CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><title>Just a moment...</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><style>*{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;padding:0}html{line-height:1.15;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;color:#313131;font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Helvetica Neue,Arial,Noto Sans,sans-serif,Apple Color Emoji,Segoe UI Emoji,Segoe UI Symbol,Noto Color Emoji}body{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100vh;min-height:100vh}.main-content{margin:8rem auto;max-width:60rem;padding-left:1.5rem}@media (width <= 720px){.main-content{margin-top:4rem}}.h2{font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:500;line-height:2.25rem}@media (width <= 720px){.h2{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.5rem}}#challenge-error-text{background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;padding-left:34px}@media (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body{background-color:#222;color:#d9d9d9}}</style><meta http-equiv="refresh" content="390"></head><body class="no-js"><div class="main-wrapper" role="main"><div class="main-content"><noscript><div class="h2"><span id="challenge-error-text">Enable JavaScript and cookies to continue</span></div></noscript></div></div><script>(function(){window._cf_chl_opt={cvId: '3',cZone: "academic.oup.com",cType: 'managed',cRay: '91358f2a6a2d26da',cH: 'l2F2d93CpVbdqqmZZ4yIM4QRY7Xtdib_tsxHwjp.CA4-1739793020-1.2.1.1-xRD84fBhweVJYBtE6xOysLRvF8ni_lki_XR8OAkMqTZPgI1x3GzVVA6i1yMMonhk',cUPMDTk: "\/search-results?q=&tax=AcademicSubjects\/AHU03568&__cf_chl_tk=SBpSUM8BKjTjOzZRQJwRbIy..X1RaeNqNVU.XYZJoKw-1739793020-1.0.1.1-aoT5decKU1BMQ8SNNZz4rzErUm.aBZa9iwHl5OIvhks",cFPWv: 'b',cITimeS: '1739793020',cTTimeMs: '1000',cMTimeMs: '390000',cTplC: 0,cTplV: 5,cTplB: 'cf',cK: "",fa: "\/search-results?q=&tax=AcademicSubjects\/AHU03568&__cf_chl_f_tk=SBpSUM8BKjTjOzZRQJwRbIy..X1RaeNqNVU.XYZJoKw-1739793020-1.0.1.1-aoT5decKU1BMQ8SNNZz4rzErUm.aBZa9iwHl5OIvhks",md: "UiQGGve64C8IJ16wfmALfGn84dGDGGEhRnAbbTNzB6o-1739793020-1.2.1.1-OGy2Fdp0tB0GDPmozZ.Ku_7X0FNJmWwuuGzgEhtKByZtrTKXzhWgo3Oday7gLkYOnf8E8gYaj9Ohp8diGYguGHSvLDfUnC80SwmZb390xiIeTiU9QzD5NLOhtGdqVnmnP4J7MGw4iKkwBrMTE_PUIRmiknoblCKA_xxBRsAf4wsExPAq1tiySkjg.2O.vJGwh0UPOrgSJrrB.6qyZ61Co8Vrdspxfc9tHjk8jQtdhhF3meUakrvtHFF18tNFa_w3gF6HQ5boxtGB5_4te__S5CjGu2Oo5R71OrMeLQx.DL2i4PCLVNFpdGTHsd0pM25P4Y16opuSDjAPrxxPN2dLRh8UYH0OtZYp_ItOPQu5W_XGuNOIsk3T2ZWfpq8z9UAjk5M4U9q6r3sQTj_emoIC27hXI1Dz26wsK2FtzCYBRxZINIYEz3VdpOFA.dQGBNPb4M5OHkkOQC7HmREdB0.iN3o88qNm8DhGwkECMo3Joc0t.pUEHvUnegtOp8IdAAWTMrIT6MbVUUs1Eofc97OV8MrCasyUsAcbZfgkEJ5v7bzFxoimGOStvGa9J.f9dCK4iZ8hT_fHwhExDlZgCRMA_Hg.8d.5FigENDDqJZ1XezWjQKR3HkkndMxP167Mrv7k3gh4UYbrtC0J4s2BC0t2wNinC7MYUqvZCbQOq_kOlF7FYzgFscBTpvDVh93KwC5mUeqoldjWweqjgcVzzVRebBCXpbE_f4Uhut6YWplAsubrM9Y7PSUvbGVbrqyPy8HK2hx01eKR7Y9q7YzQjmdg1ilhjR12.yiigq7xWlwZNe04YpLAF6bw9w93flB7F9ZjG0yVG_RukHwoMBTf3Iq.eiRH5YjFrV4uAMOtBJ1hwBhPrP9yNa6BhN_HusNw4Q_05_8MgZLTHgren_NPh7pIowaQpp9Fj03f3tk_Z7W.YLhBHVsEydTGjGCPGfxffTCZaoEKSUkJujNqvpQdr6G3RQ2ALyVYE6oGVUBsnGpOt2i7Q10S8_Hk516GVfS8S_A0b.jBy2BzesN7zw2LL583D_71tDta_urwVABOM6gi_cDLATfPkWuJKXwj74JAmLaYgtd3fjEg0R1WNK8iQOvQdYmuDciB216XFmqwgit9NyVu2bpwpMH17sVH1NPQfSCsXUY2aDMV2IPKsM9vDkcb.5KW31O0ydjmA9NFkvG0fUWvxN.zrcZVlNRNp0rekkqBGAnmbUBm7mTfaYDwx0W_1TE5lcElSQIpy_v3TC1sMaJOQIm5c4VTQCpsVya6z1lI4ahDY3iZ4vzFXkuQdT4mOYgM28GK_cmjihDrN1oJEbLWx9OLLFrWC11QKiBVzo2M10uXM1tgqDRBe7zNnSjA36RCLtUt.4.xmIr_CnmhV7cfOCaSCdP3.Bhtgfp4_p4lg.cC6qD2M_ub3b1n01NpeiJ.Kg2U0rcDQ1n4N0Y8OrT8iadSdhj4JKI3iYhPilv1ErwTKZzsTcgb_p_b8DSZZbp6b0dFOgPHcWe7XquHAkdVmKiEAkhKrF_y4ZEDdCF1G1Y3dSquovngp6e911C6O2bHf2llB.tUitQHHzlieoxmiuwmfk7YGy8HgsC.xnAKy74UBGnUGCJcYJYNzS5bMKYHJG.5mG3qr3iCxmRyk4hDzUTvIYxSFTW76UgeDL15s.rfpFvhVi6ck0jGwQ_UUgfMHDZ3bcyAi88VXk0x21JObes4NEksTwFIt2ynuAwfCM61LizNn8N6TmHXR92gY2PDF9L.MTVMpZCBi4At19S3wXFziZschQWK9KjUhmxJBkOg66_SmgAwxIpSIfOhehWJDF_bvteb35yZ3C0kRX6i__n.zi8NbqmpyNd8Uo3omwpLTMv6XmHZwQLFs.up4q6kx_feEjSNJZY4ze5R1pYhlY9fyWwsLnpgG7oPsxTyHilRn5EMAhXBgiLC75NhnfDYkyEOpgpmry6bqi5H6DlFKVIXakPSMV0LipWEq1ZeL0Y9tD_JguHFo14X5pUoVOWSfI0doGuNUFXNpoapuOYLgSR6Sf4fHHOAvnkpxdBHGC6YMVaZLeL7qAQ52yaaDyKw4IiliGCYBJGh8coZDZSek7w2K0ssBpLZce2EltFGOgcbsWFhn4udmMGsW1eT2eshIIeODlPPfiGzHSjbbLKrkNAoR72KYsRrcuSy_YtIvLl5XTvmzLR0poAmMTilnuRbxi_CB3okyz06rrZ39zwAqjWwx8SjqrRZp8judSYW8Z7K6ZLXrI8K_0AH.nyjiVC40qdqvDjBygtzWy3dMefw0Mf4pneoDMEFXS8msHZGqGzUBB9Role4sByEnursUZZTVuyE_iC7IreU5wuXfowlgeioOXFAlLZeGlKCP7B0un8L8SLqJ1pfinK16d406X4B3TFWgyALlubAQBhtlIZQ14bvqx3z.nWvfY_PsTNQANaMfQrtWwIu46HHYK3YZO3ckRt.9RjYch4phbx9sPJx.tqFKc6I2jBwbsTOmRaRkk1XeSN.BzBpBFu0RIiY3M5i_ivS5w5o.Te57h2373dQxOe1oQiDoHX_EuGiIM3n6cTIGXLCKP.F61WBAsSPKdP.Oqk9F6zmdLkqAmnmnocy2hlqKoYPiismmE54qdyJeGH9b73DhzEWhQy4eAkhRQ",mdrd: "7pU2OIXVlfZxDq4QKStMHyYIX3Tvw5Ge4GrvRIS7HTQ-1739793020-1.2.1.1-K.6_.oCjCxZeP8pt5_cSu_TKHsgkzAunBIv1ESIOGxK7QUb6J0D.eo0fNzjIN9NubsyBRtKDmWR0arVKhEEPMuWu8a_c6TKpah0b0ITZnYsp8dUEdRv3NKAN7EDNS_bVM4ZFH.AJ7JHxAskbL478RgVkbIGR3.fEuRn74USqvC9pwqUCgVpM4goktByzOD9U8WTITRkBj3F8F11j6cIUglM9cq1jElh4Ad3m2RIEJzb7OVb_scFQvNHDjCiqPxrexl9P7VlQB1rgHkYFwq4EkWCbt0vlMWDKWSYbV1uXeHsURgtSPsZR.KYbyTq0yq7RX6NO09ruawqG0_hYdoTZ4C0ImxDOLMrra5hyOvUPUY89otlOuNHjoX15Lz7B7WlZB7nA8T24Zs4o4DhoxoL8cs_dZhzFlnF0W90nAwO1UA7ifTFSyGWdqnxBumv36VEvqk0mKyZ22xTw1JqPItMSn3dEDHw9_JfYcg5YDZK76ilAgXivUo18f1eIKRa7.NtTYFSxKqwgG2A7Wj3xkmnd7rCTEMhTVZJhdoKQtijnM8aRg8Fc2uGBWMJKBHVGrvOer3YiWjFSjF9j9FZSrMic9NYvevHOXsRT.9hjhpt6IR3.LlbJPsG6pS4Fu3bT3jcAj.dOVILbKeRYx7.AjkMJWcvR.K8etb5WgZTUzB1nhL7fUtd0d8Jgrf_u2MC6sNf4m8zvyb4l.5uOtv7lAKB3K0bwmxcvKW0rAHBBUPNGCDmHdOQSnuFP.TshhWUnOrnl6uDnr_ka6P5swRLxceow6ml3wkfz2C3jTSu67X4c3lplO8f2HDaGgRtrtmYLZ.mqkyHlqs2MzWhOyu9_o9.5h4Pfii7g535R8PNQAO5c8lcQ9HWzky8zYGRcligeL6FcifqQzk61XK_Me6ckiz8sIKZsWVcGL2J1peqXJUmWagBzCo67WkzDpAtYCN_AKZkFfId3yNG5gCznYvWsx8uNFRaTag4ho45j7bAt_ZW.A8fv91dkNHUTYcDPTv34fDJXfxmEl8mwu4mnzSSGobdmnrhTUAe6B2xnOsaVslsdbmumEFMi5.5k8nXzOKbu1c2hFpXXRI2u_HtPt98lFOmUekeA7fyp9j7zhR5_t_a34r9bUamHX_ycZFbMuRTJI3z7FlvFHIn6Gp1VR84fyaH909EzhcSArCh90mdZze50vG29oqszTGpehaym6h7MDh8XzZOAvk077TjO7omc6FVI0EMPryc3Gk7q2ZbgaDWb1DiVe.iGXkvXC5G3g1Mr88zioQ08GnzGEryykX00L7lY57QojwSJCOoTLXS3AfzSruBlmeBzWpZg8JFyCw7wi0cdcf6dUnmSRN8ble96ct7rQPk.ieKWbbGM7KBcLKqSkNQWTgsMfX4I9W_AM9pceOUbm857byPQ4OVTETNJvT8QAPj8pAxin2Od_84Sxhk2Eom4mdh4DeL1t3OsDFviniRxWn0lIvveMOCyA5pYSQhmV_CbTpu7B93kmYBRqoy7GEtkLEpDsAnkTv4aWoPQbkkud7jq_Dio_vbQDlw8JoB7rAflDOClVELJ.upblETsr1iaIBqoKO3TN843xw40KFU1cJXzG90eQT1pxJ_FhWGsirD2TLjlJAOOrMfZNCmlnG22RBX6C4klHosbCrbJC9SAIY4FndCA9qPt9NdJ2bPzF1AwSZOwjJ9sC4BtiCnnpTeHFLFWgITWAysPYYx8NESmVk17g9tOy81XySLect0td25YhY6mCYQjk3DmqE8Atl54pig8y2IzL5L9eMFXwLrG8Kz6oXER_uVgZJzhCKIM21QPXMaYt69UaXRahlxujKer5ox4W6IWFUbqFw1gX4mKDTzXBFimxcUl6SZC.K5H4JGnYtyVgAoXhmNbUAAG_sXOHVMViZ.rN8fKbbv4lh3kpVo7s1xEd.6g7n.5e1kOpsSa3VIR8yuHyShAoBY_a3rGdpLcjOQimqnz3Uci44Lt"};var cpo = document.createElement('script');cpo.src = '/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/b/orchestrate/chl_page/v1?ray=91358f2a6a2d26da';window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash = location.hash === '' && location.href.indexOf('#') !== -1 ? '#' : location.hash;window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery = location.search === '' && location.href.slice(0, location.href.length - window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash.length).indexOf('?') !== -1 ? '?' : location.search;if (window.history && window.history.replaceState) {var ogU = location.pathname + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash;history.replaceState(null, null, "\/search-results?q=&tax=AcademicSubjects\/AHU03568&__cf_chl_rt_tk=SBpSUM8BKjTjOzZRQJwRbIy..X1RaeNqNVU.XYZJoKw-1739793020-1.0.1.1-aoT5decKU1BMQ8SNNZz4rzErUm.aBZa9iwHl5OIvhks" + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash);cpo.onload = function() {history.replaceState(null, null, ogU);}}document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(cpo);}());</script></body></html>