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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>In Latin</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_Latin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_Arabic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Arabic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>In Arabic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_Arabic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_Persian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Persian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>In Persian</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_Persian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_Sanskrit" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Sanskrit"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>In Sanskrit</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_Sanskrit-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anceps_vs._brevis_in_longo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anceps_vs._brevis_in_longo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Anceps vs. brevis in longo</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anceps_vs._brevis_in_longo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon 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href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anceps" title="Anceps – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Anceps" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anceps" title="Anceps – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Anceps" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B1%E3%83%97%E3%82%B9" title="アンケプス – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アンケプス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anceps" title="Anceps – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Anceps" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%81" title="Анкепс – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Анкепс" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%A9%E7%94%A8%E9%9F%B3%E7%AF%80" title="兩用音節 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="兩用音節" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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href="/wiki/Dactylic_hexameter" title="Dactylic hexameter">Dactylic hexameter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elegiac_couplet" title="Elegiac couplet">Elegiac couplet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcmanian_verse" title="Alcmanian verse">Alcmanian verse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archilochian" title="Archilochian">Archilochian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_rhythmic_hexameter" title="Latin rhythmic hexameter">Latin rhythmic hexameter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iambic_trimeter" title="Iambic trimeter">Iambic trimeter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saturnian_(poetry)" title="Saturnian (poetry)">Saturnian (poetry)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metres_of_Roman_comedy" title="Metres of Roman comedy">Metres of Roman comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trochaic_septenarius" title="Trochaic septenarius">Trochaic septenarius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hendecasyllable" title="Hendecasyllable">Hendecasyllable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choliamb" title="Choliamb">Choliamb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aeolic_verse" title="Aeolic verse">Aeolic verse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choriamb" title="Choriamb">Choriamb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glyconic" title="Glyconic">Glyconic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asclepiad_(poetry)" title="Asclepiad (poetry)">Asclepiad (poetry)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sapphic_stanza" title="Sapphic stanza">Sapphic stanza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcaic_stanza" title="Alcaic stanza">Alcaic stanza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionic_metre" class="mw-redirect" title="Ionic metre">Ionic metre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anacreontics" title="Anacreontics">Anacreontics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galliambic_verse" title="Galliambic verse">Galliambic verse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sotadean_metre" title="Sotadean metre">Sotadean metre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dochmiac" title="Dochmiac">Dochmiac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lekythion" title="Lekythion">Lekythion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anaclasis_(poetry)" title="Anaclasis (poetry)">Anaclasis (poetry)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metrical_foot" title="Metrical foot">Metrical foot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metron_(poetry)" title="Metron (poetry)">Metron (poetry)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brevis_in_longo" title="Brevis in longo">Brevis in longo</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Anceps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biceps_(prosody)" title="Biceps (prosody)">Biceps (prosody)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resolution_(meter)" title="Resolution (meter)">Resolution (meter)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brevis_brevians" title="Brevis brevians">Brevis brevians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porson%27s_Law" title="Porson's Law">Porson's Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arsis_and_thesis" title="Arsis and thesis">Arsis and thesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalexis" title="Catalexis">Catalexis</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Greek_and_Latin_metre" title="Template:Greek and Latin metre"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Greek_and_Latin_metre" title="Template talk:Greek and Latin metre"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Greek_and_Latin_metre" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Greek and Latin metre"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In languages with quantitative poetic <a href="/wiki/Meter_(poetry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Meter (poetry)">metres</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a>, Arabic, <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a>, and classical Persian, an <b>anceps</b> (plural <i>ancipitia</i><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <i>(syllabae) ancipites</i><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) is a position in a metrical pattern which can be filled by either a long or a short syllable. </p><p>In general, <i>anceps</i> syllables in words, such as the first syllable of the Greek words <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Ἄρης</span></span> <span title="Ancient Greek transliteration" lang="grc-Latn"><i>Árēs</i></span> (the Greek god of war) or <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">πικρός</span></span> <span title="Ancient Greek transliteration" lang="grc-Latn"><i>pikrós</i></span> "bitter", which can be treated by poets as either long or short, can be distinguished from <i>anceps</i> elements or positions in a metrical pattern, which are positions where either a long syllable or a short syllable can be used.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another distinction can be made between the ordinary <i>anceps</i> positions at the beginning or middle of a line of verse and the phenomenon of <i><a href="/wiki/Brevis_in_longo" title="Brevis in longo">brevis in longo</a></i>, which is when a short syllable at the end of a line counts as long because of the pause which follows.<sup id="cite_ref-west287_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-west287-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The word <i>anceps</i> comes from the Latin <i>anceps, ancipitis</i>, meaning "two-headed, uncertain, unfixed".<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The usage of the word in a metrical context is, however, relatively modern, and is not found in ancient writers. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_Ancient_Greek">In Ancient Greek</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anceps&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: In Ancient Greek"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Anceps</i> elements can be found in a variety of metres in Ancient Greek. <i>Anceps</i> elements in the middle or beginning of a line are characteristic of the <a href="/wiki/Iambic_trimeter" title="Iambic trimeter">iambic trimeter</a> of Greek drama. A typical iambic trimeter has the following form ("–" = long, "u" = short, and "x" = <i>anceps</i>):<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd>| x – u – | x – u – | x – u – |</dd></dl> <p>Except for the last element, an <i>anceps</i> or a <i>longum</i> is sometimes replaced by two short syllables (see <a href="/wiki/Resolution_(meter)" title="Resolution (meter)">Resolution (meter)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Prosody_(Greek)#Iambic" class="mw-redirect" title="Prosody (Greek)">Prosody (Greek)#Iambic</a>). </p><p>In the trochaic metres, on the other hand, the <i>anceps</i> comes at the end of each metron, for example the trochaic tetrameter <a href="/wiki/Catalectic" class="mw-redirect" title="Catalectic">catalectic</a>: </p> <dl><dd>| – u – x | – u – x || – u – x | – u – |</dd></dl> <p><i>Anceps</i> elements are also found in the <a href="/wiki/Aeolic_verse" title="Aeolic verse">Aeolic metres</a>, such as the <a href="/wiki/Sapphic_stanza" title="Sapphic stanza">Sapphic metre</a>, in which the first three lines are as follows, opening with a trochaic metron:<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd>| – u – x | – u u – | u – – |</dd></dl> <p>In other Aeolic metres, it is possible for a line to begin with two <i>anceps</i> syllables in succession, for example in the <a href="/wiki/Glyconic" title="Glyconic">glyconic</a> metre: </p> <dl><dd>| x x | – u u – | u – |</dd></dl> <p>In such metres it is not allowed for both <i>ancipitia</i> to be short; both in the Aeolic metres and in the <a href="/wiki/Prosody_(Greek)#Eupolidean" class="mw-redirect" title="Prosody (Greek)">eupolidean</a>, the usual form of the base is – – or – u, with u – occurring much less often. <a href="/wiki/Martin_Litchfield_West" title="Martin Litchfield West">Martin West</a> argues that this double <i>anceps</i> opening is a relic of an earlier period, also reflected in Sanskrit, when the beginning of a line of poetry had free scansion and only the end was fixed.<sup id="cite_ref-west287_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-west287-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>West points out that in Ancient Greek, an <i>anceps</i> is not found next to a short element. He argues that in most metres, every 2nd or 3rd element is compulsorily long, and can be considered a <i>locus princeps</i> (principal position). Either before or after a <i>princeps</i> there must be a short element. Between each <i>princeps</i> and the next there can be either an <i>anceps</i>, a short, or two shorts.<sup id="cite_ref-west287_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-west287-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some metres, such as the <a href="/wiki/Dactylic_hexameter" title="Dactylic hexameter">dactylic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Prosody_(Greek)#Anapest" class="mw-redirect" title="Prosody (Greek)">anapaestic</a> metres, have no <i>anceps</i> syllables, although they make liberal use of <i><a href="/wiki/Biceps_(prosody)" title="Biceps (prosody)">biceps</a></i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_Latin">In Latin</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anceps&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: In Latin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Latin, in the metres of Roman comedy such as those of <a href="/wiki/Plautus" title="Plautus">Plautus</a>, <i>anceps</i> syllables are even more common than in the Greek equivalents. In Plautus the <a href="/wiki/Iambic_senarius" class="mw-redirect" title="Iambic senarius">iambic senarius</a> (which is the equivalent of the Greek iambic trimeter) has this form: </p> <dl><dd>| x – x – | x – x – | x – u – |</dd></dl> <p>The <i>anceps</i> elements, however, are not all equal, since the 2nd and 4th <i>anceps</i> elements, which are always short in Greek verse, tend to be short more frequently than the other <i>ancipites</i>. These two are long in 60% of lines, the 1st and 3rd in 80% of lines, and the 5th in 90% of lines.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the first two metrons, any of the long or <i>anceps</i> positions can be <a href="/wiki/Resolution_(meter)" title="Resolution (meter)">resolved</a> into two short syllables, but this happens less frequently in <i>anceps</i> positions than in long ones.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other metres which may have <i>anceps</i> positions in Latin are the bacchiac and cretic metres used in <i>cantica</i> (songs) in the plays of <a href="/wiki/Plautus" title="Plautus">Plautus</a>. For example, the bacchiac quaternarius is as follows: </p> <dl><dd>| x – – | x – – | x – – | x – – |</dd></dl> <p>and the cretic as follows: </p> <dl><dd>| – x – | – u – || – x – | – u – |</dd></dl> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Hendecasyllable" title="Hendecasyllable">hendecasyllable</a> metre used by <a href="/wiki/Catullus" title="Catullus">Catullus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Martial" title="Martial">Martial</a> has the following form, beginning in the same way as a glyconic line (see above): </p> <dl><dd>| x x | – u u – u – u – – |</dd></dl> <p>The first two syllables are usually long, but occasionally in Catullus u – or – u is found. </p><p>However, in other metres of Latin poetry, <i>anceps</i> syllables do not occur (except for the usual possibility of <a href="/wiki/Brevis_in_longo" title="Brevis in longo">brevis in longo</a> at the end of the line). For example, in the dactylic hexameter, much use is made of <i><a href="/wiki/Biceps_(prosody)" title="Biceps (prosody)">biceps</a></i> syllables, but there is no <i>anceps</i> and no <a href="/wiki/Resolution_(meter)" title="Resolution (meter)">resolution</a>: </p> <dl><dd>| – <u>uu</u> | – <u>uu</u> | – <u>uu</u> | – <u>uu</u> | – uu | – x |</dd></dl> <p>There is also a pure form of iambic, used in <a href="/wiki/Catullus_4" title="Catullus 4">Catullus 4</a>, which also makes no use of <i>anceps</i> or resolution: </p> <dl><dd>| u – u – | u – u – | u – u – |</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_Arabic">In Arabic</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anceps&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: In Arabic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Arabic_prosody" title="Arabic prosody">Arabic prosody</a></div> <p><i>Anceps</i> elements are also common in classical Arabic poetry. Unlike Greek metres, in Arabic, an <i>anceps</i> can often be found next to a short element, as in the most common Arabic metre, the <a href="/wiki/%E1%B9%ACaw%C4%ABl" class="mw-redirect" title="Ṭawīl">Ṭawīl</a>, of which the half-verse has the following form:<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd>| u – x | u – x – | u – x | u – u – |</dd></dl> <p>Another very common metre, the <a href="/wiki/Basit" title="Basit">basīṭ</a>, has this form: </p> <dl><dd>| x – u – | x u – | – – u – | <u>uu</u> – |</dd></dl> <p>The eighth element in the Basīṭ metre is also theoretically <i>anceps</i> but in practice (in more than 99% of lines) it is always long.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Rajaz_(prosody)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rajaz (prosody)">rajaz</a> metre, which is similar to the Greek iambic trimeter, the first two elements of each metron are <i>anceps</i>, although it is rare for both elements to be short: </p> <dl><dd>| x x u – | x x u – | x x u – |</dd></dl> <p>In some metres, such as the popular <a href="/wiki/Kamil_(metre)" title="Kamil (metre)">Kāmil</a> metre, <i><a href="/wiki/Biceps_(prosody)" title="Biceps (prosody)">biceps</a></i> elements are used instead of <i>anceps</i>: </p> <dl><dd>| <u>uu</u> – u – | <u>uu</u> – u – | <u>uu</u> – u – |</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_Persian">In Persian</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anceps&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: In Persian"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Persian_metres" title="Persian metres">Persian metres</a></div> <p>In classical Persian poetry, apart from <i>brevis in longo</i> (see below), <i>anceps</i> elements are for the most part found only at the beginning of a line. In most<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> metres which begin with two short syllables, the first may be replaced by a long.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus the meter <i>khafīf</i> (the most common metre used in <a href="/wiki/Saadi_Shirazi" title="Saadi Shirazi">Saadi</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Gulistan_(book)" title="Gulistan (book)">Golestān</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> has the following form: </p> <dl><dd>| x u – – | u – u – | u u – |</dd></dl> <p>In such verses, the <i>anceps</i> is long in about 80% of cases.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The only other place in Persian metre where there is a choice between long and short is in the <i><a href="/wiki/Ruba%27i" title="Ruba'i">ruba'i</a></i> metre used in Omar Khayyam's quatrains, which goes as follows: </p> <dl><dd>| – – | – <u>u u</u> – | x x u – | – <u>u u</u> – |</dd></dl> <p>The two <i>ancipitia</i> may be either u – or – u, but not two shorts or two longs. (The first is slightly more common.)<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_Sanskrit">In Sanskrit</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anceps&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: In Sanskrit"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_prosody" title="Sanskrit prosody">Sanskrit prosody</a></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a>, the classical language of ancient India, in the early period in some metres the first part of the line was very free. For example, epic poems such as the <i><a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahābhārata</a></i> were mostly composed in a type of stanza known as the <a href="/wiki/Shloka" title="Shloka"><i>śloka</i></a>, which developed from the <a href="/wiki/Vedic_Sanskrit" title="Vedic Sanskrit">vedic</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Anu%E1%B9%A3%E1%B9%ADubh" title="Anuṣṭubh">anuṣṭubh</a></i> metre. A <i>śloka</i> usually consists of two 16-syllable half-verses of the following pattern: </p> <dl><dd>| x x x x | u – – x || x x x x | u – u x |</dd></dl> <p>However, this does not quite give the full picture, since the second metron | u – – x | could sometimes be | u u u x | , | – u u x | , | –, – – x | or | – u – x |. These variations are known as <i>vipulas</i>. Another restriction is that in the 1st and 3rd metron, the pattern | x u u x | was not permitted (see <a href="/wiki/Shloka" title="Shloka">Śloka</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As with Greek, Latin, and Arabic, the last element of every Sanskrit metre is <i>anceps</i>, that is, either long or <i><a href="/wiki/Brevis_in_longo" title="Brevis in longo">brevis in longo</a></i>. </p><p>Another metre, the <i><a href="/wiki/Tri%E1%B9%A3%E1%B9%ADubh" class="mw-redirect" title="Triṣṭubh">triṣṭubh</a></i>, which is commonly used in the <a href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Rigveda</a>, the earliest form of Sanskrit, has four 11-syllable lines of the following pattern (the symbol "," represents a <a href="/wiki/Caesura" title="Caesura">caesura</a> or break between words). Thus the 5th element is an <i>anceps</i>, which if short must be preceded by a word-break, if long it must be followed by one:<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd>| x – x – , u u – – u – x | or</dd> <dd>| x – x – – , u – – u – x |</dd></dl> <p>In the high classical period of Sanskrit literature (5th to 12th century CE), a large number of metres were developed which for the most part had no <i>anceps</i> elements. For example, the <i><a href="/wiki/Mand%C4%81kr%C4%81nt%C4%81_metre" class="mw-redirect" title="Mandākrāntā metre">mandākrāntā</a></i> metre, made popular by <a href="/wiki/K%C4%81lid%C4%81sa" class="mw-redirect" title="Kālidāsa">Kālidāsa</a> in his poem <i><a href="/wiki/Meghad%C5%ABta" title="Meghadūta">Meghadūta</a></i>, has the following form without variation:<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd>| – – – – | u u u u u – | – u – – u – – |</dd></dl> <p>A third type of Indian metre, commonly used in <a href="/wiki/Prakrit" title="Prakrit">Prakrit</a> literature, but also sometimes in Sanskrit, is typified by the <i><a href="/wiki/Arya_metre" title="Arya metre">āryā</a></i> metre. In metres of this type, lines of varying length are made up of feet which can be of any combination of long and short syllables, such as | – – |, | u u u u |, | – u u |, | u u – | or | u – u |, that adds up to the equivalent of four short syllables. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Anceps_vs._brevis_in_longo">Anceps vs. brevis in longo</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anceps&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Anceps vs. brevis in longo"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <i>anceps</i> is distinct from <i><a href="/wiki/Brevis_in_longo" title="Brevis in longo">brevis in longo</a></i>, which refers to the phenomenon whereby a normally short syllable counts as long when used at the end of a line. The possibility of <i>brevis in longo</i> is found universally across all metres, while the <i>anceps</i> is found only in particular verse forms. Also, a <i>brevis in longo</i> is always felt to be long, while the <i>anceps</i> may be short or long freely. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anceps&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A.M. Devine, Laurence D Stephens (1994) <i>The Prosody of Greek Speech</i>, p. 75; Gratwick, A.S. <i>Plautus: Menaechmi</i>, p. 44.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">August Böckh, (1809). <i>Über die Versmasse des Pindaros</i>, p. 116; C.W. Willink (2010), <i>Collected papers on Greek Tragedy</i>, p. 477.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">M. L. West, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/638567">"Three topics in Greek metre"</a>, <i>The Classical Quarterly</i>, Vol. 32, No. 2 (1982), pp. 281-297; p. 286.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-west287-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-west287_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-west287_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-west287_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">M. L. West, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/638567">"Three topics in Greek metre"</a>, <i>The Classical Quarterly</i>, Vol. 32, No. 2 (1982), pp. 281-297; p. 287.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://logeion.uchicago.edu/anceps">"Anceps"</a>. <i>uchicago.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=uchicago.edu&rft.atitle=Anceps&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flogeion.uchicago.edu%2Fanceps&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnceps" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">W. W. Goodwin (1894), <i>Greek Grammar</i>, p. 358.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">W. W. Goodwin (1894), <i>Greek Grammar</i>, p. 365.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gratwick, A. S. (1993), <i>Plautus: Menaechmi</i>, Cambridge University Press, p. 44.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Moore, Timothy J. (2012), <i>Music in Roman Comedy</i>. Cambridge University Press, p. 220.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wright, W. (1951). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/WrightArabicGrammarVol2/WrightArabicGrammarVol2#page/n189/mode/1up"><i>A Grammar of the Arabic Language</i></a>, vol. II, Cambridge University Press, p. 364.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stoetzer, Willem (1982) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4183063">"Some Observations on Quantity in Arabic Metrics"</a>. <i>Journal of Arabic Literature</i> Vol. 13 (1982), pp. 66-75</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For an exception see Elwell-Sutton, L.P. (1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Smy5GE48bWsC"><i>The Persian Metres</i></a>. Cambridge University Press, p. 137.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Elwell-Sutton, L.P. (1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Smy5GE48bWsC"><i>The Persian Metres</i></a>. Cambridge University Press, p. 86.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thiesen, Finn (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://issuu.com/rchakravarti/docs/manualclassicalpersianprosody_finnthiesen"><i>A Manual of Classical Persian Prosody, with chapters on Urdu, Karakhanidic and Ottoman prosody.</i></a> Wiesbaden, p. 261.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Elwell-Sutton, L.P. (1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Smy5GE48bWsC"><i>The Persian Metres</i></a>. Cambridge University Press, p. 128, 132.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Elwell-Sutton, L.P. (1976). The Persian Metres. Cambridge University Press, p. 135.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Macdonell, Arthur A., <i>A Sanskrit Grammar for Students</i>, Appendix II, p. 232 (Oxford University Press, 3rd edition, 1927)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A. A. Macdonell (1916), <i>A Vedic Grammar for Students</i>, Appendix II, p. 441.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Deo, Ashwini S. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4177028">"The Metrical Organization of Classical Sanskrit Verse"</a>. <i>Journal of Linguistics</i>, Vol. 43, No. 1 (Mar., 2007), pp. 63-114.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anceps&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prosody_(Greek)" class="mw-redirect" title="Prosody (Greek)">Prosody (Greek)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosody_(Latin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Prosody (Latin)">Prosody (Latin)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metres_of_Roman_comedy" title="Metres of Roman comedy">Metres of Roman comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_prosody" title="Arabic prosody">Arabic prosody</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_metres" title="Persian metres">Persian metres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brevis_in_longo" title="Brevis in longo">Brevis in longo</a></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anceps&oldid=1190233059">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anceps&oldid=1190233059</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Poetic_rhythm" title="Category:Poetic rhythm">Poetic rhythm</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Metrical_feet" title="Category:Metrical feet">Metrical feet</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_August_2022" title="Category:Use dmy dates from August 2022">Use dmy dates from August 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Ancient_Greek_(to_1453)-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text">Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 16 December 2023, at 18:42<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Add topic</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mw-portlet mw-portlet-dock-bottom emptyPortlet" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul> </ul> </div> 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