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cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> 开关歷史子章节 </button> <ul id="toc-歷史-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-發現前" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#發現前"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 發現前 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-發現前-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-發現" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#發現"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 發現 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-發現-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-命名" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#命名"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 命名 </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-命名-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> 开关命名子章节 </button> <ul id="toc-命名-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-中文名称" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a 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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-化學性質" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#化學性質"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 化學性質 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-化學性質-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-備註" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#備註"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 備註 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-備註-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-參考資料" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#參考資料"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 參考資料 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-參考資料-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-参考书目" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#参考书目"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 参考书目 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-参考书目-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-外部連結" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#外部連結"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 外部連結 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-外部連結-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="目录" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="开关目录" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > 开关目录 </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">鿬</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="前往另一种语言写成的文章。115种语言可用" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-115" aria-hidden="true" > 115种语言 </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessien" title="Tennessien – 南非荷兰语" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Tennessien" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="南非荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%89%B0%E1%8A%90%E1%88%B2%E1%8A%95" title="ተነሲን – 阿姆哈拉语" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ተነሲን" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="阿姆哈拉语" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teneso" title="Teneso – 阿拉贡语" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Teneso" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="阿拉贡语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8" title="टेनेसीन – 昂加语" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="टेनेसीन" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="昂加语" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%86" title="تينيسين – 阿拉伯语" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تينيسين" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="阿拉伯语" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%86" title="تينيسين – 埃及阿拉伯文" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="تينيسين" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="埃及阿拉伯文" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessiu" title="Tennessiu – 阿斯图里亚斯语" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Tennessiu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="阿斯图里亚斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessin" title="Tennessin – 阿塞拜疆语" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Tennessin" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="阿塞拜疆语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A9nnessin" title="Ténnessin – 巴厘语" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Ténnessin" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="巴厘语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%8D%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%96%D0%BD" title="Тэнесін – 白俄罗斯语" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Тэнесін" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="白俄罗斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%8D%D1%81" title="Тэнэс – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Тэнэс" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Тенесин – 保加利亚语" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Тенесин" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="保加利亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8" title="टेनेसीन – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="टेनेसीन" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A8" title="টেনেসাইন – 孟加拉语" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="টেনেসাইন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="孟加拉语" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenness" title="Tenness – 布列塔尼语" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Tenness" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="布列塔尼语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenesin" title="Tenesin – 波斯尼亚语" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Tenesin" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="波斯尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennes" title="Tennes – 加泰罗尼亚语" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Tennes" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="加泰罗尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessine" title="Tennessine – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Tennessine" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessine" title="Tennessine – 宿务语" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Tennessine" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="宿务语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%DB%8E%D9%86%DB%8E%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%86" title="تێنێسین – 中库尔德语" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="تێنێسین" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="中库尔德语" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessiu" title="Tennessiu – 科西嘉语" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Tennessiu" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="科西嘉语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessin" title="Tennessin – 捷克语" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Tennessin" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="捷克语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Теннесин – 楚瓦什语" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Теннесин" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="楚瓦什语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenesin" title="Tenesin – 威尔士语" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Tenesin" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="威尔士语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessin" title="Tennessin – 丹麦语" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Tennessin" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="丹麦语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenness" title="Tenness – 德语" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Tenness" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="德语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CE%B5%CE%BD%CE%AD%CF%83%CE%B9%CE%BF" title="Τενέσιο – 希腊语" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Τενέσιο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="希腊语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="典范条目"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessine" title="Tennessine – 英语" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Tennessine" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英语" class="interlanguage-link-target">English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teneso" title="Teneso – 世界语" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Teneso" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="世界语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="优良条目"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teneso" title="Teneso – 西班牙语" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Teneso" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="西班牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessiin" title="Tennessiin – 爱沙尼亚语" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Tennessiin" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="爱沙尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teneso" title="Teneso – 巴斯克语" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Teneso" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="巴斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%86" title="تنسین – 波斯语" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تنسین" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="波斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessiini" title="Tennessiini – 芬兰语" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Tennessiini" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="芬兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessine" title="Tennessine – 法罗语" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Tennessine" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="法罗语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennesse" title="Tennesse – 法语" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Tennesse" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="法语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessiin" title="Tennessiin – 北弗里西亚语" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Tennessiin" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="北弗里西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ununseptium" title="Ununseptium – 弗留利语" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Ununseptium" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="弗留利语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Furlan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ununseptium" title="Ununseptium – 西弗里西亚语" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Ununseptium" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="西弗里西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teinis%C3%ADn" title="Teinisín – 爱尔兰语" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Teinisín" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="爱尔兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%BF%AC" title="鿬 – 赣语" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="鿬" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="赣语" class="interlanguage-link-target">贛語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessine" title="Tennessine – 苏格兰盖尔语" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Tennessine" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="苏格兰盖尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A9nnesso" title="Ténnesso – 加利西亚语" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Ténnesso" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="加利西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennesseen" title="Tennesseen – 马恩语" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Tennesseen" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="马恩语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessine" title="Tennessine – 客家语" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Tennessine" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="客家语" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%98%D7%A0%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%9F" title="טנסין – 希伯来语" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="טנסין" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="希伯来语" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8" title="टेनिसीन – 印地语" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="टेनिसीन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="印地语" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ununseptium" title="Ununseptium – 斐濟印地文" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Ununseptium" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="斐濟印地文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenesin" title="Tenesin – 克罗地亚语" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Tenesin" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenesszium" title="Tenesszium – 匈牙利语" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Tenesszium" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="匈牙利语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B9%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%A5%D5%BD%D5%BD%D5%AB%D5%B6" title="Թենեսսին – 亚美尼亚语" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Թենեսսին" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="亚美尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennesso" title="Tennesso – 国际语" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Tennesso" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="国际语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenesin" title="Tenesin – 印度尼西亚语" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Tenesin" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="印度尼西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennesso" title="Tennesso – 意大利语" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Tennesso" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="意大利语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%86%E3%83%8D%E3%82%B7%E3%83%B3" title="テネシン – 日语" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="テネシン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="日语" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="ტენესინი – 格鲁吉亚语" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ტენესინი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="格鲁吉亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C9%9Bn%C9%9Bs%C9%A9" title="Tɛnɛsɩ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Tɛnɛsɩ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Теннессин – 哈萨克语" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Теннессин" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="哈萨克语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%85%8C%EB%84%A4%EC%8B%A0" title="테네신 – 韩语" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="테네신" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="韩语" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%81" title="Теннесс – 科米语" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Теннесс" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="科米语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenessin" title="Tenessin – 康沃尔语" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Tenessin" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="康沃尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessine" title="Tennessine – 拉丁语" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Tennessine" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="拉丁语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessine" title="Tennessine – 卢森堡语" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Tennessine" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="卢森堡语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ten%C3%A9sso" title="Tenésso – 利古里亚语" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Tenésso" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="利古里亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenesinas" title="Tenesinas – 立陶宛语" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Tenesinas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="立陶宛语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenes%C4%ABns" title="Tenesīns – 拉脱维亚语" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Tenesīns" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="拉脱维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Тенесин – 马其顿语" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Тенесин" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="马其顿语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%80%E0%B5%BB" title="ടെനസീൻ – 马拉雅拉姆语" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ടെനസീൻ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="马拉雅拉姆语" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Теннессин – 蒙古语" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Теннессин" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="蒙古语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="अनुनसेप्टियम – 马拉地语" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="अनुनसेप्टियम" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="马拉地语" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Унунсептий – 西馬里文" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Унунсептий" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="西馬里文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кырык мары</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessin" title="Tennessin – 马来语" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Tennessin" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="马来语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%90%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%94%E1%80%86%E1%80%AE%E1%80%B8" title="တန်နဆီး – 缅甸语" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="တန်နဆီး" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="缅甸语" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenness" title="Tenness – 低地德语" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Tenness" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="低地德语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessine" title="Tennessine – 荷兰语" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Tennessine" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenness" title="Tenness – 挪威尼诺斯克语" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Tenness" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="挪威尼诺斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenness" title="Tenness – 书面挪威语" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Tenness" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="书面挪威语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessina" title="Tennessina – 奥克语" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Tennessina" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="奥克语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenes" title="Tenes – 波兰语" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Tenes" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="波兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%86" title="تنسين – 普什图语" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="تنسين" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="普什图语" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenesso" title="Tenesso – 葡萄牙语" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Tenesso" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="葡萄牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tinissin" title="Tinissin – 克丘亚语" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Tinissin" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="克丘亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessin" title="Tennessin – 罗马尼亚语" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Tennessin" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="罗马尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ununseptiu" title="Ununseptiu – 阿罗马尼亚语" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Ununseptiu" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="阿罗马尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Armãneashti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Теннессин – 俄语" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Теннессин" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="俄语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessu" title="Tennessu – 萨丁语" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Tennessu" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="萨丁语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ununseptiu" title="Ununseptiu – 西西里语" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Ununseptiu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="西西里语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenes" title="Tenes – 塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Tenes" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessine" title="Tennessine – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Tennessine" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ten%C3%A9s" title="Tenés – 斯洛伐克语" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Tenés" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="斯洛伐克语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenes" title="Tenes – 斯洛文尼亚语" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Tenes" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="斯洛文尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenesini" title="Tenesini – 阿尔巴尼亚语" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Tenesini" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="阿尔巴尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Тенесин – 塞尔维亚语" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Тенесин" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenness" title="Tenness – 瑞典语" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Tenness" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="瑞典语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ununsepti" title="Ununsepti – 斯瓦希里语" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Ununsepti" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="斯瓦希里语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D" title="தென்னிசீன் – 泰米尔语" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="தென்னிசீன்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="泰米尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D" title="టెన్నెస్సిన్ – 泰卢固语" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="టెన్నెస్సిన్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="泰卢固语" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Теннесин – 塔吉克语" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Теннесин" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="塔吉克语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%99" title="เทนเนสซีน – 泰语" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เทนเนสซีน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="泰语" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennesin" title="Tennesin – 土耳其语" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Tennesin" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="土耳其语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Тенессин – 鞑靼语" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Тенессин" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="鞑靼语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%87%D9%86%DB%87%D9%86%D8%B3%DB%90%D9%BE%D8%AA%D9%89%D9%8A" title="ئۇنۇنسېپتىي – 维吾尔语" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="ئۇنۇنسېپتىي" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="维吾尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Теннессин – 乌克兰语" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Теннессин" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="乌克兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%B9%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%86" title="ٹینیسین – 乌尔都语" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ٹینیسین" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="乌尔都语" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenness" title="Tenness – 乌兹别克语" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Tenness" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="乌兹别克语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessin" title="Tennessin – 维普森语" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Tennessin" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="维普森语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessine" title="Tennessine – 越南语" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tennessine" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="越南语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennesso" title="Tennesso – 瓦瑞语" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Tennesso" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="瓦瑞语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%BF%AC" title="鿬 – 吴语" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="鿬" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="吴语" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Унунсептиум – 卡尔梅克语" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" data-title="Унунсептиум" data-language-autonym="Хальмг" data-language-local-name="卡尔梅克语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Хальмг</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenness%C3%ADn%C3%AC" title="Tennessínì – 约鲁巴语" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Tennessínì" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="约鲁巴语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%BF%AC" title="鿬 – 文言文" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="鿬" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="文言文" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessine" title="Tennessine – 闽南语" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Tennessine" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="闽南语" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%BF%AC" title="鿬 – 粤语" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="鿬" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="粤语" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/IThesimbi" title="IThesimbi – 祖鲁语" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="IThesimbi" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="祖鲁语" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiZulu</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1306#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="编辑跨语言链接" class="wbc-editpage">编辑链接</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="命名空间"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul 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<div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">外观</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-noteTA-f683ec12" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><img alt="本页使用了标题或全文手工转换" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Zh_conversion_icon_m.svg/35px-Zh_conversion_icon_m.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Zh_conversion_icon_m.svg/53px-Zh_conversion_icon_m.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Zh_conversion_icon_m.svg/70px-Zh_conversion_icon_m.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="32" data-file-height="20" /></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">维基百科，自由的百科全书</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="zh" dir="ltr"><div id="noteTA-f683ec12" class="noteTA"><div class="noteTA-group"><div data-noteta-group-source="module" data-noteta-group="Chemistry"></div></div></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">注意：本页有<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E6%97%A5%E9%9F%93%E7%B5%B1%E4%B8%80%E8%A1%A8%E6%84%8F%E6%96%87%E5%AD%97" title="中日韓統一表意文字">Unihan</a>新版汉字：「<span class="plainlinks" style="font-family: sans-serif, 'FZSongS-Extended', 'FZSongS-Extended(SIP)', 'WenQuanYi Zen Hei Mono', 'BabelStone Han', 'HanaMinB', 'I.MingCP', 'I.Ming', 'FZSong-Extended', 'Arial Unicode MS', Code2002, DFSongStd, 'STHeiti SC', unifont, SimSun-ExtB, TH-Tshyn-P0, TH-Tshyn-P1, TH-Tshyn-P2, Jigmo3, Jigmo2, Jigmo, ZhongHuaSongPlane15, ZhongHuaSongPlane02, ZhongHuaSongPlane00, LastResort;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/cgi-bin/GetUnihanData.pl?codepoint=9FD4">鿔</a>、<span class="plainlinks" style="font-family: sans-serif, 'FZSongS-Extended', 'FZSongS-Extended(SIP)', 'WenQuanYi Zen Hei Mono', 'BabelStone Han', 'HanaMinB', 'I.MingCP', 'I.Ming', 'FZSong-Extended', 'Arial Unicode MS', Code2002, DFSongStd, 'STHeiti SC', unifont, SimSun-ExtB, TH-Tshyn-P0, TH-Tshyn-P1, TH-Tshyn-P2, Jigmo3, Jigmo2, Jigmo, ZhongHuaSongPlane15, ZhongHuaSongPlane02, ZhongHuaSongPlane00, LastResort;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/cgi-bin/GetUnihanData.pl?codepoint=9FEB">鿫</a>、<span class="plainlinks" style="font-family: sans-serif, 'FZSongS-Extended', 'FZSongS-Extended(SIP)', 'WenQuanYi Zen Hei Mono', 'BabelStone Han', 'HanaMinB', 'I.MingCP', 'I.Ming', 'FZSong-Extended', 'Arial Unicode MS', Code2002, DFSongStd, 'STHeiti SC', unifont, SimSun-ExtB, TH-Tshyn-P0, TH-Tshyn-P1, TH-Tshyn-P2, Jigmo3, Jigmo2, Jigmo, ZhongHuaSongPlane15, ZhongHuaSongPlane02, ZhongHuaSongPlane00, LastResort;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/cgi-bin/GetUnihanData.pl?codepoint=9FEC">鿬</a>、<span class="plainlinks" style="font-family: sans-serif, 'FZSongS-Extended', 'FZSongS-Extended(SIP)', 'WenQuanYi Zen Hei Mono', 'BabelStone Han', 'HanaMinB', 'I.MingCP', 'I.Ming', 'FZSong-Extended', 'Arial Unicode MS', Code2002, DFSongStd, 'STHeiti SC', unifont, SimSun-ExtB, TH-Tshyn-P0, TH-Tshyn-P1, TH-Tshyn-P2, Jigmo3, Jigmo2, Jigmo, ZhongHuaSongPlane15, ZhongHuaSongPlane02, ZhongHuaSongPlane00, LastResort;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/cgi-bin/GetUnihanData.pl?codepoint=289C0">𨧀</a>、<span class="plainlinks" style="font-family: sans-serif, 'FZSongS-Extended', 'FZSongS-Extended(SIP)', 'WenQuanYi Zen Hei Mono', 'BabelStone Han', 'HanaMinB', 'I.MingCP', 'I.Ming', 'FZSong-Extended', 'Arial Unicode MS', Code2002, DFSongStd, 'STHeiti SC', unifont, SimSun-ExtB, TH-Tshyn-P0, TH-Tshyn-P1, TH-Tshyn-P2, Jigmo3, Jigmo2, Jigmo, ZhongHuaSongPlane15, ZhongHuaSongPlane02, ZhongHuaSongPlane00, LastResort;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/cgi-bin/GetUnihanData.pl?codepoint=2B4E7">𫓧</a>、<span class="plainlinks" style="font-family: sans-serif, 'FZSongS-Extended', 'FZSongS-Extended(SIP)', 'WenQuanYi Zen Hei Mono', 'BabelStone Han', 'HanaMinB', 'I.MingCP', 'I.Ming', 'FZSong-Extended', 'Arial Unicode MS', Code2002, DFSongStd, 'STHeiti SC', unifont, SimSun-ExtB, TH-Tshyn-P0, TH-Tshyn-P1, TH-Tshyn-P2, Jigmo3, Jigmo2, Jigmo, ZhongHuaSongPlane15, ZhongHuaSongPlane02, ZhongHuaSongPlane00, LastResort;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/cgi-bin/GetUnihanData.pl?codepoint=2B7F7">𫟷</a>、<span class="plainlinks" style="font-family: sans-serif, 'FZSongS-Extended', 'FZSongS-Extended(SIP)', 'WenQuanYi Zen Hei Mono', 'BabelStone Han', 'HanaMinB', 'I.MingCP', 'I.Ming', 'FZSong-Extended', 'Arial Unicode MS', Code2002, DFSongStd, 'STHeiti SC', unifont, SimSun-ExtB, TH-Tshyn-P0, TH-Tshyn-P1, TH-Tshyn-P2, Jigmo3, Jigmo2, Jigmo, ZhongHuaSongPlane15, ZhongHuaSongPlane02, ZhongHuaSongPlane00, LastResort;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/cgi-bin/GetUnihanData.pl?codepoint=2B7FC">𫟼</a>、<span class="plainlinks" style="font-family: sans-serif, 'FZSongS-Extended', 'FZSongS-Extended(SIP)', 'WenQuanYi Zen Hei Mono', 'BabelStone Han', 'HanaMinB', 'I.MingCP', 'I.Ming', 'FZSong-Extended', 'Arial Unicode MS', Code2002, DFSongStd, 'STHeiti SC', unifont, SimSun-ExtB, TH-Tshyn-P0, TH-Tshyn-P1, TH-Tshyn-P2, Jigmo3, Jigmo2, Jigmo, ZhongHuaSongPlane15, ZhongHuaSongPlane02, ZhongHuaSongPlane00, LastResort;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/cgi-bin/GetUnihanData.pl?codepoint=2CB4A">𬭊</a>」，這些字符可能會<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%82%E7%A2%BC" title="亂碼">错误显示</a>，詳见<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Unicode%E6%89%A9%E5%B1%95%E6%B1%89%E5%AD%97" title="Wikipedia:Unicode扩展汉字">Unicode扩展汉字</a>。</div> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E6%B6%88%E6%AD%A7%E4%B9%89" title="Wikipedia:消歧义"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Confusion_grey.svg/24px-Confusion_grey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Confusion_grey.svg/36px-Confusion_grey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Confusion_grey.svg/48px-Confusion_grey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="260" data-file-height="200" /></a><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r74069148">body:not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .ifmobile>.mobile{display:none}body.skin-minerva 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class="infobox-title">鿬 117Ts</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"> <table class="wikitable" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="text-align:center; width:100%; margin:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td> <table class="periodictable" style="margin:0 auto;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:none; width:10px"> <table class="nogrid Yuansuzhouqibiao_nav" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="1" style="background-color: transparent; text-align: center; empty-cells: show;padding:0; border: none;border-spacing:1px;border-collapse:separate;margin:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r83953186">.mw-parser-output .Yuansuzhouqibiao_nav span{display:block;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .Yuansuzhouqibiao_nav td{border:none;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .Yuansuzhouqibiao_alkali,.mw-parser-output .Yuansuzhouqibiao_alkali .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .Yuansuzhouqibiao_alkali 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.Yuansuzhouqibiao_transition_predicted{background-color:#ffe2e2}.mw-parser-output .Yuansuzhouqibiao_post_transition{background-color:#cccccc}.mw-parser-output .Yuansuzhouqibiao_post_transition_predicted{background-color:#dfdfdf}.mw-parser-output .Yuansuzhouqibiao_metalloid{background-color:#cccc99}.mw-parser-output .Yuansuzhouqibiao_metalloid_predicted{background-color:#e2e2aa}.mw-parser-output .Yuansuzhouqibiao_diatomic{background-color:#e7ff8f}.mw-parser-output .Yuansuzhouqibiao_diatomic_predicted{background-color:#F3FFC7}.mw-parser-output .Yuansuzhouqibiao_polyatomic{background-color:#a1ffc3}.mw-parser-output .Yuansuzhouqibiao_polyatomic_predicted{background-color:#d0ffe1}.mw-parser-output .Yuansuzhouqibiao_reactive_nonmetal{background-color:#a0ffa0}.mw-parser-output .Yuansuzhouqibiao_reactive_nonmetal_predicted{background-color:#d3ffd3}.mw-parser-output .Yuansuzhouqibiao_halogen{background-color:#ffff99}.mw-parser-output .Yuansuzhouqibiao_halogen_predicted{background-color:#ffffd6}.mw-parser-output .Yuansuzhouqibiao_noble_gas{background-color:#c0ffff}.mw-parser-output .Yuansuzhouqibiao_noble_gas_predicted{background-color:#ddffff}.mw-parser-output .Yuansuzhouqibiao_supercritical_atom{background-color:#f4f4c6}.mw-parser-output .Yuansuzhouqibiao_supercritical_atom_predicted{background-color:#f4f4c6}.mw-parser-output .Yuansuzhouqibiao_no_electron{background-color:#d0d0d0}.mw-parser-output .Yuansuzhouqibiao_s_block{background-color:#ff6699}.mw-parser-output .Yuansuzhouqibiao_s_block_predicted{background-color:#FBD}.mw-parser-output .Yuansuzhouqibiao_p_block{background-color:#99ccff}.mw-parser-output .Yuansuzhouqibiao_p_block_predicted{background-color:#CEF}.mw-parser-output .Yuansuzhouqibiao_d_block{background-color:#ccff99}.mw-parser-output .Yuansuzhouqibiao_d_block_predicted{background-color:#DFC}.mw-parser-output .Yuansuzhouqibiao_ds_block{background-color:#90ffb0}.mw-parser-output .Yuansuzhouqibiao_ds_block_predicted{background-color:#C7FFD7}.mw-parser-output .Yuansuzhouqibiao_f_block{background-color:#66ffcc}.mw-parser-output .Yuansuzhouqibiao_f_block_predicted{background-color:#BFE}.mw-parser-output .Yuansuzhouqibiao_g_block{background-color:#ffcc66}.mw-parser-output .Yuansuzhouqibiao_g_block_predicted{background-color:#FDA}.mw-parser-output .Yuansuzhouqibiao_h_block{background-color:#F0908C}.mw-parser-output .Yuansuzhouqibiao_h_block_predicted{background-color:#F0B6B4}.mw-parser-output .Yuansuzhouqibiao_unknown{background-color:#e8e8e8}.mw-parser-output .Yuansuzhouqibiao_error_type{background-color:#000000}.mw-parser-output .Yuansuzhouqibiao_null{background-color:inherit}.mw-parser-output .Yuansuzhouqibiao_maybe_not_exist{background-color:white}.mw-parser-output .Yuansuzhouqibiao_none_type{background-color:#c0c0c0}.mw-parser-output .Yuansuzhouqibiao_gas{color:green}.mw-parser-output .Yuansuzhouqibiao_liquid{color:blue}.mw-parser-output .Yuansuzhouqibiao_solid{color:black;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .Yuansuzhouqibiao_unknow_phase{color:grey}</style><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A2" title="氢">氫（非金屬）</a> </td> <td colspan="30" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A6" title="氦">氦（惰性氣體）</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%94%82" title="锂">鋰（鹼金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%8D" title="铍">鈹（鹼土金屬）</a> </td> <td colspan="24" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A1%BC" title="硼">硼（類金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A2%B3" title="碳">碳（非金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%AE" title="氮">氮（非金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A7" title="氧">氧（非金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%9F" title="氟">氟（鹵素）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%96" title="氖">氖（惰性氣體）</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%A0" title="钠">鈉（鹼金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%81" title="镁">鎂（鹼土金屬）</a> </td> <td colspan="24" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%9D" title="铝">鋁（貧金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A1%85" title="硅">矽（類金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A3%B7" title="磷">磷（非金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A1%AB" title="硫">硫（非金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%AF" title="氯">氯（鹵素）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A9" title="氩">氬（惰性氣體）</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%BE" title="钾">鉀（鹼金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%99" title="钙">鈣（鹼土金屬）</a> </td> <td colspan="14" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%AA" title="钪">鈧（過渡金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%9B" title="钛">鈦（過渡金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%92" title="钒">釩（過渡金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%AC" title="铬">鉻（過渡金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%94%B0" title="锰">錳（過渡金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%81" title="铁">鐵（過渡金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%B4" title="钴">鈷（過渡金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%8D" title="镍">鎳（過渡金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%9C" title="铜">銅（過渡金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%94%8C" title="锌">鋅（過渡金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%93" title="镓">鎵（貧金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%94%97" title="锗">鍺（類金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A0%B7" title="砷">砷（類金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A1%92" title="硒">硒（非金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%BA%B4" title="溴">溴（鹵素）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%AA" title="氪">氪（惰性氣體）</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%B7" title="铷">銣（鹼金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%94%B6" title="锶">鍶（鹼土金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none; width:0;padding:0;"> </td> <td colspan="13" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%87" title="钇">釔（過渡金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%94%86" title="锆">鋯（過渡金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%8C" title="铌">鈮（過渡金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%BC" title="钼">鉬（過渡金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%94%9D" title="锝">鎝（過渡金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%8C" title="钌">釕（過渡金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%91" title="铑">銠（過渡金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%AF" title="钯">鈀（過渡金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%8A%80" title="銀">銀（過渡金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%89" title="镉">鎘（過渡金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%9F" title="铟">銦（貧金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%94%A1" title="锡">錫（貧金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%94%91" title="锑">銻（類金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A2%B2" title="碲">碲（類金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A2%98" title="碘">碘（鹵素）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%99" title="氙">氙（惰性氣體）</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%AF" title="铯">銫（鹼金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%A1" title="钡">鋇（鹼土金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%A7" title="镧">鑭（鑭系元素）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%88" title="铈">鈰（鑭系元素）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%A8" title="镨">鐠（鑭系元素）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%95" title="钕">釹（鑭系元素）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%B7" title="钷">鉕（鑭系元素）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%90" title="钐">釤（鑭系元素）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%95" title="铕">銪（鑭系元素）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%86" title="钆">釓（鑭系元素）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%BD" title="铽">鋱（鑭系元素）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%9D" title="镝">鏑（鑭系元素）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%AC" title="钬">鈥（鑭系元素）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%92" title="铒">鉺（鑭系元素）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%A5" title="铥">銩（鑭系元素）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%B1" title="镱">鐿（鑭系元素）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%A5" title="镥">鎦（鑭系元素）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%AA" title="铪">鉿（過渡金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%BD" title="钽">鉭（過渡金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%A8" title="钨">鎢（過渡金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%BC" title="铼">錸（過渡金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%94%87" title="锇">鋨（過渡金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%B1" title="铱">銥（過渡金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%82" title="铂">鉑（過渡金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%91" title="金">金（過渡金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%9E" title="汞">汞（過渡金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%8A" title="铊">鉈（貧金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%85" title="铅">鉛（貧金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%8B" title="铋">鉍（貧金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%8B" title="钋">釙（貧金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A0%B9" title="砹">砈（類金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A1" title="氡">氡（惰性氣體）</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%AB" title="钫">鍅（鹼金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%AD" title="镭">鐳（鹼土金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%94%95" title="锕">錒（錒系元素）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%8D" title="钍">釷（錒系元素）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%A4" title="镤">鏷（錒系元素）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%88%BE" title="鈾">鈾（錒系元素）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%8E" title="镎">錼（錒系元素）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%9A" title="钚">鈽（錒系元素）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%85" title="镅">鋂（錒系元素）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%94%94" title="锔">鋦（錒系元素）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%94%AB" title="锫">鉳（錒系元素）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%94%8E" title="锎">鉲（錒系元素）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%94%BF" title="锿">鑀（錒系元素）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%84" title="镄">鐨（錒系元素）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%94" title="钔">鍆（錒系元素）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%94%98" title="锘">鍩（錒系元素）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%90%92" title="鐒">鐒（錒系元素）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%91%AA" title="鑪">鑪（過渡金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%F0%A8%A7%80" title="𨧀">𨧀（過渡金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%F0%A8%AD%8E" title="𨭎">𨭎（過渡金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%F0%A8%A8%8F" title="𨨏">𨨏（過渡金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%F0%A8%AD%86" title="𨭆">𨭆（過渡金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E4%A5%91" title="䥑">䥑（預測為過渡金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%90%BD" title="鐽">鐽（預測為過渡金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%8C%80" title="錀">錀（預測為過渡金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%8E%B6" title="鎶">鎶（過渡金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%89%A8" title="鉨">鉨（預測為貧金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%88%87" title="鈇">鈇（貧金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%86" title="镆">鏌（預測為貧金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%89%9D" title="鉝">鉝（預測為貧金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">鿬（預測為鹵素）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%BF%AB" title="鿫">鿫（預測為惰性氣體）</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:center; font-size:90%; line-height:100%; width:10px; border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A0%88" class="mw-redirect" title="砈">砈</a> ↑ 鿬 ↓ (Uhs) </td></tr> <tr> <td class="nowrap" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%; line-height:100%; padding-top:0; padding-bottom:1px; border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%89%9D" title="鉝">鉝</a> ← 鿬 → <a href="/wiki/%E9%BF%AB" title="鿫">鿫</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header Yuansuzhouqibiao_halogen_predicted" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ffff99; color:#000000;;">外觀</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="">半金屬狀（預測）<a href="#cite_note-BFricke-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header Yuansuzhouqibiao_halogen_predicted" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ffff99; color:#000000;;">概況</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="">名稱·<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="元素列表">符號</a>·<a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90%E5%BA%8F%E6%95%B0" title="原子序数">序數</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="">鿬（Tennessine）·Ts·117</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="">元素類別</th><td class="infobox-data" style="">未知 可能為<a href="/wiki/%E9%B9%B5%E7%B4%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="鹵素">鹵素</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%A1%9E%E9%87%91%E5%B1%AC" class="mw-redirect" title="類金屬">類金屬</a>或<a href="/wiki/%E8%B2%A7%E9%87%91%E5%B1%AC" title="貧金屬">貧金屬</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%8F_(%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6)" title="族 (化学)">族</a>·<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0%E5%91%A8%E6%9C%9F" title="元素周期">週期</a>·<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0%E5%88%86%E5%8C%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="元素分区">區</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a href="/wiki/17%E6%97%8F%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="17族元素">17</a>·<a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC7%E5%91%A8%E6%9C%9F%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" title="第7周期元素">7</a>·<a href="/wiki/P%E5%8C%BA%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" title="P区元素">p</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90%E9%87%8F" title="原子量">標準原子質量</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="">[294]</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E5%AD%90%E6%8E%92%E5%B8%83" title="电子排布">电子排布</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="">[<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A1" title="氡">Rn</a>] 5f14 6d10 7s2 7p5 （預測）<a href="#cite_note-Haire-2">[2]</a> 2,8,18,32,32,18,7 （預測） <div style="border:0; margin:0 auto;"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Electron_shell_117_Tennessine_-_no_label.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="鿬的电子層（2,8,18,32,32,18,7 （預測））"><img alt="鿬的电子層（2,8,18,32,32,18,7 （預測））" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Electron_shell_117_Tennessine_-_no_label.svg/153px-Electron_shell_117_Tennessine_-_no_label.svg.png" decoding="async" width="153" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Electron_shell_117_Tennessine_-_no_label.svg/230px-Electron_shell_117_Tennessine_-_no_label.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Electron_shell_117_Tennessine_-_no_label.svg/306px-Electron_shell_117_Tennessine_-_no_label.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>鿬的电子層（2,8,18,32,32,18,7 （預測））</figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header Yuansuzhouqibiao_halogen_predicted" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ffff99; color:#000000;;">歷史</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0%E7%99%BC%E7%8F%BE%E5%B9%B4%E8%A1%A8" title="化學元素發現年表">發現</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E8%81%AF%E5%90%88%E6%A0%B8%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E6%89%80" class="mw-redirect" title="聯合核研究所">聯合核研究所</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%B3%E4%BC%A6%E6%96%AF%E5%88%A9%E5%BC%97%E8%8E%AB%E5%B0%94%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E5%AE%9E%E9%AA%8C%E5%AE%A4" class="mw-redirect" title="劳伦斯利弗莫尔国家实验室">勞倫斯利弗莫爾國家實驗室</a>（2009年）</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header Yuansuzhouqibiao_halogen_predicted" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ffff99; color:#000000;;">物理性質</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%B8_(%E7%89%A9%E8%B4%A8)" title="相 (物质)">物態</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BA%E9%AB%94" class="mw-redirect" title="固體">固體</a>（預測）<a href="#cite_note-Haire-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-B&K-3">[3]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%86%E5%BA%A6" title="密度">密度</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="">（接近<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%A4%E6%BA%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="室溫">室温</a>） 7.1–7.3（推算）<a href="#cite_note-B&K-3">[3]</a> <a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8B" title="克">g</a>·<a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%98%E7%B1%B3" title="厘米">cm</a>−3</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E7%86%94%E7%82%B9" title="熔点">熔点</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="">573–773 <a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%80%E5%B0%94%E6%96%87" title="开尔文">K</a>，300–500 <a href="/wiki/%E6%91%84%E6%B0%8F%E6%B8%A9%E6%A0%87" title="摄氏温标">°C</a>，572–932（預測）<a href="#cite_note-Haire-2">[2]</a> <a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%8E%E6%B0%8F%E6%B8%A9%E6%A0%87" title="华氏温标">°F</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%B8%E9%BB%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="沸點">沸點</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="">823 <a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%80%E5%B0%94%E6%96%87" title="开尔文">K</a>，550 <a href="/wiki/%E6%91%84%E6%B0%8F%E6%B8%A9%E6%A0%87" title="摄氏温标">°C</a>，1022（預測）<a href="#cite_note-Haire-2">[2]</a> <a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%8E%E6%B0%8F%E6%B8%A9%E6%A0%87" title="华氏温标">°F</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header Yuansuzhouqibiao_halogen_predicted" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ffff99; color:#000000;;">原子性質</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A7%E5%8C%96%E6%80%81" title="氧化态">氧化态</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="">−1, +1, +3, +5（預測）<a href="#cite_note-Haire-2">[2]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E7%A6%BB%E8%83%BD" title="电离能">电离能</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="">第一：742.9（預測）<a href="#cite_note-Haire-2">[2]</a> <a href="/wiki/%E7%84%A6%E8%80%B3%E6%AF%8F%E6%91%A9%E5%B0%94" title="焦耳每摩尔">kJ·mol−1</a> 第二：1785.0–1920.1（預測）<a href="#cite_note-B&K-3">[3]</a> kJ·mol−1</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90%E5%8D%8A%E5%BE%84" title="原子半径">原子半径</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="">138（預測）<a href="#cite_note-B&K-3">[3]</a> <a href="/wiki/%E7%9A%AE%E7%B1%B3" title="皮米">pm</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%B1%E4%BB%B7%E5%8D%8A%E5%BE%84" title="共价半径">共价半径</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="">156–157（推算）<a href="#cite_note-B&K-3">[3]</a> pm</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header Yuansuzhouqibiao_halogen_predicted" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ffff99; color:#000000;;">雜項</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><a href="/wiki/CAS%E5%8F%B7" title="CAS号">CAS号</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=54101-14-3">54101-14-3</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header Yuansuzhouqibiao_halogen_predicted" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ffff99; color:#000000;;">同位素<div style="float:right;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84265675">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:" :"}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist-pipe dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist-pipe li::after{content:" | ";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist-hyphen dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist-hyphen li::after{content:" - ";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist-comma dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist-comma li::after{content:"、";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:"（"counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output ul.cslist,.mw-parser-output ul.sslist{margin:0;padding:0;display:inline-block;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .cslist li,.mw-parser-output .sslist li{margin:0;display:inline-block}.mw-parser-output .cslist li::after{content:"，"}.mw-parser-output .sslist li::after{content:"；"}.mw-parser-output .cslist li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .sslist li:last-child::after{content:none}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84244141">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:110%;margin:0 8em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:110%;margin:0 5em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Infobox_tennessine_isotopes" title="Template:Infobox tennessine isotopes"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Infobox_tennessine_isotopes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Infobox tennessine isotopes（页面不存在）"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:Infobox_tennessine_isotopes" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:Infobox tennessine isotopes"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E9%BF%AC%E7%9A%84%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" title="鿬的同位素">鿬的同位素</a> <div> <table class="wikitable" cellpadding="0" style="text-align:center;width:100%; border-collapse:collapse; margin:0; padding:0;"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" title="同位素">同位素</a> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%B0%E5%BA%A6" title="丰度">丰度</a> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%8A%E8%A1%B0%E6%9C%9F" title="半衰期">半衰期</a>（t1/2） </th> <th colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BE%E5%B0%84%E6%80%A7#衰变" title="放射性">衰變</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%B0%E8%AE%8A%E6%96%B9%E5%BC%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="衰變方式">方式</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%B0%E5%8F%98%E8%83%BD" title="衰变能">能量</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E5%AD%90%E4%BC%8F%E7%89%B9" title="電子伏特">MeV</a>） </th> <th><a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%B0%E5%8F%98%E4%BA%A7%E7%89%A9" title="衰变产物">產物</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="1" style="text-align:right; vertical-align:middle;">293Ts<a href="#cite_note-266Lr-4">[4]</a> </th> <td rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle;"><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E9%80%A0%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="人造同位素">人造</a> </td> <td rowspan="1" style="text-align:right; vertical-align:middle;">25 <a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%AB%E7%A7%92" class="mw-redirect" title="毫秒">毫秒</a> </td> <td rowspan="1" style="text-align:right; vertical-align:middle;"><a href="/wiki/%CE%91%E8%A1%B0%E5%8F%98" title="Α衰变">α</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle;">11.03 </td> <td style="text-align:right; vertical-align:middle;">289Mc </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="1" style="text-align:right; vertical-align:middle;">294Ts<a href="#cite_note-277Mt-5">[5]</a> </th> <td rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle;">人造 </td> <td rowspan="1" style="text-align:right; vertical-align:middle;">51 <a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%AB%E7%A7%92" class="mw-redirect" title="毫秒">毫秒</a> </td> <td rowspan="1" style="text-align:right; vertical-align:middle;"><a href="/wiki/%CE%91%E8%A1%B0%E5%8F%98" title="Α衰变">α</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle;">10.81 </td> <td style="text-align:right; vertical-align:middle;">290Mc </td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r80905552">.mw-parser-output ruby.zy{text-align:justify;text-justify:none}.mw-parser-output ruby.zy>rp{user-select:none}.mw-parser-output ruby.zy>rt{font-feature-settings:"ruby"1;font-size:90%;user-select:none}.mw-parser-output ruby.zy>rt+rt{padding-left:0.15em}</style><ruby class="zy center"><rb>鿬</rb><rp>（</rp><rt lang="zh-Latn-pinyin">tián</rt><rp>）</rp></ruby>（<a href="/wiki/File:Tennessine_zh.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Tennessine_zh.svg/18px-Tennessine_zh.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Tennessine_zh.svg/27px-Tennessine_zh.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Tennessine_zh.svg/36px-Tennessine_zh.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a>）<a href="#cite_note-naer-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-cnctst-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-sciencenet1705-8">[8]</a>（英語：Tennessine），是一種<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E5%90%88%E6%88%90%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" title="人工合成元素">人工合成</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" title="化學元素">化學元素</a>，其<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8%E7%AC%A6%E8%99%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="化學符號">化學符號</a>为Ts，<a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90%E5%BA%8F%E6%95%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="原子序數">原子序數</a>为117，在當前所有已發現的元素中<a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90%E5%BA%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="原子序">原子序</a>第二高，僅次於118號元素<a href="/wiki/%E9%BF%AB" title="鿫">鿫</a>。鿬是一種<a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BE%E5%B0%84%E6%80%A7" title="放射性">放射性</a>極強、極為不穩定的<a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%85%E9%87%8D%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" title="超重元素">超重元素</a>，不存在於自然界中，只能在實驗室內以<a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%92%E5%AD%90%E5%8A%A0%E9%80%9F%E5%99%A8" title="粒子加速器">粒子加速器</a>人工合成，於2009年<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a>用<a href="/wiki/%E9%88%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="鈣">鈣</a>撞擊<a href="/wiki/%E9%89%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="鉳">鉳</a>而發現。其所有<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" title="同位素">同位素</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%8A%E8%A1%B0%E6%9C%9F" title="半衰期">半衰期</a>都極短，最長壽的已知同位素為294Ts，<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%8A%E8%A1%B0%E6%9C%9F" title="半衰期">半衰期</a>僅約51<a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%AB%E7%A7%92" class="mw-redirect" title="毫秒">毫秒</a>。 2009年，一個美俄聯合科學團隊在<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E7%BE%85%E6%96%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="俄羅斯">俄羅斯</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%9C%E5%B8%83%E7%BA%B3%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90%E6%A0%B8%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E6%89%80" title="杜布纳联合原子核研究所">杜布納聯合原子核研究所</a>首次宣佈發現鿬。2011年的另一項實驗直接生成了鿬的其中一種<a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%B0%E5%8F%98%E4%BA%A7%E7%89%A9" title="衰变产物">子同位素</a>，這證實了2010年實驗的一部份結果；原先的實驗在2012年成功得到重現。2014年，<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="德國">德國</a><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%A5%E5%A7%86%E9%9C%8D%E5%85%B9%E9%87%8D%E7%A6%BB%E5%AD%90%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E4%B8%AD%E5%BF%83" title="亥姆霍兹重离子研究中心">亥姆霍茲重離子研究中心</a>也宣佈成功重現該實驗。2015年，負責檢驗超重元素合成實驗的<a href="/wiki/IUPAC" class="mw-redirect" title="IUPAC">IUPAC</a>/<a href="/wiki/IUPAP" class="mw-redirect" title="IUPAP">IUPAP</a>聯合工作小組（JWP）確認117號元素已被發現，命名該元素的提議權由美俄聯合科學團隊取得。鿬的發現晚於118號元素鿫，是截至目前為止最新發現的化學元素。其名稱得自<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="美國">美國</a><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B0%E7%B4%8D%E8%A5%BF%E5%B7%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="田納西州">田納西州</a>。 在<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0%E9%80%B1%E6%9C%9F%E8%A1%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="元素週期表">元素週期表</a>中，<span class="inline-unihan" style="border-bottom: 1px dotted; font-variant: normal;cursor: help; font-family: sans-serif, 'FZSongS-Extended', 'FZSongS-Extended(SIP)', 'WenQuanYi Zen Hei Mono', 'BabelStone Han', 'HanaMinB', 'FZSong-Extended', 'Arial Unicode MS', Code2002, DFSongStd, 'STHeiti SC', unifont, SimSun-ExtB, TH-Tshyn-P0, TH-Tshyn-P1, TH-Tshyn-P2, Jigmo3, Jigmo2, Jigmo, ZhongHuaSongPlane15, ZhongHuaSongPlane02, ZhongHuaSongPlane00, 'Plangothic P1', 'Plangothic P2';" title="字符描述：⿰石田 
※如果您看到空白、方塊或問號，代表您的系統無法顯示此字元。">鿬是位於<a href="/wiki/P%E5%8D%80%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="P區元素">p區</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E9%94%95%E7%B3%BB%E5%90%8E%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" title="锕系后元素">錒系後元素</a>，為<a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC7%E9%80%B1%E6%9C%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="第7週期">第7週期</a>的倒數第二個元素，位於<a href="/wiki/17%E6%97%8F%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="17族元素">第17族</a>、所有<a href="/wiki/%E9%B9%B5%E7%B4%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="鹵素">鹵素</a>之下。<a href="#cite_note-10">[a]</a>由於<a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%B8%E5%AF%B9%E8%AE%BA%E6%95%88%E5%BA%94" class="mw-redirect" title="相对论效应">相對論效應</a>，鿬的性質很可能和鹵素有顯著地差異。科學家預計鿬會是一種<a href="/wiki/%E6%8F%AE%E7%99%BC%E6%80%A7" title="揮發性">揮發性</a>金屬，既不形成<a href="/wiki/%E9%99%B0%E9%9B%A2%E5%AD%90" class="mw-redirect" title="陰離子">陰離子</a>，也不會產生高<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A7%E5%8C%96%E6%80%81" title="氧化态">氧化態</a>，但其<a href="/wiki/%E7%86%94%E9%BB%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="熔點">熔點</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%B8%E9%BB%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="沸點">沸點</a>和第一<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E9%9B%A2%E8%83%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="電離能">電離能</a>則預計遵從<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0%E9%80%B1%E6%9C%9F%E5%BE%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="元素週期律">週期表的規律</a>。 <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="概论">概论</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%BF%AC&action=edit&section=1" title="编辑章节：概论">编辑</a>]</div> <div class="excerpt-block"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r64625722">.mw-parser-output .excerpt .selflink{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .excerpt-indicator{border-left:3px solid #c8ccd1;margin:1em 0;padding-left:1em}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink selfref">这个部分摘自：<a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%85%E9%87%8D%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0#概论" title="超重元素">超重元素 § 概论</a>[<a class="external text" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E8%B6%85%E9%87%8D%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0&action=edit">编辑</a>]</div><div class="excerpt"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="超重元素的合成">超重元素的合成</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Excerpt&action=edit&section=T-1" title="编辑章节：超重元素的合成">编辑</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/w/index.php?title=File:Deuterium-tritium_fusion.svg&lang=zh" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="核聚变图示" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Deuterium-tritium_fusion.svg/langzh-220px-Deuterium-tritium_fusion.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="264" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Deuterium-tritium_fusion.svg/langzh-330px-Deuterium-tritium_fusion.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Deuterium-tritium_fusion.svg/langzh-440px-Deuterium-tritium_fusion.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E8%81%9A%E5%8F%98" title="核聚变">核聚变</a>反应的图示。两个原子核融合成一个，并发射出一个<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%AD%90" title="中子">中子</a>。在这一刻，这个反应和用来创造新元素的反应是相似的，唯一可能的区别是它有时会释放几个中子，或者根本不释放中子。</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83732082"><table class="infobox" style="width: 230px; float: left; clear: left; margin:0 1.5em 1.5em 0;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:115%">外部视频链接</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left;"><img alt="video icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /> 基于<a href="/wiki/%E6%BE%B3%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%9B%BD%E7%AB%8B%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="澳大利亚国立大学">澳大利亚国立大学</a>的计算，核聚变未成功的<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YovAFlzFtzg">可视化</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[10]</a></td></tr></tbody></table> 超重元素<a href="#cite_note-15">[b]</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90%E6%A0%B8" title="原子核">原子核</a>是在两个不同大小的原子核<a href="#cite_note-18">[c]</a>的聚变中产生的。粗略地说，两个原子核的质量之差越大，两者就越有可能发生反应。<a href="#cite_note-超重元素_Bloomberg-19">[16]</a>由较重原子核组成的物质会作為靶子，被较轻原子核的<a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%92%E5%AD%90%E6%9D%9F" title="粒子束">粒子束</a>轰击。两个原子核只能在距离足够近的时候，才能<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E8%81%9A%E5%8F%98" title="核聚变">聚变</a>成一个原子核。原子核都带正电荷，会因为<a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%93%E4%BB%91%E5%AE%9A%E5%BE%8B" title="库仑定律">静电排斥力</a>而相互排斥，所以只有两个原子核的距离足够短时，<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%B7%E6%A0%B8%E5%8A%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="強核力">强核力</a>才能克服这个排斥力并发生聚变。粒子束因此被<a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%92%E5%AD%90%E5%8A%A0%E9%80%9F%E5%99%A8" title="粒子加速器">粒子加速器</a>大大加速，以使这种排斥力与粒子束的速度相比变得微不足道。<a href="#cite_note-超重元素_n+1-20">[17]</a>施加到粒子束上以加速它们的能量可以使它们的速度达到<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89%E9%80%9F" title="光速">光速</a>的十分之一。但是，如果施加太多能量，粒子束可能会分崩离析。<a href="#cite_note-超重元素_n+1-20">[17]</a> 不过，只是靠得足够近不足以使两个原子核聚变：当两个原子核逼近彼此时，它们通常会融為一體约10−20秒，之後再分開（分開後的原子核不需要和先前相撞的原子核相同），而非形成单一的原子核。<a href="#cite_note-超重元素_n+1-20">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-21">[18]</a>这是因为在尝试形成单个原子核的过程中，静电排斥力会撕开正在形成的原子核。<a href="#cite_note-超重元素_n+1-20">[17]</a>每一对目标和粒子束的特征在于其<a href="/wiki/%E6%88%AA%E9%9D%A2_(%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86)" title="截面 (物理)">截面</a>，即两个原子核彼此接近时发生聚变的概率。<a href="#cite_note-23">[d]</a>这种聚变是量子效应的结果，其中原子核可通过<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E7%A9%BF%E9%9A%A7%E6%95%88%E6%87%89#恆星核聚變" title="量子穿隧效應">量子穿隧效應</a>克服静电排斥力。如果两个原子核可以在该阶段之后保持靠近，则多个核相互作用会导致能量的重新分配和平衡。<a href="#cite_note-超重元素_n+1-20">[17]</a> 两个原子核聚变产生的原子核处于非常不稳定，<a href="#cite_note-超重元素_n+1-20">[17]</a>被称为<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%8D%E5%90%88%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90%E6%A0%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="复合原子核（页面不存在）">复合原子核</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/compound_nucleus" class="extiw" title="en:compound nucleus">compound nucleus</a>）的<a href="/wiki/%E6%BF%80%E5%8F%91%E6%80%81" title="激发态">激发态</a>。<a href="#cite_note-24">[20]</a>复合原子核为了达到更稳定的状态，可能会直接<a href="/wiki/%E8%A3%82%E5%8F%98" class="mw-redirect" title="裂变">裂变</a>，<a href="#cite_note-超重元素_CzechNuclear-25">[21]</a>或是放出一些<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%AD%90" title="中子">中子</a>来带走激发能量。如果激发能量太小，无法放出中子，复合原子核就会放出<a href="/wiki/%CE%93%E5%B0%84%E7%BA%BF" class="mw-redirect" title="Γ射线">γ射线</a>来带走激发能量。这个过程会在原子核碰撞后的10−16秒发生，并创造出更稳定的原子核。<a href="#cite_note-超重元素_CzechNuclear-25">[21]</a>原子核只有在10−14秒内不<a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BE%E5%B0%84%E6%80%A7%E8%A1%B0%E8%AE%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="放射性衰變">衰变</a>，<a href="/wiki/IUPAC/IUPAP%E8%81%AF%E5%90%88%E5%B7%A5%E4%BD%9C%E5%B0%8F%E7%B5%84" title="IUPAC/IUPAP聯合工作小組">IUPAC/IUPAP联合工作小组</a>才会认为它是<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="化学元素">化学元素</a>。这个值大约是原子核得到它的外层<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E5%AD%90" title="电子">电子</a>，显示其化学性质所需的时间。<a href="#cite_note-26">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-28">[e]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="衰变和探测">衰变和探测</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Excerpt&action=edit&section=T-2" title="编辑章节：衰变和探测">编辑</a>]</div> 粒子束穿过目标后，会到达下一个腔室——分离室。如果反应产生了新的原子核，它就会存在于这个粒子束中。<a href="#cite_note-超重元素_SHEhowvideo-29">[24]</a>在分离室中，新的原子核会从其它核素（原本的粒子束和其它反应产物）中分离，<a href="#cite_note-32">[f]</a>到达<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%8A%E5%AF%BC%E4%BD%93%E6%8E%A2%E6%B5%8B%E5%99%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="半导体探测器（页面不存在）">半导体探测器</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semiconductor_detector" class="extiw" title="en:Semiconductor detector">Semiconductor detector</a>）后停止。这时标记撞击探测器的确切位置、能量和到达时间。<a href="#cite_note-超重元素_SHEhowvideo-29">[24]</a>这个转移需要10−6秒的时间，因此原子核需要存在这么长的时间才能被检测到。<a href="#cite_note-33">[27]</a>若衰变發生，衰變的原子核被再次记录，并测量位置、<a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%B0%E5%8F%98%E8%83%BD%E9%87%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="衰变能量">衰变能量</a>和衰变时间。<a href="#cite_note-超重元素_SHEhowvideo-29">[24]</a> 原子核的稳定性源自于强核力，但强核力的作用距离很短，随着原子核越来越大，强核力对最外层的<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E5%AD%90" title="核子">核子</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E8%B4%A8%E5%AD%90" class="mw-redirect" title="质子">质子</a>和中子）的影响减弱。同时，原子核会被质子之间，范围不受限制的静电排斥力撕裂。<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeiser2003432-34">[28]</a>强核力提供的<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E7%BB%93%E5%90%88%E8%83%BD" title="核结合能">核结合能</a>以线性增长，而静电排斥力则以原子序数的平方增长。后者增长更快，对重元素和超重元素而言变得越来越重要。<a href="#cite_note-超重元素_BrusselsAlpha-35">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-超重元素_BrusselsSF-36">[30]</a>超重元素理论预测<a href="#cite_note-37">[31]</a>及实际观测到<a href="#cite_note-NUBASE2020-38">[32]</a>的主要衰变方式，即<a href="/wiki/%CE%91%E8%A1%B0%E5%8F%98" title="Α衰变">α衰变</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E5%8F%91%E8%A3%82%E5%8F%98" class="mw-redirect" title="自发裂变">自发裂变</a>都是这种排斥引起的。<a href="#cite_note-40">[g]</a>几乎所有会α衰变的核素都有超过210个核子，<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeiser2003433-41">[34]</a>而主要通过自发裂变衰变的最轻核素有238个核子。<a href="#cite_note-NUBASE2020-38">[32]</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%89%E9%99%90%E4%BD%8D%E5%8B%A2%E5%A3%98" title="有限位勢壘">有限位势垒</a>在这两种衰变方式中抑制了原子核衰变，但原子核可以隧穿这个势垒，发生衰变。<a href="#cite_note-超重元素_BrusselsAlpha-35">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-超重元素_BrusselsSF-36">[30]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Apparatus_for_creation_of_superheavy_elements_en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Apparatus for creation of superheavy elements" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Apparatus_for_creation_of_superheavy_elements_en.svg/440px-Apparatus_for_creation_of_superheavy_elements_en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="440" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Apparatus_for_creation_of_superheavy_elements_en.svg/660px-Apparatus_for_creation_of_superheavy_elements_en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Apparatus_for_creation_of_superheavy_elements_en.svg/880px-Apparatus_for_creation_of_superheavy_elements_en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="220" /></a><figcaption>基于在<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%9C%E5%B8%83%E7%BA%B3%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90%E6%A0%B8%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E6%89%80" title="杜布纳联合原子核研究所">杜布纳联合原子核研究所</a>中设置的杜布纳充气反冲分离器，用于产生超重元素的装置方案。在检测器和光束聚焦装置内的轨迹会因为前者的<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A3%81%E5%81%B6%E6%9E%81&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="磁偶极（页面不存在）">磁偶极</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_dipole" class="extiw" title="en:Magnetic dipole">Magnetic dipole</a>）和后者的<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9B%9B%E6%9E%81%E7%A3%81%E4%BD%93&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="四极磁体（页面不存在）">四极磁体</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quadrupole_magnet" class="extiw" title="en:Quadrupole magnet">Quadrupole magnet</a>）而改变。<a href="#cite_note-42">[35]</a></figcaption></figure> 放射性衰变中常产生α粒子是因为α粒子中的核子平均质量足够小，足以使α粒子有多余能量离开原子核。<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeiser2003432–433-43">[36]</a>自发裂变则是由静电排斥力将原子核撕裂而致，会产生各种不同的产物。<a href="#cite_note-超重元素_BrusselsSF-36">[30]</a>随着原子序数增加，自发裂变迅速变得重要：自发裂变的部分半衰期从92号元素<a href="/wiki/%E9%93%80" class="mw-redirect" title="铀">铀</a>到102号元素<a href="/wiki/%E9%94%98" title="锘">锘</a>下降了23个数量级，<a href="#cite_note-超重元素_Oganessian12-44">[37]</a>从90号元素<a href="/wiki/%E9%92%8D" title="钍">钍</a>到100号元素<a href="/wiki/%E9%95%84" title="镄">镄</a>下降了30个数量级。<a href="#cite_note-45">[38]</a>早期的<a href="/wiki/%E6%B6%B2%E6%BB%B4%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B" title="液滴模型">液滴模型</a>因此表明有约280个核子的原子核的<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A3%82%E5%8F%98%E5%8A%BF%E5%9E%92&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="裂变势垒（页面不存在）">裂变势垒</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fission_barrier" class="extiw" title="en:Fission barrier">Fission barrier</a>）会消失，因此自发裂变会立即发生。<a href="#cite_note-超重元素_BrusselsSF-36">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-超重元素_Oganessian04-46">[39]</a>之后的<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E5%A3%B3%E5%B1%82%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="核壳层模型">核壳层模型</a>表明有大约300个核子的原子核将形成一个<a href="/wiki/%E7%A8%B3%E5%AE%9A%E5%B2%9B" title="稳定岛">稳定岛</a>，其中的原子核不易发生自发裂变，而是会发生半衰期更长的α衰变。<a href="#cite_note-超重元素_BrusselsSF-36">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-超重元素_Oganessian04-46">[39]</a>随后的发现表明预测存在的稳定岛可能比原先预期的更远，还发现长寿命锕系元素和稳定岛之间的原子核发生变形，获得额外的稳定性。<a href="#cite_note-47">[40]</a>对较轻的超重核素<a href="#cite_note-48">[41]</a>以及那些更接近稳定岛的核素<a href="#cite_note-超重元素_Oganessian12-44">[37]</a>的实验发现它们比先前预期的更难发生自发裂变，表明核壳层效应变得重要。<a href="#cite_note-49">[h]</a> α衰变由发射出去的α粒子记录，在原子核衰变之前就能确定衰变产物。如果α衰变或连续的α衰变产生了已知的原子核，则可以很容易地确定反应的原始产物。<a href="#cite_note-53">[i]</a>因为连续的α衰变都会在同一个地方发生，所以通过确定衰变发生的位置，可以确定衰变彼此相关。<a href="#cite_note-超重元素_SHEhowvideo-29">[24]</a>已知的原子核可以通过它经历的衰变的特定特征来识别，例如衰变能量（或更具体地说，发射粒子的<a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A8%E8%83%BD" title="动能">动能</a>）。<a href="#cite_note-54">[j]</a>然而，自发裂变会产生各种分裂产物，因此无法从其分裂产物确定原始核素。<a href="#cite_note-57">[k]</a> 嘗試合成超重元素的物理学家可以获得的信息是探测器收集到的信息，即原子核到达探测器的位置、能量、时间以及它衰变的信息。他们分析这些数据并试图得出结论，確認它确实是由新元素引起的。如果提供的数据不足以得出创造出来的核素确实是新元素的结论，且对观察到的现象没有其它解释，就可能在解释数据时出现错误。<a href="#cite_note-63">[l]</a></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="歷史">歷史</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%BF%AC&action=edit&section=2" title="编辑章节：歷史">编辑</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="發現前">發現前</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%BF%AC&action=edit&section=3" title="编辑章节：發現前">编辑</a>]</div> 2004年，位於<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E7%BE%85%E6%96%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="俄羅斯">俄羅斯</a><a href="/wiki/%E8%8E%AB%E6%96%AF%E7%A7%91%E5%B7%9E" title="莫斯科州">莫斯科州</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%9C%E5%B8%83%E7%BA%B3" title="杜布纳">杜布納</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E8%81%AF%E5%90%88%E6%A0%B8%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E6%89%80" class="mw-redirect" title="聯合核研究所">聯合核研究所</a>（JINR）的一個團隊提議進行合成117號元素的實驗。該實驗以<a href="/wiki/%E9%88%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="鈣">鈣</a>（原子序20）粒子束轟擊<a href="/wiki/%E9%8C%87" class="mw-redirect" title="錇">錇</a>目標體，從而產生<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E8%81%9A%E8%AE%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="核聚變">核聚變</a>反應。<a href="#cite_note-elements-64">[52]</a>但是，美國<a href="/wiki/%E6%A9%A1%E6%A0%91%E5%B2%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E5%AE%9E%E9%AA%8C%E5%AE%A4" title="橡树岭国家实验室">橡樹嶺國家實驗室</a>是世界上唯一能夠製成錇的實驗室，其團隊以產量不足為由未能提供這一元素。<a href="#cite_note-elements-64">[52]</a>俄羅斯團隊決定轉而用鈣轟擊<a href="/wiki/%E9%89%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="鉲">鉲</a>目標體，嘗試合成<a href="/wiki/%E9%BF%AB" title="鿫">鿫</a>。<a href="#cite_note-pp2002-65">[53]</a> 實驗需要難以取得的錇元素，有以下的原因。要產生高能離子束，需較輕的同位素。<a href="/wiki/%E9%88%A3%E7%9A%84%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" title="鈣的同位素">鈣-48</a>由20個<a href="/wiki/%E8%B3%AA%E5%AD%90" title="質子">質子</a>和28個<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%AD%90" title="中子">中子</a>組成，是具有多個過剩中子的最輕的穩定（或近穩定）同位素。下一個具有大量過剩中子的同位素為<a href="/wiki/%E9%94%8C-70" class="mw-redirect" title="锌-70">鋅-70</a>，其質量比鈣高出許多。要與含有20個質子的鈣結合成Ts同位素，就需要含有97個質子的錇。<a href="#cite_note-NUBASE2020-38">[32]</a>俄羅斯研究人員從地球上自然的鈣中提取少量的鈣-48，以化學方式製成了所需的鈣離子束。<a href="#cite_note-66">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-67">[55]</a> 合成的原子核將具有更高的質量，更加靠近所謂的<a href="/wiki/%E7%A9%A9%E5%AE%9A%E5%B3%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="穩定島">穩定島</a>，即理論預測中穩定性特別高的一組超重原子。然而到了2013年，質量足夠高的原子核還沒有被合成，而已經合成的同位素也比穩定島同位素具有較低的中子數。<a href="#cite_note-68">[56]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="發現">發現</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%BF%AC&action=edit&section=4" title="编辑章节：發現">编辑</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Berkelium.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Berkelium.jpg/225px-Berkelium.jpg" decoding="async" width="225" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Berkelium.jpg/338px-Berkelium.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Berkelium.jpg/450px-Berkelium.jpg 2x" data-file-width="526" data-file-height="487" /></a><figcaption>用於合成Ts的錇目標體溶液</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DecayChain_Tennessine.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/DecayChain_Tennessine.svg/300px-DecayChain_Tennessine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="307" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/DecayChain_Tennessine.svg/450px-DecayChain_Tennessine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/DecayChain_Tennessine.svg/600px-DecayChain_Tennessine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="460" data-file-height="470" /></a><figcaption>Ts同位素的<a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%B0%E8%AE%8A%E9%8F%88" title="衰變鏈">衰變鏈</a>。箭頭旁的數字分別為<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%8A%E8%A1%B0%E6%9C%9F" title="半衰期">半衰期</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%B0%E8%AE%8A%E8%83%BD%E9%87%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="衰變能量">衰變能量</a>。黑色數值為實驗所得，藍色數值則是理論預測值。<a href="#cite_note-117s-69">[57]</a></figcaption></figure> 美國團隊在2008年重啟了製造錇的計劃，並與俄羅斯團隊建立了合作關係。<a href="#cite_note-elements-64">[52]</a>計劃產生了22微克的錇，足以進行合成實驗。<a href="#cite_note-eurekalert-70">[58]</a>錇樣本經90天冷卻後，再經90天的化學純化過程。<a href="#cite_note-Fox_News-71">[59]</a>這一錇目標體必須及時送往俄羅斯，因為錇-249的<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%8A%E8%A1%B0%E6%9C%9F" title="半衰期">半衰期</a>只有330天，即錇的量每330天因衰變而減半。實驗必須在目標體運輸算起的六個月之內進行，否則會因樣本量過小而無法進行。<a href="#cite_note-Fox_News-71">[59]</a>2009年夏，目標體裝載在五個鉛製容器中，搭乘<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%90%E7%B4%84" class="mw-redirect" title="紐約">紐約</a>至<a href="/wiki/%E8%8E%AB%E6%96%AF%E7%A7%91" title="莫斯科">莫斯科</a>的航班送達俄羅斯。<a href="#cite_note-Fox_News-71">[59]</a> 俄羅斯海關兩次以文件不全為由拒絕了樣本的通關，因此樣本共五次飛越大西洋，一共花費了幾天時間。<a href="#cite_note-Fox_News-71">[59]</a>到達以後，它被送往<a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%8C%E9%87%8C%E6%89%AC%E8%AF%BA%E5%A4%AB%E6%96%AF%E5%85%8B%E5%B7%9E" title="乌里扬诺夫斯克州">烏里揚諾夫斯克州</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%A3%E7%B1%B3%E7%89%B9%E6%B4%9B%E5%A4%AB%E6%A0%BC%E5%8B%92_(%E4%BF%84%E7%BD%97%E6%96%AF)" title="季米特洛夫格勒 (俄罗斯)">季米特洛夫格勒</a>，固定在<a href="/wiki/%E9%88%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="鈦">鈦</a>薄片上，然後運往杜布納，安裝在JINR粒子加速器上。這是世界上用於合成<a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%85%E9%87%8D%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" title="超重元素">超重元素</a>的最強大的粒子加速器。<a href="#cite_note-eurekalert-70">[58]</a> 實驗在2009年6月展開，直到2010年1月，<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%9C%E5%B8%83%E7%BA%B3%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90%E6%A0%B8%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E6%89%80" title="杜布纳联合原子核研究所">弗廖洛夫核反應實驗室</a>的科學家在內部宣佈成功探測到原子序為117的新元素的<a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BE%E5%B0%84%E6%80%A7%E8%A1%B0%E8%AE%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="放射性衰變">放射性衰變</a>：一個奇數－奇數同位素和一個奇數－偶數同位素的共兩條<a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%B0%E8%AE%8A%E9%8F%88" title="衰變鏈">衰變鏈</a>，前者經6次<a href="/wiki/%CE%91%E8%A1%B0%E8%AE%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="Α衰變">α衰變</a>後<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%99%BC%E8%A3%82%E8%AE%8A" title="自發裂變">自發裂變</a>，後者經3次α衰變後自發裂變。<a href="#cite_note-E117-72">[60]</a>2010年4月9日，團隊在《<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E8%AF%84%E8%AE%BA%E5%BF%AB%E6%8A%A5" title="物理评论快报">物理評論快報</a>》上刊登了該項發現的正式報告。以上的兩條衰變鏈分別屬於294Ts和293Ts同位素，其合成反應分別為：<a href="#cite_note-117s-69">[57]</a> <dl><dd>249 97Bk + 48 20Ca → 297 117Ts * → 294 117Ts + 3 1 0 n （1個事件）</dd></dl> <dl><dd>249 97Bk + 48 20Ca → 297 117Ts * → 293 117Ts + 4 1 0 n （5個事件）</dd></dl> 在Ts被合成之前，其所有子同位素都尚未被發現，<a href="#cite_note-117s-69">[57]</a>所以這項結果不能用於向<a href="/wiki/IUPAC" class="mw-redirect" title="IUPAC">IUPAC</a>/<a href="/wiki/IUPAP" class="mw-redirect" title="IUPAP">IUPAP</a>聯合工作小組（JWP）申請證實元素的發現。Ts的其中一個衰變產物<a href="/wiki/%E9%8F%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="鏌">鏌</a>-289在2011年被直接合成，其衰變性質與合成Ts時所測得的數據相符。<a href="#cite_note-73">[61]</a>不過當JWP在2007至2011年審閱各種<a href="/wiki/%E9%8E%B6" title="鎶">鎶</a>後元素的發現時，參與發現Ts的團隊並沒有向JWP提出申請。<a href="#cite_note-74">[62]</a>杜布納團隊在2012又成功重現了實驗，其結果與先前的實驗吻合。<a href="#cite_note-277Mt-5">[5]</a>團隊其後提交了新元素發現的申請書，<a href="#cite_note-name-75">[63]</a>JWP正在審閱這一申請。<a href="#cite_note-76">[64]</a> 2014年5月2日，德國<a href="/wiki/%E9%81%94%E5%A7%86%E6%96%BD%E5%A1%94%E7%89%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="達姆施塔特">達姆施塔特</a><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%A5%E5%A7%86%E9%9C%8D%E5%85%B9%E9%87%8D%E7%A6%BB%E5%AD%90%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E4%B8%AD%E5%BF%83" title="亥姆霍兹重离子研究中心">亥姆霍茲重離子研究中心</a>的科學家宣佈成功證實了Ts的發現。<a href="#cite_note-77">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-78">[66]</a>他們亦因此發現了新的<a href="/wiki/%E9%90%92" title="鐒">鐒</a>-266同位素。該同位素是<a href="/wiki/%F0%A8%A7%80" title="𨧀">𨧀</a>-270的<a href="/wiki/%CE%91%E8%A1%B0%E8%AE%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="Α衰變">α衰變</a>產物（在杜布納進行的實驗中，𨧀-270進行的是<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%99%BC%E8%A3%82%E8%AE%8A" title="自發裂變">自發裂變</a>），<a href="#cite_note-266Lr-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-79">[67]</a>半衰期為11小時，是所有超重元素的已知同位素中壽命最長的。鐒-266可能就位於穩定島的「岸邊」。<a href="#cite_note-80">[68]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="命名">命名</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%BF%AC&action=edit&section=5" title="编辑章节：命名">编辑</a>]</div> 根據<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E7%B1%B3%E7%89%B9%E9%87%8C%C2%B7%E9%97%A8%E6%8D%B7%E5%88%97%E5%A4%AB" title="德米特里·门捷列夫">德米特里·門捷列夫</a>對未發現元素的命名方法，117號元素可稱為「<a href="/wiki/Eka" title="Eka">eka</a>-<a href="/wiki/%E7%A0%B9" title="砹">砹</a>」或「<a href="/wiki/Dvi" title="Dvi">dvi</a>-<a href="/wiki/%E7%A2%98" title="碘">碘</a>」。1979年，<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E7%B4%94%E7%B2%B9%E8%88%87%E6%87%89%E7%94%A8%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8%E8%81%AF%E5%90%88%E6%9C%83" class="mw-redirect" title="國際純粹與應用化學聯合會">國際純粹與應用化學聯合會</a>（IUPAC）發佈了有關新元素命名的建議，根據這一規則117號元素應稱為「Ununseptium」，符號為Uus。<a href="#cite_note-iupac-81">[69]</a>在元素被發現並獲得正式永久命名之前，都會先以<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1%E5%91%BD%E5%90%8D%E6%B3%95" class="mw-redirect" title="元素系統命名法">元素系統命名法</a>命名。但科學家一般稱之為117號元素、(117)或117。<a href="#cite_note-Haire-2">[2]</a>根據IUPAC目前的指引，所有新17族元素的正式命名都要以「-ine」結尾。IUPAC於2016年6月8日建議將此元素命名為Tennessine（Ts），源於橡樹嶺國家實驗室、范德堡大學和田納西大學所在的<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B0%E7%B4%8D%E8%A5%BF%E5%B7%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="田納西州">田納西州</a>，此名稱於2016年11月28日正式獲得認可。<a href="#cite_note-82">[70]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="中文名称">中文名称</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%BF%AC&action=edit&section=6" title="编辑章节：中文名称">编辑</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tennessine_zh.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Tennessine_zh.svg/100px-Tennessine_zh.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Tennessine_zh.svg/150px-Tennessine_zh.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Tennessine_zh.svg/200px-Tennessine_zh.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a><figcaption>Tennessine的中文命名</figcaption></figure> 2017年1月15日，中華人民共和國<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A8%E5%9B%BD%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E6%8A%80%E6%9C%AF%E5%90%8D%E8%AF%8D%E5%AE%A1%E5%AE%9A%E5%A7%94%E5%91%98%E4%BC%9A" title="全国科学技术名词审定委员会">全国科学技术名词审定委员会</a>联合<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80%E6%96%87%E5%AD%97%E5%B7%A5%E4%BD%9C%E5%A7%94%E5%91%98%E4%BC%9A" title="国家语言文字工作委员会">国家语言文字工作委员会</a>组织化学、物理学、语言学界专家召开了113号、115号、117号、118号元素中文定名会，將此元素命名為鿬（读音同「田」）。<a href="#cite_note-cnctst-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-sciencenet1705-8">[8]</a> 2017年4月5日，中華民國<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E5%AE%B6%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E9%99%A2" title="國家教育研究院">國家教育研究院</a>的化學名詞審譯委員會審譯修正通過之「化學元素一覽表」將此元素命名為「鿬」，音同「田」。<a href="#cite_note-naer-6">[6]</a> “鿬”字已於2018年6月5日被正式加入<a href="/wiki/%E7%B5%B1%E4%B8%80%E7%A2%BC" class="mw-redirect" title="統一碼">統一碼</a>11.0中，碼位為U+9FEC<a href="#cite_note-83">[71]</a>。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="預測的性質">預測的性質</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%BF%AC&action=edit&section=7" title="编辑章节：預測的性質">编辑</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="原子核穩定性及同位素">原子核穩定性及同位素</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%BF%AC&action=edit&section=8" title="编辑章节：原子核穩定性及同位素">编辑</a>]</div> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E9%BF%AC%E7%9A%84%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" title="鿬的同位素">鿬的同位素</a></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">参见：<a href="/wiki/%E7%A9%A9%E5%AE%9A%E5%B3%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="穩定島">穩定島</a></div> <a href="/wiki/%E9%88%88" class="mw-redirect" title="鈈">鈈</a>-244是地殼中質量最高的原始元素。對於<a href="/wiki/%E9%88%88" class="mw-redirect" title="鈈">鈈</a>以後的元素，隨著原子序的增加，原子核的穩定性迅速下降。所有原子序超過101（<a href="/wiki/%E9%8D%86" class="mw-redirect" title="鍆">鍆</a>）的同位素都會進行<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%8A%E8%A1%B0%E6%9C%9F" title="半衰期">半衰期</a>不超過一天的<a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BE%E5%B0%84%E6%80%A7%E8%A1%B0%E8%AE%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="放射性衰變">放射性衰變</a>，其中<a href="/wiki/%F0%A8%A7%80" title="𨧀">𨧀</a>-268除外。原子序超過82（<a href="/wiki/%E9%89%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="鉛">鉛</a>）的元素都沒有穩定的同位素<a href="#cite_note-84">[72]</a>，且同位素的穩定性隨著原子序的增大而逐漸降低。不過，原子序110（<a href="/wiki/%E9%90%BD" title="鐽">鐽</a>）至114（<a href="/wiki/%E9%88%87" title="鈇">鈇</a>）的元素卻具有比預測值更高的穩定性。科學家尚未明白這一現象的原因。這一超重元素穩定性增加的現象被稱為「<a href="/wiki/%E7%A9%A9%E5%AE%9A%E5%B3%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="穩定島">穩定島</a>」，最早是由<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%BC%E5%80%AB%C2%B7%E8%A5%BF%E5%A5%A7%E5%A4%9A%C2%B7%E8%A5%BF%E5%8D%9A%E6%A0%BC" title="格倫·西奧多·西博格">格倫·西奧多·西博格</a>所提出的。<a href="#cite_note-85">[73]</a>Ts是所有已合成元素中質量第二高的，其放射性半衰期小於1秒，但這仍然比發現報告中的預測值高。<a href="#cite_note-117s-69">[57]</a>杜布納團隊相信，這一元素的成功合成直接證明了穩定島的存在。<a href="#cite_note-IS-86">[74]</a> 根據計算，295Ts同位素的半衰期為18 ± 7毫秒，而且曾用於合成293Ts和294Ts的錇-鈣反應也可以用來合成295Ts。但是這一反應產生295Ts的機率最多只有產生294Ts的七分之一。<a href="#cite_note-Zagrebaev-87">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-FengE117-88">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-FengHotFusion-89">[77]</a>利用<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E7%A9%BF%E9%9A%A7" class="mw-redirect" title="量子穿隧">量子穿隧</a>模型來進行的計算預測，有多個<a href="/wiki/Ts%E7%9A%84%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="Ts的同位素">Ts的同位素</a>都能進行半衰期長達40毫秒的α衰變，其中以296Ts最為顯著（此項研究到303Ts為止）。<a href="#cite_note-prc08ADNDT08-90">[78]</a>另一項利用液滴模型的研究得出了相似的結果，而且還發現，質量比301Ts高的同位素有穩定性增加的趨勢。到了335Ts，在不考慮β衰變的情況下，其半衰期甚至超過了<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%87%E5%AE%99%E7%9A%84%E5%B9%B4%E9%BE%84" title="宇宙的年龄">宇宙的年齡</a>。<a href="#cite_note-Brazil-91">[79]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="原子及物理性質">原子及物理性質</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%BF%AC&action=edit&section=9" title="编辑章节：原子及物理性質">编辑</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Valence_atomic_energy_levels_for_At_and_Ts.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Valence_atomic_energy_levels_for_At_and_Ts.svg/220px-Valence_atomic_energy_levels_for_At_and_Ts.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="593" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Valence_atomic_energy_levels_for_At_and_Ts.svg/330px-Valence_atomic_energy_levels_for_At_and_Ts.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Valence_atomic_energy_levels_for_At_and_Ts.svg/440px-Valence_atomic_energy_levels_for_At_and_Ts.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="882" data-file-height="2377" /></a><figcaption>Ts最外層s、p和d電子的<a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90%E8%83%BD%E7%B4%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="原子能級">原子能級</a>圖</figcaption></figure> 鿬屬於<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0%E9%80%B1%E6%9C%9F%E8%A1%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="元素週期表">元素週期表</a>中的17族，位於五個<a href="/wiki/%E9%B9%B5%E7%B4%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="鹵素">鹵素</a>以下（<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%9F" title="氟">氟</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%AF" title="氯">氯</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%BA%B4" title="溴">溴</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%A2%98" title="碘">碘</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E7%A0%B9" title="砹">砹</a>）。所有鿬以上的17族元素都具有7個<a href="/wiki/%E5%83%B9%E9%9B%BB%E5%AD%90" title="價電子">價電子</a>，形成ns2np5價電子排布。對於鿬，這一規律將會持續，價電子排布預計為7s27p5，<a href="#cite_note-Haire-2">[2]</a>所以鿬的許多性質都會和鹵素相似。但是鿬和鹵素之間還有不少顯著的差別。其中一個最大的因素是<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E6%97%8B-%E8%BB%8C%E9%81%93%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8" title="自旋-軌道作用">自旋-軌道作用</a>，即電子的運動與<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E6%97%8B" title="自旋">自旋</a>之間的相互作用。這一作用在超重元素中特別強，因為它們的電子運動速度比輕元素快得多，速率與<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89%E9%80%9F" title="光速">光速</a>相當。<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThayer201063–64-92">[80]</a>對於Ts，該作用降低了7s和7p電子能級，這使得這些電子更加穩定。其中兩個7p電子的穩定效應比其他4個電子更強。<a href="#cite_note-Faegri-93">[81]</a>7s電子的穩定效應稱為<a href="/wiki/%E6%83%B0%E6%80%A7%E7%94%B5%E5%AD%90%E5%AF%B9%E6%95%88%E5%BA%94" title="惰性电子对效应">惰性電子對效應</a>，而把7p支殼層拆分為較穩定和較不穩定兩個部份的效應則稱為支殼層分裂。對於計算化學家來說，這種分裂相當於第二<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E6%95%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="量子數">量子數</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E8%A7%92%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E6%95%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="角量子數">角量子數</a>）l從1變為1/2和3/2，分別對應於7p支殼層的較穩定和較不穩定部份。<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThayer201063–67-94">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-95">[m]</a>鿬的價電子排布寫法可以表現出這種分裂效應：7s2 7p2 1/27p3 3/2。<a href="#cite_note-Haire-2">[2]</a> 鿬的6d電子層也有分裂的現象，形成6d3/2（4個電子）和6d5/2（6個電子）支殼層。這兩個支殼層的能量都有所提升，更為接近7s電子層，<a href="#cite_note-Faegri-93">[81]</a>但科學家並沒有預測任何涉及6d電子的化學反應。<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r83946278">.mw-parser-output .template-facttext{background-color:var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0);color:inherit;margin:-.3em 0;padding:.3em 0}</style><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%88%97%E6%98%8E%E6%9D%A5%E6%BA%90" title="Wikipedia:列明来源">[來源請求]</a>7p1/2和7p3/2層之間的距離異常高，有9.8 <a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E5%AD%90%E4%BC%8F%E7%89%B9" title="電子伏特">eV</a>。<a href="#cite_note-Faegri-93">[81]</a>砹的6p支殼層分裂只有3.8 eV，<a href="#cite_note-Faegri-93">[81]</a>而且其6p1/2化學反應已經非常有限。<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThayer201079-96">[83]</a>這些原因都導致鿬的化學性質與位於其上的同族元素不同。 鿬的第一<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E9%9B%A2%E8%83%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="電離能">電離能</a>，即從原子移除一顆電子所需的能量，預測為7.7 eV。這比上面的鹵素低，延續了週期表的趨勢。<a href="#cite_note-Haire-2">[2]</a>它的<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E5%AD%90%E4%BA%B2%E5%92%8C%E8%83%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="电子亲和能">電子親和能</a>將會是17族中最低的，預測值為2.6或1.8 eV，這同樣符合規律。<a href="#cite_note-Haire-2">[2]</a>當鿬處於<a href="/wiki/%E9%A1%9E%E6%B0%AB%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90" title="類氫原子">類氫原子</a>狀態時（即只含有一顆電子），其電子的運動速度極快，<a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%B8%E5%AF%B9%E8%AE%BA%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6" title="相对论量子化学">相對論效應</a>使它的質量增加至靜止電子的1.9倍。砹的這一數值為1.27，而碘則是1.08。<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThayer201064-97">[84]</a>根據相對論定律簡單地推算，可間接得出<a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90%E5%8D%8A%E5%BE%84" title="原子半径">原子半徑</a>的收縮。<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThayer201064-97">[84]</a>不過，更詳細的計算卻顯示，形成了一個<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%B1%E5%83%B9%E9%8D%B5" class="mw-redirect" title="共價鍵">共價鍵</a>的鿬原子的半徑為165 <a href="/wiki/%E7%9A%AE%E7%B1%B3" title="皮米">pm</a>，而砹則是147 pm。<a href="#cite_note-Pyykkö_Atsumi_2009_pp._186–197-98">[85]</a>當移除了7顆外層電子後，鿬才比砹更小：鿬半徑變為57 pm，<a href="#cite_note-Haire-2">[2]</a>砹則是61 pm。<a href="#cite_note-India-99">[86]</a> 鿬的<a href="/wiki/%E7%86%94%E9%BB%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="熔點">熔點</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%B8%E9%BB%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="沸點">沸點</a>尚未有確切的預測值。早期論文估計，熔點為350至500 °C，沸點在550 °C；<a href="#cite_note-Haire-2">[2]</a>另有估計熔點為350至550 °C，沸點為610 °C。<a href="#cite_note-Seaborg-100">[87]</a>這些數值都比砹高，這與週期表趨勢相符。之後的一篇論文則預計鿬的沸點為345 °C<a href="#cite_note-101">[88]</a>（砹的沸點估值有309 °C、<a href="#cite_note-102">[89]</a>337 °C<a href="#cite_note-103">[90]</a>和370 °C，<a href="#cite_note-104">[91]</a>但實驗值有230 °C<a href="#cite_note-boiling_point_chromatography-105">[92]</a>和411 °C<a href="#cite_note-India-99">[86]</a>）。密度預計在7.1和7.3 g·cm−3之間。<a href="#cite_note-B&K-3">[3]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="化學性質">化學性質</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%BF%AC&action=edit&section=10" title="编辑章节：化學性質">编辑</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r70089473/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:184px;max-width:184px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:182px;max-width:182px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:T-shaped-3D-balls.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/T-shaped-3D-balls.png/180px-T-shaped-3D-balls.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/T-shaped-3D-balls.png/270px-T-shaped-3D-balls.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/T-shaped-3D-balls.png/360px-T-shaped-3D-balls.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="805" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">IF 3具有T形構造。</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:182px;max-width:182px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Trigonal-3D-balls.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Trigonal-3D-balls.png/180px-Trigonal-3D-balls.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Trigonal-3D-balls.png/270px-Trigonal-3D-balls.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Trigonal-3D-balls.png/360px-Trigonal-3D-balls.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="967" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">TsF 3預計具有三角形構造。</div></div></div></div></div> 17族中位於鿬以上的元素通常會接受一顆電子，以達致穩定的<a href="/wiki/%E7%A8%80%E6%9C%89%E6%B0%94%E4%BD%93" title="稀有气体">惰性氣體</a><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E5%AD%90%E6%8E%92%E5%B8%83" class="mw-redirect" title="電子排布">電子排布</a>。這種排布中，價電子殼層含有8個電子，形成具有最低能量的<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AB%E9%9A%85%E9%AB%94%E8%A6%8F%E5%89%87" title="八隅體規則">八隅體</a>構造。<a href="#cite_note-106">[93]</a>該族元素形成八隅體的能力隨著原子序的增加而降低，因此鿬將會是17族中最不易接受一個電子的元素。在Ts預測能夠形成的<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A7%E5%8C%96%E6%80%81" title="氧化态">氧化態</a>中，−1態是最不常見的。<a href="#cite_note-Haire-2">[2]</a> 兩個鿬原子預計會形成Ts–Ts鍵，與鹵素一樣形成<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%8C%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90%E5%88%86%E5%AD%90" title="双原子分子">雙原子分子</a>。根據計算，At2分子中的<a href="/wiki/%CE%A3%E9%8D%B5" title="Σ鍵">σ鍵</a>具有很強的<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%8D%E9%94%AE%E8%BD%A8%E9%81%93" title="反键轨道">反鍵</a>性質；而Ts預計會持續這一趨勢，Ts2分子會有較強的<a href="/wiki/%CE%A0%E9%94%AE" title="Π键">π鍵</a>性質。<a href="#cite_note-Haire-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPershina2010504-107">[94]</a>TsCl分子會以單個π鍵鍵合。<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPershina2010504-107">[94]</a> 除了不穩定的−1態之外，預測鿬還能夠形成+5、+3和+1態。其中+1態應該是最為穩定的，因為最外層7p3/2電子的去穩定作用使它形成穩定的半滿支殼層排布；<a href="#cite_note-Haire-2">[2]</a>砹有著類似的特性。<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThayer201084-108">[95]</a>+3態同樣因7p3/2電子的去穩定作用而十分重要。<a href="#cite_note-Seaborg-100">[87]</a>根據預測，+5態將非常罕見，因為7p1/2電子具有（反向）穩定作用。<a href="#cite_note-Haire-2">[2]</a>計算並沒有得出+7態的存在。而且由於7s電子的穩定性很強，所以有科學家認為Ts的價電子核心可能只有5個電子。<a href="#cite_note-trifluoride-109">[96]</a> 最簡單的鿬化合物是它的<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A2%E5%8C%96%E7%89%A9" title="氢化物">氫化物</a>TsH。這一化合鍵是由鿬的7p3/2電子和氫的1s電子所形成的。TsH會延續鹵素氫化物的趨勢，與<a href="/wiki/%E7%A0%B9%E5%8C%96%E6%B0%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="砹化氢">砹化氢</a>（HAt）相比，其鍵長更長，離解能也更高。<a href="#cite_note-Haire-2">[2]</a>然而在<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E6%97%8B-%E8%BB%8C%E9%81%93%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8" title="自旋-軌道作用">自旋-軌道作用</a>下，TsF分子的離解能也有所提高。這是因為這一鍵合降低了Ts的<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E8%B4%9F%E6%80%A7" title="电负性">電負性</a>，使它與電負性極高的<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%9F" title="氟">氟</a>所形成的鍵更似一個<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%A2%E5%AD%90%E9%8D%B5" class="mw-redirect" title="離子鍵">離子鍵</a>。<a href="#cite_note-117H-110">[97]</a>TsF很可能是17族元素的一氟化物中鍵合最強的一個。<a href="#cite_note-117H-110">[97]</a> <a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%B7%E5%B1%82%E7%94%B5%E5%AD%90%E5%AF%B9%E4%BA%92%E6%96%A5%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA" title="价层电子对互斥理论">價層電子對互斥理論</a>預測，17族的三氟化物都會具有T形<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%86%E5%AD%90%E7%B5%90%E6%A7%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="分子結構">分子結構</a>。所有已知的鹵素的三氟化物都有這種分子結構：AX 3E 2，即三個配位體（X）和兩個孤<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E5%AD%90%E5%B0%8D" title="電子對">電子對</a>（E）圍繞著一個中心原子（A）。如果不考慮<a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%B8%E5%B0%8D%E8%AB%96" class="mw-redirect" title="相對論">相對論</a>效應，TsF 3應該會和較輕同系物一樣具有彎曲T形分子結構。不過，鿬的7s殼層電子應該不會參與任何化學反應，所以價層電子對互斥理論所預測的是一種三方金字塔形分子結構（AX 3E 1）。更加細緻複雜的理論則顯示，這一分子結構並不是TsF 3的最佳能量狀態。這些理論所預測的是三方平面分子結構（AX 3E 0）。價層電子對互斥理論有可能無法準確預測超重元素的化合物分子結構。<a href="#cite_note-trifluoride-109">[96]</a>另外，自旋-軌道作用大大加強了TsF 3分子的穩定性。這可能是因為，鿬和氟之間電負性的巨大差異造成分子呈現一些離子的性質。<a href="#cite_note-trifluoride-109">[96]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="備註">備註</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%BF%AC&action=edit&section=11" title="编辑章节：備註">编辑</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r82655521">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:#f9f9f9;display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox" style="font-size:small;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r82655520">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%AB%E8%B5%84%E6%BA%90" title="维基共享资源">维基共享资源</a>上的相关多媒体资源：<a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Ununseptium" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Ununseptium">鿬</a></div></div> </div> <div class="notelist" style="list-style-type: lower-alpha;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> 17<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%8F_(%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6)" title="族 (化学)">族</a>指週期表的第17欄，即以<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%9F" title="氟">氟</a>為首的一整列。17族與<a href="/wiki/%E9%B9%B5%E7%B4%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="鹵素">鹵素</a>並不相同：鹵素只包括17族中的氟、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%AF" title="氯">氯</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%BA%B4" title="溴">溴</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%A2%98" title="碘">碘</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E7%A0%B9" title="砹">砹</a>。 </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> 在<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="核物理学">核物理学</a>中，原子序高的元素可称为<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8D%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" title="重元素">重元素</a>，如82号元素<a href="/wiki/%E9%93%85" title="铅">铅</a>。超重元素通常指原子序大于<a href="/wiki/%E9%93%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="铹">103</a>（也有大于100<a href="#cite_note-12">[11]</a>或112<a href="#cite_note-13">[12]</a>的定义）的元素。有定义认为超重元素等同于<a href="/wiki/%E9%94%95%E7%B3%BB%E5%90%8E%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" title="锕系后元素">锕系后元素</a>，因此认为还未发现的<a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%85%E9%94%95%E7%B3%BB%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" title="超锕系元素">超锕系元素</a>不是超重元素。<a href="#cite_note-14">[13]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> 2009年，由尤里·奥加涅相引领的团队发表了他们尝试通过对称的136Xe + 136Xe反应合成𬭶的结果。他们未能在这个反应中观察到单个原子，因此设置截面，即发生核反应的概率的上限为2.5 <a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%B6%E6%81%A9" title="靶恩">pb</a>。<a href="#cite_note-16">[14]</a>作为比较，发现𬭶的反应208Pb + 58Fe的截面为19+19 -11 pb。<a href="#cite_note-超重元素_84Mu01-17">[15]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> 施加到粒子束以加速它的能量也会影响截面。举个例子，在28 14Si + 1 0n → 28 13Al + 1 1p 反应中，截面会从12.3 MeV的370 mb变化成18.3 MeV的160 mb，最高值是13.5 MeV的380 mb。<a href="#cite_note-22">[19]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> 这个值也是普遍接受的复合原子核寿命上限。<a href="#cite_note-超重元素_BerkeleyNoSF-27">[23]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> 分离基于产生的原子核会比未反应的粒子束更慢地通过目标这一点。分离器中包含电场和磁场，它们对运动粒子的影响会因粒子的特定速度而被抵消。<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoffmanGhiorsoSeaborg2000334-30">[25]</a><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%A3%9E%E8%A1%8C%E6%97%B6%E9%97%B4%E8%B4%A8%E8%B0%B1%E6%B3%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="飞行时间质谱法（页面不存在）">飞行时间质谱法</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time-of-flight_mass_spectrometry" class="extiw" title="en:Time-of-flight mass spectrometry">Time-of-flight mass spectrometry</a>）和反冲能量的测量也有助于分离，两者结合可以估计原子核的质量。<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoffmanGhiorsoSeaborg2000335-31">[26]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> 不是所有放射性衰变都是因为静电排斥力导致的，<a href="/wiki/%CE%92%E8%A1%B0%E5%8F%98" title="Β衰变">β衰变</a>便是<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%B1%E6%A0%B8%E5%8A%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="弱核力">弱核力</a>导致的。<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeiser2003439-39">[33]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> 早在1960年代，人们就已经知道原子核的基态在能量和形状上的不同，也知道核子数为<a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%BB%E6%95%B0_(%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6)" title="幻数 (物理学)">幻数</a>时，原子核就会更稳定。然而，当时人们假设超重元素的原子核因为过于畸形，无法形成核子结构。<a href="#cite_note-超重元素_Oganessian12-44">[37]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> 超重元素的原子核的质量通常无法直接测量，所以是根据另一个原子核的质量间接计算得出的。<a href="#cite_note-50">[42]</a>2018年，<a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%B3%E4%BC%A6%E6%96%AF%E4%BC%AF%E5%85%8B%E5%88%A9%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E5%AE%9E%E9%AA%8C%E5%AE%A4" title="劳伦斯伯克利国家实验室">劳伦斯伯克利国家实验室</a>首次直接测量了超重原子核的质量，<a href="#cite_note-51">[43]</a>它的质量是根据转移后原子核的位置确定的（位置有助于确定其轨迹，这与原子核的质荷比有关，因为转移是在有磁铁的情况下完成的）。<a href="#cite_note-超重元素_C&EN-52">[44]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> 如果在真空中发生衰变，那么由于孤立系统在衰变前后的总动量<a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A8%E9%87%8F#動量守恆定律" title="动量">必须保持守恒</a>，衰变产物也将获得很小的速度。这两个速度的比值以及相应的动能比值与两个质量的比值成反比。衰变能量等于α粒子和衰变产物的已知动能之和。<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeiser2003433-41">[34]</a>这些计算也适用于实验，但不同之处在于原子核在衰变后不会移动，因为它与探测器相连。 </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> 自发裂变是由苏联科学家<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%BC%E5%A5%A5%E5%B0%94%E5%9F%BA%C2%B7%E5%BC%97%E5%BB%96%E7%BD%97%E5%A4%AB" title="格奥尔基·弗廖罗夫">格奥尔基·弗廖罗夫</a>发现的，<a href="#cite_note-超重元素_Distillations-55">[45]</a>而他也是<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%9C%E5%B8%83%E7%BA%B3%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90%E6%A0%B8%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E6%89%80" title="杜布纳联合原子核研究所">杜布纳联合原子核研究所</a>的科学家，所以自发裂变就成了杜布纳联合原子核研究所经常讨论的课题。<a href="#cite_note-超重元素_coldfusion77-56">[46]</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%B3%E4%BC%A6%E6%96%AF%E4%BC%AF%E5%85%8B%E5%88%A9%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E5%AE%9E%E9%AA%8C%E5%AE%A4" title="劳伦斯伯克利国家实验室">劳伦斯伯克利国家实验室</a>的科学家认为自发裂变的信息不足以声称合成元素，他们认为对自发裂变的研究还不够充分，无法将其用于识别新元素，因为很难确定复合原子核是不是仅喷射中子，而不是质子或α粒子等带电粒子。<a href="#cite_note-超重元素_BerkeleyNoSF-27">[23]</a>因此，他们更喜欢通过连续的α衰变将新的同位素与已知的同位素联系起来。<a href="#cite_note-超重元素_Distillations-55">[45]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> 举个例子，1957年，<a href="/wiki/%E7%91%9E%E5%85%B8" title="瑞典">瑞典</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E5%BE%B7%E5%93%A5%E5%B0%94%E6%91%A9%E7%9C%81" title="斯德哥尔摩省">斯德哥尔摩省</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E5%BE%B7%E5%93%A5%E5%B0%94%E6%91%A9" title="斯德哥尔摩">斯德哥尔摩</a>的诺贝尔物理研究所错误鉴定102号元素。<a href="#cite_note-超重元素_RSC-58">[47]</a>早先没有关于该元素发现的明确声明，所以瑞典、美国、英国发现者将其命名为nobelium。后来证明该鉴定是错误的。<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKragh201838–39-59">[48]</a>次年，劳伦斯伯克利国家实验室无法重现瑞典的结果。他们宣布合成了该元素，但后来也被驳回。<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKragh201838–39-59">[48]</a>杜布纳联合原子核研究所坚持认为他们第一个发现该元素，并建议把新元素命名为joliotium，<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKragh201840-60">[49]</a>而这个名称也没有被接受（他们后来认为102号元素的命名是仓促的）。<a href="#cite_note-超重元素_1993_responses-61">[50]</a>由于nobelium这个名称在三十年间已被广泛使用，因此没有更名。<a href="#cite_note-62">[51]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> 這一量子數所表示的是電子殼層中的字母：0就是s，1就是p，2就是d，如此類推。 </li> </ol> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="參考資料">參考資料</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%BF%AC&action=edit&section=12" title="编辑章节：參考資料">编辑</a>]</div> <div class="reflist references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-BFricke-1"><a href="#cite_ref-BFricke_1-0">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Fricke, Burkhard. <a rel="nofollow" class="external 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Chinese Physics Letters. 2007, 24 (9): 2551. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007ChPhL..24.2551F">Bibcode:2007ChPhL..24.2551F</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//arxiv.org/abs/0708.0159">arXiv:0708.0159</a> <img alt="可免费查阅" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" />. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1088%2F0256-307X%2F24%2F9%2F024">doi:10.1088/0256-307X/24/9/024</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%BF%AC&rft.atitle=Possible+Way+to+Synthesize+Superheavy+Element+Z+%3D+117&rft.au=Gen-Ming%2C+Jin&rft.au=Jun-Qing%2C+Li&rft.au=Ming-Hui%2C+Huang&rft.au=Nan%2C+Wang&rft.au=Zai-Guo%2C+Gan&rft.au=Zhao-Qing%2C+Feng&rft.date=2007&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=9&rft.jtitle=Chinese+Physics+Letters&rft.pages=2551&rft.volume=24&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F0708.0159&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2007ChPhL..24.2551F&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1088%2F0256-307X%2F24%2F9%2F024&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-FengHotFusion-89"><a href="#cite_ref-FengHotFusion_89-0">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Z., Feng; Jin, G.; Li, J.; Scheid, W. 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Nuclear Physics A. 2009, 816: 33. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009NuPhA.816...33F">Bibcode:2009NuPhA.816...33F</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//arxiv.org/abs/0803.1117">arXiv:0803.1117</a> <img alt="可免费查阅" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" />. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.nuclphysa.2008.11.003">doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2008.11.003</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%BF%AC&rft.atitle=Production+of+heavy+and+superheavy+nuclei+in+massive+fusion+reactions&rft.au=Jin%2C+G.&rft.au=Li%2C+J.&rft.au=Scheid%2C+W.&rft.aufirst=Feng&rft.aulast=Z.&rft.date=2009&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nuclear+Physics+A&rft.pages=33&rft.volume=816&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F0803.1117&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2009NuPhA.816...33F&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.nuclphysa.2008.11.003&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-prc08ADNDT08-90"><a href="#cite_ref-prc08ADNDT08_90-0">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Chowdhury, Roy P.; Samanta, C.; Basu, D. 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Physical Reviews C. 2008, 77 (4): 044603. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008PhRvC..77d4603C">Bibcode:2008PhRvC..77d4603C</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//arxiv.org/abs/0802.3837">arXiv:0802.3837</a> <img alt="可免费查阅" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" />. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRevC.77.044603">doi:10.1103/PhysRevC.77.044603</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%BF%AC&rft.atitle=Search+for+long+lived+heaviest+nuclei+beyond+the+valley+of+stability&rft.au=Basu%2C+D.+N.&rft.au=Samanta%2C+C.&rft.aufirst=Roy+P.&rft.aulast=Chowdhury&rft.date=2008&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=4&rft.jtitle=Physical+Reviews+C&rft.pages=044603&rft.volume=77&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F0802.3837&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2008PhRvC..77d4603C&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1103%2FPhysRevC.77.044603&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Brazil-91"><a href="#cite_ref-Brazil_91-0">^</a> <cite class="citation report">Duarte, S. 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Centro Brasiliero de Pesquisas Físicas. 2004. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0029-3865">ISSN 0029-3865</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%BF%AC&rft.au=Gon%C3%A7ales%2C+M.&rft.au=Tavares%2C+O.+A.+P.&rft.aufirst=S.+B.&rft.aulast=Duarte&rft.btitle=Half-life+prediction+for+decay+modes+for+superheavy+nuclei&rft.date=2004&rft.genre=report&rft.issn=0029-3865&rft.pub=Centro+Brasiliero+de+Pesquisas+F%C3%ADsicas&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThayer201063–64-92"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThayer201063–64_92-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFThayer2010">Thayer 2010</a>，第63–64頁. </li> <li id="cite_note-Faegri-93">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Faegri_93-0">81.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Faegri_93-1">81.1</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Faegri_93-2">81.2</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Faegri_93-3">81.3</a> <cite class="citation journal">Fægri, Knut; Saue, Trond. Diatomic molecules between very heavy elements of group 13 and group 17: A study of relativistic effects on bonding. The Journal of Chemical Physics (AIP Publishing). 2001-08-08, 115 (6): 2456–2464. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0021-9606">ISSN 0021-9606</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1063%2F1.1385366">doi:10.1063/1.1385366</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%BF%AC&rft.atitle=Diatomic+molecules+between+very+heavy+elements+of+group+13+and+group+17%3A+A+study+of+relativistic+effects+on+bonding&rft.au=Saue%2C+Trond&rft.aufirst=Knut&rft.aulast=F%C3%A6gri&rft.date=2001-08-08&rft.genre=article&rft.issn=0021-9606&rft.issue=6&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Chemical+Physics&rft.pages=2456-2464&rft.volume=115&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1063%2F1.1385366&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThayer201063–67-94"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThayer201063–67_94-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFThayer2010">Thayer 2010</a>，第63–67頁. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThayer201079-96"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThayer201079_96-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFThayer2010">Thayer 2010</a>，第79頁. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThayer201064-97">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThayer201064_97-0">84.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThayer201064_97-1">84.1</a> <a href="#CITEREFThayer2010">Thayer 2010</a>，第64頁. </li> <li id="cite_note-Pyykkö_Atsumi_2009_pp._186–197-98"><a href="#cite_ref-Pyykkö_Atsumi_2009_pp._186–197_98-0">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Pyykkö, Pekka; Atsumi, Michiko. Molecular Single-Bond Covalent Radii for Elements 1-118. Chemistry - A European Journal (Wiley-Blackwell). 2009, 15 (1): 186–197. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0947-6539">ISSN 0947-6539</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fchem.200800987">doi:10.1002/chem.200800987</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%BF%AC&rft.atitle=Molecular+Single-Bond+Covalent+Radii+for+Elements+1-118&rft.au=Atsumi%2C+Michiko&rft.aufirst=Pekka&rft.aulast=Pyykk%C3%B6&rft.date=2009&rft.genre=article&rft.issn=0947-6539&rft.issue=1&rft.jtitle=Chemistry+-+A+European+Journal&rft.pages=186-197&rft.volume=15&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fchem.200800987&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-India-99">^ <a href="#cite_ref-India_99-0">86.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-India_99-1">86.1</a> <cite class="citation book">Sharma, B. 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Krishna Prakashan Media. 2001: 147 [2012-11-09]. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-81-85842-63-9" title="Special:网络书源/978-81-85842-63-9">ISBN 978-81-85842-63-9</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%BF%AC&rft.aufirst=B.+K.&rft.aulast=Sharma&rft.btitle=Nuclear+and+radiation+chemistry&rft.date=2001&rft.edition=7th&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-81-85842-63-9&rft.pages=147&rft.pub=Krishna+Prakashan+Media&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DL8mBZcaGUQAC%26pg%3DPA147%26dq%3Dastatine%2Bboiling%2Bpoint%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Seaborg-100">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Seaborg_100-0">87.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Seaborg_100-1">87.1</a> <cite class="citation book"><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%BC%E5%80%AB%C2%B7%E8%A5%BF%E5%A5%A7%E5%A4%9A%C2%B7%E8%A5%BF%E5%8D%9A%E6%A0%BC" title="格倫·西奧多·西博格">Seaborg, G. T.</a> Modern alchemy. 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Wiley-VCH. 2005: 23. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-3-527-30673-2" title="Special:网络书源/978-3-527-30673-2">ISBN 978-3-527-30673-2</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F14356007.a22_499">doi:10.1002/14356007.a22_499</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%BF%AC&rft.atitle=Radionuclides&rft.au=Balaban%2C+Alexandru+T.&rft.au=Gerv%C3%A9%2C+Andreas&rft.au=Griebel%2C+J%C3%BCfgen&rft.au=Keller%2C+Comelius&rft.au=Kellerer%2C+Albrecht+M.&rft.au=Miska%2C+Horst&rft.au=Shani%2C+Jashovam&rft.au=Wolf%2C+Walter&rft.au=Zyball%2C+Alfred&rft.aufirst=Heribert&rft.aulast=Luig&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+industrial+chemistry&rft.date=2005&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.isbn=978-3-527-30673-2&rft.pages=23&rft.pub=Wiley-VCH&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F14356007.a22_499&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Punter, Jacqui; Johnson, Robert; Langfield, Steve. The essentials of GCSE OCR Additional science for specification B. Letts and Lonsdale. 2006: 36. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-1-905129-73-7" title="Special:网络书源/978-1-905129-73-7">ISBN 978-1-905129-73-7</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%BF%AC&rft.au=Johnson%2C+Robert&rft.au=Langfield%2C+Steve&rft.aufirst=Jacqui&rft.aulast=Punter&rft.btitle=The+essentials+of+GCSE+OCR+Additional+science+for+specification+B&rft.date=2006&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-1-905129-73-7&rft.pages=36&rft.pub=Letts+and+Lonsdale&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Wiberg, Egon; Wiberg, Nils; Holleman, Arnold Frederick. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=Mtth5g59dEIC">Inorganic chemistry</a>. Academic Press. 2001: 423 [2014-05-13]. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-12-352651-9" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-12-352651-9">ISBN 978-0-12-352651-9</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140707084337/http://books.google.com/books?id=Mtth5g59dEIC">存档</a>于2014-07-07）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%BF%AC&rft.au=Holleman%2C+Arnold+Frederick&rft.au=Wiberg%2C+Nils&rft.aufirst=Egon&rft.aulast=Wiberg&rft.btitle=Inorganic+chemistry&rft.date=2001&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-12-352651-9&rft.pages=423&rft.pub=Academic+Press&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMtth5g59dEIC&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-boiling_point_chromatography-105"><a href="#cite_ref-boiling_point_chromatography_105-0">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Otozai, K.; Takahashi, N. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mendeley.com/research/estimation-chemical-form-boiling-point-elementary-astatine-radio-gas-chromatography/">Estimation chemical form boiling point elementary astatine by radio gas chromatography</a>. Radiochimica Acta. 1982, 31 (3‒4): 201‒203 [2014-05-13]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131220142334/http://www.mendeley.com/research/estimation-chemical-form-boiling-point-elementary-astatine-radio-gas-chromatography/">存档</a>于2013-12-20）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%BF%AC&rft.atitle=Estimation+chemical+form+boiling+point+elementary+astatine+by+radio+gas+chromatography&rft.au=Takahashi%2C+N.&rft.aufirst=K.&rft.aulast=Otozai&rft.date=1982&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=3%E2%80%924&rft.jtitle=Radiochimica+Acta&rft.pages=201%E2%80%92203&rft.volume=31&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mendeley.com%2Fresearch%2Festimation-chemical-form-boiling-point-elementary-astatine-radio-gas-chromatography%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <cite class="citation web">Bader, Richard F. W. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140823092158/http://miranda.chemistry.mcmaster.ca/esam/">An introduction to the electronic structure of atoms and molecules</a>. McMaster University. [2008-01-18]. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://miranda.chemistry.mcmaster.ca/esam/">原始内容</a>存档于2014-08-23）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%BF%AC&rft.aufirst=Richard+F.+W.&rft.aulast=Bader&rft.btitle=An+introduction+to+the+electronic+structure+of+atoms+and+molecules&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=McMaster+University&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmiranda.chemistry.mcmaster.ca%2Fesam%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPershina2010504-107">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPershina2010504_107-0">94.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPershina2010504_107-1">94.1</a> <a href="#CITEREFPershina2010">Pershina 2010</a>，第504頁. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThayer201084-108"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThayer201084_108-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFThayer2010">Thayer 2010</a>，第84頁. </li> <li id="cite_note-trifluoride-109">^ <a href="#cite_ref-trifluoride_109-0">96.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-trifluoride_109-1">96.1</a> <a href="#cite_ref-trifluoride_109-2">96.2</a> <cite class="citation journal">Bae, Cheolbeom; Han, Young-Kyu; Lee, Yoon Sup. Spin−Orbit and Relativistic Effects on Structures and Stabilities of Group 17 Fluorides EF3(E = I, At, and Element 117): Relativity Induced Stability for theD3hStructure of (117)F3. The Journal of Physical Chemistry A (American Chemical Society (ACS)). 2003, 107 (6): 852–858. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/1089-5639">ISSN 1089-5639</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fjp026531m">doi:10.1021/jp026531m</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%BF%AC&rft.atitle=Spin%E2%88%92Orbit+and+Relativistic+Effects+on+Structures+and+Stabilities+of+Group+17+Fluorides+EF3%28E+%3D+I%2C+At%2C+and+Element+117%29%3A+Relativity+Induced+Stability+for+theD3hStructure+of+%28117%29F3&rft.au=Han%2C+Young-Kyu&rft.au=Lee%2C+Yoon+Sup&rft.aufirst=Cheolbeom&rft.aulast=Bae&rft.date=2003&rft.genre=article&rft.issn=1089-5639&rft.issue=6&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Physical+Chemistry+A&rft.pages=852-858&rft.volume=107&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fjp026531m&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-117H-110">^ <a href="#cite_ref-117H_110-0">97.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-117H_110-1">97.1</a> <cite class="citation journal">Han, Y. K.; Bae, C.; Son, S. K.; Lee, Y. S. Spin-orbit effects on the transactinide p-block element monohydrides MH (M=element 113-118). Journal of Chemical Physics. 2000, 112 (6): 2684–2691. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000JChPh.112.2684H">Bibcode:2000JChPh.112.2684H</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1063%2F1.480842">doi:10.1063/1.480842</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%BF%AC&rft.atitle=Spin-orbit+effects+on+the+transactinide+p-block+element+monohydrides+MH+%28M%3Delement+113-118%29&rft.au=Han%2C+Y.+K.%3B+Bae%2C+C.%3B+Son%2C+S.+K.%3B+Lee%2C+Y.+S.&rft.date=2000&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=6&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Chemical+Physics&rft.pages=2684-2691&rft.volume=112&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2000JChPh.112.2684H&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1063%2F1.480842&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="参考书目">参考书目</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%BF%AC&action=edit&section=13" title="编辑章节：参考书目">编辑</a>]</div> <ul><li><cite class="citation book">Barysz, M.; Ishikawa, Y. (编). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/?id=QbDEC3oL7uAC&pg=PA127&lpg=PA127&dq=Re+trend+HI+HAt+H117#v=onepage&q=117&f=false">Relativisic methods for chemists</a>. Springer Science+Business Media. 2010. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-1-4020-9974-8" title="Special:网络书源/978-1-4020-9974-8">ISBN 978-1-4020-9974-8</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%BF%AC&rft.au=Barysz%2C+M.&rft.au=Ishikawa%2C+Y.&rft.btitle=Relativisic+methods+for+chemists&rft.date=2010&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-1-4020-9974-8&rft.pub=Springer+Science%2BBusiness+Media&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DQbDEC3oL7uAC%26pg%3DPA127%26lpg%3DPA127%26dq%3DRe%2Btrend%2BHI%2BHAt%2BH117%23v%3Donepage%26q%3D117%26f%3Dfalse&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li></ul> <dl><dd><ul><li><cite id="CITEREFThayer2010" class="citation book">Thayer, John S. Relativistic Effects and the Chemistry of the Heavier Main Group Elements. 2010: 63. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-1-4020-9974-8" title="Special:网络书源/978-1-4020-9974-8">ISBN 978-1-4020-9974-8</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-1-4020-9975-5_2">doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-9975-5_2</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%BF%AC&rft.aufirst=John+S.&rft.aulast=Thayer&rft.btitle=Relativistic+Effects+and+the+Chemistry+of+the+Heavier+Main+Group+Elements&rft.date=2010&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-1-4020-9974-8&rft.pages=63&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-1-4020-9975-5_2&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><cite id="CITEREFStysziński2010" class="citation book">Stysziński, Jacek. Why do we need relativistic computational methods?. 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F9781402099755_3">doi:10.1007/9781402099755_3</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%BF%AC&rft.aufirst=Jacek&rft.aulast=Styszi%C5%84ski&rft.btitle=Why+do+we+need+relativistic+computational+methods%3F&rft.date=2010&rft.genre=book&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F9781402099755_3&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><cite id="CITEREFPershina2010" class="citation book">Pershina, V. Electronic structure and chemistry of the heaviest elements. 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F9781402099755_11">doi:10.1007/9781402099755_11</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%BF%AC&rft.aufirst=V.&rft.aulast=Pershina&rft.btitle=Electronic+structure+and+chemistry+of+the+heaviest+elements&rft.date=2010&rft.genre=book&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F9781402099755_11&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li></ul></dd></dl> <ul><li><cite id="CITEREFBeiser2003" class="citation book">Beiser, A. Concepts of modern physics 6th. McGraw-Hill. 2003. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-07-244848-1" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-07-244848-1">ISBN 978-0-07-244848-1</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/48965418">OCLC 48965418</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%BF%AC&rft.aufirst=A.&rft.aulast=Beiser&rft.btitle=Concepts+of+modern+physics&rft.date=2003&rft.edition=6th&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-07-244848-1&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F48965418&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><cite id="CITEREFHoffmanGhiorsoSeaborg2000" class="citation book">Hoffman, D. C.; Ghiorso, A.; Seaborg, G. T. The Transuranium People: The Inside Story. World Scientific. 2000. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-1-78-326244-1" title="Special:网络书源/978-1-78-326244-1">ISBN 978-1-78-326244-1</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%BF%AC&rft.au=Ghiorso%2C+A.&rft.au=Seaborg%2C+G.+T.&rft.aufirst=D.+C.&rft.aulast=Hoffman&rft.btitle=The+Transuranium+People%3A+The+Inside+Story&rft.date=2000&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-1-78-326244-1&rft.pub=World+Scientific&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><cite id="CITEREFKragh2018" class="citation book">Kragh, H. From Transuranic to Superheavy Elements: A Story of Dispute and Creation. Springer. 2018. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-3-319-75813-8" title="Special:网络书源/978-3-319-75813-8">ISBN 978-3-319-75813-8</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%BF%AC&rft.aufirst=H.&rft.aulast=Kragh&rft.btitle=From+Transuranic+to+Superheavy+Elements%3A+A+Story+of+Dispute+and+Creation&rft.date=2018&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-3-319-75813-8&rft.pub=Springer&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="外部連結">外部連結</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%BF%AC&action=edit&section=14" title="编辑章节：外部連結">编辑</a>]</div> <ul><li>元素鿬在<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://periodic.lanl.gov/117.shtml">洛斯阿拉莫斯国家实验室</a>的介紹（英文）</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.environmentalchemistry.com/yogi/periodic/Ts.html">EnvironmentalChemistry.com —— 鿬</a>（英文）</li> <li>元素<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.periodicvideos.com/videos/117.htm">鿬</a>在The Periodic Table of Videos（諾丁漢大學）的介紹（英文）</li> <li>元素鿬在<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://elements.vanderkrogt.net/element.php?sym=Ts">Peter van der Krogt elements site</a>的介紹（英文）</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.webelements.com/webelements/elements/text/Ts/index.html">WebElements.com – 鿬</a>（英文）</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84261037">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output 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style="display:table;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84244141"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0%E9%80%B1%E6%9C%9F%E8%A1%A8" title="Template:元素週期表"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0%E9%80%B1%E6%9C%9F%E8%A1%A8" title="Template talk:元素週期表"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0%E9%80%B1%E6%9C%9F%E8%A1%A8" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:元素週期表"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="元素周期表" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0%E5%91%A8%E6%9C%9F%E8%A1%A8" title="元素周期表">元素周期表</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;border-width:0;"><div style="padding:0"> <table class="wraplinks" style="width: 100%;"> <tbody><tr> <td>  </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83953186"> <a href="/wiki/%E7%A2%B1%E9%87%91%E5%B1%9E" title="碱金属">IA 1</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A2%B1%E5%9C%9F%E9%87%91%E5%B1%9E" title="碱土金属">IIA 2</a> </td> <td colspan="14" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/3%E6%97%8F%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" title="3族元素">IIIB 3</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/4%E6%97%8F%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" title="4族元素">IVB 4</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/5%E6%97%8F%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" title="5族元素">VB 5</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/6%E6%97%8F%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" title="6族元素">VIB 6</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/7%E6%97%8F%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" title="7族元素">VIIB 7</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/8%E6%97%8F%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" title="8族元素">VIIIB 8</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/9%E6%97%8F%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" title="9族元素">VIIIB 9</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/10%E6%97%8F%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" title="10族元素">VIIIB 10</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/11%E6%97%8F%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" title="11族元素">IB 11</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/12%E6%97%8F%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" title="12族元素">IIB 12</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A1%BC%E6%97%8F%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" title="硼族元素">IIIA 13</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A2%B3%E6%97%8F%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" title="碳族元素">IVA 14</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%AE%E6%97%8F%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" title="氮族元素">VA 15</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A7%E6%97%8F%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" title="氧族元素">VIA 16</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A4%E7%B4%A0" title="卤素">VIIA 17</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A8%80%E6%9C%89%E6%B0%94%E4%BD%93" title="稀有气体">VIIIA 18</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC1%E5%91%A8%E6%9C%9F%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" title="第1周期元素">1</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_reactive_nonmetal" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A2" title="氢">H</a> </td> <td colspan="30" style="border:none">  </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_noble_gas" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A6" title="氦">He</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC2%E5%91%A8%E6%9C%9F%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" title="第2周期元素">2</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_alkali" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%94%82" title="锂">Li</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_alkali_earth" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%8D" title="铍">Be</a> </td> <td colspan="24" style="border:none">  </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_metalloid" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A1%BC" title="硼">B</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_reactive_nonmetal" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A2%B3" title="碳">C</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_reactive_nonmetal" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%AE" title="氮">N</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_reactive_nonmetal" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A7" title="氧">O</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_halogen" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%9F" title="氟">F</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_noble_gas" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%96" title="氖">Ne</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC3%E5%91%A8%E6%9C%9F%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" title="第3周期元素">3</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_alkali" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%A0" title="钠">Na</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_alkali_earth" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%81" title="镁">Mg</a> </td> <td colspan="24" style="border:none">  </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_post_transition" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%9D" title="铝">Al</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_metalloid" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A1%85" title="硅">Si</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_reactive_nonmetal" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A3%B7" title="磷">P</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_reactive_nonmetal" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A1%AB" title="硫">S</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_halogen" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%AF" title="氯">Cl</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_noble_gas" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A9" title="氩">Ar</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC4%E5%91%A8%E6%9C%9F%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" title="第4周期元素">4</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_alkali" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%BE" title="钾">K</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_alkali_earth" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%99" title="钙">Ca</a> </td> <td colspan="14" style="border:none">  </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_transition" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%AA" title="钪">Sc</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_transition" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%9B" title="钛">Ti</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_transition" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%92" title="钒">V</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_transition" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%AC" title="铬">Cr</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_transition" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%94%B0" title="锰">Mn</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_transition" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%81" title="铁">Fe</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_transition" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%B4" title="钴">Co</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_transition" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%8D" title="镍">Ni</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_transition" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%9C" title="铜">Cu</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_transition" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%94%8C" title="锌">Zn</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_post_transition" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%93" title="镓">Ga</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_metalloid" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%94%97" title="锗">Ge</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_metalloid" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A0%B7" title="砷">As</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_reactive_nonmetal" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A1%92" title="硒">Se</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_halogen" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%BA%B4" title="溴">Br</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_noble_gas" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%AA" title="氪">Kr</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC5%E5%91%A8%E6%9C%9F%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" title="第5周期元素">5</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_alkali" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%B7" title="铷">Rb</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_alkali_earth" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%94%B6" title="锶">Sr</a> </td> <td style="border:none; width:0;padding:0;"> </td> <td colspan="13" style="border:none">  </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_transition" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%87" title="钇">Y</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_transition" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%94%86" title="锆">Zr</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_transition" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%8C" title="铌">Nb</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_transition" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%BC" title="钼">Mo</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_transition" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%94%9D" title="锝">Tc</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_transition" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%8C" title="钌">Ru</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_transition" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%91" title="铑">Rh</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_transition" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%AF" title="钯">Pd</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_transition" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%8A%80" title="銀">Ag</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_transition" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%89" title="镉">Cd</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_post_transition" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%9F" title="铟">In</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_post_transition" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%94%A1" title="锡">Sn</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_metalloid" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%94%91" title="锑">Sb</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_metalloid" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A2%B2" title="碲">Te</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_halogen" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A2%98" title="碘">I</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_noble_gas" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%99" title="氙">Xe</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC6%E5%91%A8%E6%9C%9F%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" title="第6周期元素">6</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_alkali" width="3.125%" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%AF" title="铯">Cs</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_alkali_earth" width="3.125%" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%A1" title="钡">Ba</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_lanthanide" width="3.125%" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%A7" title="镧">La</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_lanthanide" width="3.125%" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%88" title="铈">Ce</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_lanthanide" width="3.125%" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%A8" title="镨">Pr</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_lanthanide" width="3.125%" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%95" title="钕">Nd</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_lanthanide" width="3.125%" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%B7" title="钷">Pm</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_lanthanide" width="3.125%" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%90" title="钐">Sm</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_lanthanide" width="3.125%" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%95" title="铕">Eu</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_lanthanide" width="3.125%" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%86" title="钆">Gd</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_lanthanide" width="3.125%" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%BD" title="铽">Tb</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_lanthanide" width="3.125%" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%9D" title="镝">Dy</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_lanthanide" width="3.125%" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%AC" title="钬">Ho</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_lanthanide" width="3.125%" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%92" title="铒">Er</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_lanthanide" width="3.125%" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%A5" title="铥">Tm</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_lanthanide" width="3.125%" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%B1" title="镱">Yb</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_lanthanide" width="3.125%" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%A5" title="镥">Lu</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_transition" width="3.125%" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%AA" title="铪">Hf</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_transition" width="3.125%" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%BD" title="钽">Ta</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_transition" width="3.125%" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%A8" title="钨">W</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_transition" width="3.125%" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%BC" title="铼">Re</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_transition" width="3.125%" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%94%87" title="锇">Os</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_transition" width="3.125%" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%B1" title="铱">Ir</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_transition" width="3.125%" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%82" title="铂">Pt</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_transition" width="3.125%" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%91" title="金">Au</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_transition" width="3.125%" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%9E" title="汞">Hg</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_post_transition" width="3.125%" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%8A" title="铊">Tl</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_post_transition" width="3.125%" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%85" title="铅">Pb</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_post_transition" width="3.125%" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%8B" title="铋">Bi</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_post_transition" width="3.125%" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%8B" title="钋">Po</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_metalloid" width="3.125%" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A0%B9" title="砹">At</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_noble_gas" width="3.125%" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A1" title="氡">Rn</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC7%E5%91%A8%E6%9C%9F%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" title="第7周期元素">7</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_alkali" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%AB" title="钫">Fr</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_alkali_earth" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%AD" title="镭">Ra</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_actinide" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%94%95" title="锕">Ac</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_actinide" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%8D" title="钍">Th</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_actinide" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%A4" title="镤">Pa</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_actinide" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%88%BE" title="鈾">U</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_actinide" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%8E" title="镎">Np</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_actinide" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%9A" title="钚">Pu</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_actinide" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%85" title="镅">Am</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_actinide" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%94%94" title="锔">Cm</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_actinide" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%94%AB" title="锫">Bk</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_actinide" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%94%8E" title="锎">Cf</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_actinide" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%94%BF" title="锿">Es</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_actinide" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%84" title="镄">Fm</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_actinide" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%94" title="钔">Md</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_actinide" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%94%98" title="锘">No</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_actinide" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%90%92" title="鐒">Lr</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_transition" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%91%AA" title="鑪">Rf</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_transition" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%F0%A8%A7%80" title="𨧀">Db</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_transition" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%F0%A8%AD%8E" title="𨭎">Sg</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_transition" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%F0%A8%A8%8F" title="𨨏">Bh</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_transition" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%F0%A8%AD%86" title="𨭆">Hs</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_unknown" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E4%A5%91" title="䥑">Mt</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_unknown" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%90%BD" title="鐽">Ds</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_unknown" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%8C%80" title="錀">Rg</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_transition" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%8E%B6" title="鎶">Cn</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_unknown" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%89%A8" title="鉨">Nh</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_post_transition" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%88%87" title="鈇">Fl</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_unknown" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%86" title="镆">Mc</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_unknown" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%89%9D" title="鉝">Lv</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_unknown" style="border:none;"><a class="mw-selflink 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