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vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vowel_harmony"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Vowel harmony</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vowel_harmony-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Words" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Words"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Words</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Words-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alphabet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alphabet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Alphabet</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alphabet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Morphology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Morphology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Morphology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Morphology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Morphology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Morphology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Verbs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Verbs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Verbs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Verbs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nouns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nouns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Nouns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nouns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Auxiliary_word_and_agreement_suffixes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Auxiliary_word_and_agreement_suffixes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Auxiliary word and agreement suffixes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Auxiliary_word_and_agreement_suffixes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Avoidance_register" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Avoidance_register"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Avoidance register</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Avoidance_register-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Warlpiri_Sign_Language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Warlpiri_Sign_Language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Warlpiri Sign Language</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Warlpiri_Sign_Language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon 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Available in 18 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-18" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">18 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warlpiri" title="Warlpiri – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Warlpiri" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warlpiri" title="Warlpiri – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Warlpiri" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varlpiri_keel" title="Varlpiri keel – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Varlpiri keel" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_warlpiri" title="Idioma warlpiri – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Idioma warlpiri" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warlpiri_bhasa" title="Warlpiri bhasa – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Warlpiri bhasa" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warlpiri" title="Warlpiri – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Warlpiri" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_warlpiri" title="Lingua warlpiri – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Lingua warlpiri" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_warlpiri" title="Lingua warlpiri – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lingua warlpiri" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiwarlpiri" title="Kiwarlpiri – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kiwarlpiri" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8_(%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%B2)" title="Вальбири (кыв) – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Вальбири (кыв)" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AF%E3%83%AB%E3%83%94%E3%83%AA%E8%AA%9E" title="ワルピリ語 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ワルピリ語" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warlpiri" title="Warlpiri – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Warlpiri" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warlpiri" title="Warlpiri – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Warlpiri" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenga_warlpiri" title="Lenga warlpiri – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Lenga warlpiri" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_warlpiri" title="Língua warlpiri – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Língua warlpiri" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8_(%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA)" title="Вальбири (язык) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Вальбири (язык)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warlpiri" title="Warlpiri – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Warlpiri" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%93%A6%E5%B0%94%E7%9A%AE%E9%87%8C%E8%AF%AD" title="瓦尔皮里语 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="瓦尔皮里语" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1639998#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div 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Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Warlpiri+language%22">"Warlpiri language"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Warlpiri+language%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Warlpiri+language%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Warlpiri+language%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Warlpiri+language%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Warlpiri+language%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: #eba9ee;">Warlpiri</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Pronunciation</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="wbp-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Australian_languages" title="Help:IPA/Australian languages">[waɭpiɻi]</a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Native to</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Region</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Territory" title="Northern Territory">Northern Territory</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Ethnicity</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Warlpiri_people" title="Warlpiri people">Warlpiri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ngalia_(Northern_Territory)" title="Ngalia (Northern Territory)">Ngalia</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Native speakers</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">2,624 (2021 census)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Language family</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Pama%E2%80%93Nyungan_languages" title="Pama–Nyungan languages">Pama–Nyungan</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em;padding-left:0"><li> <a href="/wiki/Ngumpin%E2%80%93Yapa_languages" title="Ngumpin–Yapa languages">Ngumpin–Yapa</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Ngarrkic_languages" title="Ngarrkic languages">Ngarrkic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><b>Warlpiri</b></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr class="plainlist"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Dialects</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"> <ul><li>Warlpiri</li> <li>Ngaliya</li> <li>Walmala</li> <li>Ngardilpa</li> <li>Eastern Warlpiri</li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Manually_coded_language" title="Manually coded language">Signed forms</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Warlpiri_Sign_Language" title="Warlpiri Sign Language">Warlpiri Sign Language</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #eba9ee;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/wbp" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:wbp">wbp</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></i></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/warl1254">warl1254</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Australian_Institute_of_Aboriginal_and_Torres_Strait_Islander_Studies" title="Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies">AIATSIS</a><sup id="cite_ref-AIATSIS_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AIATSIS-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://collection.aiatsis.gov.au/austlang/language/C15">C15</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Endangered_Languages_Project" title="Endangered Languages Project">ELP</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.endangeredlanguages.com/lang/2582">Warlpiri</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Warlpiri_map.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Warlpiri_map.png/320px-Warlpiri_map.png" decoding="async" width="320" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Warlpiri_map.png/480px-Warlpiri_map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9a/Warlpiri_map.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="269" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint selfref" style="background-color:#E7E7FF;color:inherit;padding:0.3em 0.5em;text-align:left;line-height:1.3;"><b>This article contains <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> phonetic symbols.</b> Without proper <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA#Rendering_issues" title="Help:IPA">rendering support</a>, you may see <a href="/wiki/Specials_(Unicode_block)#Replacement_character" title="Specials (Unicode block)">question marks, boxes, or other symbols</a> instead of <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">Help:IPA</a>.</td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style> <p>The <b>Warlpiri</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'w' in 'wind'">w</span><span title="/ɑːr/: 'ar' in 'far'">ɑːr</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="'b' in 'buy'">b</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span></span>/</a></span></span> or <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'w' in 'wind'">w</span><span title="/ɔː/: 'au' in 'fraud'">ɔː</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="'p' in 'pie'">p</span><span title="/ər/: 'er' in 'letter'">ər</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span></span>/</a></span></span>)<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a class="mw-selflink selflink">Warlpiri</a>: <i lang="wbp">Warlpiri</i> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Warlpiri pronunciation:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="wbp-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Australian_languages" title="Help:IPA/Australian languages">[waɭpiɻi]</a></span> > ['waɭbɪ̆ˌɻi])<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> language is spoken by close to 3,000 of the <a href="/wiki/Warlpiri_people" title="Warlpiri people">Warlpiri people</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Tanami_Desert" title="Tanami Desert">Tanami Desert</a>, northwest of <a href="/wiki/Alice_Springs" title="Alice Springs">Alice Springs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Central_Australia" title="Central Australia">Central Australia</a>. It is one of the <a href="/wiki/Ngarrkic_languages" title="Ngarrkic languages">Ngarrkic languages</a> of the large <a href="/wiki/Pama%E2%80%93Nyungan_languages" title="Pama–Nyungan languages">Pama–Nyungan family</a> and is one of the largest <a href="/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_languages" title="Australian Aboriginal languages">Aboriginal languages</a> in Australia in terms of number of speakers. One of the most well-known terms for <a href="/wiki/Dreamtime" class="mw-redirect" title="Dreamtime">The Dreaming</a> (an <a href="/wiki/Aboriginal_Australians" title="Aboriginal Australians">Aboriginal</a> spiritual belief), <i>Jukurrpa</i>, derives from Warlpiri.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Warnayaka</b> (<b>Wanayaga</b>, <b>Woneiga</b>), <b>Wawulya</b> (<b>Ngardilpa</b>), and <b>Ngalia</b> are regarded as probable dialects of Warlpiri on the <a href="/wiki/AUSTLANG" class="mw-redirect" title="AUSTLANG">AUSTLANG</a> database, although with potentially no data;<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while <b>Ngardilypa</b> is confirmed.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Phonology">Phonology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Warlpiri_language&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Phonology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the following tables of the Warlpiri sound system, symbols in <span class="nowrap">⟨boldface⟩</span> give the practical alphabet used by the Warlpiri community. <a href="/wiki/Phonemic" class="mw-redirect" title="Phonemic">Phonemic</a> values in <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> are shown in /slashes/ and <a href="/wiki/Phonetic_transcription" title="Phonetic transcription">phonetic values</a> in [square brackets]. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vowels">Vowels</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Warlpiri_language&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Vowels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Front_vowel" title="Front vowel">Front</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Back_vowel" title="Back vowel">Back</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Close_vowel" title="Close vowel">Close</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨i⟩</span> <span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">iː</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨ii⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">u</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨u⟩</span> <span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">uː</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨uu⟩</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Open_vowel" title="Open vowel">Open</a> </th> <td colspan="2"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">a</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨a⟩</span> <span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">aː</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨aa⟩</span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Warlpiri has a standard three-vowel system, similar to that of <a href="/wiki/Classical_Arabic" title="Classical Arabic">Classical Arabic</a>, with a phonemic length distinction creating a total of six possible vowels. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consonants">Consonants</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Warlpiri_language&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Consonants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2"> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Peripheral_consonant" title="Peripheral consonant">Peripheral</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Laminal_consonant" title="Laminal consonant">Laminal</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Apical_consonant" title="Apical consonant">Apical</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Bilabial_consonant" title="Bilabial consonant">Bilabial</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">Velar</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Palatal_consonant" title="Palatal consonant">Palatal</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_consonant" title="Alveolar consonant">Alveolar</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Retroflex_consonant" title="Retroflex consonant">Retroflex</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Plosive_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Plosive consonant">Plosive</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a></span>~<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiced bilabial plosive">b</a>]</span> <span class="nowrap">⟨p⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a></span>~<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">g</a>]</span> <span class="nowrap">⟨k⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_palatal_plosive" title="Voiceless palatal plosive">c</a></span>~<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_plosive" title="Voiced palatal plosive">ɟ</a>]</span> <span class="nowrap">⟨j⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar plosive">t</a></span>~<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar plosive">d</a>]</span> <span class="nowrap">⟨t⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_retroflex_plosive" title="Voiceless retroflex plosive">ʈ</a></span>~<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_plosive" title="Voiced retroflex plosive">ɖ</a>]</span> <span class="nowrap">⟨rt⟩</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Nasal_consonant" title="Nasal consonant">Nasal</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨m⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_nasal" title="Voiced velar nasal">ŋ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨ng⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_nasal" title="Voiced palatal nasal">ɲ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨ny⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar nasal">n</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨n⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_nasal" title="Voiced retroflex nasal">ɳ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨rn⟩</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Trill_consonant" title="Trill consonant">Trill</a> </th> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_trill" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar trill">r</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨rr⟩</span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Flap_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Flap consonant">Flap</a> </th> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_flap" title="Voiced retroflex flap">ɽ</a></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɻ͡ɾ]</span><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span class="nowrap">⟨rd⟩</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Lateral_consonant" title="Lateral consonant">Lateral</a> </th> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_lateral_approximant" title="Voiced palatal lateral approximant">ʎ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨ly⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral approximant">l</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨l⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_lateral_approximant" title="Voiced retroflex lateral approximant">ɭ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨rl⟩</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Approximant_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Approximant consonant">Approximant</a> </th> <td colspan="2"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant" title="Voiced labial–velar approximant">w</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨w⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨y⟩</span> </td> <td colspan="2"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_approximant" title="Voiced retroflex approximant">ɻ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨r⟩</span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The phoneme listed as a retroflex flap <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_flap" title="Voiced retroflex flap">ɽ</a>/</span> is phonetically an unusual consonant <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɻ͡ɾ]</span> that is possibly unique to Warlpiri. The tip of the tongue begins in retroflex position but then moves forward rapidly, flapping against the alveolar ridge.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <p>As shown in the chart, Warlpiri distinguishes five positions of articulation and has oral and nasal stops at each position. The oral stops have no <a href="/wiki/Phonemic" class="mw-redirect" title="Phonemic">phonemic</a> <a href="/wiki/Phonation" title="Phonation">voice</a> distinction, but they display voiced and unvoiced <a href="/wiki/Allophones" class="mw-redirect" title="Allophones">allophones</a>. Stops are usually unvoiced at the beginning of a word and voiced elsewhere. In both positions, they are usually unaspirated. </p><p>Warlpiri, like most other Australian languages, has no <a href="/wiki/Fricative_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Fricative consonant">fricative</a> consonants. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Syllables_and_stress">Syllables and stress</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Warlpiri_language&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Syllables and stress"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Warlpiri <a href="/wiki/Syllables" class="mw-redirect" title="Syllables">syllables</a> are quite constrained in structure. All syllables begin with a single consonant, there are no syllable-initial consonant clusters and no syllable begins with a vowel. After the consonant is a single long or short vowel, which is sometimes followed by a single closing consonant. Open syllables are much more common than closed ones. No syllable ends with a stop or with the retroflex flap /ɽ/. </p><p>The most common kind of consonant cluster occurs when a syllable ends with a nasal consonant and the next syllable begins with the corresponding stop, but other clusters like /rk/ and /lp/ also occur. </p><p>Stress is not generally distinctive but is assigned by rule. Polysyllabic words receive primary stress on the first syllable, with secondary stresses tending to occur on alternate syllables thereafter; this rhythm may be broken by the structure of the word and so some three-syllable stress groups occur. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vowel_harmony">Vowel harmony</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Warlpiri_language&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Vowel harmony"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>If two adjacent syllables in a Warlpiri <a href="/wiki/Morpheme" title="Morpheme">morpheme</a> have high vowels, those high vowels are almost always alike: both /u/ or both /i/. The number of Warlpiri roots with adjacent syllables having /u/ and /i/ is very small. Both <i>progressive</i> and <i>regressive</i> vowel harmony occur. In progressive vowel harmony, the second vowel changes to match the first; in regressive harmony, the first changes to match the second. </p><p>The tendency to prefer adjacent high vowels to be identical also spreads across morpheme boundaries within a word. Adding a suffix to a word can place a /u/ and an /i/ in contact. When that happens, one of the vowels tends to assimilate by changing to match the other vowel. That kind of <a href="/wiki/Assimilation_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Assimilation (linguistics)">assimilation</a> is called <a href="/wiki/Vowel_harmony" title="Vowel harmony">vowel harmony</a> and is common in the world's languages. It is found, for example, in <a href="/wiki/Finnish_language" title="Finnish language">Finnish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mongolian_language" title="Mongolian language">Mongolian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a>. </p><p>Regressive harmony occurs only when a tense suffix is attached to a verb (see below). For example, when the verb <span title="Warlpiri-language text"><i lang="wbp">panti-</i></span> (class 2) is placed in the past tense with the suffix <span title="Warlpiri-language text"><i lang="wbp">-rnu</i></span>, the result is <span title="Warlpiri-language text"><i lang="wbp">panturnu</i></span>, not <span title="Warlpiri-language text">*<i lang="wbp">pantirnu</i></span>. Progressive harmony occurs with most other kinds of suffixes. For example, when the <a href="/wiki/Ergative_case" title="Ergative case">ergative case</a> suffix <span title="Warlpiri-language text"><i lang="wbp">-ngku</i></span> is attached to the noun <span title="Warlpiri-language text"><i lang="wbp">karli</i></span> 'boomerang', the result is <span title="Warlpiri-language text"><i lang="wbp">karlingki</i></span>, not <span title="Warlpiri-language text">*<i lang="wbp">karlingku</i></span>. </p><p>On occasion, long chains of high vowels can assimilate, each forcing the next. For example, when the class 2 verb <span title="Warlpiri-language text"><i lang="wbp">kiji-</i></span> is attached to the past tense suffix <i>-rnu</i>, the resulting word is <span title="Warlpiri-language text"><i lang="wbp">kujurnu</i></span>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Words">Words</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Warlpiri_language&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Words"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>No Warlpiri word begins with an alveolar consonant; the first consonant of a word must be bilabial, palatal, retroflex or velar. Exceptions include borrowings such as <span title="Warlpiri-language text"><i lang="wbp">tala</i></span> 'dollar', from English <i>dollar</i>. </p><p>All Warlpiri words end in vowels. A word whose final meaningful component ends in a consonant is usually "corrected" by appending a meaningless suffix, usually <span title="Warlpiri-language text"><i lang="wbp">-pa</i></span>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Alphabet">Alphabet</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Warlpiri_language&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Alphabet"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since the 1950s, Warlpiri has been written in the <a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin script</a> using an alphabet originally devised by Lothar Jagst and later modified slightly. The Warlpiri alphabet uses only ordinary letters, with no accent marks, and has the following deviations from IPA: </p> <ol><li>Long vowels are written by doubling the vowel letter: <i>ii</i>, <i>aa</i>, <i>uu</i>.</li> <li>Retroflex consonants are written with digraphs formed by prefixing <i>r</i> to the usual alveolar symbol: <i>rt</i>, <i>rn</i>, <i>rl</i>.</li> <li>The palatal stop is written <i>j</i>.</li> <li>Other palatals are written with digraphs formed by suffixing <i>y</i> to the usual alveolar symbol: <i>ny</i>, <i>ly</i>. The palatal approximant is written <i>y</i>.</li> <li>The velar nasal is written <i>ng</i>.</li> <li>The alveolar trill is written <i>rr</i>.</li> <li>The retroflex flap is written <i>rd</i>.</li> <li>The retroflex approximant is written <i>r</i>.</li></ol> <p>To those basic rules are added two adjustments to make the alphabet easier to use. </p> <ol><li>The indicators <i>y</i> (for palatal) and <i>r</i> (for retroflex) are often dropped if they are redundant in consonant clusters with the same position of articulation: <i>nyj</i> is written <i>nj</i>, <i>rnrt</i> is written <i>rnt</i>.</li> <li>At the beginning of a word, the retroflex indicator <i>r</i> may be omitted. That does not produce ambiguity because no Warlpiri word begins with a plain alveolar consonant: <span title="Warlpiri-language text"><i lang="wbp">rtari</i></span> 'foot' is written <span title="Warlpiri-language text"><i lang="wbp">tari</i></span>.</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Morphology">Morphology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Warlpiri_language&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Morphology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Verbs">Verbs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Warlpiri_language&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Verbs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Warlpiri verbs are built from a few hundred verb roots, distributed among five conjugation classes. Two of the classes contain the vast majority of verb roots; the other three classes have only a few roots each. </p><p>A large class of modifying prefixes, or <i>preverbs</i>, are used to create verbs with specific meanings. For example, the verb root <span title="Warlpiri-language text"><i lang="wbp">parnka-</i></span> means 'run' by itself, and <span title="Warlpiri-language text"><i lang="wbp">wurulyparnka-</i></span> means 'scurry into hiding'. The preverb <span title="Warlpiri-language text"><i lang="wbp">wuruly-</i></span> is used with a few other verb roots to form other verbs of hiding or seclusion. Preverbs are sometimes reduplicated for emphasis or to change the meaning. </p><p>Most preverb-verb combinations are fixed in the lexicon, and new combinations cannot be created freely. However, a few preverbs are very productive and can be combined with many different roots, and some roots accept almost any preverb. </p><p>The verb root is followed by a tense suffix. There are five tense suffixes for each conjugation class, as shown in the following table. (Some optional variations have been omitted.) </p> <table class="wikitable" border="1" style="text-align: center"> <tbody><tr> <th>Class </th> <th>Nonpast </th> <th>Past </th> <th>Imperative </th> <th>Immediate future </th> <th>Present </th></tr> <tr> <th>1 </th> <td><span title="Warlpiri-language text"><i lang="wbp">mi</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Warlpiri-language text"><i lang="wbp">ja</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Warlpiri-language text"><i lang="wbp">ya</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Warlpiri-language text"><i lang="wbp">ju</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Warlpiri-language text"><i lang="wbp">nya</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>2 </th> <td><span title="Warlpiri-language text"><i lang="wbp">rni</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Warlpiri-language text"><i lang="wbp">rnu</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Warlpiri-language text"><i lang="wbp">ka</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Warlpiri-language text"><i lang="wbp">ku</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Warlpiri-language text"><i lang="wbp">rninya</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>3 </th> <td><span title="Warlpiri-language text"><i lang="wbp">nyi</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Warlpiri-language text"><i lang="wbp">ngu</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Warlpiri-language text"><i lang="wbp">ngka</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Warlpiri-language text"><i lang="wbp">ngku</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Warlpiri-language text"><i lang="wbp">nganya</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>4 </th> <td><span title="Warlpiri-language text"><i lang="wbp">rni</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Warlpiri-language text"><i lang="wbp">rnu</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Warlpiri-language text"><i lang="wbp">nja</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Warlpiri-language text"><i lang="wbp">lku</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Warlpiri-language text"><i lang="wbp">rninya</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>5 </th> <td><span title="Warlpiri-language text"><i lang="wbp">ni</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Warlpiri-language text"><i lang="wbp">nu</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Warlpiri-language text"><i lang="wbp">nta</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Warlpiri-language text"><i lang="wbp">nku</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Warlpiri-language text"><i lang="wbp">nanya</i></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nouns">Nouns</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Warlpiri_language&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Nouns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Warlpiri nouns are assembled from thousands of roots, with a rich array of derivational techniques such as compounding and derivational suffixes. Plurals are formed by reduplication of the root. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Auxiliary_word_and_agreement_suffixes">Auxiliary word and agreement suffixes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Warlpiri_language&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Auxiliary word and agreement suffixes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Each full Warlpiri clause may contain an <i>auxiliary</i> word, which, together with the verb suffix, serves to identify tense and to clarify the relationship between main and dependent clauses. Common auxiliaries include <span title="Warlpiri-language text"><i lang="wbp">ka</i></span> (present tense), <span title="Warlpiri-language text"><i lang="wbp">kapi</i></span> (future tense), <span title="Warlpiri-language text"><i lang="wbp">kaji</i></span> (conditional). The auxiliary word is almost always the second word of a clause. </p><p>The auxiliary word also functions as the home for an elaborate family of suffixes that specify the person and number of the subject and object of the clause. They are similar to the familiar conjugational suffixes that agree with the subject in <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European languages</a>, but in Warlpiri, they are placed on the auxiliary instead of on the verb and agree with the object as well as the subject. </p><p>An example of a suffixed auxiliary word can be seen in the farewell, <span title="Warlpiri-language text"><i lang="wbp">kapirnangku nyanyi</i></span> 'I will see you.' Here, <span title="Warlpiri-language text"><i lang="wbp">kapi</i></span> indicates future tense, <i>-rna</i> indicates first-person singular subject 'I', <i>-ngku</i> indicates second-person singular object 'you' and <span title="Warlpiri-language text"><i lang="wbp">nyanyi</i></span> is the nonpast form of the class 3 verb 'see'. </p><p>In the past tense, the auxiliary word often drops out completely. In that case, the agreement suffixes attach instead to the first or second word of the clause, as in <span title="Warlpiri-language text"><i lang="wbp">nyangurnangku</i></span> 'I saw you'. </p><p>The junction at which the agreement suffixes are attached can trigger progressive vowel harmony. Thus, <span title="Warlpiri-language text"><i lang="wbp">nyanyi kapingki</i></span> '(S)he will see you' shows the vowel of the suffix <i>-ngku</i> (second-person singular object) assimilating to the final vowel of <span title="Warlpiri-language text"><i lang="wbp">kapi</i></span>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Avoidance_register">Avoidance register</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Warlpiri_language&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Avoidance register"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Warlpiri culture, it is considered impolite or shameful for certain family relations to converse. (For example, a woman should not converse with her son-in-law.) If such conversation is necessary, speakers use a special style of the language, the <a href="/wiki/Avoidance_speech" title="Avoidance speech">avoidance register</a>. The avoidance register has the same grammar as ordinary Warlpiri but a drastically reduced lexicon. Most content words are replaced by a generic synonym or a word unique to the avoidance register. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Warlpiri_Sign_Language">Warlpiri Sign Language</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Warlpiri_language&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Warlpiri Sign Language"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Warlpiri_Sign_Language" title="Warlpiri Sign Language">Warlpiri Sign Language</a> exists as well as the spoken language. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Warlpiri_language&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sbs.com.au/news/creative/census-explorer">"SBS Australian Census Explorer"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=SBS+Australian+Census+Explorer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sbs.com.au%2Fnews%2Fcreative%2Fcensus-explorer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWarlpiri+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AIATSIS-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AIATSIS_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://collection.aiatsis.gov.au/austlang/language/C15">C15</a> Warlpiri at the Australian Indigenous Languages Database, <a href="/wiki/Australian_Institute_of_Aboriginal_and_Torres_Strait_Islander_Studies" title="Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies">Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Laurie Bauer, 2007, <i>The Linguistics Student's Handbook</i>, Edinburgh</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=JNAv1c2n38U">"Warlpiri audio: Wbp_word-list_1976_01"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211213/JNAv1c2n38U">Archived</a> from the original on 13 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=YouTube&rft.atitle=Warlpiri+audio%3A+Wbp_word-list_1976_01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fm.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DJNAv1c2n38U&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWarlpiri+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=F7lEOgLhTrY">"Warlpiri Man - Protect Our Culture (Warlpiri)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211213/F7lEOgLhTrY">Archived</a> from the original on 13 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=YouTube&rft.atitle=Warlpiri+Man+-+Protect+Our+Culture+%28Warlpiri%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fm.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DF7lEOgLhTrY&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWarlpiri+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jukurrpadesigns.com.au/jukurrpa-meaning">"Jukurrpa"</a>. <i>Jukurrpa Designs</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Jukurrpa+Designs&rft.atitle=Jukurrpa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jukurrpadesigns.com.au%2Fjukurrpa-meaning&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWarlpiri+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNicholls2014" class="citation web cs1">Nicholls, Christine Judith (22 January 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theconversation.com/dreamtime-and-the-dreaming-an-introduction-20833">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Dreamtime' and 'The Dreaming' – an introduction"</a>. <i>The Conversation</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Conversation&rft.atitle=%27Dreamtime%27+and+%27The+Dreaming%27+%E2%80%93+an+introduction&rft.date=2014-01-22&rft.aulast=Nicholls&rft.aufirst=Christine+Judith&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftheconversation.com%2Fdreamtime-and-the-dreaming-an-introduction-20833&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWarlpiri+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://collection.aiatsis.gov.au/austlang/language/C40">C40</a> Warnayaka at the Australian Indigenous Languages Database, <a href="/wiki/Australian_Institute_of_Aboriginal_and_Torres_Strait_Islander_Studies" title="Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies">Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://collection.aiatsis.gov.au/austlang/language/C39">C39</a> Wawulya at the Australian Indigenous Languages Database, <a href="/wiki/Australian_Institute_of_Aboriginal_and_Torres_Strait_Islander_Studies" title="Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies">Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://collection.aiatsis.gov.au/austlang/language/C43">C43</a> Ngalia at the Australian Indigenous Languages Database, <a href="/wiki/Australian_Institute_of_Aboriginal_and_Torres_Strait_Islander_Studies" title="Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies">Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://collection.aiatsis.gov.au/austlang/language/C38">C38</a> Ngardilypa at the Australian Indigenous Languages Database, <a href="/wiki/Australian_Institute_of_Aboriginal_and_Torres_Strait_Islander_Studies" title="Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies">Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Warlpiri_language&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>Nash, David (1980). <i>Topics in Warlpiri Grammar</i>, PhD thesis, MIT.</li> <li>Laughren, Hoogenraad, Hale, Granites (1996). <i>A Learner's Guide to Warlpiri: Tape course for beginners</i>, IAD Press, Alice Springs.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Warlpiri_language&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Incubator-logo.svg/32px-Incubator-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Incubator-logo.svg/48px-Incubator-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Incubator-logo.svg/64px-Incubator-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="799" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><i><b><a href="https://incubator.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wp/wbp" class="extiw" title="incubator:Wp/wbp">Warlpiri language test</a></b></i> of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a> at <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Incubator" class="extiw" title="meta:Wikimedia Incubator">Wikimedia Incubator</a></div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNash2020" class="citation web cs1">Nash, David (25 March 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.anu.edu.au/linguistics/nash/aust/wlp/">"Warlpiri: Warlpiri bibliography"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Australian_National_University" title="Australian National University">Australian National University</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Australian+National+University&rft.atitle=Warlpiri%3A+Warlpiri+bibliography&rft.date=2020-03-25&rft.aulast=Nash&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.anu.edu.au%2Flinguistics%2Fnash%2Faust%2Fwlp%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWarlpiri+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.omniglot.com/writing/warlpiri.htm">"Warlpiri"</a>. <i>Omniglot</i>. 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Omniglot&rft.atitle=Warlpiri&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.omniglot.com%2Fwriting%2Fwarlpiri.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWarlpiri+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.paradisec.org.au/collections/search?language_code=wbp">"Paradisec Catalog: Collections [Search on Walpiri]"</a>. <i>Paradisec</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Paradisec&rft.atitle=Paradisec+Catalog%3A+Collections+%5BSearch+on+Walpiri%5D&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcatalog.paradisec.org.au%2Fcollections%2Fsearch%3Flanguage_code%3Dwbp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWarlpiri+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doreco.huma-num.fr/languages/warl1254">Warlpiri DoReCo corpus</a> compiled by Carmel O'Shannessy. Audio recordings of narrative texts, with transcriptions time-aligned at the phone level and translations.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_Australia" title="Template:Languages of Australia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_Australia" title="Template talk:Languages of Australia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_Australia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of Australia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_Australia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Australia" title="Languages of Australia">Languages of Australia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> varieties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Australian_English" title="Australian English">Australian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Western_Australian_English" title="Western Australian English">Western Australian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/South_Australian_English" title="South Australian English">South Australian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_English" title="Australian Aboriginal English">Australian Aboriginal</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Torres_Strait_English" title="Torres Strait English">Torres Strait</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major <a href="/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_languages" title="Australian Aboriginal languages">Indigenous<br />languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Anindilyakwa_language" title="Anindilyakwa language">Anindilyakwa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Arrernte_language" title="Arrernte language">Arrernte</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Burarra_language" title="Burarra language">Burarra</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kalaw_Lagaw_Ya" title="Kalaw Lagaw Ya">Kalaw Lagaw Ya</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Murrinh-patha_language" title="Murrinh-patha language">Murrinh Patha</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tiwi_language" title="Tiwi language">Tiwi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Walmajarri_language" title="Walmajarri language">Walmajarri</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Warlpiri</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Warumungu_language" title="Warumungu language">Warumungu</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Western_Desert_language" title="Western Desert language">Western Desert</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Luritja_dialect" title="Luritja dialect">Luritja</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pintupi_dialect" title="Pintupi dialect">Pintupi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pitjantjatjara_dialect" title="Pitjantjatjara dialect">Pitjantjatjara</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Yol%C5%8Bu_languages" title="Yolŋu languages">Yolŋu Matha</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dhuwal_language" title="Dhuwal language">Dhuwal</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dhuwal_language" title="Dhuwal language">Djambarrpuyngu</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Language families</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bunuban_languages" title="Bunuban languages">Bunuban</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Daly_languages" title="Daly languages">Daly</a> (5 families)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Darwin_Region_languages" title="Darwin Region languages">Darwin Region</a>? (3 families/isolates)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Garawan_languages" title="Garawan languages">Garrwan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Giimbiyu_language" title="Giimbiyu language">Giimbiyu</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Iwaidjan_languages" title="Iwaidjan languages">Iwaidjan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jarrakan_languages" title="Jarrakan languages">Jarrakan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Macro-Gunwinyguan_languages" title="Macro-Gunwinyguan languages">Macro-Gunwinyguan</a>? (5-6 families/isolates)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Marrku%E2%80%93Wurrugu_languages" title="Marrku–Wurrugu languages">Marrku–Wurrugu</a>?</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mirndi_languages" title="Mirndi languages">Mirndi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nyulnyulan_languages" title="Nyulnyulan languages">Nyulnyulan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pama%E2%80%93Nyungan_languages" title="Pama–Nyungan languages">Pama–Nyungan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tangkic_languages" title="Tangkic languages">Tangkic</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tasmanian_languages" title="Tasmanian languages">Tasmanian</a> (4 families?)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tiwi_language" title="Tiwi language">Tiwi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Worrorran_languages" title="Worrorran languages">Worrorran</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Wardaman_language" title="Wardaman language">Yangmanic</a> (incl. <a href="/wiki/Wagiman_language" title="Wagiman language">Wagiman</a>)?</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pidgin" title="Pidgin">Pidgins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Creole_language" title="Creole language">creoles</a> and<br /><a href="/wiki/Mixed_language" title="Mixed language">mixed languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Angloromani_language" title="Angloromani language">Angloromani</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Broome_Pearling_Lugger_Pidgin" title="Broome Pearling Lugger Pidgin">Broome Pearling Lugger Pidgin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cocos_Malay" title="Cocos Malay">Cocos Malay</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gurindji_Kriol_language" title="Gurindji Kriol language">Gurindji Kriol</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Australian_Kriol" title="Australian Kriol">Kriol</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Light_Warlpiri" title="Light Warlpiri">Light Warlpiri</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Norfuk_language" title="Norfuk language">Norfuk</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Port_Jackson_Pidgin_English" title="Port Jackson Pidgin English">Port Jackson Pidgin English</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Queensland_Kanaka_English" title="Queensland Kanaka English">Queensland Kanaka English</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/South_Australian_Pidgin_English" title="South Australian Pidgin English">South Australian Pidgin English</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Torres_Strait_Creole" title="Torres Strait Creole">Torres Strait Creole</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major immigrant languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_language_in_Australia" title="Chinese language in Australia">Chinese</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Cantonese</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mandarin_Chinese" title="Mandarin Chinese">Mandarin</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Greco-Australian_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Greco-Australian dialect">Greek</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Italo-Australian_dialect" title="Italo-Australian dialect">Italian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Korean_language" title="Korean language">Korean</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Maltralian" title="Maltralian">Maltese</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nepali_language" title="Nepali language">Nepali</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tagalog_language" title="Tagalog language">Tagalog</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Urdu_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Urdu language">Urdu</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_language" title="Vietnamese language">Vietnamese</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major foreign languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_language_in_Australia" title="Chinese language in Australia">Chinese</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Greco-Australian_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Greco-Australian dialect">Greek</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_language" title="Indonesian language">Indonesian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Italo-Australian_dialect" title="Italo-Australian dialect">Italian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sign languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Auslan" title="Auslan">Auslan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_sign_languages" title="Australian Aboriginal sign languages">Australian Aboriginal</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Far_North_Queensland_Indigenous_Sign_Language" title="Far North Queensland Indigenous Sign Language">Indigenous Sign Language</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Australian_Irish_Sign_Language" title="Australian Irish Sign Language">Australian Irish Sign Language</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Aboriginal_Australians" title="Aboriginal Australians">Aboriginal Australians</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Australians" title="Indigenous Australians">Indigenous Australians</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Warlpiri_language&oldid=1257782012">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Warlpiri_language&oldid=1257782012</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Warlpiri_language" title="Category:Warlpiri language">Warlpiri language</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ngarrkic_languages" title="Category:Ngarrkic languages">Ngarrkic languages</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Vowel-harmony_languages" title="Category:Vowel-harmony languages">Vowel-harmony languages</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_plain_IPA" title="Category:Pages with plain IPA">Pages with plain IPA</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a 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Warlpiri IPA">Pages with Warlpiri IPA</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:ISO_language_articles_citing_sources_other_than_Ethnologue" title="Category:ISO language articles citing sources other than Ethnologue">ISO language articles citing sources other than Ethnologue</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Warlpiri-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Warlpiri-language text">Articles containing Warlpiri-language text</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 16 November 2024, at 16:43<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative 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