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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Pacific Islander regions</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Pacific_Islander_regions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Pacific Islander regions subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Pacific_Islander_regions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Melanesia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Melanesia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Melanesia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Melanesia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Micronesia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Micronesia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Micronesia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Micronesia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Polynesia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Polynesia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Polynesia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Polynesia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ethnic_groups" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethnic_groups"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Ethnic groups</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Ethnic_groups-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Ethnic groups subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Ethnic_groups-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ethnolinguistics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethnolinguistics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Ethnolinguistics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ethnolinguistics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-List_of_Pacific_peoples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_Pacific_peoples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>List of Pacific peoples</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-List_of_Pacific_peoples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Terminology_by_country" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Terminology_by_country"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Terminology by country</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Terminology_by_country-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Terminology by country subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Terminology_by_country-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Australia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Australia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Australia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Australia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_Zealand" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_Zealand"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>New Zealand</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_Zealand-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Pacific Islander</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" 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Available in 15 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-15" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">15 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%AC%D8%B2%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%B7_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A6" title="سكان جزر المحيط الهادئ – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="سكان جزر المحيط الهادئ" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pazifische_Insulana" title="Pazifische Insulana – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Pazifische Insulana" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacifi%C4%8Dt%C3%AD_ostrovan%C3%A9" title="Pacifičtí ostrované – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Pacifičtí ostrované" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pazifische_Insulaner" title="Pazifische Insulaner – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Pazifische Insulaner" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isle%C3%B1o_del_Pac%C3%ADfico" title="Isleño del Pacífico – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Isleño del Pacífico" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%85_%D8%AC%D8%B2%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%82%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B3_%D8%A2%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85" title="مردم جزایر اقیانوس آرام – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مردم جزایر اقیانوس آرام" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oc%C3%A9aniens" title="Océaniens – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Océaniens" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orang_Kepulauan_Pasifik" title="Orang Kepulauan Pasifik – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Orang Kepulauan Pasifik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isolani_del_Pacifico" title="Isolani del Pacifico – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Isolani del Pacifico" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oce%C3%A2nico" title="Oceânico – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Oceânico" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tagata_Pasefika" title="Tagata Pasefika – Samoan" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Tagata Pasefika" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="Samoan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagana Samoa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Islander" title="Pacific Islander – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Pacific Islander" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-to mw-list-item"><a href="https://to.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasifiki" title="Pasifiki – Tongan" lang="to" hreflang="to" data-title="Pasifiki" data-language-autonym="Lea faka-Tonga" data-language-local-name="Tongan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lea faka-Tonga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D1%96_%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%27%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Тихоокеанські остров'яни – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Тихоокеанські остров'яни" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%AA%E5%B9%B3%E6%B4%8B%E5%B3%B6%E5%B6%BC%E5%8E%9F%E4%BD%8F%E6%B0%91" title="太平洋島嶼原住民 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="太平洋島嶼原住民" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q2065556#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a 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<div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Person from the Pacific Islands</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the peoples of the Pacific Islands. For all peoples indigenous to Oceania, see <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_Oceania" title="Indigenous peoples of Oceania">Indigenous peoples of Oceania</a>. For the rugby union team, see <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Islanders_rugby_union_team" title="Pacific Islanders rugby union team">Pacific Islanders rugby union team</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Oceania_UN_Geoscheme_-_Map_with_Zones.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Oceania_UN_Geoscheme_-_Map_with_Zones.svg/220px-Oceania_UN_Geoscheme_-_Map_with_Zones.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Oceania_UN_Geoscheme_-_Map_with_Zones.svg/330px-Oceania_UN_Geoscheme_-_Map_with_Zones.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Oceania_UN_Geoscheme_-_Map_with_Zones.svg/440px-Oceania_UN_Geoscheme_-_Map_with_Zones.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="520" /></a><figcaption>Pacific Islanders originate from countries within the Oceanian regions of Polynesia, Melanesia, and Micronesia.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Pacific Islanders</b>, <b>Pasifika</b>, <b>Pasefika</b>, <b>Pacificans</b>, or rarely <b>Pacificers</b> are the peoples of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Pacific_Ocean" title="List of islands in the Pacific Ocean">Pacific Islands</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As an <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic group">ethnic</a>/<a href="/wiki/Race_(human_categorization)" title="Race (human categorization)">racial</a> term, it is used to describe the original peoples—inhabitants and diasporas<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>—of any of the three major subregions of <a href="/wiki/Oceania" title="Oceania">Oceania</a> (<a href="/wiki/Melanesia" title="Melanesia">Melanesia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Micronesia" title="Micronesia">Micronesia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Polynesia" title="Polynesia">Polynesia</a>) or any other island located in the Pacific Ocean. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Melanesians" title="Melanesians">Melanesians</a> include the Fijians (Fiji), <a href="/wiki/Kanak_people" title="Kanak people">Kanaks</a> (<a href="/wiki/New_Caledonia" title="New Caledonia">New Caledonia</a>), <a href="/wiki/Ni-Vanuatu" title="Ni-Vanuatu">Ni-Vanuatu</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a>), <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_people_of_New_Guinea" title="Indigenous people of New Guinea">Papua New Guineans</a> (<a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a>), <a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands#Ethnic_groups" title="Solomon Islands">Solomon Islanders</a> (<a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands" title="Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a>), <a href="/wiki/Western_New_Guinea#Demographics" title="Western New Guinea">West Papuans</a> (Indonesia's <a href="/wiki/Western_New_Guinea" title="Western New Guinea">West Papua</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Moluccans" title="Moluccans">Moluccans</a> (Indonesia's <a href="/wiki/Maluku_Islands" title="Maluku Islands">Maluku Islands</a>). </p><p><a href="/wiki/Micronesians" title="Micronesians">Micronesians</a> include the <a href="/wiki/Carolinian_people" title="Carolinian people">Carolinians</a> (<a href="/wiki/Caroline_Islands" title="Caroline Islands">Caroline Islands</a>), <a href="/wiki/Chamorro_people" title="Chamorro people">Chamorros</a> (<a href="/wiki/Guam" title="Guam">Guam</a> and <a href="/wiki/Northern_Mariana_Islands" title="Northern Mariana Islands">Northern Mariana Islands</a>), <a href="/wiki/Chuukese_people" title="Chuukese people">Chuukese</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chuuk_State" title="Chuuk State">Chuuk</a>), <a href="/wiki/Kiribati_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Kiribati people">I-Kiribati</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kiribati" title="Kiribati">Kiribati</a>), <a href="/wiki/Kosraeans" class="mw-redirect" title="Kosraeans">Kosraeans</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kosrae" title="Kosrae">Kosrae</a>), <a href="/wiki/Marshallese_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Marshallese people">Marshallese</a> (<a href="/wiki/Marshall_Islands" title="Marshall Islands">Marshall Islands</a>), <a href="/wiki/Palauans" class="mw-redirect" title="Palauans">Palauans</a> (<a href="/wiki/Palau" title="Palau">Palau</a>), <a href="/wiki/Pohnpeians" class="mw-redirect" title="Pohnpeians">Pohnpeians</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pohnpei" title="Pohnpei">Pohnpei</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Yapese_people" title="Yapese people">Yapese</a> (<a href="/wiki/Yap" title="Yap">Yap</a>). </p><p><a href="/wiki/Polynesians" title="Polynesians">Polynesians</a> include the <a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_people" title="Māori people">New Zealand Māori</a> (New Zealand), <a href="/wiki/Native_Hawaiians" title="Native Hawaiians">Native Hawaiians</a> (Hawaii), <a href="/wiki/Rapa_Nui_people" title="Rapa Nui people">Rapa Nui</a> (<a href="/wiki/Easter_Island" title="Easter Island">Easter Island</a>), <a href="/wiki/Samoans" title="Samoans">Samoans</a> (<a href="/wiki/Samoa" title="Samoa">Samoa</a> and <a href="/wiki/American_Samoa" title="American Samoa">American Samoa</a>), Tahitians (Tahiti), <a href="/wiki/Tokelauan_people" title="Tokelauan people">Tokelauans</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tokelau" title="Tokelau">Tokelau</a>), <a href="/wiki/Niueans" class="mw-redirect" title="Niueans">Niueans</a> (<a href="/wiki/Niue" title="Niue">Niue</a>), <a href="/wiki/Cook_Islands_M%C4%81ori" title="Cook Islands Māori">Cook Islands Māori</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cook_Islands" title="Cook Islands">Cook Islands</a>), <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Tonga" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic groups in Tonga">Tongans</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tonga" title="Tonga">Tonga</a>), Wallisians, and Futunans (<a href="/wiki/Wallis_and_Futuna" title="Wallis and Futuna">Wallis and Futuna</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term <i>Pasifika</i> was first used in <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a> to designate the non-indigenous ethnic groups arriving from the aforementioned Pacific nations, excluding New Zealand itself; this term, when used in New Zealand, does not encompass the indigenous <a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_people" title="Māori people">Māori people</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Auckland" title="Auckland">Auckland</a> in New Zealand has the world's largest concentration of urban Pacific Islanders living outside of their own countries, and is sometimes referred to as the "Polynesian capital of the world."<sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This came as result of a steady stream of immigration from Polynesian countries such as Samoa, Tonga, the Cook Islands, Niue, and <a href="/wiki/French_Polynesia" title="French Polynesia">French Polynesia</a> in the 20th and 21st centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The umbrella terms <i>Pacific Islands</i> and <i>Pacific Islanders</i> may also take on several other meanings.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At times, the term <i>Pacific Islands</i> only refers to islands within the cultural regions of Polynesia, Melanesia and Micronesia,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and to tropical islands with <a href="/wiki/Marine_geology" title="Marine geology">oceanic geology</a> in general, such as <a href="/wiki/Clipperton_Island" title="Clipperton Island">Clipperton Island</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In some common uses, the term refers to the islands of the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific Ocean</a> once colonized by the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">Portuguese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spaniards</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Colonial_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch Colonial Empire">Dutch</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_colonial_empire" title="French colonial empire">French</a>, <a href="/wiki/German_colonial_empire" title="German colonial empire">Germans</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_states_colonialism" class="mw-redirect" title="United states colonialism">Americans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japanese_colonial_empire" title="Japanese colonial empire">Japanese</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Empire" title="Chinese Empire">Chinese</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In other uses, it may refer to areas with <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian</a> linguistic heritage like Taiwan, <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>, Micronesia, Polynesia and the <a href="/wiki/Mergui_Archipelago" title="Mergui Archipelago">Myanmar islands</a>, which found their genesis in the <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a> cultures of the <a href="/wiki/Island_of_Taiwan" class="mw-redirect" title="Island of Taiwan">island of Taiwan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In an often geopolitical context, the term has been extended even further to include the large South Pacific landmass of <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-asianpacific_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-asianpacific-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Extent">Extent</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pacific_Islander&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Extent"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Pacific_Islands" title="History of the Pacific Islands">History of the Pacific Islands</a></div> <div role="img" class="noresize" style="width: 750px; line-height: 1; text-align: center; background-color: #ffffff; position: relative;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:EEZ_Oceania.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/EEZ_Oceania.svg/750px-EEZ_Oceania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="750" height="419" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/EEZ_Oceania.svg/1125px-EEZ_Oceania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/EEZ_Oceania.svg/1500px-EEZ_Oceania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="385" data-file-height="215" /></a></span> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:174px; top:262px"><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:345px; top:325px"><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New<br />Zealand</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:399px; top:343px"><a href="/wiki/Chatham_Islands" title="Chatham Islands">Chatham</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:480px; top:59.5px"><a href="/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii"><span style="color:white;">Hawaii</span></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:326.1px; top:73px"><a href="/wiki/Wake_Island" title="Wake Island">Wake</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:219px; top:120.25px"><a href="/wiki/Federated_States_of_Micronesia" title="Federated States of Micronesia"><span style="color:white;">Federated States<br />of Micronesia</span></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:183px; top:131.5px"><a href="/wiki/Palau" title="Palau">Palau</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:237px; top:172px"><a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea">Papua New<br />Guinea</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:700.5px; top:262px"><a href="/wiki/Easter_Island" title="Easter Island"><span style="color:white;">Easter<br />Island</span></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:534px; top:226px"><a href="/wiki/French_Polynesia" title="French Polynesia">French<br />Polynesia</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:462px; top:217px"><a href="/wiki/Cook_Islands" title="Cook Islands">Cook<br />Islands</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:309px; top:241.75px"><a href="/wiki/New_Caledonia" title="New Caledonia">New<br />Caledonia</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:383.25px; top:235px"><a href="/wiki/Fiji" title="Fiji"><span style="color:white;">Fiji</span></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:378.75px; top:190px"><a href="/wiki/Tuvalu" title="Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:354px; top:154px"><a href="/wiki/Kiribati" title="Kiribati">Kiribati</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:412.5px; top:174.25px"><a href="/wiki/Phoenix_Islands" title="Phoenix Islands">Phoenix</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:495.75px; top:169.75px"><a href="/wiki/Line_Islands" title="Line Islands">Line</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:304.5px; top:194.5px"><a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands" title="Solomon Islands"><span style="color:white;">Solomon<br />Islands</span></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:417px; top:194.5px"><a href="/wiki/Tokelau" title="Tokelau">Tokelau</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:318px; top:104.5px"><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Islands" title="Marshall Islands">Marshall<br />Islands</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:324.75px; top:158.5px"><a href="/wiki/Nauru" title="Nauru">Nauru</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:333.75px; top:226px"><a href="/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:408px; top:244px"><a href="/wiki/Tonga" title="Tonga"><span style="color:white;">Tonga</span></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:612.75px; top:257.5px"><a href="/wiki/Pitcairn_Islands" title="Pitcairn Islands">Pitcairn</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:234.75px; top:100px"><a href="/wiki/Guam" title="Guam">Guam</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:331.5px; top:282.25px"><a href="/wiki/Norfolk_Island" title="Norfolk Island">Norfolk</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:230.25px; top:73px"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Mariana_Islands" title="Northern Mariana Islands">Northern<br />Marianas</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:417px; top:210.25px"><a href="/wiki/Samoa" title="Samoa">Samoa</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:444px; top:219.25px"><a href="/wiki/American_Samoa" title="American Samoa"><span style="color:white;">AS</span></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:403.5px; top:214.75px"><a href="/wiki/Wallis_and_Futuna" title="Wallis and Futuna">WF</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:437.25px; top:241.75px"><a href="/wiki/Niue" title="Niue">Niue</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:21px; top:208px"><a href="/wiki/Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands" title="Cocos (Keeling) Islands">Cocos</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:57px; top:205.75px"><a href="/wiki/Christmas_Island" title="Christmas Island">Christmas</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:160.5px; top:32.5px"><a href="/wiki/Ryukyu_Islands" title="Ryukyu Islands"><span style="color:white;">Ryukyu<br />Islands</span></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:219px; top:19px"><a href="/wiki/Izu_Islands" title="Izu Islands"><span style="color:white;">Izu</span></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:219px; top:37px"><a href="/wiki/Bonin_Islands" title="Bonin Islands"><span style="color:white;">Bonin</span></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:219px; top:55px"><a href="/wiki/Volcano_Islands" title="Volcano Islands"><span style="color:white;">Volcano</span></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:183px; top:64px"><a href="/wiki/Okinotorishima" title="Okinotorishima"><span style="color:white;">Okinotori<br />shima</span></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:268.5px; top:52.75px"><a href="/wiki/Minamitorishima" title="Minamitorishima"><span style="color:white;">Minamitori<br />shima</span></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:399px; top:32.5px"><a href="/wiki/Midway_Atoll" title="Midway Atoll"><span style="color:white;">Midway</span></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:423.3px; top:77.5px"><a href="/wiki/Johnston_Atoll" title="Johnston Atoll"><span style="color:white;">Johnston</span></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:682.5px; top:104.5px"><a href="/wiki/Clipperton_Island" title="Clipperton Island">Clipperton</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:669px; top:73px"><a href="/wiki/Socorro_Island" title="Socorro Island"><span style="color:white;">Socorro</span></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:401.25px; top:147.25px"><a href="/wiki/Howland_Island" title="Howland Island">Howland</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:401.25px; top:160.75px"><a href="/wiki/Baker_Island" title="Baker Island">Baker</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:464.25px; top:115.75px"><a href="/wiki/Kingman_Reef" title="Kingman Reef">Kingman</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:464.25px; top:129.25px"><a href="/wiki/Palmyra_Atoll" title="Palmyra Atoll">Palmyra</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:468.3px; top:154px"><a href="/wiki/Jarvis_Island" title="Jarvis Island">Jarvis</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:255px; top:230.5px"><a href="/wiki/Coral_Sea_Islands" title="Coral Sea Islands">Coral Sea</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:297.75px; top:291.25px"><a href="/wiki/Lord_Howe_Island" title="Lord Howe Island">Lord<br />Howe</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:390px; top:289px"><a href="/wiki/Kermadec_Islands" title="Kermadec Islands">Kermadec</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:381px; top:361px"><a href="/wiki/Bounty_Islands" title="Bounty Islands">Bounties</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:331.5px; top:302.5px"><a href="/wiki/Three_Kings_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Three Kings Islands">Three Kings</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:381px; top:374.5px"><a href="/wiki/Antipodes_Islands" title="Antipodes Islands">Antipodes</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:322.5px; top:376.3px"><a href="/wiki/Auckland_Islands" title="Auckland Islands">Aucklands</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:322.5px; top:356.5px"><a href="/wiki/Solander_Islands" title="Solander Islands">Solander</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:322.5px; top:366.4px"><a href="/wiki/Snares_Islands_/_Tini_Heke" class="mw-redirect" title="Snares Islands / Tini Heke">Snares</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:336px; top:388px"><a href="/wiki/Campbell_Island_/_Motu_Ihupuku" class="mw-redirect" title="Campbell Island / Motu Ihupuku">Campbell</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:129px; top:214.75px"><a href="/wiki/Ashmore_and_Cartier_Islands" title="Ashmore and Cartier Islands">Ashmore<br />& Cartier</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:277.5px; top:396.1px"><a href="/wiki/Macquarie_Island" title="Macquarie Island">Macquarie</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:88.5px; top:181px"><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia"><span style="color:white;">Indonesia</span></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:131.25px; top:104.5px"><a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines"><span style="color:white;">Philippines</span></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:88.5px; top:145px"><a href="/wiki/Sarawak" title="Sarawak">Sarawak</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:102px; top:129.25px"><a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei"><span style="color:white;">BN</span></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:117.75px; top:133.75px"><a href="/wiki/Sabah" title="Sabah">Sabah</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:156px; top:163.9px"><a href="/wiki/Maluku_Islands" title="Maluku Islands"><span style="color:white;">Maluku</span></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:203.25px; top:169.75px"><a href="/wiki/Western_New_Guinea" title="Western New Guinea">Papua</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:156px; top:190px"><a href="/wiki/East_Timor" title="East Timor"><span style="color:white;">East<br />Timor</span></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:93px; top:86.5px"><a href="/wiki/Paracel_Islands" title="Paracel Islands"><span style="color:white;">Paracels</span></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:95.25px; top:109px"><a href="/wiki/Spratly_Islands" title="Spratly Islands"><span style="color:white;">Spratlys</span></a></div> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist"><span>This template: </span><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Oceania_Labelled_Map" title="Template:Oceania Labelled Map"><span title="View this template">view</span></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Oceania_Labelled_Map" title="Template talk:Oceania Labelled Map"><span title="Discuss this template">talk</span></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Oceania_Labelled_Map" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Oceania Labelled Map"><span title="Edit this template">edit</span></a></li></ul></div> <p><br /> In the North Pacific, non-tropical islands in and around <a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> were inhabited by people related to <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_people_of_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous people of the Americas">Indigenous American</a> and <a href="/wiki/Far_East_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Far East Asia">Far East Asian</a> groups,<sup id="cite_ref-aca_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aca-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with some Japanese ethnic groups also being theorized to be related to Indigenous Pacific groups.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the South Pacific, the easternmost oceanic island with any human inhabitation was <a href="/wiki/Easter_Island" title="Easter Island">Easter Island</a>, settled by the Polynesian <a href="/wiki/Rapa_Nui" class="mw-redirect" title="Rapa Nui">Rapa Nui</a> people.<sup id="cite_ref-press_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-press-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Oceanic islands beyond that which neighbor <a href="/wiki/Central_America" title="Central America">Central America</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South America</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gal%C3%A1pagos_Islands" title="Galápagos Islands">Galápagos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Revillagigedo_Islands" title="Revillagigedo Islands">Revillagigedo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Juan_Fern%C3%A1ndez_Islands" title="Juan Fernández Islands">Juan Fernández Islands</a> etc.) are among the last inhabitable places on earth to have been discovered by humans.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All of these islands (excluding <a href="/wiki/Clipperton_Island" title="Clipperton Island">Clipperton</a>) were annexed by Latin American nations a few hundred years after their discoveries, and initially were sometimes used as prisons for convicts.<sup id="cite_ref-ling_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ling-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Today only a small number of them are inhabited, mainly by <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>-speaking mainlanders of <a href="/wiki/Mestizo" title="Mestizo">mestizo</a> or White Latin American origin.<sup id="cite_ref-ling_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ling-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These individuals are not considered Pacific Islanders under the standard ethnically based definition.<sup id="cite_ref-asianpacific_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-asianpacific-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-aca_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aca-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a broad sense, they could still possibly be seen as encompassing a small Spanish-speaking segment of <a href="/wiki/Oceania" title="Oceania">Oceania</a>, along with the Easter Island inhabitants, who were eventually colonized by <a href="/wiki/Chileans" title="Chileans">Chileans</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ling_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ling-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-realm_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-realm-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 1996 book <i>Atlas of Languages of Intercultural Communication in the Pacific, Asia, and the Americas</i> notes that Spanish was once commonly spoken in the Pacific on the colonial-era <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>, further stating, "at the present time, the Spanish language is not widely used in the South Pacific, being unknown outside of a handful of places. Spanish is spoken by a resident population only on the <a href="/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador">Ecuadorian</a> Galápagos Islands, the Chilean possessions of Rapa Nui (Easter Island), Juan Fernández Islands and a few other tiny islands. Most Pacific insular possessions of Latin American nations are either unpopulated or used as military outposts, staffed by natives of the mainland."<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Lord_Howe_Island" title="Lord Howe Island">Lord Howe Island</a>, located between Australia and New Zealand, is one of the only other habitable oceanic islands to have had no contact with humans prior to European discovery.<sup id="cite_ref-aa_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aa-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The island is currently administered by Australia, and Its residents are primarily <a href="/wiki/European_Australians" title="European Australians">European Australians</a> who originated from the mainland, with a small number also being <a href="/wiki/Asian_Australians" title="Asian Australians">Asian Australians</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Like with the Spanish-speaking islanders in the southeastern Pacific, they would not normally be considered Pacific Islanders under an ethnically based definition. Remote and uninhabitable islands in the central Pacific such as <a href="/wiki/Baker_Island" title="Baker Island">Baker Island</a> were also generally isolated from humans prior to European discovery.<sup id="cite_ref-sprep_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sprep-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Pacific Islanders are believed to have possibly visited some of these locations, including <a href="/wiki/Wake_Island" title="Wake Island">Wake Island</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-sprep_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sprep-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-hague_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hague-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the case of <a href="/wiki/Howland_Island" title="Howland Island">Howland Island</a>, there may have even been a brief attempt at settlement.<sup id="cite_ref-hague_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hague-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Official Journal of the Asia Oceania Geosciences Society (AOGS) considers the term Pacific Islands to encompass <a href="/wiki/American_Samoa" title="American Samoa">American Samoa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cook_Islands" title="Cook Islands">Cook Islands</a>, Easter Island, the Galápagos Islands, <a href="/wiki/Federated_States_of_Micronesia" title="Federated States of Micronesia">Federated States of Micronesia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fiji" title="Fiji">Fiji</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_Polynesia" title="French Polynesia">French Polynesia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guam" title="Guam">Guam</a>, Hawaii, <a href="/wiki/Kiribati" title="Kiribati">Kiribati</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Islands" title="Marshall Islands">Marshall Islands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nauru" title="Nauru">Nauru</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Caledonia" title="New Caledonia">New Caledonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Niue" title="Niue">Niue</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northern_Mariana_Islands" title="Northern Mariana Islands">Northern Mariana Islands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palau" title="Palau">Palau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pitcairn_Islands" title="Pitcairn Islands">Pitcairn Islands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Isla_Salas_y_G%C3%B3mez" title="Isla Salas y Gómez">Salas y Gómez Island</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samoa" title="Samoa">Samoa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands" title="Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tokelau" title="Tokelau">Tokelau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tonga" title="Tonga">Tonga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tuvalu" title="Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a>, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Minor_Outlying_Islands" title="United States Minor Outlying Islands">United States Minor Outlying Islands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wallis_and_Futuna" title="Wallis and Futuna">Wallis and Futuna</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 1982 edition of the <i>South Pacific Handbook</i>, by David Stanley, groups Australia, New Zealand, <a href="/wiki/Norfolk_Island" title="Norfolk Island">Norfolk Island</a> and the islands of Melanesia, Micronesia and Polynesia under the more restrictive label of the "South Pacific Islands", even though Hawaii and most islands in Micronesia technically lie in the North Pacific. He additionally includes the Galápagos Islands in his definition of the South Pacific, but does not include any other islands located within the southeastern Pacific area, aside from Easter Island which is considered part of Polynesia.<sup id="cite_ref-stan_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stan-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Oceania_Political_Map_(EEZ_based).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Oceania_Political_Map_%28EEZ_based%29.png/330px-Oceania_Political_Map_%28EEZ_based%29.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="204" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Oceania_Political_Map_%28EEZ_based%29.png/495px-Oceania_Political_Map_%28EEZ_based%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Oceania_Political_Map_%28EEZ_based%29.png/660px-Oceania_Political_Map_%28EEZ_based%29.png 2x" data-file-width="1347" data-file-height="834" /></a><figcaption>An <a href="/wiki/Exclusive_economic_zone" title="Exclusive economic zone">exclusive economic zone</a> map of the Pacific which includes all islands.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_the_Exclusive_Economic_Zones_of_the_Pacific_Ocean.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Map_of_the_Exclusive_Economic_Zones_of_the_Pacific_Ocean.png/340px-Map_of_the_Exclusive_Economic_Zones_of_the_Pacific_Ocean.png" decoding="async" width="340" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Map_of_the_Exclusive_Economic_Zones_of_the_Pacific_Ocean.png/510px-Map_of_the_Exclusive_Economic_Zones_of_the_Pacific_Ocean.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Map_of_the_Exclusive_Economic_Zones_of_the_Pacific_Ocean.png/680px-Map_of_the_Exclusive_Economic_Zones_of_the_Pacific_Ocean.png 2x" data-file-width="3067" data-file-height="1678" /></a><figcaption>An exclusive economic zone map of the Pacific which excludes non-tropical islands north of Hawaii.</figcaption></figure> <p>Ian Todd's 1974 book <i>Island Realm: A Pacific Panorama</i> considers Oceania and the term "Pacific Islands" to also encompass the non-tropical <a href="/wiki/Aleutian_Islands" title="Aleutian Islands">Aleutian Islands</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-handbook_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-handbook-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as Clipperton Island, the <a href="/wiki/Coral_Sea_Islands" title="Coral Sea Islands">Coral Sea Islands</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Desventuradas_Islands" title="Desventuradas Islands">Desventuradas Islands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guadalupe_Island" title="Guadalupe Island">Guadalupe Island</a>, the Juan Fernández Islands, the Revillagigedo Islands, Salas y Gómez Island and the <a href="/wiki/Torres_Strait_Islands" title="Torres Strait Islands">Torres Strait Islands</a>. He notes that the terms are sometimes taken to include Australia, New Zealand and the non-oceanic Papua New Guinea, however he does not consider them to encompass the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_archipelago" title="Japanese archipelago">Japanese archipelago</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ryukyu_Islands" title="Ryukyu Islands">Ryukyu Islands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a>, Russia's <a href="/wiki/Kuril_Islands" title="Kuril Islands">Kuril Islands</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sakhalin" title="Sakhalin">Sakhalin Island</a> or countries associated with <a href="/wiki/Maritime_Southeast_Asia" title="Maritime Southeast Asia">Maritime Southeast Asia</a>. The Philippines according to him are at a "cross-roads of the Pacific — a racial and geographic link connecting Oceania, Southeast Asia and <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-realm_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-realm-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Debate exists over whether or not the Philippines should be categorized with Pacific Islands of shared <a href="/wiki/Austronesians" class="mw-redirect" title="Austronesians">Austronesian</a> origin or with the mainland nations of Asia.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The islands of the Philippines do not have oceanic geology, and instead sit on the <a href="/wiki/Continental_shelf" title="Continental shelf">continental shelf</a> of Asia. As such, they are sometimes deemed as a geological extension of Asia.<sup id="cite_ref-handbook_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-handbook-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his 2012 book <i>Encyclopedia of Diversity in Education</i>, American author James A. Banks claimed that, "although islands such as the Philippines, Indonesia, <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>, Taiwan, Japan and the Aleutian Islands are located in the Pacific Ocean, islanders from these locales are not typically considered Pacific Islanders. They are usually considered Asian, with <a href="/wiki/Aleut" class="mw-redirect" title="Aleut">Aleuts</a> considered Alaskan natives."<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, because proximity does not determine ethnicity, only through defined connections such as Maori(Polynesian) and Rapa Nui natives(Polynesian) it has to be evident that "islands" although nearby to Oceana, the inhabitants though distantly connected by similarities in language and practices similar to Melanesians, Micronesians and Polynesians are to be considered Southeast Asian, such as the Philippines. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Islands_Forum" title="Pacific Islands Forum">Pacific Islands Forum</a> is the major governing organization for the Pacific Islands, and has been labelled as the "<a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">EU</a> of the Pacific region".<sup id="cite_ref-scoop1_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scoop1-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Up until 2021, its member nations and associate members were American Samoa, Australia, Cook Islands, Federated States of Micronesia, Fiji, French Polynesia, Guam, Kiribati, Marshall Islands, Nauru, New Caledonia, New Zealand, Niue, Northern Mariana Islands, Palau, Papua New Guinea, Samoa, Solomon Islands, Tokelau, Tonga, Tuvalu, Vanuatu and Wallis and Futuna.<sup id="cite_ref-reg_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reg-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, there have been pushes for Easter Island and Hawaii to join the Pacific Islands Forum, as they are primarily inhabited by Polynesian peoples.<sup id="cite_ref-widen_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-widen-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Japan and <a href="/wiki/Malay_Archipelago" title="Malay Archipelago">Malay Archipelago</a> countries such as East Timor, Indonesia and the Philippines are dialogue partners of the Pacific Islands Forum, with East Timor having observer status, but none are full members.<sup id="cite_ref-reg_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reg-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The nations of the Malay Archipelago have their own regional governing organization called <a href="/wiki/ASEAN" title="ASEAN">ASEAN</a>, which includes mainland Southeast Asian nations such as <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a>. In July 2019, at the inaugural Indonesian Exposition held in <a href="/wiki/Auckland" title="Auckland">Auckland</a>, Indonesia launched its 'Pacific Elevation' program, which would encompass a new era of elevated engagement with the region, with the country also using the event to lay claim that Indonesia is culturally and ethnically linked to the Pacific islands. The event was attended by dignitaries from Australia, New Zealand and some Pacific island countries.<sup id="cite_ref-grif_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-grif-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Australia and New Zealand have been described as both continental landmasses and as Pacific Islands. New Zealand's native population, the <a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_people" title="Māori people">Māori</a>, are Polynesians, and thus considered Pacific Islanders. Australia's <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Australians" title="Indigenous Australians">Indigenous population</a> are loosely related to <a href="/wiki/Melanesians" title="Melanesians">Melanesians</a> and the United States Census categorize them under the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Islander_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Pacific Islander American">Pacific Islander American</a> umbrella.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Umich_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Umich-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-devchris_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-devchris-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <i>Island Realm: A Pacific Panorama</i> (1974), Ian Todd states that, "New Zealand is uniquely gifted in its role as a Polynesian associate. A large section of its own indigenous population consists of Māori — a Polynesian race. Beyond her own sphere of association, New Zealand's trading influence is prominent in Tonga, Fiji and other areas of the Pacific with <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth</a> affiliations." Regarding Australia, he further wrote, "Australia plays a leading economic role in the south-west Pacific area — commonly known as Melanesia. Fiji, the <a href="/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu">New Hebrides</a>, the Solomons, even French-controlled New Caledonia have a major trade connection with Australia. The thriving little republic of Nauru was administered by Australia before its recent independence. Further afield, in western Polynesia, Australia provides economic and technical aid in Tonga and Western Samoa. Much of Fiji's tourist trade comes from 'down under'. Among the oceanic islands which are part of the Commonwealth of Australia are Lord Howe Island, Norfolk Island, the Torres Strait Islands, the <a href="/wiki/Coral_Sea_Islands" title="Coral Sea Islands">Willis Group</a> and <a href="/wiki/Coral_Sea_Islands" title="Coral Sea Islands">Coringa Islands</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-realm_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-realm-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pacific_Islander_regions">Pacific Islander regions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pacific_Islander&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Pacific Islander regions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Pacific islands consist of three main traditional regions. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Melanesia">Melanesia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pacific_Islander&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Melanesia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Melanesia" title="Melanesia">Melanesia</a> is the great arc of islands located north and east of Australia and south of the Equator. The name derives the Greek words <i>melas</i> ('black') and <i>nēsos</i> ('island') for the predominantly dark-skinned peoples of <a href="/wiki/New_Guinea" title="New Guinea">New Guinea</a> island, the <a href="/wiki/Bismarck_Archipelago" title="Bismarck Archipelago">Bismarck Archipelago</a>, <a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands" title="Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a> (formerly <a href="/wiki/New_Hebrides" title="New Hebrides">New Hebrides</a>), <a href="/wiki/New_Caledonia" title="New Caledonia">New Caledonia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Fiji" title="Fiji">Fiji</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In addition those places listed above, Melanesia includes the <a href="/wiki/Louisiade_Archipelago" title="Louisiade Archipelago">Louisiade Archipelago</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Admiralty_Islands" title="Admiralty Islands">Admiralty Islands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bougainville_Island" title="Bougainville Island">Bougainville Island</a>, <a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Western_New_Guinea" title="Western New Guinea">Western New Guinea</a> (part of <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>), <a href="/wiki/Maluku_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Maluku Island">Maluku Island</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aru_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Aru Islands">Aru Islands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kei_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Kei Islands">Kei Islands</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Santa_Cruz_Islands" title="Santa Cruz Islands">Santa Cruz Islands</a> (part of the Solomon Islands), <a href="/wiki/Loyalty_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Loyalty Islands">Loyalty Islands</a> (part of New Caledonia) and various smaller islands. <a href="/wiki/East_Timor" title="East Timor">East Timor</a>, while considered to be geographically <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asian</a>, is still generally accepted as being ethnoculturally part of Melanesia. The <a href="/wiki/Torres_Strait_Islands" title="Torres Strait Islands">Torres Strait Islands</a> are politically part of nearby <a href="/wiki/Queensland" title="Queensland">Queensland</a>, Australia, although the inhabitants are considered to be Melanesians rather than <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Australian" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous Australian">Indigenous Australians</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-francepacific_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-francepacific-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is not the case with other Australian islands that were inhabited by Indigenous peoples prior to European discovery, such as <a href="/wiki/Fraser_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Fraser Island">Fraser Island</a>, <a href="/wiki/Great_Palm_Island" title="Great Palm Island">Great Palm Island</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Tiwi_Islands" title="Tiwi Islands">Tiwi Islands</a>. The Torres Strait Islands could be seen as a Melanesian territory in <a href="/wiki/Australasia" title="Australasia">Australasia</a>, similar to how East Timor is a Melanesian territory in Asia. <a href="/wiki/Norfolk_Island" title="Norfolk Island">Norfolk Island</a> was uninhabited when discovered by Europeans, and later became politically integrated into Australia (and by extension, Australasia).<sup id="cite_ref-francepacific_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-francepacific-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The remote island is still sometimes considered to be in Melanesia, as it is close to the region, and has archeological evidence of prehistoric inhabitation. </p><p>New Caledonia (and Vanuatu to a lesser extent) were under French colonial influence from the 19th century onward.<sup id="cite_ref-southsea_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-southsea-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most islands however have historically had close ties to Australia and the United Kingdom, with the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> having had little impact on the region.<sup id="cite_ref-southsea_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-southsea-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-lowy18_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lowy18-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Micronesia">Micronesia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pacific_Islander&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Micronesia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Micronesia includes <a href="/wiki/Kiribati" title="Kiribati">Kiribati</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nauru" title="Nauru">Nauru</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Marianas" class="mw-redirect" title="Marianas">Marianas</a> (<a href="/wiki/Guam" title="Guam">Guam</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Mariana_Islands" title="Northern Mariana Islands">Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands</a>), the <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Islands" title="Marshall Islands">Republic of the Marshall Islands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palau" title="Palau">Palau</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Federated_States_of_Micronesia" title="Federated States of Micronesia">Federated States of Micronesia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Yap" title="Yap">Yap</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chuuk_State" title="Chuuk State">Chuuk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pohnpei" title="Pohnpei">Pohnpei</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kosrae" title="Kosrae">Kosrae</a>, all in the <a href="/wiki/Caroline_Islands" title="Caroline Islands">Caroline Islands</a>). </p><p>The islands were under the influence of colonial powers such as Germany, Spain and Japan from the 16th century up until the end of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. Several of the island groups have since developed financially crucial political alignments with the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-southsea_40-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-southsea-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nauru's main political partner since <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> has been Australia, excluding a brief period of Japanese occupation in World War II.<sup id="cite_ref-southsea_40-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-southsea-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-1970nar_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1970nar-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Polynesia">Polynesia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pacific_Islander&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Polynesia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Polynesian islands are scattered across a triangle covering the east-central region of the Pacific Ocean. The triangle is bound by the <a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_Islands" title="Hawaiian Islands">Hawaiian Islands</a> in the north, New Zealand in the west, and <a href="/wiki/Easter_Island" title="Easter Island">Easter Island</a> in the east. The rest of Polynesia includes the <a href="/wiki/Samoan_islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Samoan islands">Samoan islands</a> (<a href="/wiki/American_Samoa" title="American Samoa">American Samoa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Samoa" title="Samoa">Samoa</a> [formerly Western Samoa]); <a href="/wiki/Cook_Islands" title="Cook Islands">Cook Islands</a>; <a href="/wiki/French_Polynesia" title="French Polynesia">French Polynesia</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Society_Islands" title="Society Islands">Society Islands</a> [<a href="/wiki/Tahiti" title="Tahiti">Tahiti</a>], <a href="/wiki/Marquesas_Islands" title="Marquesas Islands">Marquesas Islands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Austral_Islands" title="Austral Islands">Austral Islands</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tuamotu_Archipelago" class="mw-redirect" title="Tuamotu Archipelago">Tuamotu</a>); <a href="/wiki/Niue_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Niue Island">Niue Island</a>; <a href="/wiki/Tokelau" title="Tokelau">Tokelau</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tuvalu" title="Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a>; <a href="/wiki/Tonga" title="Tonga">Tonga</a>; <a href="/wiki/Wallis_and_Futuna" title="Wallis and Futuna">Wallis and Futuna</a>; <a href="/wiki/Rotuma_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Rotuma Island">Rotuma Island</a>; <a href="/wiki/Pitcairn_Island" title="Pitcairn Island">Pitcairn Island</a>; <a href="/wiki/Nukuoro" title="Nukuoro">Nukuoro</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Kapingamarangi" title="Kapingamarangi">Kapingamarangi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The majority of island groups are most closely aligned to <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a>/Australia, with others being politically aligned to France or the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-southsea_40-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-southsea-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hawaii is geographically isolated from Polynesia, and is situated in the North Pacific, unlike the rest of Polynesia, which is in the South Pacific. They are still a part of the subregion for ethnocultural reasons. Easter Island is located in a remote part of the Pacific which is thousands of kilometers removed from both Polynesia and the South American continent. It was annexed by <a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a> in 1888, and Spanish is now commonly spoken in a <a href="/wiki/Multilingualism" title="Multilingualism">bilingual</a> manner, with some having race-mixed with <a href="/wiki/Mestizo" title="Mestizo">Mestizo</a> Chilean settlers. However, the inhabitants consider their island and its culture to be Polynesian, and do not view themselves as South Americans.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-asianpacific_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-asianpacific-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ethnic_groups">Ethnic groups</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pacific_Islander&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Ethnic groups"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_Oceania" title="Indigenous peoples of Oceania">Indigenous peoples of Oceania</a> and <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Oceania" title="Demographics of Oceania">Demographics of Oceania</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Peoples_of_the_Pacific_(35048886141).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Peoples_of_the_Pacific_%2835048886141%29.jpg/300px-Peoples_of_the_Pacific_%2835048886141%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Peoples_of_the_Pacific_%2835048886141%29.jpg/450px-Peoples_of_the_Pacific_%2835048886141%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Peoples_of_the_Pacific_%2835048886141%29.jpg/600px-Peoples_of_the_Pacific_%2835048886141%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="9206" data-file-height="6050" /></a><figcaption>Peoples of the Pacific, published by <i>Pacific House</i> in <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco" title="San Francisco">San Francisco</a>, 1940</figcaption></figure> <p>The population of the Pacific Islands is concentrated in <a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a>, New Zealand (which has a majority of people of <a href="/wiki/European_New_Zealanders" title="European New Zealanders">European descent</a>), Hawaii, Fiji, and <a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands" title="Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a>. Most Pacific Islands are densely populated, and habitation tends to be concentrated along the coasts.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_38-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Melanesians" title="Melanesians">Melanesians</a> constitute over three quarters of the total indigenous population of the Pacific Islands; <a href="/wiki/Polynesians" title="Polynesians">Polynesians</a> account for more than one-sixth; and <a href="/wiki/Micronesia#Indigenous_groups" title="Micronesia">Micronesians</a> make up about one-twentieth.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_38-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ethnolinguistics">Ethnolinguistics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pacific_Islander&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Ethnolinguistics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Several hundred distinct languages are spoken in the Pacific Islands. In <a href="/wiki/Ethnolinguistic_group" title="Ethnolinguistic group">ethnolinguistic</a> terms, the Pacific islanders of <a href="/wiki/Oceania" title="Oceania">Oceania</a> are divided into two different <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic group">ethnic classifications</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-:2_38-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian-speaking</a> peoples — <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_peoples" title="Austronesian peoples">Austronesian peoples</a> who speak the <a href="/wiki/Oceanic_languages" title="Oceanic languages">Oceanian languages</a>, numbering about 2.3 million in population, who occupy Polynesia, Micronesia, and most of the smaller islands of Melanesia.</li> <li>Papuan-speaking peoples — <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_people_of_New_Guinea" title="Indigenous people of New Guinea">Papuan peoples</a> who speak the <a href="/wiki/Papuan_languages" title="Papuan languages">Papuan languages</a> (the mutually unrelated, non-Austronesian language families), numbering about 7 million in population, and mostly reside on the island of <a href="/wiki/New_Guinea" title="New Guinea">New Guinea</a> and a few of the smaller islands of Melanesia located off the northeast coast of New Guinea.<sup id="cite_ref-Friedlaender_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Friedlaender-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="List_of_Pacific_peoples">List of Pacific peoples</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pacific_Islander&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: List of Pacific peoples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_peoples" title="Austronesian peoples">Austronesian-speaking peoples</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polynesians" title="Polynesians">Polynesians</a> <ul><li>Western Polynesian region<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 10em;"><div><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samoans" title="Samoans">Samoans</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Rotumans" title="Rotumans">Rotumans</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Wallis_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Wallis Island">Uveans</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Futuna_Island,_Wallis_and_Futuna" class="mw-redirect" title="Futuna Island, Wallis and Futuna">Futunans</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Tokelauans" class="mw-redirect" title="Tokelauans">Tokelauans</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Tongans" class="mw-redirect" title="Tongans">Tongans</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Tuvalu" title="Tuvalu">Tuvaluans</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Niue" title="Niue">Niueans</a></li></ul></div></div></li> <li>Northeast and South Polynesian region<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 10em;"><div><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Native_Hawaiian" class="mw-redirect" title="Native Hawaiian">Hawaiians</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_people" title="Māori people">Māori</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Tahitians" title="Tahitians">Tahitians</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tuamotuans&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tuamotuans (page does not exist)">Tuamotuans</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_Marquesas_Islands" title="Culture of the Marquesas Islands">Marquesans</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gambier_Islanders&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gambier Islanders (page does not exist)">Gambier Islanders</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Cook_Islanders" title="Cook Islanders">Cook Islanders</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Rapanui" class="mw-redirect" title="Rapanui">Rapanui</a></li></ul></div></div><div><ul style="margin-top: 0em;"><li><a href="/wiki/Austral_Islands" title="Austral Islands">Tubuai</a><div><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rapa_Iti" title="Rapa Iti">Rapans</a></li></ul></div></li></ul></div></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanesians" title="Melanesians">Melanesians</a><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 10em;"><div><ul><li><a href="/wiki/%27Are%27are_people" class="mw-redirect" title="'Are'are people">'Are'are people</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kanak_people" title="Kanak people">Kanak people</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kwaio_people" title="Kwaio people">Kwaio people</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Motuan_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Motuan people">Motuan people</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ni-Vanuatu" title="Ni-Vanuatu">Ni-Vanuatu</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Fijians" title="Fijians">Fijians</a></li></ul></div></div><div><ul style="margin-top: 0em;"><li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_people_of_New_Guinea" title="Indigenous people of New Guinea">New Guinea</a> region<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 10em;"><div><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bilibil_people" title="Bilibil people">Bilibil</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Maisin_people" title="Maisin people">Maisin</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Motuan_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Motuan people">Motu</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Tanga_people" title="Tanga people">Tanga</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Tolai_people" title="Tolai people">Tolai</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Trobriand_people" title="Trobriand people">Trobriand</a></li></ul></div></div></li></ul></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micronesians" title="Micronesians">Micronesians</a><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 10em;"><div><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marshallese_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Marshallese people">Marshallese</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Palauans" class="mw-redirect" title="Palauans">Palauans</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Micronesians#Refaluwasch_people" title="Micronesians">Refaluwasch</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Tanapag_language" title="Tanapag language">Tanapag</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Micronesians#Chamorro_people" title="Micronesians">Chamorros</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Micronesians#Chuukese_people" title="Micronesians">Chuukese</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Micronesians#Yapese_people" title="Micronesians">Yapese</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kiribati_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Kiribati people">Kiribati</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Micronesians#Kosraean_people" title="Micronesians">Kosraeans</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Micronesians#Pohnpeian_people" title="Micronesians">Pohnpeians</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Nauruans" title="Nauruans">Nauruans</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Mokilese_language" title="Mokilese language">Mokilese</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Pingelapese_language" title="Pingelapese language">Pingelapese</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ulithian_language" title="Ulithian language">Ulithian</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Satawalese_language" title="Satawalese language">Satawalese</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Woleaian_language" title="Woleaian language">woleaian</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Namonuito_language" title="Namonuito language">namonuito</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A1%C3%A1fang_language" title="Pááfang language">Pááfang</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Mortlockese_language" title="Mortlockese language">Mortlockese</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ngatikese_language" title="Ngatikese language">Ngatikese</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Puluwat_language" title="Puluwat language">Puluwatese</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Micronesians#Sonsorolese_people" title="Micronesians">Sonsorolese</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Tobian_language" title="Tobian language">Tobian</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Nguluwan_language" title="Nguluwan language">Nguluwan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Mapia_language" title="Mapia language">Mapia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Micronesians#Banaban_people" title="Micronesians">Banaban</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kapingamarangi_language" title="Kapingamarangi language">Kapingamarangi</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Nukuoro_language" title="Nukuoro language">Nukuoro</a></li></ul></div></div><div><ul style="margin-top: 0em;"><li>Polynesian Outliers in Micronesia region</li></ul></div></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_people_of_New_Guinea" title="Indigenous people of New Guinea">Papuan-speaking peoples</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinean_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Papua New Guinean people">Papua New Guinea</a> region<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 10em;"><div><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abelam_people" title="Abelam people">Abelam</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Angu_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Angu people">Angu</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Baining_people" title="Baining people">Baining</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bismarck_Archipelago" title="Bismarck Archipelago">Bismarck Archipelago</a>)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Baruya_people" title="Baruya people">Baruya</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Biangai" title="Biangai">Biangai</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Chambri_people" title="Chambri people">Chambri</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Duna_people" title="Duna people">Duna</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Etoro_people" title="Etoro people">Etoro</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Fore_people" title="Fore people">Fore</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Gadsup_people" title="Gadsup people">Gadsup</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Gogodala_people" title="Gogodala people">Gogodala</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Haroli_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Haroli people">Haroli</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Hewa_people" title="Hewa people">Hewa</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Huli_people" title="Huli people">Huli</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Iatmul_people" title="Iatmul people">Iatmul</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kaluli_people" title="Kaluli people">Kaluli</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kwoma_people" title="Kwoma people">Kwoma</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Melpa_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Melpa people (page does not exist)">Melpa</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Mian_people" title="Mian people">Mian</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Morkai" title="Morkai">Morkai</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_Ok_people" title="Mountain Ok people">Min</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Mundugumor_people" title="Mundugumor people">Mundugumor</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ogea_people" title="Ogea people">Ogea</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Orokaiva_people" title="Orokaiva people">Orokaiva</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Sambia_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Sambia people">Sambia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Swagap_people" title="Swagap people">Swagap</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Tairora_people" title="Tairora people">Tairora</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Telefol_people" title="Telefol people">Telefol</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Tsembaga_Maring_tribe" title="Tsembaga Maring tribe">Tsembaga</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Urapmin_people" title="Urapmin people">Urapmin</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Wiru_people" title="Wiru people">Wiru</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Wola_people" title="Wola people">Wola</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Wopkaimin_people" title="Wopkaimin people">Wopkaimin</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Yaifo" title="Yaifo">Yaifo</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Zia_people_(Papua_New_Guinea)" title="Zia people (Papua New Guinea)">Zia</a></li></ul></div></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papua_(province)" title="Papua (province)">Papua</a> region<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 10em;"><div><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asmat_people" title="Asmat people">Asmat</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Bauzi_people" title="Bauzi people">Bauzi</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Dani_people" title="Dani people">Dani</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Fayu_people" title="Fayu people">Fayu</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kombai_people" title="Kombai people">Kombai</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Korowai_people" title="Korowai people">Korowai</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Marind_people" title="Marind people">Marind</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Mek_people" title="Mek people">Mek</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Sawi_people" title="Sawi people">Sawi</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Wolani_people" title="Wolani people">Wolani</a></li></ul></div></div><div><ul style="margin-top: 0em;"><li><a href="/wiki/Koteka_people" title="Koteka people">Koteka</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lani_people" title="Lani people">Lani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ekari_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Ekari people">Ekari</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amung_people" title="Amung people">Amungme</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moni_people" title="Moni people">Moni</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yali_people" title="Yali people">Yali</a>)</li></ul></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Papua_(province)" title="West Papua (province)">Indonesian New Guinea/West Papua</a> region (see <i><a href="/wiki/List_of_ethnic_groups_of_West_Papua" title="List of ethnic groups of West Papua">List of ethnic groups of West Papua</a></i>)</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Terminology_by_country">Terminology by country</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pacific_Islander&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Terminology by country"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Australia">Australia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pacific_Islander&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Australia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Fijian_Australians" title="Fijian Australians">Fijian Australians</a>, <a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_Australians" title="Māori Australians">Māori Australians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinean_Australians" title="Papua New Guinean Australians">Papua New Guinean Australians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samoan_Australians" title="Samoan Australians">Samoan Australians</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tongan_Australians" title="Tongan Australians">Tongan Australians</a></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>, the term <span title="Australian English-language text"><i lang="en-AU"><a href="/wiki/South_Sea_Islanders" title="South Sea Islanders">South Sea Islander</a></i></span> was used to describe Australian descendants of people from the over-80 islands in the western <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific</a> who had been brought to Australia to work on the sugar fields of <a href="/wiki/Queensland" title="Queensland">Queensland</a>—these people were called <span title="Australian English-language text"><i lang="en-AU"><a href="/wiki/Kanaka_(Pacific_Island_worker)" title="Kanaka (Pacific Island worker)">Kanakas</a></i></span> in the 19th century.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Island_Labourers_Act_1901" title="Pacific Island Labourers Act 1901">Pacific Island Labourers Act 1901</a></i> was enacted to restrict entry of Pacific Islanders to Australia and to authorise their deportation. In this legislation, Pacific Islanders were defined as: </p> <blockquote><p><span title="Australian English-language text"><span lang="en-AU">"Pacific Island Labourer" includes all natives not of European extraction of any island except the islands of New Zealand situated in the Pacific Ocean beyond the Commonwealth [of Australia] as constituted at the commencement of this Act.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span></span></p></blockquote> <p>Despite this, Pacific Islanders were generally held in a much higher regard than <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Australians" title="Indigenous Australians">Indigenous Australians</a> were during the early 20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-southsea_40-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-southsea-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2008, a "Pacific Seasonal Worker Pilot Scheme" was announced as a three-year <a href="/wiki/Pilot_experiment" title="Pilot experiment">pilot experiment</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It provides <a href="/wiki/Visa_policy_of_Australia" title="Visa policy of Australia">visas</a> for workers from <a href="/wiki/Kiribati" title="Kiribati">Kiribati</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tonga" title="Tonga">Tonga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a> to work in Australia.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aside from Papua New Guinea, the scheme includes one country each from Melanesia (Vanuatu), Polynesia (Tonga), and Micronesia (Kiribati)—countries that already send workers to <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a> under its seasonal labour scheme.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="New_Zealand">New Zealand</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pacific_Islander&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: New Zealand"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Pasifika_New_Zealanders" title="Pasifika New Zealanders">Pasifika New Zealanders</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Samoan_New_Zealanders" title="Samoan New Zealanders">Samoan New Zealanders</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tongan_New_Zealanders" title="Tongan New Zealanders">Tongan New Zealanders</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rotuman_New_Zealanders" title="Rotuman New Zealanders">Rotuman New Zealanders</a>, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_ethnic_origins_of_New_Zealanders" title="List of ethnic origins of New Zealanders">List of ethnic origins of New Zealanders</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cook_Island_dancers_at_Auckland%27s_Pacifica_festival.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Cook_Island_dancers_at_Auckland%27s_Pacifica_festival.jpg/220px-Cook_Island_dancers_at_Auckland%27s_Pacifica_festival.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Cook_Island_dancers_at_Auckland%27s_Pacifica_festival.jpg/330px-Cook_Island_dancers_at_Auckland%27s_Pacifica_festival.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Cook_Island_dancers_at_Auckland%27s_Pacifica_festival.jpg/440px-Cook_Island_dancers_at_Auckland%27s_Pacifica_festival.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2003" data-file-height="1171" /></a><figcaption>Cook Island dancers at <a href="/wiki/Auckland" title="Auckland">Auckland</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Pasifika_Festival" title="Pasifika Festival">Pasifika Festival</a>, 2010</figcaption></figure> <p>Local usage in New Zealand uses <span title="New Zealand English-language text"><i lang="en-NZ">Pacific Islander</i></span> (also called <b><span title="New Zealand English-language text"><i lang="en-NZ">Pasifika</i></span></b>, or formerly <b><span title="New Zealand English-language text"><i lang="en-NZ">Pacific Polynesians</i></span></b>,<sup id="cite_ref-Crocombe_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crocombe-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) to distinguish those who have emigrated from one of these areas in modern times from the <a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_people" title="Māori people">New Zealand Māori</a>, who are also Polynesian but are indigenous to New Zealand.<sup id="cite_ref-Crocombe_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crocombe-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/2013_New_Zealand_census" title="2013 New Zealand census">2013 New Zealand census</a>, 7.4% of the New Zealand population identified with one or more Pacific ethnic groups, although 62.3% of these were born in New Zealand.<sup id="cite_ref-NZ_stats_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NZ_stats-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Those with a <a href="/wiki/Samoans" title="Samoans">Samoan</a> background make up the largest proportion, followed by <a href="/wiki/Cook_Islands_M%C4%81ori" title="Cook Islands Māori">Cook Islands Māori</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tongans" class="mw-redirect" title="Tongans">Tongan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Niueans" class="mw-redirect" title="Niueans">Niuean</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NZ_stats_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NZ_stats-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some smaller island populations such as <a href="/wiki/Niue" title="Niue">Niue</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tokelau" title="Tokelau">Tokelau</a> have the majority of their nationals living in New Zealand.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>To celebrate the diverse Pacific island cultures, the <a href="/wiki/Auckland_Region" title="Auckland Region">Auckland Region</a> hosts several Pacific island festivals. Two of the major ones are Polyfest, which showcases performances of the secondary school cultural groups in the region,<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Pasifika_Festival" title="Pasifika Festival">Pasifika</a>, a festival that celebrates Pacific island heritage through traditional food, music, dance, and entertainment.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pacific_Islander&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Islander_Americans" title="Pacific Islander Americans">Pacific Islander Americans</a></div> <p>By the 1980s, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau" title="United States Census Bureau">United States Census Bureau</a> grouped persons of Asian ancestry and created the category "<span title="American English-language text"><i lang="en-US"><a href="/wiki/Asian-Pacific_Islander" class="mw-redirect" title="Asian-Pacific Islander">Asian-Pacific Islander</a></i></span>," which continued in the 1990s census. In 2000, "<span title="American English-language text"><i lang="en-US"><a href="/wiki/Asian_Americans" title="Asian Americans">Asian</a></i></span>" and "<span title="American English-language text"><i lang="en-US">Pacific Islander</i></span>" became two separate racial categories.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> According to the Census Bureau's <a href="/wiki/Population_Estimates_Program" title="Population Estimates Program">Population Estimates Program</a> (PEP), a "<span title="American English-language text"><i lang="en-US">Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander</i></span>" is,</p><blockquote><p><span title="American English-language text"><i lang="en-US">A person having origins in any of the original peoples of Hawaii, Guam, Samoa, or other Pacific islands. It includes people who indicate their race as '<a href="/wiki/Native_Hawaiians" title="Native Hawaiians">Native Hawaiian</a>', '<a href="/wiki/Guamanian" class="mw-redirect" title="Guamanian">Guamanian</a> or Chamorro', '<a href="/wiki/Samoans" title="Samoans">Samoan</a>', and 'Other Pacific Islander' or provide other detailed Pacific Islander responses.</i></span><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p>According to the <a href="/wiki/Office_of_Management_and_Budget" title="Office of Management and Budget">Office of Management and Budget</a>, "<span title="American English-language text"><i lang="en-US">Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander</i></span>" refers to a person having origins in any of the original peoples of Hawaii, Guam, Samoa, or other Pacific Islands.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Eight out of 10 Pacific Islanders in the United States are native to the United States. Polynesians make up the largest group, including Native Hawaiians, Samoans, <a href="/wiki/Tahitians" title="Tahitians">Tahitians</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tongans" class="mw-redirect" title="Tongans">Tongans</a>. Micronesians make up the second largest, including primarily <a href="/wiki/Chamorro_people" title="Chamorro people">Chamoru</a> from Guam; as well as other Chamoru, <a href="/wiki/Carolinian_people" title="Carolinian people">Carolinian</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Mariana_Islands" title="Northern Mariana Islands">Northern Mariana Islands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marshallese_Americans" title="Marshallese Americans">Marshallese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palauan_Americans" title="Palauan Americans">Palauans</a>, and various others. Among Melanesians, <a href="/wiki/Fijian_Americans" title="Fijian Americans">Fijian Americans</a> are the largest in this group.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are at least 39 different Pacific Island languages spoken as a second language in the American home.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pacific_Islander&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Lascar_Avenue_of_the_Dead_and_the_Pyramid_of_the_Sun_in_the_background_%284566574277%29.jpg/32px-Lascar_Avenue_of_the_Dead_and_the_Pyramid_of_the_Sun_in_the_background_%284566574277%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Lascar_Avenue_of_the_Dead_and_the_Pyramid_of_the_Sun_in_the_background_%284566574277%29.jpg/48px-Lascar_Avenue_of_the_Dead_and_the_Pyramid_of_the_Sun_in_the_background_%284566574277%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Lascar_Avenue_of_the_Dead_and_the_Pyramid_of_the_Sun_in_the_background_%284566574277%29.jpg/64px-Lascar_Avenue_of_the_Dead_and_the_Pyramid_of_the_Sun_in_the_background_%284566574277%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Civilizations" title="Portal:Civilizations">Civilizations portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aboriginal_Australians" title="Aboriginal Australians">Aboriginal Australians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aboriginal_Tasmanians" title="Aboriginal Tasmanians">Aboriginal Tasmanians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_American_and_Pacific_Islander_Policy_Research_Consortium" title="Asian American and Pacific Islander Policy Research Consortium">Asian American and Pacific Islander Policy Research Consortium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_peoples" title="Austronesian peoples">Austronesian peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Australians" title="Indigenous Australians">Indigenous Australians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_Oceania" title="Indigenous peoples of Oceania">Indigenous peoples of Oceania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Islander_Americans" title="Pacific Islander Americans">Pacific Islander Americans</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pacific_Islander&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 35em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:0-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.csusm.edu/ccc/programs/diaspora.html">"Defining Diaspora: Asian, Pacific Islander, and Desi Identities | Cross-Cultural Center | CSUSM"</a>. <i>www.csusm.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-05-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.csusm.edu&rft.atitle=Defining+Diaspora%3A+Asian%2C+Pacific+Islander%2C+and+Desi+Identities+%7C+Cross-Cultural+Center+%7C+CSUSM&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.csusm.edu%2Fccc%2Fprograms%2Fdiaspora.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APacific+Islander" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tapasa.tki.org.nz/about/tapasa/pacific-and-pasifika-terminology/">"Pacific and Pasifika Terminology"</a>. <i>tepasa.tki.org</i>. Te Tāhuhu o te Mātauranga│Ministry of Education<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=tepasa.tki.org&rft.atitle=Pacific+and+Pasifika+Terminology&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftapasa.tki.org.nz%2Fabout%2Ftapasa%2Fpacific-and-pasifika-terminology%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APacific+Islander" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://minorityrights.org/minorities/pacific-islanders/">"Pacific Islanders"</a>. <i>Minority Rights Group</i>. 19 June 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-05-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Minority+Rights+Group&rft.atitle=Pacific+Islanders&rft.date=2015-06-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fminorityrights.org%2Fminorities%2Fpacific-islanders%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APacific+Islander" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><i>Collins Atlas of the World</i> (revised ed.), London: HarperCollins, 1995 [1983], <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-00-448227-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-00-448227-1"><bdi>0-00-448227-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Collins+Atlas+of+the+World&rft.place=London&rft.edition=revised&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0-00-448227-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APacific+Islander" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFD'Arcy2006" class="citation book cs1">D'Arcy, Paul (March 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141030083126/http://www.uhpress.hawaii.edu/p-4123-9780824832971.aspx"><i>The People of the Sea: Environment, Identity, and History in Oceania</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Hawai%CA%BBi_Press" title="University of Hawaiʻi Press">University of Hawaiʻi Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-3297-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-3297-1"><bdi>978-0-8248-3297-1</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uhpress.hawaii.edu/p-4123-9780824832971.aspx">the original</a> on 2014-10-30<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 December</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+People+of+the+Sea%3A+Environment%2C+Identity%2C+and+History+in+Oceania&rft.pub=University+of+Hawai%CA%BBi+Press&rft.date=2006-03&rft.isbn=978-0-8248-3297-1&rft.aulast=D%27Arcy&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.uhpress.hawaii.edu%2Fp-4123-9780824832971.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APacific+Islander" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRapaport2013" class="citation book cs1">Rapaport, Moshe (April 2013). <i>The Pacific Islands: Environment and Society, Revised Edition</i>. University of Hawaiʻi Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-6584-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-6584-9"><bdi>978-0-8248-6584-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt6wqh08">j.ctt6wqh08</a>. <q>This is the only contemporary text on the Pacific Islands that covers both environment and sociocultural issues and will thus be indispensable for any serious student of the region. Unlike other reviews, it treats the entirety of Oceania (with the exception of Australia) and is well illustrated with numerous photos and maps, including a regional atlas.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Pacific+Islands%3A+Environment+and+Society%2C+Revised+Edition&rft.pub=University+of+Hawai%CA%BBi+Press&rft.date=2013-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctt6wqh08%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.isbn=978-0-8248-6584-9&rft.aulast=Rapaport&rft.aufirst=Moshe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APacific+Islander" class="Z3988"></span> – via <a href="/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(subscription required)</span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMueller-DomboisFosberg1998" class="citation book cs1">Mueller-Dombois, Dieter; Fosberg, Frederic R. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/259582431"><i>Vegetation of the Tropical Pacific Islands</i></a>. Springer<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vegetation+of+the+Tropical+Pacific+Islands&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Mueller-Dombois&rft.aufirst=Dieter&rft.au=Fosberg%2C+Frederic+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F259582431&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APacific+Islander" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWright1942" class="citation journal cs1">Wright, John K. (July 1942). "Pacific Islands". <i><a href="/wiki/Geographical_Review" title="Geographical Review">Geographical Review</a></i>. <b>32</b> (3): 481–486. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1942GeoRv..32..481W">1942GeoRv..32..481W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F210391">10.2307/210391</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/210391">210391</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Geographical+Review&rft.atitle=Pacific+Islands&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=481-486&rft.date=1942-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F210391%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F210391&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1942GeoRv..32..481W&rft.aulast=Wright&rft.aufirst=John+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APacific+Islander" class="Z3988"></span> – via <a href="/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(subscription required)</span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Compare: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlundell2011" class="citation journal cs1">Blundell, David (January 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ijaps.usm.my/wp-content/uploads/2012/06/DavidBlundell_Languages.pdf">"Taiwan Austronesian Language Heritage Connecting Pacific Island Peoples: Diplomacy and Values"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>International Journal of Asia-Pacific Studies</i>. <b>7</b> (1): 75–91<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 May</span> 2015</span>. <q>Taiwan associations are based on almost forgotten old connections with far-reaching Pacific linguistic origins. The present term <i>Austronesia</i> is based on linguistics and archaeology supporting the origins and existence of the Austronesian Language family spread across the Pacific on modern Taiwan, Indonesia, East Timor, Malaysia,, Singapore, Brunei, Micronesia, Polynesia, the non-Papuan languages of Melanesia, the Cham areas of Vietnam, Cambodia, Hainan, Myanmar islands, and some Indian Ocean islands including Madagascar. Taiwan is in the initiating region.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Asia-Pacific+Studies&rft.atitle=Taiwan+Austronesian+Language+Heritage+Connecting+Pacific+Island+Peoples%3A+Diplomacy+and+Values&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=75-91&rft.date=2011-01&rft.aulast=Blundell&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fijaps.usm.my%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2012%2F06%2FDavidBlundell_Languages.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APacific+Islander" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-asianpacific-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-asianpacific_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-asianpacific_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-asianpacific_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrocombe2007" class="citation book cs1">Crocombe, R. G. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iDg9oAkwsXAC&dq=%22included+in+cultural+definitions+of+oceania%22&pg=PR13"><i>Asia in the Pacific Islands: Replacing the West</i></a>. University of the South Pacific. Institute of Pacific Studies. p. 13. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789820203884" title="Special:BookSources/9789820203884"><bdi>9789820203884</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Asia+in+the+Pacific+Islands%3A+Replacing+the+West&rft.pages=13&rft.pub=University+of+the+South+Pacific.+Institute+of+Pacific+Studies&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9789820203884&rft.aulast=Crocombe&rft.aufirst=R.+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiDg9oAkwsXAC%26dq%3D%2522included%2Bin%2Bcultural%2Bdefinitions%2Bof%2Boceania%2522%26pg%3DPR13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APacific+Islander" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-aca-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-aca_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-aca_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academicguides.waldenu.edu/library/researchstater/pacificislander/searchtips">"Search tips - Pacific Islander Research Starter - Academic Guides at Walden University"</a>. Academicguides.waldenu.edu<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-02-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Search+tips+-+Pacific+Islander+Research+Starter+-+Academic+Guides+at+Walden+University&rft.pub=Academicguides.waldenu.edu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Facademicguides.waldenu.edu%2Flibrary%2Fresearchstater%2Fpacificislander%2Fsearchtips&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APacific+Islander" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHudson2017" class="citation book cs1">Hudson, Mark J. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/j.ctt1pwtd26.17.pdf">"The Ryukyu Islands and the Northern Frontier of Prehistoric Austronesian Settlement"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>New Perspectives in Southeast Asian and Pacific Prehistory</i>. Vol. 45. ANU Press. pp. 189–200. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781760460945" title="Special:BookSources/9781760460945"><bdi>9781760460945</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt1pwtd26.17">j.ctt1pwtd26.17</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Ryukyu+Islands+and+the+Northern+Frontier+of+Prehistoric+Austronesian+Settlement&rft.btitle=New+Perspectives+in+Southeast+Asian+and+Pacific+Prehistory&rft.pages=189-200&rft.pub=ANU+Press&rft.date=2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctt1pwtd26.17%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.isbn=9781760460945&rft.aulast=Hudson&rft.aufirst=Mark+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fpdf%2Fj.ctt1pwtd26.17.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APacific+Islander" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-press-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-press_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlettHaberle2008" class="citation book cs1">Flett, Iona; Haberle, Simon (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://press-files.anu.edu.au/downloads/press/p26551/pdf/ch181.pdf">"East of Easter: Traces of human impact in the far-eastern Pacific"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. In Clark, Geoffrey; Leach, Foss; O'Connor, Sue (eds.). <i>Islands of Inquiry</i>. ANU Press. pp. 281–300. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.593.8988">10.1.1.593.8988</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/1885%2F38139">1885/38139</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-921313-89-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-921313-89-9"><bdi>978-1-921313-89-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt24h8gp.20">j.ctt24h8gp.20</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=East+of+Easter%3A+Traces+of+human+impact+in+the+far-eastern+Pacific&rft.btitle=Islands+of+Inquiry&rft.pages=281-300&rft.pub=ANU+Press&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F1885%2F38139&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctt24h8gp.20%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.593.8988%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft.isbn=978-1-921313-89-9&rft.aulast=Flett&rft.aufirst=Iona&rft.au=Haberle%2C+Simon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpress-files.anu.edu.au%2Fdownloads%2Fpress%2Fp26551%2Fpdf%2Fch181.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APacific+Islander" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacnaughtan2014" class="citation journal cs1">Macnaughtan, Don (February 1, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/6999933">"Mystery Islands of Remote East Polynesia: Bibliography of Prehistoric Settlement on the Pitcairn Islands Group"</a>. <i>Wordpress: Don Macnaughtan's Bibliographies</i> – via www.academia.edu.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wordpress%3A+Don+Macnaughtan%27s+Bibliographies&rft.atitle=Mystery+Islands+of+Remote+East+Polynesia%3A+Bibliography+of+Prehistoric+Settlement+on+the+Pitcairn+Islands+Group&rft.date=2014-02-01&rft.aulast=Macnaughtan&rft.aufirst=Don&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F6999933&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APacific+Islander" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSuesMacPhee1999" class="citation book cs1">Sues, Hans-Diete; MacPhee, Ross D.E (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UZLuF1YXYTcC&dq=%22galapagos%22+%22oceania%22+%22polynesia%22&pg=PA29"><i>Extinctions in Near Time: Causes, Contexts, and Consequences</i></a>. Springer US. p. 29. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780306460920" title="Special:BookSources/9780306460920"><bdi>9780306460920</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 February</span> 2022</span>. <q>The human colonization of remote Oceania occurred in the late Holocene. Prehistoric human explorers missed only the Galápagos and a very few out-of-the-way places as they surged east out of the Solomons, island-hopping thousands of kilometers through the Polynesian heartland to reach Hawaii to the far north, Easter Island over 7500km to the east and, New Zealand to the south</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Extinctions+in+Near+Time%3A+Causes%2C+Contexts%2C+and+Consequences&rft.pages=29&rft.pub=Springer+US&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=9780306460920&rft.aulast=Sues&rft.aufirst=Hans-Diete&rft.au=MacPhee%2C+Ross+D.E&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUZLuF1YXYTcC%26dq%3D%2522galapagos%2522%2B%2522oceania%2522%2B%2522polynesia%2522%26pg%3DPA29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APacific+Islander" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ling-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ling_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ling_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ling_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSebeok1971" class="citation book cs1">Sebeok, Thomas Albert (1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lYouAAAAMAAJ&q=%22multitude%22+oceania+%22linguistics%22"><i>Current Trends in Linguistics: Linguistics in Oceania</i></a>. the University of Michigan. p. 950<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 February</span> 2022</span>. <q>Most of this account of the influence of the Hispanic languages in Oceania has dealt with the Western Pacific, but the Eastern Pacific has not been without some share of the presence of the Portuguese and Spanish. The Eastern Pacific does not have the multitude of islands so characteristic of the Western regions of this great ocean, but there are some: Easter Island, 2000 miles off the Chilean coast, where a Polynesian tongue, Rapanui, is still spoken; the Juan Fernandez group, 400 miles west of Valparaiso; the Galapagos archipelago, 650 miles west of Ecuador; Malpelo and Cocos, 300 miles off the Colombian and Costa Rican coasts respectively; and others. Not many of these islands have extensive populations — some have been used effectively as prisons — but the official language on each is Spanish.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Current+Trends+in+Linguistics%3A+Linguistics+in+Oceania&rft.pages=950&rft.pub=the+University+of+Michigan&rft.date=1971&rft.aulast=Sebeok&rft.aufirst=Thomas+Albert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlYouAAAAMAAJ%26q%3D%2522multitude%2522%2Boceania%2B%2522linguistics%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APacific+Islander" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-realm-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-realm_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-realm_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-realm_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTodd1974" class="citation book cs1">Todd, Ian (1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gcEJAQAAIAAJ&q=%22French+language+cultures%22+1974+pacific"><i>Island Realm: A Pacific Panorama</i></a>. Angus & Robertson. p. 190. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780207127618" title="Special:BookSources/9780207127618"><bdi>9780207127618</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 February</span> 2022</span>. <q>[we] can further define the word <i>culture</i> to mean <i>language</i>. Thus we have the French language part of Oceania, the Spanish part and the Japanese part. The Japanese culture groups of Oceania are the Bonin Islands, the Marcus Islands and the Volcano Islands. These three clusters, lying south and south-east of Japan, are inhabited either by Japanese or by people who have now completely fused with the Japanese race. Therefore they will not be taken into account in the proposed comparison of the policies of non - Oceanic cultures towards Oceanic peoples. On the eastern side of the Pacific are a number of Spanish language culture groups of islands. Two of them, the Galapagos and Easter Island, have been dealt with as separate chapters in this volume. Only one of the dozen or so Spanish culture island groups of Oceania has an Oceanic population — the Polynesians of Easter Island. The rest are either uninhabited or have a Spanish - Latin - American population consisting of people who migrated from the mainland. Therefore, the comparisons which follow refer almost exclusively to the English and French language cultures.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Island+Realm%3A+A+Pacific+Panorama&rft.pages=190&rft.pub=Angus+%26+Robertson&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=9780207127618&rft.aulast=Todd&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgcEJAQAAIAAJ%26q%3D%2522French%2Blanguage%2Bcultures%2522%2B1974%2Bpacific&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APacific+Islander" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWurmMühlhäuslerTryon1996" class="citation book cs1">Wurm, Stephen A.; Mühlhäusler, Peter; Tryon, Darrell T., eds. (1996). <i>Atlas of Languages of Intercultural Communication in the Pacific, Asia, and the Americas</i>. Vol. 1–2. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9783110819724">10.1515/9783110819724</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783110134179" title="Special:BookSources/9783110134179"><bdi>9783110134179</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Atlas+of+Languages+of+Intercultural+Communication+in+the+Pacific%2C+Asia%2C+and+the+Americas&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pub=De+Gruyter+Mouton&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2F9783110819724&rft.isbn=9783110134179&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APacific+Islander" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-aa-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-aa_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnderson2003" class="citation journal cs1">Anderson, Atholl (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://australianarchaeology.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/Anderson-2003.pdf">"Investigating early settlement on Lord Howe Island"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Australian Archaeology</i>. <b>57</b> (57): 98–102. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F03122417.2003.11681767">10.1080/03122417.2003.11681767</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:142367492">142367492</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-08-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Griffith+Asia+Insights&rft.atitle=Indonesia%27s+%22Pacific+Elevation%22%3A+Elevating+What+and+Who%3F&rft.date=2020-01-13&rft.aulast=Kabutaulaka&rft.aufirst=Tarcisius&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblogs.griffith.edu.au%2Fasiainsights%2Findonesias-pacific-elevation-elevating-what-and-who%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APacific+Islander" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">University of Virginia. Geospatial and Statistical Data Center. "1990 PUMS Ancestry Codes." 2003. August 30, 2007.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070825030327/http://fisher.lib.virginia.edu/collections/stats/pums/sub/ancestry.html">"1990 Census of Population and Housing Public Use Microdata Sample"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fisher.lib.virginia.edu/collections/stats/pums/sub/ancestry.html">the original</a> on 2007-08-25<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-08-31</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=1990+Census+of+Population+and+Housing+Public+Use+Microdata+Sample&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffisher.lib.virginia.edu%2Fcollections%2Fstats%2Fpums%2Fsub%2Fancestry.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APacific+Islander" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Umich-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Umich_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lib.umich.edu/clark-library">"Clark Library - U-M Library"</a>. <i>www.lib.umich.edu</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.lib.umich.edu&rft.atitle=Clark+Library+-+U-M+Library&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lib.umich.edu%2Fclark-library&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APacific+Islander" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-devchris-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-devchris_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFErnstAnisi2016" class="citation book cs1">Ernst, Manfred; Anisi, Anna (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/33371338">"The Historical Development of Christianity in Oceania"</a>. In Sanneh, Lamin; McClymond, Michael J. (eds.). <i>The Wiley Blackwell Companion to World Christianity</i>. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 588–604 – via Academia.edu.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Historical+Development+of+Christianity+in+Oceania&rft.btitle=The+Wiley+Blackwell+Companion+to+World+Christianity&rft.pages=588-604&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Ernst&rft.aufirst=Manfred&rft.au=Anisi%2C+Anna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F33371338&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APacific+Islander" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_38-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_38-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_38-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">West, F. James, and Sophie Foster. 2020 November 17. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Pacific-Islands.">Pacific Islands</a>." <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-francepacific-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-francepacific_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-francepacific_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAldrich1993" class="citation book cs1">Aldrich, Robert (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tLTDYaHhrZgC&dq=%22with+the+ending+of+the+trust+territory%22&pg=PA347"><i>France and the South Pacific Since 1940</i></a>. University of Hawaiʻi Press. p. 347. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780824815585" title="Special:BookSources/9780824815585"><bdi>9780824815585</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 February</span> 2022</span>. <q>Britain's high commissioner in New Zealand continues to administer Pitcairn, and the other former British colonies remain members of the Commonwealth of Nations, recognizing the British Queen as their titular head of state and vesting certain residual powers in the British government or the Queen's representative in the islands. Australia did not cede control of the Torres Strait Islands, inhabited by a Melanesian population, or Lord Howe and Norfolk Island, whose residents are of European ancestry. New Zealand retains indirect rule over Niue and Tokelau and has kept close relations with another former possession, the Cook Islands, through a compact of free association. Chile rules Easter Island (Rapa Nui) and Ecuador rules the Galapagos Islands. The Aboriginals of Australia, the Maoris of New Zealand and the native Polynesians of Hawaii, despite movements demanding more cultural recognition, greater economic and political considerations or even outright sovereignty, have remained minorities in countries where massive waves of migration have completely changed society. In short, Oceania has remained one of the least completely decolonized regions on the globe.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=France+and+the+South+Pacific+Since+1940&rft.pages=347&rft.pub=University+of+Hawai%CA%BBi+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=9780824815585&rft.aulast=Aldrich&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtLTDYaHhrZgC%26dq%3D%2522with%2Bthe%2Bending%2Bof%2Bthe%2Btrust%2Bterritory%2522%26pg%3DPA347&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APacific+Islander" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-southsea-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-southsea_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-southsea_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-southsea_40-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-southsea_40-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-southsea_40-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-southsea_40-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHalter2021" class="citation book cs1">Halter, Nicholas (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dAAbEAAAQBAJ"><i>Australian Travellers in the South Seas</i></a>. ANU Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781760464158" title="Special:BookSources/9781760464158"><bdi>9781760464158</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Australian+Travellers+in+the+South+Seas&rft.pub=ANU+Press&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=9781760464158&rft.aulast=Halter&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdAAbEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APacific+Islander" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lowy18-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-lowy18_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFraenkelWoolrych2020" class="citation web cs1">Fraenkel, Jon; Woolrych, Katharine (2020-07-09). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lowyinstitute.org/the-interpreter/nz-and-australia-big-brothers-or-distant-cousins">"NZ and Australia: Big Brothers or Distant Cousins?"</a>. <i>The Interpreter</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-02-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Interpreter&rft.atitle=NZ+and+Australia%3A+Big+Brothers+or+Distant+Cousins%3F&rft.date=2020-07-09&rft.aulast=Fraenkel&rft.aufirst=Jon&rft.au=Woolrych%2C+Katharine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lowyinstitute.org%2Fthe-interpreter%2Fnz-and-australia-big-brothers-or-distant-cousins&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APacific+Islander" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-1970nar-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1970nar_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNancy_Viviani1970" class="citation book cs1">Nancy Viviani (1970). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openresearch-repository.anu.edu.au/bitstream/1885/114914/2/b11197110.pdf"><i>Nauru: Phosphate and Political Progress</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Canberra: Australian National University Press<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 June</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nauru%3A+Phosphate+and+Political+Progress&rft.place=Canberra&rft.pub=Australian+National+University+Press&rft.date=1970&rft.au=Nancy+Viviani&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenresearch-repository.anu.edu.au%2Fbitstream%2F1885%2F114914%2F2%2Fb11197110.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APacific+Islander" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSBS_Australia2004" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Special_Broadcasting_Service" title="Special Broadcasting Service">SBS</a> Australia (November 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=e5D_iUA_pCE">"Saving the Rapanui"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=YouTube&rft.atitle=Saving+the+Rapanui&rft.date=2004-11&rft.au=SBS+Australia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3De5D_iUA_pCE&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APacific+Islander" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Friedlaender-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Friedlaender_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFriedlaenderFriedlaenderReedKidd2008" class="citation journal cs1">Friedlaender, Jonathan S.; Friedlaender, Françoise R.; Reed, Floyd A.; Kidd, Kenneth K.; Kidd, Judith R.; Chambers, Geoffrey K.; Lea, Rodney A.; Loo, Jun-Hun; Koki, George; Hodgson, Jason A.; Merriwether, D. Andrew; Weber, James L. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2211537">"The Genetic Structure of Pacific Islanders"</a>. <i>PLOS Genetics</i>. <b>4</b> (1). e19. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pgen.0040019">10.1371/journal.pgen.0040019</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2211537">2211537</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18208337">18208337</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+Genetics&rft.atitle=The+Genetic+Structure+of+Pacific+Islanders&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=e19&rft.date=2008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2211537%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18208337&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pgen.0040019&rft.aulast=Friedlaender&rft.aufirst=Jonathan+S.&rft.au=Friedlaender%2C+Fran%C3%A7oise+R.&rft.au=Reed%2C+Floyd+A.&rft.au=Kidd%2C+Kenneth+K.&rft.au=Kidd%2C+Judith+R.&rft.au=Chambers%2C+Geoffrey+K.&rft.au=Lea%2C+Rodney+A.&rft.au=Loo%2C+Jun-Hun&rft.au=Koki%2C+George&rft.au=Hodgson%2C+Jason+A.&rft.au=Merriwether%2C+D.+Andrew&rft.au=Weber%2C+James+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2211537&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APacific+Islander" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abc.net.au/radio/rpf/stories/s1314059.htm">"South Sea Islander Project"</a>. <i>ABC Radio Regional Production Fund</i>. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 2004<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-08-27</span></span>. <q>Recognition for Australian South Sea Islanders (ASSI) has been a long time coming. It was not until 1994 that the federal government recognized them as a distinct ethnic group with their own history and culture and not until September 2000 that the Queensland government made a formal statement of recognition.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ABC+Radio+Regional+Production+Fund&rft.atitle=South+Sea+Islander+Project&rft.date=2004&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.net.au%2Fradio%2Frpf%2Fstories%2Fs1314059.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APacific+Islander" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.foundingdocs.gov.au/resources/transcripts/cth4i_doc_1901.pdf">"Pacific Island Labourers Act 1901 (Cth)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Documenting a Democracy</i>. National Archives of Australia. 1901<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-08-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Documenting+a+Democracy&rft.atitle=Pacific+Island+Labourers+Act+1901+%28Cth%29&rft.date=1901&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.foundingdocs.gov.au%2Fresources%2Ftranscripts%2Fcth4i_doc_1901.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APacific+Islander" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Australian Institute of Criminology: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aic.gov.au/publications/current%20series/tandi/421-440/tandi432.html">Australia's Pacific Seasonal Worker Pilot Scheme: Managing vulnerabilities to exploitation</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200226030532/https://www.aic.gov.au/publications/current%20series/tandi/421-440/tandi432.html">Archived</a> 2020-02-26 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2008/08/17/2337828.htm">"Pacific guestworker scheme to start this year"</a>. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 2008-08-17.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Pacific+guestworker+scheme+to+start+this+year&rft.date=2008-08-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.net.au%2Fnews%2Fstories%2F2008%2F08%2F17%2F2337828.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APacific+Islander" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170525120003/http://foreignminister.gov.au/parlsec/releases/2008/dk007.html">"Seasonal Worker Pilot Scheme is more proof of Australia's new Pacific focus"</a> (Press release). The Hon Duncan Kerr SC MP; Parliamentary Secretary for Pacific Island Affairs. 2008-08-20. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.foreignminister.gov.au/parlsec/releases/2008/dk007.html">the original</a> on 2017-05-25<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-08-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Seasonal+Worker+Pilot+Scheme+is+more+proof+of+Australia%27s+new+Pacific+focus&rft.pub=The+Hon+Duncan+Kerr+SC+MP%3B+Parliamentary+Secretary+for+Pacific+Island+Affairs&rft.date=2008-08-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.foreignminister.gov.au%2Fparlsec%2Freleases%2F2008%2Fdk007.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APacific+Islander" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Australian classification standards code Pacific islanders, Oceanians, South Sea islanders, and Australasians all with code 1000, i.e., identically. This coding can be broken down into the finer classification of 1,100 Australian Peoples; 1,200 New Zealand peoples; 1,300 Melanesian and Papuan; 1,400 Micronesian; 1,500 Polynesian. There is no specific coding therefore for "Pacific islander".<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ausstats.abs.gov.au/ausstats/subscriber.nsf/0/00A57A2C8FE19CACCA2570360074713B/$File/12490_2005.pdf">"Australian Standard Classification of Cultural and Ethnic Groups (ASCCEG) - 2nd edition"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(pdf - 136 pages)</span>. <a href="/wiki/Australian_Bureau_of_Statistics" title="Australian Bureau of Statistics">Australian Bureau of Statistics</a>. 2005-07-07<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-08-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Australian+Standard+Classification+of+Cultural+and+Ethnic+Groups+%28ASCCEG%29+-+2nd+edition&rft.pub=Australian+Bureau+of+Statistics&rft.date=2005-07-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ausstats.abs.gov.au%2Fausstats%2Fsubscriber.nsf%2F0%2F00A57A2C8FE19CACCA2570360074713B%2F%24File%2F12490_2005.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APacific+Islander" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Crocombe-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Crocombe_51-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Crocombe_51-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrocombe1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ron_Crocombe" title="Ron Crocombe">Crocombe, R. G.</a> (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YYQOxXZIgyIC&q=pacific+islanders+non-maori+polynesian&pg=PR21"><i>Pacific Neighbours: New Zealand's Relations with Other Pacific Islands : Aotearoa Me Nga Moutere O Te Moana Nui a Kiwa</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_the_South_Pacific" title="University of the South Pacific">University of the South Pacific</a>. p. xxi. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-982-02-0078-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-982-02-0078-4"><bdi>978-982-02-0078-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pacific+Neighbours%3A+New+Zealand%27s+Relations+with+Other+Pacific+Islands+%3A+Aotearoa+Me+Nga+Moutere+O+Te+Moana+Nui+a+Kiwa&rft.pages=xxi&rft.pub=University+of+the+South+Pacific&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-982-02-0078-4&rft.aulast=Crocombe&rft.aufirst=R.+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYYQOxXZIgyIC%26q%3Dpacific%2Bislanders%2Bnon-maori%2Bpolynesian%26pg%3DPR21&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APacific+Islander" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NZ_stats-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NZ_stats_52-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NZ_stats_52-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stats.govt.nz/Census/2013-census/profile-and-summary-reports/quickstats-culture-identity/pacific-peoples.aspx">"Pacific peoples ethnic group"</a>, 2013 Census. <a href="/wiki/Statistics_New_Zealand" title="Statistics New Zealand">Statistics New Zealand</a>. Accessed on 18 August 2017.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Smelt, and Lin, 1998</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pasifika.tki.org.nz/Pasifika-Education-Plan/Polyfest-NCEA-credits">"Polyfest NCEA credits / Pasifika Education Plan / Home - Pasifika"</a>. <i>Te Kete Ipurangi (TKI)</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 August</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Te+Kete+Ipurangi+%28TKI%29&rft.atitle=Polyfest+NCEA+credits+%2F+Pasifika+Education+Plan+%2F+Home+-+Pasifika&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpasifika.tki.org.nz%2FPasifika-Education-Plan%2FPolyfest-NCEA-credits&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APacific+Islander" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.radionz.co.nz/international/pacific-news/327424/thousands-turn-out-for-pasifika-festival">"Thousands turn out for Pasifika Festival"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Radio_New_Zealand" title="Radio New Zealand">Radio New Zealand</a></i>. 25 March 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 August</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Radio+New+Zealand&rft.atitle=Thousands+turn+out+for+Pasifika+Festival&rft.date=2017-03-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.radionz.co.nz%2Finternational%2Fpacific-news%2F327424%2Fthousands-turn-out-for-pasifika-festival&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APacific+Islander" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_56-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_56-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nbcnews.com/news/asian-america/asian-americans-pacific-islanders-faq-n998661">"Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders — a FAQ"</a>. <i>NBC News</i>. May 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-05-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NBC+News&rft.atitle=Asian+Americans+and+Pacific+Islanders+%E2%80%94+a+FAQ&rft.date=2019-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nbcnews.com%2Fnews%2Fasian-america%2Fasian-americans-pacific-islanders-faq-n998661&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APacific+Islander" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130403171145/http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/meta/long_RHI525211.htm">"Information on Race"</a>. United States Census Bureau. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/meta/long_RHI525211.htm">the original</a> on April 3, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 27,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Information+on+Race&rft.pub=United+States+Census+Bureau&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fquickfacts.census.gov%2Fqfd%2Fmeta%2Flong_RHI525211.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APacific+Islander" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_58-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_58-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210520042054/https://www2.ed.gov/about/inits/list/asian-americans-initiative/what-you-should-know.pdf">"Archived copy"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www2.ed.gov/about/inits/list/asian-americans-initiative/what-you-should-know.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2021-05-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-05-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archived+copy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww2.ed.gov%2Fabout%2Finits%2Flist%2Fasian-americans-initiative%2Fwhat-you-should-know.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APacific+Islander" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">link</a>)</span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pacific_Islander&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Lal, B., and K. Fortune, eds. 2000. "The Pacific Islands: An Encyclopedia." Honolulu, Hawaii University of Hawaiʻi Press.</li> <li>Okihiro, Gary Y. 2015. <i>American History Unbound: Asians and Pacific Islanders</i>. University of California Press..</li> <li>Smelt, R., and Y. Lin. 1998. <i>Cultures of the world: New Zealand</i>. Tarrytown, New York: Marshall Cavendish Benchmark.</li> <li>Thomas, Nicholas. 2010. <i>Islanders: The Pacific in the Age of Empire</i>. Yale University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-12438-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-12438-5">978-0-300-12438-5</a>.</li> <li>"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nzhistory.govt.nz/war/pacific-islanders-nzef">Pacific Islanders in the NZEF</a>." <i>New Zealand History Online</i>. <a href="/wiki/Ministry_for_Culture_and_Heritage" title="Ministry for Culture and Heritage">Ministry for Culture and Heritage</a>. 2019 March 26.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pacific_Islander&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.army.mil/asianpacificsoldiers/">Asian Pacific Americans in the U.S. Army</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20131216070449/http://www.nativehawaiianpacificislander.com/">Native Hawaiian Pacific Islander Association</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amnh.org/exhibitions/permanent/pacific-peoples">Margaret Mead Hall of Pacific Peoples</a> — exhibit at the <a href="/wiki/American_Museum_of_Natural_History" title="American Museum of Natural History">American Museum of Natural History</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stats.govt.nz/">Statistics New Zealand</a>. Retrieved March 21, 2013.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Culture_of_Oceania" title="Template:Culture of Oceania"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Culture_of_Oceania" title="Template talk:Culture of Oceania"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Culture_of_Oceania" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Culture of Oceania"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Culture_of_indigenous_Oceania" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indigenous_peoples#Oceania" title="List of Indigenous peoples">Culture of indigenous Oceania</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>List of resources about traditional arts and culture of Oceania</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oceanian_art" title="Oceanian art">Art</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Easter_Island#Ahu" title="Easter Island">Ahu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Australian_art" title="Indigenous Australian art">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_peoples#Arts" title="Austronesian peoples">Austronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cook_Islands" title="Cook Islands">Cook Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapa" title="Kapa">kapa (Hawaiʻi)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lei_(garland)" title="Lei (garland)">Lei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magimagi" title="Magimagi">magimagi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moai" title="Moai">moai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_art" title="New Zealand art">New Zealand</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:M%C4%81ori_art" title="Category:Māori art">Māori</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nguzu_nguzu" title="Nguzu nguzu">nguzu nguzu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oceanian_art" title="Oceanian art">Oceania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinean_art" title="Papua New Guinean art">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reimiro" title="Reimiro">reimiro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C4%81_moko" title="Tā moko">tā moko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabua" title="Tabua">tabua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ta%CA%BBovala" title="Taʻovala">taʻovala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapa_cloth" title="Tapa cloth">tapa ["masi" (Fiji), "ngatu" (Tonga), "siapo" (Sāmoa), " ʻuha" (Rotuma)]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tattoo" title="Tattoo">tattoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C4%93fui" title="Tēfui">tēfui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tivaevae" title="Tivaevae">tivaevae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Broad culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Areca_nut" title="Areca nut">areca nut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kava" title="Kava">"yaqona" (Fiji), or "sakau" (Pohnpei)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kava_culture" title="Kava culture">Kava culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lapita_culture" title="Lapita culture">Lapita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_culture" title="Māori culture">Māori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polynesian_culture" title="Polynesian culture">Polynesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samoa_%27ava_ceremony" class="mw-redirect" title="Samoa 'ava ceremony">Sāmoa 'ava ceremony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_wood_carving#Aboriginal" title="History of wood carving">Wood carving</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geo-specific,<br />general</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Australians#Culture" title="Indigenous Australians">Australia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_astronomy" title="Australian Aboriginal astronomy">Australian Aboriginal astronomy</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_peoples#Culture" title="Austronesian peoples">Austronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caroline_Islands#People_and_culture" title="Caroline Islands">Caroline Islands</a>, <i>-<a href="/wiki/Pwo" title="Pwo">Pwo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moriori#Revival_of_culture" title="Moriori">Chatham Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cook_Islands#Culture" title="Cook Islands">Cook Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Easter_Island#Culture" title="Easter Island">Easter Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Fiji" title="Culture of Fiji">Fiji</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Lau_Islands#Culture_and_economy" title="Lau Islands">Lau Islands</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fijian_traditions_and_ceremonies" title="Fijian traditions and ceremonies">traditions and ceremonies</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guam#Culture" title="Guam">Guam</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Lomilomi_massage" title="Lomilomi massage">Lomilomi massage</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Kiribati" title="Culture of Kiribati">Kiribati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_Marquesas_Islands" title="Culture of the Marquesas Islands">French Polynesia's Marquesas Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federated_States_of_Micronesia#Culture" title="Federated States of Micronesia">Federated States of Micronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Nauru" title="Culture of Nauru">Nauru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Caledonia#Culture" title="New Caledonia">New Caledonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_New_Zealand" title="Culture of New Zealand">New Zealand</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_culture" title="Māori culture">Māori</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niue#Culture" title="Niue">Niue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norfolk_Island#Culture" title="Norfolk Island">Norfolk Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palau#Culture" title="Palau">Palau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Culture of Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitcairn_Islands#Culture_and_religion" title="Pitcairn Islands">Pitcairn Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samoan_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Samoan culture">Sāmoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_Solomon_Islands" title="Culture of the Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Tonga" title="Culture of Tonga">Tonga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torres_Strait_Islanders#Culture" title="Torres Strait Islanders">Torres Strait Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuvalu#Culture" title="Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Vanuatu" title="Culture of Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wallis_and_Futuna#Culture" title="Wallis and Futuna">Wallis and Futuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polynesian_navigation" title="Polynesian navigation">Polynesian Navigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micronesian_navigation" title="Micronesian navigation">Micronesian Navigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshallese_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Marshallese culture">Marshall Islands</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Islands_stick_chart" title="Marshall Islands stick chart">Stick charts of</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yap#Culture" title="Yap">Yap</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Yap#Navigation_(sailing)" title="Yap">navigation</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Weriyeng" title="Weriyeng">Weriyeng navigation school</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Canoes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aboriginal_dugout_canoe" title="Aboriginal dugout canoe">Aboriginal dugout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alingano_Maisu" title="Alingano Maisu">Alingano Maisu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balangay" title="Balangay">Bangka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drua" title="Drua">Drua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dugout_(boat)#Pacific_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Dugout (boat)">Dugout (boat)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C5%8Dk%C5%ABle%CA%BBa" title="Hōkūleʻa">Hōkūleʻa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaep" title="Kaep">Kaep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karakoa" title="Karakoa">Karakoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_migration_canoes" title="Māori migration canoes">Māori migration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outrigger_canoe" class="mw-redirect" title="Outrigger canoe">Outrigger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paopao_(canoe)" title="Paopao (canoe)"> Paopao (Tuvalu)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraw" title="Paraw">Paraw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canoe_sailing#Polynesian_sailing_canoes" title="Canoe sailing">Polynesian sailing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proa" title="Proa">Proa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinta" title="Vinta">Vinta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waka_(canoe)" title="Waka (canoe)">Waka</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_M%C4%81ori_waka" title="List of Māori waka">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walap" title="Walap">Walap</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%CA%BBAparima" title="ʻAparima">ʻAparima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cibi" title="Cibi">cibi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fara_(Rotuman_festivity)" title="Fara (Rotuman festivity)">fara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_performance" title="Fire performance">fire dancing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firewalking" title="Firewalking">firewalking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haka" title="Haka">haka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hivinau" title="Hivinau">hivinau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hula" title="Hula">hula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kailao" title="Kailao">kailao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapa_haka" title="Kapa haka">kapa haka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_in_Kiribati" title="Dance in Kiribati">Kiribati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meke" title="Meke">meke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%27ote%27a" title="'ote'a">'ote'a</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pa%27o%27a" class="mw-redirect" title="Pa'o'a">pa'o'a</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poi_(performance_art)" title="Poi (performance art)">poi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_in_Rotuma" title="Dance in Rotuma">Rotuma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samoan_culture#Dance" class="mw-redirect" title="Samoan culture">siva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Dances_of_Tahiti" title="Category:Dances of Tahiti">Tahiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamure" title="Tamure">tāmūrē</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tautoga" title="Tautoga">tautoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Dances_of_Tonga" title="Category:Dances of Tonga">Tonga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Tuvalu" title="Music of Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%27upa%27upa" title="'upa'upa">'upa'upa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Festivals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Australia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Garma_Festival_of_Traditional_Cultures" title="Garma Festival of Traditional Cultures">Garma Festival</a></li></ul></li> <li>Hawaiʻi <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aloha_Festivals" title="Aloha Festivals">Aloha Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merrie_Monarch_Festival" title="Merrie Monarch Festival">Merrie Monarch Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Invitational_Hula_Festival" title="World Invitational Hula Festival">World Invitational Hula Festival</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_festivals_in_Fiji" title="List of festivals in Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li>New Zealand <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pasifika_Festival" title="Pasifika Festival">Pasifika Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Te_Matatini" title="Te Matatini">Te Matatini</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Community" title="Pacific Community">Pacific Community</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Festival_of_Pacific_Arts" title="Festival of Pacific Arts">Festival of Pacific Arts</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Festivals_in_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Category:Festivals in Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oceanic_languages" title="Oceanic languages">Languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">by area</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Oceania_topic" title="Template:Oceania topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Oceania_topic" title="Template talk:Oceania topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Oceania_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Oceania topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_Oceania" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Oceania" title="Languages of Oceania">Languages of Oceania </a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Australia" title="Languages of Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Federated_States_of_Micronesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of the Federated States of Micronesia">Federated States of Micronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Fiji" title="Languages of Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Kiribati" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Kiribati">Kiribati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Marshall_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of the Marshall Islands">Marshall Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Nauru" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Nauru">Nauru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_New_Zealand" title="Languages of New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Palau" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Palau">Palau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Languages of Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Samoa" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Samoa">Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Solomon_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Tonga" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Tonga">Tonga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Tuvalu" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Vanuatu" title="Languages of Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Associated states<br />of New Zealand</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Cook_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of the Cook Islands">Cook Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Niue" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Niue">Niue</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dependencies<br />and other territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_American_Samoa" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of American Samoa">American Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Christmas_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Christmas Island">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of the Cocos (Keeling) Islands">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Easter_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Easter Island">Easter Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_French_Polynesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of French Polynesia">French Polynesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Guam" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Guam">Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Hawaii" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Hawaii">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_New_Caledonia" title="Languages of New Caledonia">New Caledonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Norfolk_Island" title="Languages of Norfolk Island">Norfolk Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Northern_Mariana_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of the Northern Mariana Islands">Northern Mariana Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Pitcairn_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of the Pitcairn Islands">Pitcairn Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Tokelau" title="Languages of Tokelau">Tokelau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Wallis_and_Futuna" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Wallis and Futuna">Wallis and Futuna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">by category</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Category:Languages_of_Oceania" title="Category:Languages of Oceania">Languages of Oceania</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oceanian_literature" title="Oceanian literature">Literature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Oceania_topic" title="Template:Oceania topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Oceania_topic" title="Template talk:Oceania topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Oceania_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Oceania topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Literature_of_Oceania" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Literature_of_Oceania" class="mw-redirect" title="Literature of Oceania">Literature of Oceania </a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Literature_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Literature of Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literature_of_the_Federated_States_of_Micronesia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Literature of the Federated States of Micronesia (page does not exist)">Federated States of Micronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literature_of_Fiji" class="mw-redirect" title="Literature of Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literature_of_Kiribati&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Literature of Kiribati (page does not exist)">Kiribati</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literature_of_the_Marshall_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Literature of the Marshall Islands (page does not exist)">Marshall Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literature_of_Nauru&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Literature of Nauru (page does not exist)">Nauru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literature_of_New_Zealand" class="mw-redirect" title="Literature of New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literature_of_Palau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Literature of Palau (page does not exist)">Palau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literature_of_Papua_New_Guinea" class="mw-redirect" title="Literature of Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literature_of_Samoa" class="mw-redirect" title="Literature of Samoa">Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literature_of_Solomon_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Literature of Solomon Islands (page does not exist)">Solomon Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literature_of_Tonga" class="mw-redirect" title="Literature of Tonga">Tonga</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literature_of_Tuvalu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Literature of Tuvalu (page does not exist)">Tuvalu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literature_of_Vanuatu" title="Literature of Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Associated states<br />of New Zealand</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Literature_of_the_Cook_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Literature of the Cook Islands">Cook Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literature_of_Niue" class="mw-redirect" title="Literature of Niue">Niue</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dependencies<br />and other territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literature_of_American_Samoa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Literature of American Samoa (page does not exist)">American Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literature_of_Christmas_Island&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Literature of Christmas Island (page does not exist)">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literature_of_the_Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Literature of the Cocos (Keeling) Islands (page does not exist)">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literature_of_Easter_Island&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Literature of Easter Island (page does not exist)">Easter Island</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literature_of_French_Polynesia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Literature of French Polynesia (page does not exist)">French Polynesia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literature_of_Guam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Literature of Guam (page does not exist)">Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literature_of_Hawaii" class="mw-redirect" title="Literature of Hawaii">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literature_of_New_Caledonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Literature of New Caledonia">New Caledonia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literature_of_Norfolk_Island&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Literature of Norfolk Island (page does not exist)">Norfolk Island</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literature_of_the_Northern_Mariana_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Literature of the Northern Mariana Islands (page does not exist)">Northern Mariana Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literature_of_the_Pitcairn_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Literature of the Pitcairn Islands (page does not exist)">Pitcairn Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literature_of_Tokelau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Literature of Tokelau (page does not exist)">Tokelau</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literature_of_Wallis_and_Futuna&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Literature of Wallis and Futuna (page does not exist)">Wallis and Futuna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Music</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Austral_Islands" title="Music of the Austral Islands">Austral Islands (French Polynesia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_music_of_Australia" title="Indigenous music of Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_peoples#Music" title="Austronesian peoples">Austronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Cook_Islands" title="Music of the Cook Islands">Cook Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Easter_Island" title="Music of Easter Island">Easter Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Fiji" title="Music of Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Guam" title="Music of Guam">Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Kiribati" title="Music of Kiribati">Kiribati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lali_(drum)" title="Lali (drum)">Lali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Melanesia" title="Music of Melanesia">Melanesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Micronesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of Micronesia">Micronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Federated_States_of_Micronesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of the Federated States of Micronesia">Federated States of Micronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Nauru" title="Music of Nauru">Nauru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_New_Caledonia" title="Music of New Caledonia">New Caledonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_New_Zealand" title="Music of New Zealand">New Zealand</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_music" title="Māori music">Māori</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Niue" title="Music of Niue">Niue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Northern_Mariana_Islands" title="Music of the Northern Mariana Islands">Northern Mariana Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Palau" title="Music of Palau">Palau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Music of Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Polynesia" title="Music of Polynesia">Polynesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Samoa" title="Music of Samoa">Sāmoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slit_drum" title="Slit drum">Slit drum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Solomon_Islands" title="Music of Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Tahiti" title="Music of Tahiti">Tahiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Tokelau" title="Music of Tokelau">Tokelau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Tonga" title="Music of Tonga">Tonga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Tuvalu" title="Music of Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Vanuatu" title="Music of Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Polynesia" title="Music of Polynesia">Wallis and Futuna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mythology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian Aboriginal mythology">Australian Aboriginal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Fijian_mythology" title="Category:Fijian mythology">Fijian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangarevan_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Mangarevan mythology">Mangarevan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tahiti_and_Society_Islands_mythology" title="Tahiti and Society Islands mythology">Maohi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_mythology" title="Māori mythology">Māori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanesian_mythology" title="Melanesian mythology">Melanesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menehune" title="Menehune">Menehune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micronesian_mythology" title="Micronesian mythology">Micronesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Oceanian_legendary_creatures" title="Category:Oceanian legendary creatures">Oceanian legendary creatures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polynesian_mythology" title="Polynesian mythology">Polynesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapa_Nui_mythology" title="Rapa Nui mythology">Rapa Nui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samoan_mythology" title="Samoan mythology">Samoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuvaluan_mythology" title="Tuvaluan mythology">Tuvaluan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Vanuatu_mythology" title="Category:Vanuatu mythology">Vanuatuan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Research</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asian_American_and_Pacific_Islander_Policy_Research_Consortium" title="Asian American and Pacific Islander Policy Research Consortium">Asian American and Pacific Islander Policy Research Consortium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Institute_of_Aboriginal_and_Torres_Strait_Islander_Studies" title="Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies">Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Australians" title="Indigenous Australians">Indigenous Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_peoples" title="Austronesian peoples">Austronesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sama-Bajau" title="Sama-Bajau">Sama-Bajau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamorro_people" title="Chamorro people">Chamorro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moriori" title="Moriori">Chatham Islander (Moriori <em>or</em> Rekohu)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fijians" title="Fijians">Fijian (iTaukei)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_Hawaiians" title="Native Hawaiians">Hawaiian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilocano_people" title="Ilocano people">Ilocano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igorot" class="mw-redirect" title="Igorot">Igorot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivatan_people" title="Ivatan people">Ivatans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lumad" title="Lumad">Lumad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_people" title="Māori people">Māori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_Marshall_Islands" title="Demographics of the Marshall Islands">Marshallese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanesians" title="Melanesians">Melanesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micronesians" title="Micronesians">Micronesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negrito" title="Negrito">Negrito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norfolk_Islanders" title="Norfolk Islanders">Norfolk Islander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_people_of_New_Guinea" title="Indigenous people of New Guinea">Papuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polynesians" title="Polynesians">Polynesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maohi" title="Maohi">Indigenous Polynesian (Mā’ohi)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapa_Nui_people" title="Rapa Nui people">Rapa Nui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotumans" title="Rotumans">Rotuman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samoans" title="Samoans">Samoan (Tagata Māo‘i)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagalog_people" title="Tagalog people">Tagalog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tahitians" title="Tahitians">Tahitian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_aborigines" class="mw-redirect" title="Taiwanese aborigines">Taiwanese aborigines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokelauan_people" title="Tokelauan people">Tokelauan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Tonga" title="Demographics of Tonga">Tongan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torres_Strait_Islanders" title="Torres Strait Islanders">Torres Strait Islander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visayans" title="Visayans">Visayans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yami_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Yami people">Yami</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Religion</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Oceania_topic" title="Template:Oceania topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Oceania_topic" title="Template talk:Oceania topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Oceania_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Oceania topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Religion_in_Oceania" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Oceania" title="Religion in Oceania">Religion in Oceania </a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Australia" title="Religion in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Federated_States_of_Micronesia" title="Religion in the Federated States of Micronesia">Federated States of Micronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Fiji" title="Religion in Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Kiribati" title="Religion in Kiribati">Kiribati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Marshall_Islands" title="Religion in the Marshall Islands">Marshall Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Nauru" title="Religion in Nauru">Nauru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_New_Zealand" title="Religion in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Palau" title="Religion in Palau">Palau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Religion in Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Samoa" title="Religion in Samoa">Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Solomon_Islands" title="Religion in Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Tonga" title="Religion in Tonga">Tonga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Tuvalu" title="Religion in Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Vanuatu" title="Religion in Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Associated states<br />of New Zealand</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Cook_Islands" title="Religion in the Cook Islands">Cook Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Niue" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Niue">Niue</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dependencies<br />and other territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_American_Samoa" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in American Samoa">American Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Christmas_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Christmas Island">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_the_Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Religion in the Cocos (Keeling) Islands (page does not exist)">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_Easter_Island&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Religion in Easter Island (page does not exist)">Easter Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_French_Polynesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in French Polynesia">French Polynesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Guam" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Guam">Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Hawaii" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Hawaii">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_New_Caledonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in New Caledonia">New Caledonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Norfolk_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Norfolk Island">Norfolk Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Northern_Mariana_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in the Northern Mariana Islands">Northern Mariana Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Pitcairn_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in the Pitcairn Islands">Pitcairn Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Tokelau" title="Religion in Tokelau">Tokelau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Wallis_and_Futuna" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Wallis and Futuna">Wallis and Futuna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>For other topics including Oceanian <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Oceania" class="mw-redirect" title="Cinema of Oceania">cinema</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shell_money_in_Oceania" class="mw-redirect" title="Shell money in Oceania">indigenous currency</a>, <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Oceanian_clothing" title="Category:History of Oceanian clothing">dress</a>, <a href="/wiki/Category:Oceanian_folklore" title="Category:Oceanian folklore">folklore</a> and <a href="/wiki/Category:Oceanian_cuisine" title="Category:Oceanian cuisine">cuisine</a>, see <a href="/wiki/Category:Culture_of_Oceania" title="Category:Culture of Oceania">Category:Culture of Oceania</a>.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Indigenous_peoples_of_the_world_by_continent" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:khaki; padding-top:0.1em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Indigenous_peoples_by_continent" title="Template:Indigenous peoples by continent"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Indigenous_peoples_by_continent" title="Template talk:Indigenous peoples by continent"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Indigenous_peoples_by_continent" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Indigenous peoples by continent"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Indigenous_peoples_of_the_world_by_continent" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples" title="Indigenous peoples">Indigenous peoples</a> of the <a href="/wiki/World" title="World">world</a> by <a href="/wiki/Continent" title="Continent">continent</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;text-align:center;width:17%;"><div> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_Africa" title="Location of Africa"><img alt="Location of Africa" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Africa_in_the_world_%28red%29_%28W3%29.svg/80px-Africa_in_the_world_%28red%29_%28W3%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="49" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Africa_in_the_world_%28red%29_%28W3%29.svg/120px-Africa_in_the_world_%28red%29_%28W3%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Africa_in_the_world_%28red%29_%28W3%29.svg/160px-Africa_in_the_world_%28red%29_%28W3%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="3188" data-file-height="1948" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_Africa" title="Indigenous peoples of Africa">Africa</a> </p> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align:center;width:17%;"><div> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_Eurasia" title="Location of Eurasia"><img alt="Location of Eurasia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Eurasia_in_the_world_%28red%29_%28W3%29.svg/80px-Eurasia_in_the_world_%28red%29_%28W3%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="49" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Eurasia_in_the_world_%28red%29_%28W3%29.svg/120px-Eurasia_in_the_world_%28red%29_%28W3%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Eurasia_in_the_world_%28red%29_%28W3%29.svg/160px-Eurasia_in_the_world_%28red%29_%28W3%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="3188" data-file-height="1948" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/List_of_indigenous_peoples#Eurasia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of indigenous peoples">Eurasia</a> </p> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align:center;width:17%;"><div> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_North_America" title="Location of North America"><img alt="Location of North America" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/North_America_in_the_world_%28red%29_%28W3%29.svg/80px-North_America_in_the_world_%28red%29_%28W3%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="49" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/North_America_in_the_world_%28red%29_%28W3%29.svg/120px-North_America_in_the_world_%28red%29_%28W3%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/North_America_in_the_world_%28red%29_%28W3%29.svg/160px-North_America_in_the_world_%28red%29_%28W3%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="3188" data-file-height="1948" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas#North_America" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">North America</a> </p> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align:center;width:17%;"><div> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_Oceania" title="Location of Oceania"><img alt="Location of Oceania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Oceania_in_the_world_%28red%29_%28W3%29.svg/80px-Oceania_in_the_world_%28red%29_%28W3%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="49" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Oceania_in_the_world_%28red%29_%28W3%29.svg/120px-Oceania_in_the_world_%28red%29_%28W3%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Oceania_in_the_world_%28red%29_%28W3%29.svg/160px-Oceania_in_the_world_%28red%29_%28W3%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="3188" data-file-height="1948" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_Oceania" title="Indigenous peoples of Oceania">Oceania</a> </p> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align:center;width:17%;"><div> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_South_America" title="Location of South America"><img alt="Location of South America" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/South_America_in_the_world_%28red%29_%28W3%29.svg/80px-South_America_in_the_world_%28red%29_%28W3%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="49" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/South_America_in_the_world_%28red%29_%28W3%29.svg/120px-South_America_in_the_world_%28red%29_%28W3%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/South_America_in_the_world_%28red%29_%28W3%29.svg/160px-South_America_in_the_world_%28red%29_%28W3%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="3188" data-file-height="1948" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_South_America" title="Indigenous peoples of South America">South America</a> </p> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:khaki;"><div><b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_indigenous_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="List of indigenous peoples">Indigenous peoples by geographic regions</a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px 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