td><table class="none" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:right"><tbody><tr><th colspan="1"><span class="plainlinks"></span></th></tr><tr><td colspan="1"><p class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ensembl.org/Homo_sapiens/geneview?gene=ENSG00000262217;db=core">ENSG00000262217</a><br /><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ensembl.org/Homo_sapiens/geneview?gene=ENSG00000256870;db=core">ENSG00000256870</a></p></td></tr></tbody></table></td><td><table class="none" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:right"><tbody><tr><th colspan="1"><span class="plainlinks"></span></th></tr><tr><td colspan="1"><p class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ensembl.org/Mus_musculus/geneview?gene=ENSMUSG00000020062;db=core">ENSMUSG00000020062</a></p></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="background-color:#c3fdb8"><a href="/wiki/UniProt" title="UniProt">UniProt</a></th><td><table class="none" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:right"><tbody><tr><th colspan="1"><span class="plainlinks"></span></th></tr><tr><td colspan="1"><p class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/Q8N695">Q8N695</a></p></td></tr></tbody></table></td><td><table class="none" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:right"><tbody><tr><th colspan="1"><span class="plainlinks"></span></th></tr><tr><td colspan="1"><p class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/Q8BYF6">Q8BYF6</a></p></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="background-color:#c3fdb8">RefSeq (mRNA)</th><td><table class="none" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:right"><tbody><tr><th colspan="1" class="plainlinks"></th></tr><tr><td colspan="1"><p><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/viewer.fcgi?val=NM_145913">NM_145913</a></span></p></td></tr></tbody></table></td><td><table class="none" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:right"><tbody><tr><th colspan="1" class="plainlinks"></th></tr><tr><td colspan="1"><p><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/viewer.fcgi?val=NM_145423">NM_145423</a></span></p></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="background-color:#c3fdb8">RefSeq (protein)</th><td><table class="none" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:right"><tbody><tr><th colspan="1" class="plainlinks"></th></tr><tr><td colspan="1"><p><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/viewer.fcgi?val=NP_666018">NP_666018</a></span></p></td></tr></tbody></table></td><td><table class="none" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:right"><tbody><tr><th colspan="1" class="plainlinks"></th></tr><tr><td colspan="1"><p><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/viewer.fcgi?val=NP_663398">NP_663398</a></span></p></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="background-color:#c3fdb8">Location (UCSC)</th><td><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://genome.ucsc.edu/cgi-bin/hgTracks?org=Human&db=hg38&position=chr12:101155493-101210238">Chr 12: 101.16 – 101.21 Mb</a></span></td><td><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://genome.ucsc.edu/cgi-bin/hgTracks?org=Mouse&db=mm0&position=chr10:88721854-88765377">Chr 10: 88.72 – 88.77 Mb</a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="background-color:#c3fdb8"><a href="/wiki/PubMed" title="PubMed">PubMed</a> search</th><td><span class="plainlinks"><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span></td><td><span class="plainlinks"><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:#eee"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:#eee"><table style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:center"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#eee;text-align:center"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18052470" class="extiw" title="d:Q18052470">View/Edit Human</a></td><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#eee;text-align:center"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18296709" class="extiw" title="d:Q18296709">View/Edit Mouse</a></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Sodium-coupled monocarboxylate transporter 1</b> (i.e., <b>SMCT1</b>) and <a href="/wiki/Sodium-coupled_monocarboxylate_transporter_2" title="Sodium-coupled monocarboxylate transporter 2">sodium-coupled monocarboxylate transporter 2</a> (i.e., SMCT2) are <a href="/wiki/Cell_surface" class="mw-redirect" title="Cell surface">plasma membrane</a> <a href="/wiki/Membrane_transport_protein" title="Membrane transport protein">transport proteins</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Solute_carrier_family" title="Solute carrier family">solute carrier family</a>. They transport <a href="/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium">sodium</a> <a href="/wiki/Cations" class="mw-redirect" title="Cations">cations</a> in association with the <a href="/wiki/Anionic" class="mw-redirect" title="Anionic">anionic</a> forms (see <a href="/wiki/Conjugate_(acid-base_theory)" title="Conjugate (acid-base theory)">conjugated base</a>) of certain <a href="/wiki/Short-chain_fatty_acids" class="mw-redirect" title="Short-chain fatty acids">short-chain fatty acids</a> (i.e., SC-FAs) through the plasma membrane from the outside to the inside of cells. For example, propionic acid (i.e., <span class="chemf nowrap">CH<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">3</sub></span></span>CH<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2</sub></span></span>CO<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2</sub></span></span>H</span>) in its anionic "propionate" form (i.e., <span class="chemf nowrap">CH<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">3</sub></span></span>CH<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2</sub></span></span>CO<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">−</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2</sub></span></span></span>) along with sodium cations (i.e., Na<sup>+</sup>) are co-transported from the <a href="/wiki/Extracellular_fluid" title="Extracellular fluid">extracellular fluid</a> into a SMCT1-epxressing cell's <a href="/wiki/Cytoplasm" title="Cytoplasm">cytoplasm</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid29357130_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid29357130-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Monocarboxylate_transporters" class="mw-redirect" title="Monocarboxylate transporters">Monocarboxylate transporters</a> (MCTs) are also transport proteins in the solute carrier family. They co-transport the anionic forms of various compounds into cells in association with <a href="/wiki/Proton" title="Proton">proton</a> cations (i.e. H<sup>+</sup>).<sup id="cite_ref-pmid32144120_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid32144120-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Four of the 14 MCTs, i.e. <a href="/wiki/SLC16A1" class="mw-redirect" title="SLC16A1">SLC16A1</a> (i.e., MCT1), <a href="/wiki/SLC16A7" class="mw-redirect" title="SLC16A7">SLC16A7</a> (i.e., MCT22), <a href="/wiki/SLC16A8" class="mw-redirect" title="SLC16A8">SLC16A8</a> (i.e., MCT3), and <a href="/wiki/SLC16A3" class="mw-redirect" title="SLC16A3">SLC16A3</a> (i.e., MCT4), transport some of the same SC-FAs anions that the SMCTs transport into cells.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid31993307_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid31993307-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid33417072_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid33417072-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> SC-FAs do <a href="/wiki/Diffuse" class="mw-redirect" title="Diffuse">diffuse</a> into cells independently of transport proteins but at the levels normally occurring in tissues far greater amounts of the SC-FAs are brought into cells that express a SC-FA transporter.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid29357130_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid29357130-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid32144120_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid32144120-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The human SMCT1 and SMCT2 proteins are commonly referred to by the names of the genes responsible for their production, i.e., SLC5A8 and SLC5A12, respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid26522146_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid26522146-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The human gene for SMCT1, i.e., the <i>SLC5A8</i> gene, is located at position 23.1 on the "q" (i.e., long) arm of <a href="/wiki/Chromosome_12" title="Chromosome 12">chromosome 12</a> (notated as 12q23);<sup id="cite_ref-pmid29357130_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid29357130-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> SMCT2's gene, i.e., the <i>SLC5A12</i> gene, is located at position 14.2 on the "p" (i.e., short) arm of <a href="/wiki/Chromosome_11" title="Chromosome 11">chromosome 11</a> (notated as chromosome 11p14.2)<sup id="cite_ref-pmid17692818_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid17692818-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The SMCT1 and SMCT2 <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">proteins</a> consist of 618(<a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.uniprot.org/uniprotkb/Q8N695/entry">https://www.uniprot.org/uniprotkb/Q8N695/entry</a>) and 618<sup id="cite_ref-pmid17692818_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid17692818-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Amino_acid" title="Amino acid">amino acids</a>, respectively, and have 57% identity at the <a href="/wiki/Protein#Biochemistry" title="Protein">amino acid</a> level.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid26522146_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid26522146-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (The animal proteins are, like the human proteins, here termed SMCT1 and SMCT2 while their genes are termed <i>Slc8a5</i> and <i>Slc5a12</i>, respectively.) Compared to SMCT1, there have been far fewer reported studies on SMCT2.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid33417072_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid33417072-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>SC-FAs come from two sources: the diet and, perhaps more importantly, their release from intestinal bacteria. The intestinal SC-FAs diffuse into the intestine/s wall, enter SMCT1-bearing cells, and diffuse into the blood. These SA-FAs serve as energy sources for cells located in the intestinal wall and throughout the body.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid18446519_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid18446519-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The absorbed SC-FAs also stimulate various functions in cells throughout the body that express one of the SC-FA <a href="/wiki/Receptor_(biochemistry)" title="Receptor (biochemistry)">receptors</a>, i.e., <a href="/wiki/Free_fatty_acid_receptor_2" title="Free fatty acid receptor 2">free fatty acid receptor 2</a>, <a href="/wiki/Free_fatty_acid_receptor_3" title="Free fatty acid receptor 3">free fatty acid receptor 3</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Hydroxycarboxylic_acid_receptor_2" title="Hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor 2">hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor 2</a>. (For the functions elicited by SC-FA's activation of these receptors see <a href="/wiki/Free_fatty_acid_receptor_2#FFAR2_functions_and_actions" title="Free fatty acid receptor 2">free fatty acid receptor 2 functions</a>, <a href="/wiki/Free_fatty_acid_receptor_3#Animal_studies" title="Free fatty acid receptor 3">free fatty acid receptor 3 functions</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hydroxycarboxylic_acid_receptor_2#FHCA2's_function_in_lipolysis" title="Hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor 2">hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor 2 functions</a>.)<sup id="cite_ref-pmid31487233_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid31487233-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid37084148_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid37084148-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid33113952_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid33113952-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> SMCT1 thereby functions to take up intestinal SC-FAs that have nutritional and wide-ranging stimulating effects.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid18562324_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid18562324-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> SMCT1 has other functions. SMCT1-expressing cells in the kidney<sup id="cite_ref-pmid15322102_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid15322102-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Salivary_glands" class="mw-redirect" title="Salivary glands">salivary glands</a><sup id="cite_ref-pmid18562324_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid18562324-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> retrieve the SC-FAs in the urine and <a href="/wiki/Saliva" title="Saliva">saliva</a>, respectively, which otherwise would be wastefully discarded. Furthermore, the SC-FAs that enter cells can activate <a href="/wiki/Signal_transduction" title="Signal transduction">signal transduction</a> pathways which elicit cellular responses independently of the three cited SC-FA receptors.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid23918800_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid23918800-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This appears to the mechanism underlying the ability of high SMCT1 levels in kidney cells to ameliorate <a href="/wiki/Diabetic_kidney_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Diabetic kidney disease">diabetic kidney disease</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid37698892_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid37698892-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It may also underlie the apparent ability of high SMCT1 levels to suppress the development and/or progression of <a href="/wiki/Breast_cancer" title="Breast cancer">breast</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pancreas_cancer" class="mw-redirect" title="Pancreas cancer">pancreas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lung_cancer" title="Lung cancer">lung</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brain_cancer" class="mw-redirect" title="Brain cancer">brain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thyroid_cancer" title="Thyroid cancer">thyroid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gastric_cancer" class="mw-redirect" title="Gastric cancer">stomach</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prostate_cancer" title="Prostate cancer">prostate</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Head_and_neck_cancers" class="mw-redirect" title="Head and neck cancers">head & neck</a> cancers. However, these anti-cancerous effects are based primarily on studies finding that, compared to the normal cells in the tissues of these cancers, the cancer cells expressed lower levels of the <a href="/wiki/Messenger_RNA" title="Messenger RNA">messenger RNA</a> (i.e., mRNA) that directs formation of the SMCT1 protein. Most of these studies did not measure the levels of SMCT1 protein but rather inferred their levels based on their SMCT1 mRNA levels.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid18446519_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid18446519-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid33799580_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid33799580-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid31836453_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid31836453-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid34964946_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid34964946-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Studies have shown that the relation between the level of a mRNA and its protein can vary greatly, i.e., that SMCT1 mRNA levels are not always good indicators of SMCT1 protein levels.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid27104977_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid27104977-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This and discrepant findings in studies on colon and pancreas cancers indicate that the role of SMCT1 protein in these cancers requires further investigations. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cells_and_tissues_expressing_SMCT1">Cells and tissues expressing SMCT1</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sodium-coupled_monocarboxylate_transporter_1&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Cells and tissues expressing SMCT1"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The cells and tissues that express SMCT1 mRNA and/or protein include: <a href="/wiki/Enterocyte" title="Enterocyte">enterocytes</a> (i.e., <a href="/wiki/Simple_columnar" class="mw-redirect" title="Simple columnar">simple columnar</a> <a href="/wiki/Epithelial_cells" class="mw-redirect" title="Epithelial cells">epithelial cells</a>) in the <a href="/wiki/Ileum" title="Ileum">ilium</a> and <a href="/wiki/Colon_(anatomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Colon (anatomy)">colon</a> of humans, mice,<sup id="cite_ref-pmid30915065_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid30915065-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and rats;<sup id="cite_ref-pmid36145086_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid36145086-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Skeletal_muscle" title="Skeletal muscle">skeletal muscle</a> of mice;<sup id="cite_ref-pmid16104846_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid16104846-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> kidney <a href="/wiki/Brush_border#Brush_border_cells" title="Brush border">brush border cells</a> in the S2 and S3 sections of the straight <a href="/wiki/Proximal_tubules" class="mw-redirect" title="Proximal tubules">proximal tubules</a> and cells in the <a href="/wiki/Renal_medulla" title="Renal medulla">medulla</a> of mice, rats, rabbits,<sup id="cite_ref-pmid26522146_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid26522146-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and humans;<sup id="cite_ref-pmid37698892_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid37698892-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> cells in the <a href="/wiki/Salivary_glands" class="mw-redirect" title="Salivary glands">salivary glands</a> of mice;<sup id="cite_ref-pmid18562324_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid18562324-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Neurons" class="mw-redirect" title="Neurons">neurons</a> in various areas of mouse and rat brains and the astrocytes in rat brains;<sup id="cite_ref-pmid16805814_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid16805814-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and cells in the <a href="/wiki/Ganglion_cell_layer" title="Ganglion cell layer">ganglion cell layer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Inner_nuclear_layer" title="Inner nuclear layer">inner nuclear layer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Inner_plexiform_layer" title="Inner plexiform layer">inner plexiform layer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Outer_plexiform_layer" title="Outer plexiform layer">outer plexiform layer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Retina#Retinal_layers" title="Retina">photoreceptor inner segments</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Retinal_pigment_epithelium" title="Retinal pigment epithelium">retinal pigment epithelium</a> in the eyes of mice.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid17591909_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid17591909-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As indicated in the cancer studies described below, humans, mice, rats, and/or rabbits express SMCT1 mRNA and/or protein in their normal breast, pancreas, lung, brain, thyroid, stomach, prostate, and certain head & neck tissues.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid18446519_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid18446519-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid33799580_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid33799580-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid31836453_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid31836453-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Agents_transported_by_or_blocking_SMCT1">Agents transported by or blocking SMCT1</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sodium-coupled_monocarboxylate_transporter_1&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Agents transported by or blocking SMCT1"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The SC-FAs that SMCT1 transfers into cells include the anionic forms of <a href="/wiki/Butyric_acid" title="Butyric acid">butyric</a>, <a href="/wiki/Propionic_acid" title="Propionic acid">proprionic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lactic_acid" title="Lactic acid">lactic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Acetic_acid" title="Acetic acid">acetic</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-pmid29357130_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid29357130-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid26522146_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid26522146-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Pyruvic_acid" title="Pyruvic acid">pyruvic acid</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-pmid26522146_9-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid26522146-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/%CE%92-hydroxybutyric_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Β-hydroxybutyric acid">β-hydroxybutyric acids</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid18446519_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid18446519-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> SMCT1 also transfers the anionic forms of <a href="/wiki/Niacin" title="Niacin">niacin</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-pmid26522146_9-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid26522146-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the cyclic <a href="/wiki/Amino_acid" title="Amino acid">amino acid</a> <a href="/wiki/Pyroglutamic_acid" title="Pyroglutamic acid">pyroglutamic acid</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-pmid29357130_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid29357130-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Benzoic_acid" title="Benzoic acid">benzoic acid</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-pmid18446519_11-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid18446519-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and pharmacological and therapeutic drugs such as <a href="/wiki/Dichloroacetic_acid" title="Dichloroacetic acid">dichloroacetic acid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bromopyruvic_acid" title="Bromopyruvic acid">bromopyruvic acid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mesalazine" title="Mesalazine">Mesalazine</a> (also termed 5-aminosalicylic acid),<sup id="cite_ref-pmid29357130_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid29357130-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Salicylic_acid" title="Salicylic acid">salicylic acid</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-pmid18446519_11-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid18446519-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/%CE%92-hydroxy_%CE%B2-methylbutyric_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Β-hydroxy β-methylbutyric acid">β-hydroxy β-methylbutyric acid</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid30997560_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid30997560-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This transfer is an electrogenic <a href="/wiki/Cotransporter" title="Cotransporter">cotransporter</a> process in which at least two Na<sup>+</sup> cations and one <a href="/wiki/Carboxylate" title="Carboxylate">carboxylate</a>-containing anionic compound pass into a cell.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid29357130_5-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid29357130-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> SMCT2 similarly transfers the cited SC-FAs acids into cells but its affinity for them is less than SMCT1's.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid31993307_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid31993307-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid26522146_9-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid26522146-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Nonsteroidal_anti-inflammatory_drugs" class="mw-redirect" title="Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs">Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Ibuprofen" title="Ibuprofen">ibuprofen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ketoprofen" title="Ketoprofen">ketoprofen</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Fenoprofen" title="Fenoprofen">fenoprofen</a> bind to but are not transported by SMCT1. However, their binding blocks the binding and thereby transportation of the anionic SC-FAs and, presumably, the other anionic compounds that SMTC1 normally transports into cells.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid18446519_11-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid18446519-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (Hereafter, the acid names of the agents transported by SMCT1 will be used with the understanding that it is their anionic forms which actually enter cells.) </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Functions_of_SMCT1">Functions of SMCT1</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sodium-coupled_monocarboxylate_transporter_1&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Functions of SMCT1"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gastrointestinal_tract">Gastrointestinal tract</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sodium-coupled_monocarboxylate_transporter_1&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Gastrointestinal tract"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bacteria in the <a href="/wiki/Gastrointestinal_tract" title="Gastrointestinal tract">gastrointestinal tract</a> generate and release various SC-FAs, e.g., butyric, propionic, lactic, acetic,<sup id="cite_ref-pmid29357130_5-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid29357130-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and β-hydroxybutyric acids.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid35477756_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid35477756-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The SC-FAs released by these bacteria as well as those in the host's diet <a href="/wiki/Diffuse" class="mw-redirect" title="Diffuse">diffuse</a> into the intestine's wall where they are transported into cells that express SMCT1.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid29357130_5-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid29357130-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The SMCT1-expressing cells are located in the <a href="/wiki/Intestinal_epithelium" title="Intestinal epithelium">intestinal epithelium</a> from the distal end of the <a href="/wiki/Small_intestine" title="Small intestine">small intestine</a> down to the distal end of the colon.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid30915065_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid30915065-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid17099289_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid17099289-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Studies in rodents and humans indicate that the transported SC-FAs: <b>1)</b> are metabolized for <a href="/wiki/Cellular_respiration" title="Cellular respiration">energy</a> by the endothelial cells and stimulate certain <a href="/wiki/White_blood_cells" class="mw-redirect" title="White blood cells">white blood cells</a>) in the intestinal walls; <b>2)</b> diffuse into the <a href="/wiki/Portal_vein" title="Portal vein">portal vein</a> system and enter liver cells which use them for energy or convert them to longer-chain fatty acids for storage;<sup id="cite_ref-pmid30915065_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid30915065-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid34359944_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid34359944-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <b>3)</b> pass from the liver to the <a href="/wiki/Systemic_circulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Systemic circulation">systemic circulation</a> where they serve as energy for and regulate a wide range of functions in cells that express one of the three SC-FA receptors described above.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid31487233_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid31487233-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid37084148_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid37084148-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid33113952_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid33113952-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kidney">Kidney</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sodium-coupled_monocarboxylate_transporter_1&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Kidney"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In one study, SMTC1 mRNA was detected in the kidney <a href="/wiki/Renal_cortex" title="Renal cortex">cortex</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Proximal_tubule" title="Proximal tubule">proximal tubules</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kidney_medulla" class="mw-redirect" title="Kidney medulla">medulla</a> of mice and in the kidney <a href="/wiki/Brush_border" title="Brush border">brush border</a> of rabbits. <a href="/wiki/Vesicle_(biology_and_chemistry)" title="Vesicle (biology and chemistry)">Vesicles</a> isolated from the kidney's brush borders of rabbits actively incorporated lactic acid and based on indirect studies other SC-FAs, e.g., acetic, propionic, and butyric acids.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid15322102_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid15322102-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A second study detected SMTC1 protein as well as mRNA in the kidney cortex, tubules, and medulla of mice. This study also showed that mice lacking SMCT1 due to the knockout of their <i>Slc8a5</i> gene had massive increases in the levels of lactic acid in their urine. This study indicates that SMCT1 protein is essential for the kidney to absorb lactic acid and presumably other SC-FAs from the urine in mice.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid18562324_15-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid18562324-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The absorption of SC-FAs from the urine is suggested to be an alternative energy source for the kidney cells especially during times of stress.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid15322102_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid15322102-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the <i>Slc8a5</i> gene knockout study in mice did not detect any kidney damage.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid18562324_15-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid18562324-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In further studies, SMTC1 protein was detected in the brush borders of the proximal convoluted tubules in kidney biopsy specimens taken from patients with diabetic kidney disease; the level of SMCT1 protein in the kidney biopsies of these patients was 78.6% lower than that in the biopsies of the normal renal tissues from patients with kidney cancer (this cancer was considered to be incidental to the analysis). The study also found that in a murine model of <a href="/wiki/Streptozotocin" title="Streptozotocin">streptozotocin</a>-induced <a href="/wiki/Type_2_diabetes" title="Type 2 diabetes">type 2 diabetes</a> and associated <a href="/wiki/Diabetic_kidney_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Diabetic kidney disease">diabetic kidney disease</a>: <b>1)</b> type 2 diabetic mice (i.e. T2D mice) had lower kidney levels of SMCT1 mRNA than control mice; <b>2)</b> T2D mice that had the <i>Slc5a8</i> gene in their <a href="/wiki/Nephron#renal_tubule" title="Nephron">renal tubules</a> <a href="/wiki/Gene_knockout" title="Gene knockout">knocked out</a> and therefore lacking SMCT1 protein developed far more severe kidney disease than T2D mice that did not have this gene knocked out; <b>3)</b> T2D mice transfected with an adeno-associated viral vector containing the <i>Slc5a</i> gene expressed higher levels of SMCT1 and showed marked improvements in their kidney disease; <b>4)</b> T2D mice treated with oral <a href="/wiki/1,3-butanediol" class="mw-redirect" title="1,3-butanediol">1,3-butanediol</a> (which the liver converts to β-hydroxybutyric acid) showed less damaged kidneys than untreated mice;<sup id="cite_ref-pmid37698892_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid37698892-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <b>5)</b> a study of 100 patients with diabetes found that the higher their blood <a href="/wiki/Serum_(blood)" title="Serum (blood)">serum</a> acetic acid or butyric acid levels were the less likely they were to have diabetes-associated kidney disease.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid35368224_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid35368224-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These findings indicate that lower kidney SMTC1 levels are associated with more severely damaged kidneys in mice and humans with T2D diabetes; 1,3-butanediol, which is converted to the SC-FA, β-hydroxybutyric acid, ameliorated diabetes-associated kidney disease in mice;<sup id="cite_ref-pmid37698892_18-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid37698892-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and diabetic humans with higher serum levels of acetic or butyric acid were less likely to have diabetes-associated kidney disease.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid35368224_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid35368224-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The study suggested that future studies should be conducted to determine if treating diabetic humans with SC-FAs reduces their chances of developing and/or is an effective treatment for the kidney damage associated with diabetes.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid37698892_18-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid37698892-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid35368224_32-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid35368224-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Salivary_glands">Salivary glands</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sodium-coupled_monocarboxylate_transporter_1&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Salivary glands"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A study showed that SMTC1 protein is expressed by cells in the <a href="/wiki/Duct_(anatomy)#Intercalated_duct" title="Duct (anatomy)">intercalated ducts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Acini" class="mw-redirect" title="Acini">acini</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Parotid_gland" title="Parotid gland">parotid</a> and the acini of the <a href="/wiki/Submandibular_gland" title="Submandibular gland">submandibular</a> salivary glands of mice. Compared to normal mice, <i>Slc5a8</i> gene knockout mice had significantly higher levels of lactic acid in their <a href="/wiki/Saliva" title="Saliva">saliva</a> when evaluated with a <a href="/wiki/Pilocarpine" title="Pilocarpine">pilocarpine</a>-induced salivation test. These findings indicate that the SMCT1 in salivary gland cells mediates the reabsorption of the lactic acid and probably other SC-FAs from the saliva in mice.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid18562324_15-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid18562324-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This relationship appears similar to that found for the kidney's uptake of urinary SC-FAs. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Skeletal_muscle">Skeletal muscle</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sodium-coupled_monocarboxylate_transporter_1&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Skeletal muscle"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The function of SMCT1 in the skeletal muscle cells of mice has not been studied but is suggested to have a role in their handling of lactic acid. Resting skeletal muscle cells actively take up lactic acid and use it as an energy source. SMCT1 may contribute to the delivery of this energy source to these cells.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid16104846_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid16104846-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Colitis">Colitis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sodium-coupled_monocarboxylate_transporter_1&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Colitis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In a murine model of dextran sulfate sodium-induced <a href="/wiki/Inflammation" title="Inflammation">inflammatory</a> <a href="/wiki/Colitis" title="Colitis">colitis</a>, <i>Slc5a8</i> gene knockout and control mice were feed a diet that reduced the levels of SC-FAs in their intestines. The <i>Slc5a8</i> gene knockout mice developed far more severe colitis and higher numbers of potentially <a href="/wiki/Precancerous_condition" title="Precancerous condition">premalignant</a> colon <a href="/wiki/Polyps" class="mw-redirect" title="Polyps">polyps</a> than control mice. This difference was less pronounced in mice that were fed a normal diet. These findings indicate that <b>1)</b> the absorption of intestinal SC-FAs suppresses colon inflammation and polyp formation in this mouse model primarily under conditions of low intestinal levels of SC-FAs; <b>2)</b> in order to suppress colitis in this mouse model, SMCT1 is required when intestinal levels of SC-FAs are low;<sup id="cite_ref-pmid25984582_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid25984582-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <b>3)</b> the absorption of SC-FAs when their intestinal levels are normal may involve in addition to SMCT1 other SC-FAs transporters.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid29357130_5-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid29357130-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid25984582_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid25984582-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several studies have reported that humans with the <a href="/wiki/Ulcerative_colitis" title="Ulcerative colitis">ulcerative colitis</a> or <a href="/wiki/Crohn%27s_disease" title="Crohn's disease">Crohn's disease</a> forms of colitis have reduced intestinal numbers of SC-FA-producing bacteria and thereby reduced levels of SC-FAs compared to healthy individuals.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid30915065_23-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid30915065-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A recent study reviewed the published <a href="/wiki/Controlled_trials" class="mw-redirect" title="Controlled trials">controlled trials</a> that used probiotics (which raise the intestinal levels of SC-FAs) to treat ulcerative colitis. The study found with low certainty of evidence that the probiotics increased the rate of clinical remissions and improved patients' clinical symptoms. The magnitudes of these responses were similar to those achieved by a drug commonly used to treat ulcerative colitis, 5‐aminosalicylic acid. The use of this drug in combination with a probiotic appeared to increase remission rates above those achieved with either agent alone.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid32128795_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid32128795-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another study evaluated two control trials conducted on a small number of patients (i.e., 46 adults). It reported that <a href="/wiki/Probiotic" title="Probiotic">probiotics</a> did not produce higher remission rates in patients with Crohn's disease.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid32128795_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid32128795-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, a panel of experts appointed by the <a href="/wiki/British_Dietetic_Association" title="British Dietetic Association">British Dietetic Association</a> analyzed 356 patients randomized to take a probiotic and 311 randomized to take a <a href="/wiki/Placebo" title="Placebo">placebo</a>. The panel concluded that patients with mildly active Krohn's disease who took a probiotic along with their usual anti-colitis medication(s) had an increased rate of remission. The data on which this recommendation was made was graded as of moderate quality.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid35735908_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid35735908-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These findings suggest that SMCT1 protein contributes to the suppression of colitis in mice particularly when intestinal levels of SC-FSs are low<sup id="cite_ref-pmid25984582_33-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid25984582-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and may contribute to producing remissions in the two cited forms of human colitis. However, the studies also suggest that, unlike the findings in mice, SMCT1-bearing intestinal cells in humans do not appear able to produce remissions in these diseases when their intestinal levels of the SC-FAs are low.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid35735908_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid35735908-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid32678465_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid32678465-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cancers">Cancers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sodium-coupled_monocarboxylate_transporter_1&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Cancers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Colon cancer:</b> In 2003, Li <i>et al</i><sup id="cite_ref-pmid12829793_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid12829793-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> reported that SMCT1 mRNA was present in human normal colon tissue but absent in 38 of 64 (59%) human colon cancer tissues as well as in 23 of 31 (74.1%) <a href="/wiki/Cell_culture" title="Cell culture">cultured</a> colon cancer <a href="/wiki/Immortalized_cell_line" class="mw-redirect" title="Immortalized cell line">cell lines</a>. (The study did not assay SMCT1 protein levels.) The loss of SMCT1 mRNA expression in human colon cancer tissues and selected cell lines was closely associated with <a href="/wiki/CpG_island_hypermethylation" title="CpG island hypermethylation">hypermethylation</a> of the <a href="/wiki/CpG_site" title="CpG site">CpG sites</a> in <a href="/wiki/Exon" title="Exon">exon</a> 1 of the SMCT1 gene; this location contains the putative area that initiates this gene's <a href="/wiki/Transcription_(biology)" title="Transcription (biology)">transcription</a> to form SMCT1 mRNA and protein.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid15867356_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid15867356-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (CpG sites are regions of <a href="/wiki/DNA" title="DNA">DNA</a> where a <a href="/wiki/Cytosine" title="Cytosine">cytosine</a> <a href="/wiki/Nucleotide" title="Nucleotide">nucleotide</a> (i.e., "C") followed by a <a href="/wiki/Guanine" title="Guanine">guanine</a> nucleotide (i.e., "G") is repeated in a linear <a href="/wiki/DNA_sequence" class="mw-redirect" title="DNA sequence">sequence</a> of <a href="/wiki/Base_pair" title="Base pair">bases</a> along the DNA's <a href="/wiki/Directionality_(molecular_biology)" title="Directionality (molecular biology)">5' → 3' direction</a>.) This hypermethylation was conducted by an <a href="/wiki/Enzyme" title="Enzyme">enzyme</a>, <a href="/wiki/DNMT1" title="DNMT1">DNA (cytosine-5)-methyltransferase 1</a> (i.e., DNM1).<sup id="cite_ref-pmid18661192_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid18661192-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> DNM1 <a href="/wiki/DNA_methylation" title="DNA methylation">methylates</a> cytosines to form <a href="/wiki/5-methylcytosine" class="mw-redirect" title="5-methylcytosine">5-methylcytosines</a> in CpG sites that regulate the <a href="/wiki/Gene_expression" title="Gene expression">expression</a> of nearby genes. Such hypermethylations, when occurring in <a href="/wiki/Tumor_suppressor_gene" title="Tumor suppressor gene">tumor suppressor genes</a>, commonly inhibit their expression thereby promoting the cancers that otherwise would be suppressed by these genes.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid34120771_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid34120771-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This study suggested that the <i>SLC5A8</i> gene directs the formation of the SMCT1 protein which acts to inhibit the development of colon cancer and therefore that the <i>SLC5A8</i> gene is a tumor suppressor gene.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid29357130_5-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid29357130-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid33799580_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid33799580-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid12829793_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid12829793-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a study of 113 patients diagnosed with <a href="/wiki/Colon_cancer_staging#Dukes_classification" title="Colon cancer staging">Dukes classification stage C</a> (i.e., locally advanced lymph node-positive but no distant <a href="/wiki/Metastases" class="mw-redirect" title="Metastases">metastases</a>) colon cancer, survival times were significantly longer in patients with tumors that expressed higher levels of SMCT protein (presumed to be SMCT1 protein).<sup id="cite_ref-pmid16670197_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid16670197-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The study concluded that the SMCT1 protein suppresses the development of colon cancer in humans<sup id="cite_ref-pmid29357130_5-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid29357130-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid12829793_37-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid12829793-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and slows the progression of human colon cancers that had not spread to distant tissues.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid16670197_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid16670197-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, another study reported that: <b>1)</b> <i>Slc5a8</i> gene knockout mice did not develop colon cancer during a 20 month observation period and <b>2)</b> there were no differences in the number of tumors formed between <i>Slc5a8</i> gene knockout and control mice in three models of colon cancer formation, i.e., mice treated with a colon cancer-causing agent, either <a href="/wiki/Azoxymethane" title="Azoxymethane">azoxymethane</a> or dextran sulfate, or mice genetically predisposed to develop cancer due to a mutation in their <a href="/wiki/Adenomatous_polyposis_coli" title="Adenomatous polyposis coli">Adenomatous polyposis coli</a> gene, i.e., <i>Apc<sup>mim</sup></i> mice. Thus, the complete absence of SMCT1 protein did not increase the susceptibility of mice to colon cancers that developed "spontaneously" or in three models of colon cancer and thereby question the <i>Slc5a8</i> gene's role in the development of colon cancer in mice. The study did allow that the mice in these cancer models may have had other SC-FA transporters besides SMCT1 that suppressed the development of the colon cancers. Further studies are needed to resolve these issues.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid18562324_15-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid18562324-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Breast cancer:</b> The levels of SMCT1 mRNA were reduced in 27 of 30 human breast cancer tumors compared to their levels in adjacent normal breast tissues. This reduction occurred in estrogen receptor positive, estrogen receptor negative, and <a href="/wiki/Triple_negative_breast_cancer" class="mw-redirect" title="Triple negative breast cancer">triple negative breast cancers</a>. Similarly, cultured <a href="/wiki/MCF7" class="mw-redirect" title="MCF7">MCF7</a>, <a href="/wiki/T47D" class="mw-redirect" title="T47D">T47D</a>, and ZR75.1 human breast cancer cells expressed far lower levels of SMCT1 mRNA than human non-cancerous cultured breast epithelium HMEC cells, breast epithelium HBL100 cells, and (male) <a href="/wiki/Foreskin" title="Foreskin">foreskin</a> MCF10A cells. When MCF7 cells were forced to express SMCT1 by being transfected with <a href="/wiki/CDNA" class="mw-redirect" title="CDNA">cDNA</a> encoding SMCT1, they developed <a href="/wiki/Apoptosis" title="Apoptosis">apoptosis</a> (i.e., they died by engaging a <a href="/wiki/Apoptosis#Activation_mechanisms" title="Apoptosis">cell death program</a>); this development depended on these cells' uptake of extracellular SC-FAs, i.e., pyruvate or propionate. (SMCT1 protein was not measured in this study.) The study concluded that SMCT1 protein acts to suppress the cited types of human breast cancers.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid17178845_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid17178845-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A study of human breast MCF10A cells and the <a href="/wiki/Carcinogenesis" title="Carcinogenesis">oncogenic</a> cell lines derived from this cell line, i.e., non-cancerous normal MCF10A1, premalignant MCF10AT1k.cl2, ductal carcinoma in situ MCF10CA1h, and invasive MCF10CA1a.cl1 breast cancer cells concluded that inactivation of the <i>SLC5A8</i> gene was an early and necessary event in the progression of the non-cancerous cells to invasive cancer cells. The study supported the suggestion that the <i>SLC585</i> gene is a tumor suppressor gene.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid23918800_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid23918800-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Cervical cancer:</b> A study of 58 patients with <a href="/wiki/Cervical_cancer" title="Cervical cancer">cancer of the cervix</a> found that the average level of SMCT1 mRNA was significantly lower in their cancerous than adjacent, noncancerous cervical tissue. SMCT1 mRNA levels were also lower in three human cervical cancer cell lines (i.e., <a href="/wiki/HeLa" title="HeLa">HeLa</a>, abd, and CaSki cells) and a human <a href="/wiki/Uterus" title="Uterus">uterus</a> cancer cell line (i.e., SiHa cells) than normal human cervical epithelial cells. The proliferation of cultured SiHa cells transfected with a <i>SLC5A8</i> gene-expressing <a href="/wiki/Plasmid" title="Plasmid">plasmid</a> was significantly lower than that of SiHA cells transfected with a negative control plasmid. The lower proliferation rate of SiHa cells transfected with the <i>SCL5A8</i> gene-expressing plasmid was associated with the development of apoptosis in the cancer cells. (SMCT1 protein was not measured in this study.) The study concluded that the SMCT1 protein acts to suppress human cervical cancer at least in part by increasing their cancer cells' rate of apoptosis.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid32432731_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid32432731-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Pancreatic cancer:</b> The <a href="/wiki/Pancreatic" class="mw-redirect" title="Pancreatic">pancreatic</a> cancers of 10 humans expressed low levels or did not express SMCT1 mRNA whereas 11 of 28 adjacent non-cancerous pancreas tissues from these humans expressed relatively high levels of SMCT1 mRNA. The human pancreatic cancer cell lines <a href="/wiki/PANC-1" title="PANC-1">PANC-1</a>, <a href="/wiki/MIA_PaCa-2" title="MIA PaCa-2">MIA PaCa-2</a>, and Capan2 did not express SMCT1 mRNA and evidenced high hypermethylation levels in the CpG sites of their <i>SLC5A8</i> gene similar to that in colon cancer. Treatment of these three cell lines with an inhibitor of CpG site methylation, 5-aza-2′-deoxycytidine (also termed <a href="/wiki/Decitabine" title="Decitabine">decitabine</a>), increased their levels of SMCT1 mRNA. (This study did not measure SMCT1 protein.) The study concluded that SMCT1 protein acts to suppress the development and/or progression of human pancreatic cancers.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid18437076_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid18437076-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Lung cancer:</b> SMCT1 mRNA levels were reduced or absent in 9 of 23 (39.1%) human lung cancer tissues compared to their adjacent normal lung tissues. This difference was associated with increased levels of hypermethylation in the CpG sites of the lung cancer tissues similar to that seen in colon cancer. SMCT1 mRNA was also not expressed in 21 of 22 lung cancer cell lines. Analysis of cells in the human <a href="/wiki/A549_cell" title="A549 cell">A549 cell</a> lung cancer cell line showed that they too had increased levels of hypermethylation in the CpG sites similar to that seen in colon cancer. This cell line was the only one tested for this relationship. (SMCT1 protein levels were not assayed in these studies).<sup id="cite_ref-pmid23273563_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid23273563-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another study found that patients with <a href="/wiki/Adenocarcinoma_of_the_lung" title="Adenocarcinoma of the lung">adenocarcinomas of the lung</a> stages I or II (i.e., cancers localized to a small or larger, respectively, part of the lung) who exhibited high methylation levels in the CpG sites of their <i>SLC5A8</i> gene had shorter <a href="/wiki/Disease-free_survival" class="mw-redirect" title="Disease-free survival">disease-free survival</a> times than patients who did not have this methylation pattern. (The study did not measure SMCT1 mRNA or protein levels.)<sup id="cite_ref-pmid25827678_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid25827678-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The two studies respectively concluded that SMCT1 protein inhibits the development and/or progression of the cited human lung cancers<sup id="cite_ref-pmid23273563_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid23273563-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and prolongs the survival of individuals with earlier stages lung adenocarcinomas.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid25827678_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid25827678-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Brain cancer:</b> The following findings were reported in a study of brain cancers. <b>1)</b> SMCT1 mRNA levels were significantly lower in 13 human <a href="/wiki/Glioma" title="Glioma">gliomas</a> than their levels in normal human brain tissues. <b>2)</b> The human glioma LN229 and LN443 cell lines expressed little or no SMCT1 mRNA, had CpG site hypermethylations similar to that in colon cancer, increased their expression of SMCT1 mRNA when treated with the inhibitor of CpG site methylation, 5-aza-2′-deoxycytidine, and after <a href="/wiki/Transfection" title="Transfection">transfection</a> with a <i>SLC5A8</i> gene-containing retrovirus vector formed far fewer colonies than LN229 and LN443 cells transfected with an empty viral vector as judged in a laboratory assay that measured the ability of single cells to grow into colonies. And <b>3)</b> 17 Human grade II <a href="/wiki/Astrocytoma" title="Astrocytoma">astrocytomas</a>, 10 grade II <a href="/wiki/Oligodendroglioma" title="Oligodendroglioma">oligodendrogliomas</a>, and 13 grade III oligodendrogliomas as well as 9 of 10 mouse oligodendrogliomas had CpG site hypermethylations similar to that seen in colon cancer. Cancers graded as 1, II, III, and 1V are respectively well-<a href="/wiki/Cellular_differentiation" title="Cellular differentiation">differentiated</a>-low grade, moderately differentiated-intermediate grade, poorly differentiated-high grade, and undifferentiated-high grade cancers. (SMCT1 protein was not assayed in these studies.) The study concluded that SMCT1 protein acts to inhibit the development and/or progression of the cited human brain cancers and may do so at least in part by inhibiting the proliferation of their cancer cells.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid15867356_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid15867356-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Thyroid cancer:</b> SMCT1 mRNA levels in the cancerous tissues of 18 patients with the classical form of <a href="/wiki/Papillary_thyroid_carcinoma" class="mw-redirect" title="Papillary thyroid carcinoma">papillary thyroid carcinoma</a> were 40-fold lower than in their <a href="/wiki/Thyroid_glands" class="mw-redirect" title="Thyroid glands">thyroid glands</a> normal tissues. (The classical form of papillary thyroid carcinoma contains true <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/papilla#Noun" class="extiw" title="wikt:papilla">papillae</a>, i.e., papillae with a central vascular core and epithelial cells that have an enlarged <a href="/wiki/Cell_nucleus" title="Cell nucleus">nuclei</a> with <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_membrane" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear membrane">nuclear membrane</a> irregularities and a distinct <a href="/wiki/Chromatin" title="Chromatin">chromatin</a> pattern.) In 90% of these classical carcinomas, CpG site hypermethylations in these cancer cells were similar to that in colon cancer. (The study did not measure SMCT1 protein levels.)<sup id="cite_ref-pmid15687339_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid15687339-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In another study of patients with thyroid disease, SMCT1 mRNA levels in papillary thyroid carcinoma tissues were significantly lower than those in non-cancerous <a href="/wiki/Multinodular_goiter" class="mw-redirect" title="Multinodular goiter">multinodular goiter</a> thyroid tissues. The <i>SLC5A8</i> gene in papillary thyroid cancer tissues but not in the multinodular goiter tissues had hypermethylations in CpG sites similar to that in colon cancer. (This study did not measure SMCT1 protein.)<sup id="cite_ref-pmid35865047_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid35865047-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The two studies concluded that SMCT1 protein acts to inhibit the development and/or progression of human papillary thyroid carcinomas.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid15687339_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid15687339-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid35865047_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid35865047-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Head & neck cancers:</b> SMCT1 mRNA levels were decreased in 10 of 13 (77%) <a href="/wiki/Head_and_neck" class="mw-redirect" title="Head and neck">head & neck</a> <a href="/wiki/Squamous_cell_carcinomas" class="mw-redirect" title="Squamous cell carcinomas">squamous cell carcinomas</a> compared to the levels in the corresponding non-cancerous head & neck tissues (i.e., tongue, <a href="/wiki/Tonsil" title="Tonsil">tonsil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pharynx" title="Pharynx">pharynx</a>, <a href="/wiki/Larynx" title="Larynx">larynx</a>, and other sites in the oral cavity). This relationship was associated with increased CpG site hypermethylations in the cancer tissues similar to that in colon cancer. Treatment of 5 head & neck squamous carcinoma cell lines (SCC8, SCC11B, SCC17AS, SCC22B, and SCC25) with the CpG site-demethylating agent, 5-aza-2′-deoxycytidine, increased the levels of SMCT1 mRNA in all but the SCC11B cell line. And, SCCB22 cells, which express low levels of SMCT1 mRNA, formed far more colonies in a colony forming assay than SCCBB2 cells that were made to overexpress SMCT1 by being transfected with <i>SLC5A8</i> gene-expressing pBAB-pro (plasmid #1764) <a href="/wiki/Viral_vector" title="Viral vector">viral vector</a>. (This study did not measure SMCT1 protein levels). The study concluded that SMCT1 protein acts to suppress the development and/or progression of these carcinomas and appears to do so at least in part by suppressing their ability to form colonies.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid18559491_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid18559491-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Gastric cancer:</b> Ten human gastric cancer cell lines MKN7, MKN1, JRST, SNU1, KatoIII, NUGC4, SNU638, SH101, HSC44, and HSC45 cells and two mouse gastric cancer cell lines, MKN28 and MKN74 were examined for hypermethylations of the CpG sites similar to that seen in colon cancer. All of these cell lines except MKN1 human and MKN74 mouse gastric cancer cells showed this hypermethylation pattern. Among 7 cell lines tested, i.e., HSC44, HSC45, MKN28, MKN74, NUGC4, Kato III, and SNU638, only MKN74 cells had detectable levels of mRNA for SMCT1. (The study did not measure SMCT1 protein.) Studies in mice and human gastric cancer tissues are needed to relate these findings to gastric cancer.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid15361710_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid15361710-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Prostate cancer:</b> One study reported that the levels of SMCT1 mRNA were undetectable or reduced in 7 of 10 human prostate cancers compared to their normal prostate tissues. The undetectable or reduced levels of SMCT1 were associated with hypermethylations of CpG sites similar to that in colon cancer. Furthermore, SMCT1 mRNA was not expressed in <a href="/wiki/PC-3" class="mw-redirect" title="PC-3">PC-3</a> and <a href="/wiki/DU-145" class="mw-redirect" title="DU-145">DU-145</a> human prostate cancer cell lines and treatment of these cells with the CpG site demethylating agent, 5-aza-2′-deoxycytidine, increased the levels of SMCT1 mRNA in both cell lines. (This study did not measure SMCT1 protein levels.) The study concluded that SMCT1 protein acted to suppress the development and/or progression of human prostate cancers.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid18037591_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid18037591-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In contrast to these findings, a later study of sugicial specimens from human prostate glands reported that: <b>1)</b> SMCT1 protein levels in the prostate cancers of 19 patients were 84% <b>higher</b> than their levels in adjacent <a href="/wiki/Benign_prostate_hyperplasia" class="mw-redirect" title="Benign prostate hyperplasia">benign prostate hyperplasia</a> (i.e. BPH) tissues; <b>2)</b> SMCT1 protein levels in 24 prostate cancer tissues were 50% <b>higher</b>, 42% <b>similar</b> to, and only 8% lower than their adjacent <a href="/wiki/High-grade_prostatic_intraepithelial_neoplasia" title="High-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia">prostate intraepithelial neoplasia</a> (i.e. PIN) tissues; <b>3)</b> SMCT1 protein levels in 140 prostate gland cancer tissues were significantly <b>higher</b> than in 24 prostate gland BPH tissues snf 32 prostate gland PIN tissues; <b>4)</b> the levels of SMCT1 mRNA were lower in surgical specimens of 6 among 10 prostate cancer tissues than in the adjacent non-neoplastic tissues; and <b>5)</b> the SMCT1 proteins were located predominantly in the <a href="/wiki/Cytoplasm" title="Cytoplasm">cytoplasm</a> of prostate cancer tissues. This study contrasted with the previous study in finding that prostate cancers commonly expressed high levels of SMCT1 protein and that the levels of SMCT1 protein trended opposite to its mRNA levels in the prostate cancer tissues from a small number of patients. The study also reported that SMCT1 protein was located principally in the cytoplasm of prostate cancer tissues and suggested that cytoplasmic SMCT1 protein would seem to be inactive in transporting SC-FAs into cells.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid21802122_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid21802122-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These contrasting findings suggest that further studies are needed to measure SMCT1 protein along with SMCT1 mRNA levels and to identify the <a href="/wiki/Subcellular_location" class="mw-redirect" title="Subcellular location">subcellular location</a> (e.g., surface membrane <i>versus</i> cytoplasm) of SMCT1 proteins in normal, BPH, PIN, and cancer prostate tissue and perhaps also in the normal and cancerous tissues of the other cancers cited here. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sodium-coupled_monocarboxylate_transporter_1&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Sodium-coupled_monocarboxylate_transporter_2" title="Sodium-coupled monocarboxylate transporter 2">Sodium-coupled monocarboxylate transporter 2</a> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sodium-coupled_monocarboxylate_transporter_1&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 33em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-refGRCh38Ensembl-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-refGRCh38Ensembl_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cancer+Detection+and+Prevention&rft.atitle=Candidate+tumor+suppressor+gene+SLC5A8+is+frequently+down-regulated+by+promoter+hypermethylation+in+prostate+tumor&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=359-65&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.cdp.2007.09.002&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18037591&rft.aulast=Park&rft.aufirst=JY&rft.au=Zheng%2C+W&rft.au=Kim%2C+D&rft.au=Cheng%2C+JQ&rft.au=Kumar%2C+N&rft.au=Ahmad%2C+N&rft.au=Pow-Sang%2C+J&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASodium-coupled+monocarboxylate+transporter+1" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid21802122-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid21802122_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLinParkRadleinMahajan2011" class="citation journal cs1">Lin HY, Park HY, Radlein S, Mahajan NP, Sellers TA, Zachariah B, Pow-Sang J, Coppola D, Ganapathy V, Park JY (October 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3190039">"Protein expressions and genetic variations of SLC5A8 in prostate cancer risk and aggressiveness"</a>. <i>Urology</i>. <b>78</b> (4): 971.e1–9. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.urology.2011.04.055">10.1016/j.urology.2011.04.055</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3190039">3190039</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21802122">21802122</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Urology&rft.atitle=Protein+expressions+and+genetic+variations+of+SLC5A8+in+prostate+cancer+risk+and+aggressiveness&rft.volume=78&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=971.e1-9&rft.date=2011-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3190039%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21802122&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.urology.2011.04.055&rft.aulast=Lin&rft.aufirst=HY&rft.au=Park%2C+HY&rft.au=Radlein%2C+S&rft.au=Mahajan%2C+NP&rft.au=Sellers%2C+TA&rft.au=Zachariah%2C+B&rft.au=Pow-Sang%2C+J&rft.au=Coppola%2C+D&rft.au=Ganapathy%2C+V&rft.au=Park%2C+JY&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3190039&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASodium-coupled+monocarboxylate+transporter+1" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style 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li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Solute_carrier_family" title="Template:Solute carrier family"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Solute_carrier_family" title="Template talk:Solute carrier family"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Solute_carrier_family" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Solute carrier family"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Membrane_proteins,_carrier_proteins:_membrane_transport_proteins_solute_carrier_(TC_2A)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Membrane_protein" title="Membrane protein">Membrane proteins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carrier_protein" class="mw-redirect" title="Carrier protein">carrier proteins</a>: <a href="/wiki/Membrane_transport_protein" title="Membrane transport protein">membrane transport proteins</a> <a href="/wiki/Solute_carrier_family" title="Solute carrier family">solute carrier</a> (<a href="/wiki/Transporter_Classification_Database#2.A.09Porters_(uniporters,_symporters,_antiporters)" title="Transporter Classification Database">TC 2A</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color: AntiqueWhite;"><div id="By_group" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">By group</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align:left; background-color: AntiqueWhite;"><div id="SLC1–10" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">SLC1–10</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right; background-color: AntiqueWhite;">(1):</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Excitatory_amino-acid_transporter" class="mw-redirect" title="Excitatory amino-acid transporter">high affinity glutamate and neutral amino-acid transporter</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SLC1A1" class="mw-redirect" title="SLC1A1">SLC1A1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SLC1A2" class="mw-redirect" title="SLC1A2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glutamate_aspartate_transporter" class="mw-redirect" title="Glutamate aspartate transporter">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SLC1A4" class="mw-redirect" title="SLC1A4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SLC1A5" class="mw-redirect" title="SLC1A5">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Excitatory_amino-acid_transporter_4" class="mw-redirect" title="Excitatory amino-acid transporter 4">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Excitatory_amino-acid_transporter_5" class="mw-redirect" title="Excitatory amino-acid transporter 5">7</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right; background-color: AntiqueWhite;">(2):</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glucose_transporter" title="Glucose transporter">facilitative GLUT transporter</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GLUT1" title="GLUT1">SLC2A1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GLUT2" title="GLUT2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GLUT3" title="GLUT3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GLUT4" title="GLUT4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GLUT5" title="GLUT5">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SLC2A6" title="SLC2A6">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SLC2A7" title="SLC2A7">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GLUT8" title="GLUT8">8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SLC2A9" title="SLC2A9">9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SLC2A10" title="SLC2A10">10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SLC2A11" title="SLC2A11">11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SLC2A12" title="SLC2A12">12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SLC2A13" title="SLC2A13">13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SLC2A14" title="SLC2A14">14</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right; background-color: AntiqueWhite;">(3):</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>heavy subunits of <a href="/wiki/Heterodimeric_amino-acid_transporter" title="Heterodimeric amino-acid transporter">heterodimeric amino-acid transporters</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SLC3A1" class="mw-redirect" title="SLC3A1">SLC3A1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SLC3A2" class="mw-redirect" title="SLC3A2">2</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right; background-color: AntiqueWhite;">(4):</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bicarbonate_transporter_protein" class="mw-redirect" title="Bicarbonate transporter protein">bicarbonate transporter</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Band_3" class="mw-redirect" title="Band 3">SLC4A1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SLC4A2" class="mw-redirect" title="SLC4A2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SLC4A3" class="mw-redirect" title="SLC4A3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SLC4A4" class="mw-redirect" title="SLC4A4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SLC4A5" class="mw-redirect" title="SLC4A5">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SLC4A6" class="mw-redirect" title="SLC4A6">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SLC4A7" class="mw-redirect" title="SLC4A7">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SLC4A8" class="mw-redirect" title="SLC4A8">8</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SLC4A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SLC4A9 (page does not exist)">9</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SLC4A10&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SLC4A10 (page does not exist)">10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SLC4A11" class="mw-redirect" title="SLC4A11">11</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right; background-color: AntiqueWhite;">(5):</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sodium-glucose_transport_proteins" title="Sodium-glucose transport proteins">sodium glucose cotransporter</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SLC5A1" class="mw-redirect" title="SLC5A1">SLC5A1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SGLT2" class="mw-redirect" title="SGLT2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SLC5A3" class="mw-redirect" title="SLC5A3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SLC5A4" title="SLC5A4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium-iodide_symporter" class="mw-redirect" title="Sodium-iodide symporter">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SLC5A6" class="mw-redirect" title="SLC5A6">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choline_transporter" title="Choline transporter">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SLC5A8" class="mw-redirect" title="SLC5A8">8</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SLC5A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SLC5A9 (page does not exist)">9</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SLC5A10&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SLC5A10 (page does not exist)">10</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SLC5A11&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SLC5A11 (page does not exist)">11</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SLC5A12&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SLC5A12 (page does not exist)">12</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right; background-color: AntiqueWhite;">(6):</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium">sodium</a>- and <a href="/wiki/Chloride" title="Chloride">chloride</a>- dependent <a href="/wiki/Sodium:neurotransmitter_symporter" class="mw-redirect" title="Sodium:neurotransmitter symporter">sodium:neurotransmitter symporters</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GABA_transporter_1" class="mw-redirect" title="GABA transporter 1">SLC6A1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norepinephrine_transporter" title="Norepinephrine transporter">SLC6A2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dopamine_transporter" title="Dopamine transporter">SLC6A3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serotonin_transporter" title="Serotonin transporter">SLC6A4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SLC6A5" class="mw-redirect" title="SLC6A5">SLC6A5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SLC6A6" class="mw-redirect" title="SLC6A6">SLC6A6</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SLC6A7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SLC6A7 (page does not exist)">SLC6A7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SLC6A8" class="mw-redirect" title="SLC6A8">SLC6A8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SLC6A9" class="mw-redirect" title="SLC6A9">SLC6A9</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SLC6A10&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SLC6A10 (page does not exist)">SLC6A10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SLC6A11" class="mw-redirect" title="SLC6A11">SLC6A11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SLC6A12" class="mw-redirect" title="SLC6A12">SLC6A12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SLC6A13" class="mw-redirect" title="SLC6A13">SLC6A13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SLC6A14" title="SLC6A14">SLC6A14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SLC6A15" class="mw-redirect" title="SLC6A15">SLC6A15</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SLC6A16&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SLC6A16 (page does not exist)">SLC6A16</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SLC6A17&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SLC6A17 (page does not exist)">SLC6A17</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SLC6A18" title="SLC6A18">SLC6A18</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SLC6A19" class="mw-redirect" title="SLC6A19">SLC6A19</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SLC6A20" title="SLC6A20">SLC6A20</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right; background-color: AntiqueWhite;">(7):</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>cationic amino-acid transporter/glycoprotein-associated <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SLC7A1" class="mw-redirect" title="SLC7A1">SLC7A1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SLC7A2" class="mw-redirect" title="SLC7A2">SLC7A2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SLC7A3" class="mw-redirect" title="SLC7A3">SLC7A3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SLC7A4" class="mw-redirect" title="SLC7A4">SLC7A4</a></li></ul></li> <li>glycoprotein-associated/light or catalytic subunits of <a href="/wiki/Heterodimeric_amino-acid_transporter" title="Heterodimeric amino-acid transporter">heterodimeric amino-acid transporters</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CD98" title="CD98">SLC7A5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SLC7A6" class="mw-redirect" title="SLC7A6">SLC7A6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SLC7A7" class="mw-redirect" title="SLC7A7">SLC7A7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SLC7A8" class="mw-redirect" title="SLC7A8">SLC7A8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SLC7A9" class="mw-redirect" title="SLC7A9">SLC7A9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SLC7A10" class="mw-redirect" title="SLC7A10">SLC7A10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SLC7A11" class="mw-redirect" title="SLC7A11">SLC7A11</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SLC7A13&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SLC7A13 (page does not exist)">SLC7A13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SLC7A14" title="SLC7A14">SLC7A14</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right; background-color: AntiqueWhite;">(8):</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sodium-calcium_exchanger" title="Sodium-calcium exchanger">Na<sup>+</sup>/Ca<sup>2+</sup> exchanger</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SLC8A1" class="mw-redirect" title="SLC8A1">SLC8A1</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SLC8A2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SLC8A2 (page does not exist)">SLC8A2</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SLC8A3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SLC8A3 (page does not exist)">SLC8A3</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right; background-color: AntiqueWhite;">(9):</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sodium%E2%80%93hydrogen_antiporter" title="Sodium–hydrogen antiporter">Na<sup>+</sup>/H<sup>+</sup> exchanger</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SLC9A1" class="mw-redirect" title="SLC9A1">SLC9A1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SLC9A2" class="mw-redirect" title="SLC9A2">SLC9A2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SLC9A3" class="mw-redirect" title="SLC9A3">SLC9A3</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SLC9A4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SLC9A4 (page does not exist)">SLC9A4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SLC9A5" class="mw-redirect" title="SLC9A5">SLC9A5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SLC9A6" class="mw-redirect" title="SLC9A6">SLC9A6</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SLC9A7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SLC9A7 (page does not exist)">SLC9A7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SLC9A8" class="mw-redirect" title="SLC9A8">SLC9A8</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SLC9A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SLC9A9 (page does not exist)">SLC9A9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SLC9A10" class="mw-redirect" title="SLC9A10">SLC9A10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SLC9A11" class="mw-redirect" title="SLC9A11">SLC9A11</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right; background-color: AntiqueWhite;">(10):</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sodium_bile_salt_cotransport&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sodium bile salt cotransport (page does not exist)">sodium bile salt cotransport</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SLC10A1" class="mw-redirect" title="SLC10A1">SLC10A1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SLC10A2" class="mw-redirect" title="SLC10A2">SLC10A2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SLC10A3" class="mw-redirect" title="SLC10A3">SLC10A3</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SLC10A4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SLC10A4 (page does not exist)">SLC10A4</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SLC10A5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SLC10A5 (page does not exist)">SLC10A5</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SLC10A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SLC10A6 (page does not exist)">SLC10A6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SLC10A7" class="mw-redirect" title="SLC10A7">SLC10A7</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SLC10A1" class="mw-redirect" title="SLC10A1">10A1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SLC10A2" class="mw-redirect" title="SLC10A2">10A2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SLC10A3" class="mw-redirect" title="SLC10A3">10A3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SLC10A7" class="mw-redirect" title="SLC10A7">10A7</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align:left; background-color: AntiqueWhite;"><div id="SLC11–20" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">SLC11–20</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right; background-color: AntiqueWhite;">(11):</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proton_coupled_metal_ion_transporter&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Proton coupled metal ion transporter (page does not exist)">proton coupled metal ion transporter</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SLC11A1" class="mw-redirect" title="SLC11A1">SLC11A1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SLC11A2" class="mw-redirect" title="SLC11A2">SLC11A2</a><a href="/wiki/Ferroportin" title="Ferroportin">11A3</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right; background-color: AntiqueWhite;">(12):</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electroneutral_cation-Cl" title="Electroneutral cation-Cl">electroneutral cation-Cl</a> cotransporter <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Na-K-Cl_cotransporter" class="mw-redirect" title="Na-K-Cl cotransporter">SLC12A1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Na-K-Cl_cotransporter" class="mw-redirect" title="Na-K-Cl cotransporter">SLC12A2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium-chloride_symporter" title="Sodium-chloride symporter">SLC12A3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chloride_potassium_symporter_4" title="Chloride potassium symporter 4">SLC12A4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chloride_potassium_symporter_5" title="Chloride potassium symporter 5">SLC12A5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SLC12A6" title="SLC12A6">SLC12A6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SLC12A7" title="SLC12A7">SLC12A7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SLC12A8" title="SLC12A8">SLC12A8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SLC12A9" title="SLC12A9">SLC12A9</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right; background-color: AntiqueWhite;">(13):</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_Na%2B-sulfate/carboxylate_cotransporter&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Human Na+-sulfate/carboxylate cotransporter (page does not exist)">human Na<sup>+</sup>-sulfate/carboxylate cotransporter</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SLC13A1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SLC13A1 (page does not exist)">SLC13A1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SLC13A2" title="SLC13A2">SLC13A2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SLC13A3" title="SLC13A3">SLC13A3</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SLC13A4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SLC13A4 (page does not exist)">SLC13A4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SLC13A5" title="SLC13A5">SLC13A5</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right; background-color: AntiqueWhite;">(14):</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urea_transporter" title="Urea transporter">urea transporter</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SLC14A1" class="mw-redirect" title="SLC14A1">SLC14A1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SLC14A2" class="mw-redirect" title="SLC14A2">SLC14A2</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right; background-color: AntiqueWhite;">(15):</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proton_oligopeptide_cotransporter&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Proton oligopeptide cotransporter (page does not exist)">proton oligopeptide cotransporter</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peptide_transporter_1" title="Peptide transporter 1">SLC15A1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SLC15A2" title="SLC15A2">SLC15A2</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SLC15A3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SLC15A3 (page does not exist)">SLC15A3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SLC15A4" title="SLC15A4">SLC15A4</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right; background-color: AntiqueWhite;">(16):</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monocarboxylate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Monocarboxylate (page does not exist)">monocarboxylate</a> transporter <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monocarboxylate_transporter_1" title="Monocarboxylate transporter 1">SLC16A1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monocarboxylate_transporter_8" title="Monocarboxylate transporter 8">SLC16A2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monocarboxylate_transporter_4" title="Monocarboxylate transporter 4">SLC16A3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monocarboxylate_transporter_5" title="Monocarboxylate transporter 5">SLC16A4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SLC16A5" class="mw-redirect" title="SLC16A5">SLC16A5</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SLC16A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SLC16A6 (page does not exist)">SLC16A6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monocarboxylate_transporter_2" title="Monocarboxylate transporter 2">SLC16A7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monocarboxylate_transporter_3" title="Monocarboxylate transporter 3">SLC16A8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monocarboxylate_transporter_9" title="Monocarboxylate transporter 9">SLC16A9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monocarboxylate_transporter_10" title="Monocarboxylate transporter 10">SLC16A10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SLC16A11" title="SLC16A11">SLC16A11</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SLC16A12&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SLC16A12 (page does not exist)">SLC16A12</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SLC16A13&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SLC16A13 (page does not exist)">SLC16A13</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SLC16A14&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SLC16A14 (page does not exist)">SLC16A14</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right; background-color: AntiqueWhite;">(17):</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vesicular_glutamate_transporter_1" title="Vesicular glutamate transporter 1">Vesicular glutamate transporter 1</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SLC17A1" class="mw-redirect" title="SLC17A1">SLC17A1</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SLC17A2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SLC17A2 (page does not exist)">SLC17A2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SLC17A3" title="SLC17A3">SLC17A3</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SLC17A4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SLC17A4 (page does not exist)">SLC17A4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SLC17A5" class="mw-redirect" title="SLC17A5">SLC17A5</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SLC17A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SLC17A6 (page does not exist)">SLC17A6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SLC17A7" class="mw-redirect" title="SLC17A7">SLC17A7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SLC17A8" class="mw-redirect" title="SLC17A8">SLC17A8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SLC17A9" title="SLC17A9">SLC17A9</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right; background-color: AntiqueWhite;">(18):</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vesicular_monoamine_transporter" title="Vesicular monoamine transporter">vesicular monoamine transporter</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/VMAT1" class="mw-redirect" title="VMAT1">SLC18A1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VMAT2" class="mw-redirect" title="VMAT2">SLC18A2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vesicular_acetylcholine_transporter" title="Vesicular acetylcholine transporter">SLC18A3</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right; background-color: AntiqueWhite;">(19):</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Folate" title="Folate">folate</a>/<a href="/wiki/Thiamine" title="Thiamine">thiamine</a> transporter <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SLC19A1" class="mw-redirect" title="SLC19A1">SLC19A1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SLC19A2" class="mw-redirect" title="SLC19A2">SLC19A2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SLC19A3" class="mw-redirect" title="SLC19A3">SLC19A3</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right; background-color: AntiqueWhite;">(20):</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Type_III_Na%2B-phosphate" class="mw-redirect" title="Type III Na+-phosphate">type III Na<sup>+</sup>-phosphate</a> cotransporter <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SLC20A1" title="SLC20A1">SLC20A1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SLC20A2" title="SLC20A2">SLC20A2</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align:left; background-color: AntiqueWhite;"><div id="SLC21–30" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">SLC21–30</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right; background-color: AntiqueWhite;">(21):</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Organic_anion-transporting_polypeptide" class="mw-redirect" title="Organic anion-transporting polypeptide">Organic anion-transporting polypeptide</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SLCO1A2" class="mw-redirect" title="SLCO1A2">SLCO1A2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SLCO1B1" class="mw-redirect" title="SLCO1B1">SLCO1B1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SLCO1B3" class="mw-redirect" title="SLCO1B3">SLCO1B3</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SLCO1B4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SLCO1B4 (page does not exist)">SLCO1B4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SLCO1C1" class="mw-redirect" title="SLCO1C1">SLCO1C1</a></li></ul></li> <li> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SLCO2A1" class="mw-redirect" title="SLCO2A1">SLCO2A1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SLCO2B1" class="mw-redirect" title="SLCO2B1">SLCO2B1</a></li></ul></li> <li> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SLCO3A1" class="mw-redirect" title="SLCO3A1">SLCO3A1</a></li></ul></li> <li> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SLCO4A1" class="mw-redirect" title="SLCO4A1">SLCO4A1</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SLCO4C1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SLCO4C1 (page does not exist)">SLCO4C1</a></li></ul></li> <li> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SLCO5A1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SLCO5A1 (page does not exist)">SLCO5A1</a>(<a href="/w/index.php?title=SLCO6A1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SLCO6A1 (page does not exist)">SLCO6A1</a>)</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right; background-color: AntiqueWhite;">(22):</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Organic_cation/anion/zwitterion_transporter" class="mw-redirect" title="Organic cation/anion/zwitterion transporter">organic cation/anion/zwitterion transporter</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SLC22A1" title="SLC22A1">SLC22A1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SLC22A2" title="SLC22A2">SLC22A2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SLC22A3" title="SLC22A3">SLC22A3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SLC22A4" title="SLC22A4">SLC22A4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SLC22A5" title="SLC22A5">SLC22A5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SLC22A6" class="mw-redirect" title="SLC22A6">SLC22A6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SLC22A7" title="SLC22A7">SLC22A7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SLC22A8" title="SLC22A8">SLC22A8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SLC22A9" title="SLC22A9">SLC22A9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SLC22A10" title="SLC22A10">SLC22A10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SLC22A11" title="SLC22A11">SLC22A11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SLC22A12" title="SLC22A12">SLC22A12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SLC22A13" title="SLC22A13">SLC22A13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SLC22A14" title="SLC22A14">SLC22A14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SLC22A15" class="mw-redirect" title="SLC22A15">SLC22A15</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SLC22A16&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SLC22A16 (page does not exist)">SLC22A16</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SLC22A17&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SLC22A17 (page does not exist)">SLC22A17</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SLC22A18" title="SLC22A18">SLC22A18</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SLC22A19" class="mw-redirect" title="SLC22A19">SLC22A19</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SLC22A20&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SLC22A20 (page does not exist)">SLC22A20</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right; background-color: AntiqueWhite;">(23):</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Na%2B-dependent_ascorbic_acid_transporter&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Na+-dependent ascorbic acid transporter (page does not exist)">Na+-dependent ascorbic acid transporter</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SLC23A1" title="SLC23A1">SLC23A1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SLC23A2" title="SLC23A2">SLC23A2</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SLC23A3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SLC23A3 (page does not exist)">SLC23A3</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SLC23A4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SLC23A4 (page does not exist)">SLC23A4</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right; background-color: AntiqueWhite;">(24):</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Na%2B/(Ca2%2B-K%2B)_exchanger" class="mw-redirect" title="Na+/(Ca2+-K+) exchanger">Na<sup>+</sup>/(Ca<sup>2+</sup>-K<sup>+</sup>) exchanger</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SLC24A1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SLC24A1 (page does not exist)">SLC24A1</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SLC24A2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SLC24A2 (page does not exist)">SLC24A2</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SLC24A3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SLC24A3 (page does not exist)">SLC24A3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SLC24A4" class="mw-redirect" title="SLC24A4">SLC24A4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SLC24A5" class="mw-redirect" title="SLC24A5">SLC24A5</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SLC24A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SLC24A6 (page does not exist)">SLC24A6</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right; background-color: AntiqueWhite;">(25):</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mitochondrial_carrier" title="Mitochondrial carrier">mitochondrial carrier</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SLC25A1" class="mw-redirect" title="SLC25A1">SLC25A1</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SLC25A2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SLC25A2 (page does not exist)">SLC25A2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SLC25A3" class="mw-redirect" title="SLC25A3">SLC25A3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SLC25A4" class="mw-redirect" title="SLC25A4">SLC25A4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SLC25A5" class="mw-redirect" title="SLC25A5">SLC25A5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SLC25A6" class="mw-redirect" title="SLC25A6">SLC25A6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermogenin" title="Thermogenin">SLC25A7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SLC25A8" class="mw-redirect" title="SLC25A8">SLC25A8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SLC25A9" class="mw-redirect" title="SLC25A9">SLC25A9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SLC25A10" class="mw-redirect" title="SLC25A10">SLC25A10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SLC25A11" class="mw-redirect" title="SLC25A11">SLC25A11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SLC25A12" class="mw-redirect" title="SLC25A12">SLC25A12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citrin" title="Citrin">SLC25A13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SLC25A14" class="mw-redirect" title="SLC25A14">SLC25A14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ornithine_translocase" title="Ornithine translocase">SLC25A15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SLC25A16" title="SLC25A16">SLC25A16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SLC25A17" class="mw-redirect" title="SLC25A17">SLC25A17</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SLC25A18&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SLC25A18 (page does not exist)">SLC25A18</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SLC25A19" class="mw-redirect" title="SLC25A19">SLC25A19</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnitine-acylcarnitine_translocase" title="Carnitine-acylcarnitine translocase">SLC25A20</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SLC25A21" class="mw-redirect" title="SLC25A21">SLC25A21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SLC25A22" title="SLC25A22">SLC25A22</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SLC25A23&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SLC25A23 (page does not exist)">SLC25A23</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SLC25A24" class="mw-redirect" title="SLC25A24">SLC25A24</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SLC25A25&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SLC25A25 (page does not exist)">SLC25A25</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SLC25A26&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SLC25A26 (page does not exist)">SLC25A26</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SLC25A27" class="mw-redirect" title="SLC25A27">SLC25A27</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SLC25A28&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SLC25A28 (page does not exist)">SLC25A28</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SLC25A29" title="SLC25A29">SLC25A29</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SLC25A30&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SLC25A30 (page does not exist)">SLC25A30</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SLC25A31" class="mw-redirect" title="SLC25A31">SLC25A31</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SLC25A32" class="mw-redirect" title="SLC25A32">SLC25A32</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SLC25A33&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SLC25A33 (page does not exist)">SLC25A33</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SLC25A34&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SLC25A34 (page does not exist)">SLC25A34</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SLC25A35&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SLC25A35 (page does not exist)">SLC25A35</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SLC25A36&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SLC25A36 (page does not exist)">SLC25A36</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SLC25A37" class="mw-redirect" title="SLC25A37">SLC25A37</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SLC25A38" class="mw-redirect" title="SLC25A38">SLC25A38</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SLC25A39" title="SLC25A39">SLC25A39</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SLC25A40&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SLC25A40 (page does not exist)">SLC25A40</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SLC25A41&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SLC25A41 (page does not exist)">SLC25A41</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SLC25A42&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SLC25A42 (page does not exist)">SLC25A42</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SLC25A43&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SLC25A43 (page does not exist)">SLC25A43</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SLC25A44&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SLC25A44 (page does not exist)">SLC25A44</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SLC25A45&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SLC25A45 (page does not exist)">SLC25A45</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SLC25A46" title="SLC25A46">SLC25A46</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right; background-color: AntiqueWhite;">(26):</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Multifunctional_anion_exchanger&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Multifunctional anion exchanger (page does not exist)">multifunctional anion exchanger</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SLC26A1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SLC26A1 (page does not exist)">SLC26A1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SLC26A2" class="mw-redirect" title="SLC26A2">SLC26A2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SLC26A3" class="mw-redirect" title="SLC26A3">SLC26A3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pendrin" title="Pendrin">SLC26A4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SLC26A5" class="mw-redirect" title="SLC26A5">SLC26A5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SLC26A6" title="SLC26A6">SLC26A6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SLC26A7" class="mw-redirect" title="SLC26A7">SLC26A7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SLC26A8" title="SLC26A8">SLC26A8</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SLC26A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SLC26A9 (page does not exist)">SLC26A9</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SLC26A10&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SLC26A10 (page does not exist)">SLC26A10</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SLC26A11&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SLC26A11 (page does not exist)">SLC26A11</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right; background-color: AntiqueWhite;">(27):</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Membrane_transport_protein" title="Membrane transport protein">fatty acid transport proteins</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SLC27A1" class="mw-redirect" title="SLC27A1">SLC27A1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SLC27A2" class="mw-redirect" title="SLC27A2">SLC27A2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SLC27A3" title="SLC27A3">SLC27A3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SLC27A4" class="mw-redirect" title="SLC27A4">SLC27A4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SLC27A5" title="SLC27A5">SLC27A5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SLC27A6" title="SLC27A6">SLC27A6</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right; background-color: AntiqueWhite;">(28):</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Na%2B-coupled_nucleoside_transport&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Na+-coupled nucleoside transport (page does not exist)">Na<sup>+</sup>-coupled nucleoside transport</a> (<a href="/wiki/SLC28A1" class="mw-redirect" title="SLC28A1">SLC28A1</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SLC28A2" class="mw-redirect" title="SLC28A2">SLC28A2</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SLC28A3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SLC28A3 (page does not exist)">SLC28A3</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right; background-color: AntiqueWhite;">(29):</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Facilitative_nucleoside_transporter&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Facilitative nucleoside transporter (page does not exist)">facilitative nucleoside transporter</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SLC29A1" class="mw-redirect" title="SLC29A1">SLC29A1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SLC29A2" class="mw-redirect" title="SLC29A2">SLC29A2</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SLC29A3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SLC29A3 (page does not exist)">SLC29A3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SLC29A4" class="mw-redirect" title="SLC29A4">SLC29A4</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right; background-color: AntiqueWhite;">(30):</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zinc_efflux" class="mw-redirect" title="Zinc efflux">zinc efflux</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SLC30A1" class="mw-redirect" title="SLC30A1">SLC30A1</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SLC30A2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SLC30A2 (page does not exist)">SLC30A2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SLC30A3" class="mw-redirect" title="SLC30A3">SLC30A3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SLC30A4" class="mw-redirect" title="SLC30A4">SLC30A4</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SLC30A5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SLC30A5 (page does not exist)">SLC30A5</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SLC30A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SLC30A6 (page does not exist)">SLC30A6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SLC30A7" class="mw-redirect" title="SLC30A7">SLC30A7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SLC30A8" class="mw-redirect" title="SLC30A8">SLC30A8</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SLC30A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SLC30A9 (page does not exist)">SLC30A9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SLC30A10" class="mw-redirect" title="SLC30A10">SLC30A10</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align:left; background-color: AntiqueWhite;"><div id="SLC31–40" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">SLC31–40</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right; background-color: AntiqueWhite;">(31):</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">copper</a> transporter <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SLC31A1" class="mw-redirect" title="SLC31A1">SLC31A1</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right; background-color: AntiqueWhite;">(32):</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vesicular_glutamate_transporter_1" title="Vesicular glutamate transporter 1">Vesicular glutamate transporter 1</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SLC32A1" class="mw-redirect" title="SLC32A1">SLC32A1</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right; background-color: AntiqueWhite;">(33):</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acetyl-CoA" title="Acetyl-CoA">Acetyl-CoA</a> transporter <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SLC33A1" class="mw-redirect" title="SLC33A1">SLC33A1</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right; background-color: AntiqueWhite;">(34):</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Type_II_Na%2B-phosphate_cotransporter&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Type II Na+-phosphate cotransporter (page does not exist)">type II Na<sup>+</sup>-phosphate cotransporter</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SLC34A1" class="mw-redirect" title="SLC34A1">SLC34A1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SLC34A2" class="mw-redirect" title="SLC34A2">SLC34A2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SLC34A3" class="mw-redirect" title="SLC34A3">SLC34A3</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right; background-color: AntiqueWhite;">(35):</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nucleoside-sugar_transporter&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nucleoside-sugar transporter (page does not exist)">nucleoside-sugar transporter</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SLC35A1" class="mw-redirect" title="SLC35A1">SLC35A1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SLC35A2" class="mw-redirect" title="SLC35A2">SLC35A2</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SLC35A3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SLC35A3 (page does not exist)">SLC35A3</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SLC35A4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SLC35A4 (page does not exist)">SLC35A4</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SLC35A5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SLC35A5 (page does not exist)">SLC35A5</a></li></ul></li> <li> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SLC35B1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SLC35B1 (page does not exist)">SLC35B1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SLC35B2" class="mw-redirect" title="SLC35B2">SLC35B2</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SLC35B3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SLC35B3 (page does not exist)">SLC35B3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SLC35B4" class="mw-redirect" title="SLC35B4">SLC35B4</a></li></ul></li> <li> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SLC35C1" class="mw-redirect" title="SLC35C1">SLC35C1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SLC35C2" title="SLC35C2">SLC35C2</a></li></ul></li> <li> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SLC35D1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SLC35D1 (page does not exist)">SLC35D1</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SLC35D2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SLC35D2 (page does not exist)">SLC35D2</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SLC35D3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SLC35D3 (page does not exist)">SLC35D3</a></li></ul></li> <li> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SLC35E1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SLC35E1 (page does not exist)">SLC35E1</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SLC35E2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SLC35E2 (page does not exist)">SLC35E2</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SLC35E3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SLC35E3 (page does not exist)">SLC35E3</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SLC35E4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SLC35E4 (page does not exist)">SLC35E4</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right; background-color: AntiqueWhite;">(36):</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proton-coupled_amino-acid_transporter" class="mw-redirect" title="Proton-coupled amino-acid transporter">proton-coupled amino-acid transporter</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SLC36A1" class="mw-redirect" title="SLC36A1">SLC36A1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SLC36A2" class="mw-redirect" title="SLC36A2">SLC36A2</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SLC36A3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SLC36A3 (page does not exist)">SLC36A3</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SLC36A4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SLC36A4 (page does not exist)">SLC36A4</a><a href="/wiki/SLC36A2" class="mw-redirect" title="SLC36A2">36A2</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right; background-color: AntiqueWhite;">(37):</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sugar-phosphate/phosphate_exchanger&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sugar-phosphate/phosphate exchanger (page does not exist)">sugar-phosphate/phosphate exchanger</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SLC37A1" class="mw-redirect" title="SLC37A1">SLC37A1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SLC37A2" class="mw-redirect" title="SLC37A2">SLC37A2</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SLC37A3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SLC37A3 (page does not exist)">SLC37A3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SLC37A4" class="mw-redirect" title="SLC37A4">SLC37A4</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right; background-color: AntiqueWhite;">(38):</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=System_A_%26_N,_sodium-coupled_neutral_amino-acid_transporter&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="System A & N, sodium-coupled neutral amino-acid transporter (page does not exist)">System A & N, sodium-coupled neutral amino-acid transporter</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SLC38A1" title="SLC38A1">SLC38A1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SLC38A2" class="mw-redirect" title="SLC38A2">SLC38A2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SLC38A3" class="mw-redirect" title="SLC38A3">SLC38A3</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SLC38A4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SLC38A4 (page does not exist)">SLC38A4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SLC38A5" title="SLC38A5">SLC38A5</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SLC38A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SLC38A6 (page does not exist)">SLC38A6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SLC38A10" class="mw-redirect" title="SLC38A10">SLC38A10</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right; background-color: AntiqueWhite;">(39):</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Metal_ion_transporter" class="mw-redirect" title="Metal ion transporter">metal ion transporter</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SLC39A1" class="mw-redirect" title="SLC39A1">SLC39A1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SLC39A2" class="mw-redirect" title="SLC39A2">SLC39A2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SLC39A3" class="mw-redirect" title="SLC39A3">SLC39A3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SLC39A4" class="mw-redirect" title="SLC39A4">SLC39A4</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SLC39A5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SLC39A5 (page does not exist)">SLC39A5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SLC39A6" class="mw-redirect" title="SLC39A6">SLC39A6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SLC39A7" class="mw-redirect" title="SLC39A7">SLC39A7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SLC39A8" class="mw-redirect" title="SLC39A8">SLC39A8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SLC39A9" class="mw-redirect" title="SLC39A9">SLC39A9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SLC39A10" class="mw-redirect" title="SLC39A10">SLC39A10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SLC39A11" title="SLC39A11">SLC39A11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SLC39A12" class="mw-redirect" title="SLC39A12">SLC39A12</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SLC39A13&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SLC39A13 (page does not exist)">SLC39A13</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SLC39A14&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SLC39A14 (page does not exist)">SLC39A14</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right; background-color: AntiqueWhite;">(40):</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Basolateral_iron_transporter&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Basolateral iron transporter (page does not exist)">basolateral iron transporter</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ferroportin" title="Ferroportin">SLC40A1</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align:left; background-color: AntiqueWhite;"><div id="SLC41–48" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">SLC41–48</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right; background-color: AntiqueWhite;">(41):</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Magnesium_transporter_E" title="Magnesium transporter E">Magnesium transporter E</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SLC41A1" title="SLC41A1">SLC41A1</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SLC41A2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SLC41A2 (page does not exist)">SLC41A2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SLC41A3" title="SLC41A3">SLC41A3</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right; background-color: AntiqueWhite;">(42):</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ammonia_transporter" title="Ammonia transporter">Ammonia transporter</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/RHAG" title="RHAG">RhAG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RHBG" title="RHBG">RhBG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RHCG" title="RHCG">RhCG</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right; background-color: AntiqueWhite;">(43):</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Na%2B-independent,_system-L_like_amino-acid_transporter&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Na+-independent, system-L like amino-acid transporter (page does not exist)">Na<sup>+</sup>-independent, system-L like amino-acid transporter</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SLC43A1" class="mw-redirect" title="SLC43A1">SLC43A1</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SLC43A2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SLC43A2 (page does not exist)">SLC43A2</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SLC43A3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SLC43A3 (page does not exist)">SLC43A3</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right; background-color: AntiqueWhite;">(44):</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Choline-like_transporter&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Choline-like transporter (page does not exist)">Choline-like transporter</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SLC44A1" class="mw-redirect" title="SLC44A1">SLC44A1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SLC44A2" class="mw-redirect" title="SLC44A2">SLC44A2</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SLC44A3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SLC44A3 (page does not exist)">SLC44A3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SLC44A4" class="mw-redirect" title="SLC44A4">SLC44A4</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SLC44A5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SLC44A5 (page does not exist)">SLC44A5</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right; background-color: AntiqueWhite;">(45):</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Putative_sugar_transporter&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Putative sugar transporter (page does not exist)">Putative sugar transporter</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SLC45A1" title="SLC45A1">SLC45A1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SLC45A2" class="mw-redirect" title="SLC45A2">SLC45A2</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SLC54A3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SLC54A3 (page does not exist)">SLC54A3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SLC45A4" title="SLC45A4">SLC45A4</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right; background-color: AntiqueWhite;">(46):</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Folate_transporter&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Folate transporter (page does not exist)">Folate transporter</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SLC46A1" class="mw-redirect" title="SLC46A1">SLC46A1</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SLC46A2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SLC46A2 (page does not exist)">SLC46A2</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right; background-color: AntiqueWhite;">(47):</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Multi-antimicrobial_extrusion_protein" title="Multi-antimicrobial extrusion protein">multidrug and toxin extrusion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SLC47A1" class="mw-redirect" title="SLC47A1">SLC47A1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SLC47A2" class="mw-redirect" title="SLC47A2">SLC47A2</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right; background-color: AntiqueWhite;">(48):</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heme_transporter" title="Heme transporter">Heme transporter</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align:left; background-color: AntiqueWhite;"><div id="SLCO1–4" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">SLCO1–4</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SLCO1A2" class="mw-redirect" title="SLCO1A2">O1A2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SLCO1B1" class="mw-redirect" title="SLCO1B1">O1B1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SLCO1B3" class="mw-redirect" title="SLCO1B3">O1B3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SLCO2B1" class="mw-redirect" title="SLCO2B1">O2B1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SLCO3A1" class="mw-redirect" title="SLCO3A1">O431</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SLCO4A1" class="mw-redirect" title="SLCO4A1">O4A1</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color: AntiqueWhite;"><div id="Ion_pumps" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ion_transporter" title="Ion transporter">Ion pumps</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: AntiqueWhite"><a href="/wiki/Symporter" title="Symporter">Symporter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cotransporter" title="Cotransporter">Cotransporter</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Na-K-Cl_cotransporter" class="mw-redirect" title="Na-K-Cl cotransporter">Na<sup>+</sup>/K<sup>+</sup>,Cl<sup>−</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium/phosphate_cotransporter" title="Sodium/phosphate cotransporter">Na<sup>+</sup>/P<sub>i</sub>3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium-chloride_symporter" title="Sodium-chloride symporter">Na<sup>+</sup>/Cl<sup>−</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium-glucose_transport_proteins" title="Sodium-glucose transport proteins">Na<sup>+</sup>/glucose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium-iodide_symporter" class="mw-redirect" title="Sodium-iodide symporter">Na<sup>+</sup>/I<sup>−</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chloride_potassium_symporter" title="Chloride potassium symporter">Cl<sup>−</sup>/K<sup>+</sup></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chloride_potassium_symporter_4" title="Chloride potassium symporter 4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chloride_potassium_symporter_5" title="Chloride potassium symporter 5">5</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: AntiqueWhite"><a href="/wiki/Antiporter" title="Antiporter">Antiporter (exchanger)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sodium%E2%80%93hydrogen_antiporter" title="Sodium–hydrogen antiporter">Na<sup>+</sup>/H<sup>+</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium-calcium_exchanger" title="Sodium-calcium exchanger">Na<sup>+</sup>/Ca<sup>2+</sup></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Potassium-dependent_sodium-calcium_exchanger" title="Potassium-dependent sodium-calcium exchanger">Na<sup>+</sup>/(Ca<sup>2+</sup>-K<sup>+</sup></a>) - <a href="/wiki/Band_3" class="mw-redirect" title="Band 3">Cl<sup>−</sup>/<span class="chemf nowrap">HCO<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">−</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">3</sub></span></span></span> (Band 3)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cl-formate_exchanger" class="mw-redirect" title="Cl-formate exchanger">Cl<sup>−</sup>-formate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cl-oxalate_exchanger" title="Cl-oxalate exchanger">Cl<sup>−</sup>-oxalate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color: AntiqueWhite; padding: 0px;"><div><i>see also <a href="/wiki/Template:Solute_carrier_disorders" title="Template:Solute carrier disorders">solute carrier disorders</a></i></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> 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