CINXE.COM
Imperial Policy Forum
<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/loose.dtd"> <html lang="en"> <head><title> Imperial Policy Forum</title> <meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow"/> <meta property="og:title" content="Imperial Policy Forum" /> <style title="notessa-stylesheet" media="all" type="text/css"> td.nw_img_caption { font-size: 10px; font-style: italic; padding: 3px; text-align:center; word-wrap: break-word; } .title { font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; } div div.section-name, div div.section-name-selected { font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; } a { text-decoration: none; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; } a:hover, .link:hover { text-decoration: none; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; } table.nw_simple_table {border:0px;border-collapse:collapse;} .nw_simple_table tbody tr td {padding:1px;} .nw_simple_table tbody tr td p {margin:0;padding:0;} table.nw_boxed_table {border:solid 1px #CCC;border-collapse:collapse;empty-cells:hide;} .nw_boxed_table td {padding:4px;border:solid 1px #CCC;} .nw_boxed_table td p {margin:0;padding:0;} .nw_mce_notessa_macro {background:#E9E9E9;font-size:9px;font-family:Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif;font-weight:normal;-moz-border-radius:5px;-webkit-border-radius:5px;border:1px solid #47ADA8;padding:0px;overflow:visible;} table.basic, .basic td {border:1px solid #CCC;border-collapse:collapse;font:Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;} table.basic {border:none;border:1px solid #CCC;} .basic thead th, .basic tbody th {background:#FFF;color:#666;padding:5px 10px;border-left:1px solid #CCC;} .basic tbody th {background:#fafafb;border-top:1px solid #CCC;text-align:left;font-weight:normal;} .basic tbody tr td {padding:5px 10px;color:#666;} .basic tbody tr:hover {background:#FFF;} .basic tbody tr:hover td {color:#454545;} .basic tfoot td, .basic tfoot th {border-left:none;border-top:1px solid #CCC;padding:4px;background:#FFF;color:#666;} .basic caption {text-align:left;font-size:120%;padding:10px 0;color:#666;} .basic a:link {color:#666;} .basic a:visited {color:#666;} .basic a:hover {color:#003366;text-decoration:none;} .basic a:active {color:#003366;} table.blue_block {margin:0;padding:0;font:normal 0.9em tahoma, arial, sans-serif;line-height:1.4em;border-collapse:collapse;border:4px solid #ADBBCA;color:#4F6480;background:#F0F0F0;} .blue_block caption {margin:0;height:32px;padding:0;color:#4F6480;line-height:2em;text-align:left;font:bold 150% georgia, serif;text-transform:uppercase;letter-spacing:0.14em;} .blue_block thead {color:#fff;background:#5E7796;} .blue_block thead tr th {padding:4px 8px 4px 8px;} .blue_block th {border: 4px solid #ADBBCA;} .blue_block tfoot {background:#fff;} .blue_block tfoot tr td, .blue_block tfoot tr th, .blue_block tbody tr td {padding:4px;} .blue_block tbody tr:hover {background:#fff;} .blue_block tbody tr {border:4px solid #ADBBCA;} .blue_block tbody th {padding:8px;border:4px solid #ADBBCA;} .blue_block tbody td {background:#E9ECEE;} .blue_block tbody tr.odd {background:#C4CFDB;} .blue_block tbody tr.odd td {background:#F0F0F0;color:#4F6480;} .blue_block tbody tr.odd:hover {background:#fff;} .blue_block tbody tr th a:link {font:bold 0.9em tahoma, arial, sans-serif;color:#5E7796;text-decoration:underline;} .blue_block tbody tr th a:visited {font:bold 0.9em tahoma, arial, sans-serif;color:#5E7796;text-decoration:none;} .blue_block tbody tr th a:hover {font:bold 0.9em tahoma, arial, sans-serif;color:#5E7796;text-decoration:none;} .blue_block tbody tr th a:active {font:bold 0.9em tahoma, arial, sans-serif;color:#5E7796;text-decoration:line-through;} .blue_block tbody td a:link {font:normal 0.9em tahoma, arial, sans-serif;color:#808000;text-decoration:underline;} .blue_block tbody td a:visited {font:normal 0.9em tahoma, arial, sans-serif;color:#808000;text-decoration:none;} .blue_block tbody td a:hover {font:normal 0.9em tahoma, arial, sans-serif;color:#808000;text-decoration:none;} .blue_block tbody td a:active {font:normal 0.9em tahoma, arial, sans-serif;color:#808000;text-decoration:underline;} .blue_block tbody td a:visited:after {color:#808000;text-decoration:none;} table.blue_dream {background:#D3E4E5;border:1px solid gray;border-collapse:collapse;color:#fff;font:normal 12px verdana, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;} .blue_dream caption {border:1px solid #5C443A;color:#5C443A;font-weight:bold;letter-spacing:20px;padding:6px 4px 8px 0px;text-align:center;text-transform:uppercase;} .blue_dream td, .blue_dream th {color:#363636;padding:.4em;} .blue_dream tr {border:1px dotted gray;} .blue_dream thead th, .blue_dream tfoot th, .blue_dream tbody th {background:#5C443A;color:#FFFFFF;padding:3px 10px 3px 10px;text-align:left;text-transform:uppercase;} .blue_dream tbody td a {color:#363636;text-decoration:none;} .blue_dream tbody td a:visited {color:gray;text-decoration:line-through;} .blue_dream tbody td a:hover {text-decoration:underline;} .blue_dream tbody th a {color:#363636;font-weight:normal;text-decoration:none;} .blue_dream tbody th a:hover {color:#363636;} .blue_dream tbody th, .blue_dream tbody td {text-align:left;vertical-align:top;} .blue_dream tfoot td {background:#5C443A;color:#FFFFFF;padding-top:3px;} .blue_dream tr.odd {background:#fff;} .blue_dream tbody tr:hover {background:#99BCBF;border:1px solid #03476F;color:#000000;} table.fresh_orange {background:#FFEFD5;border-spacing:0px; border-collapse:collapse;font-family:Verdana, Geneva, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;font-size:small;} .fresh_orange caption {text-align:left;font-weight:bolder;} .fresh_orange thead {background:#FFA109;} .fresh_orange thead th {border-bottom:1px outset;border-top:1px outset;padding-left:3px;padding-right:3px;} .fresh_orange tfoot {background:#FFA109;} .fresh_orange a {color:#000;} .fresh_orange tbody th {background:#FFDCA2;border-bottom:1px solid #fff;font-size:medium;font-weight:normal;padding-left:2px;padding-bottom:4px;text-align:left;vertical-align: top;} .fresh_orange tbody td {border:0px none;border-bottom:1px solid #FFA109;padding-left:3px;text-align:left;vertical-align:top;} .fresh_orange tbody tr.odd {background:#FFF8EA;} .fresh_orange tbody tr.odd th {background:#FFE2B0;} .fresh_orange tbody td a {background-position:top left;min-height:20px;padding-left:20px;float:left;padding-right:4px;} .fresh_orange tbody tr th+td a {background-image:none;padding:inherit;float:inherit;} table.green_envy { border-collapse:collapse;border:1px solid #03476F;font:normal 11px verdana, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;color:#363636;background:#92C428;} .green_envy caption {text-align:center;font:bold 18px arial, helvetica, sans-serif;background:transparent;padding:6px 4px 8px 0px;color:#03476F;text-transform:uppercase;} .green_envy td, .green_envy th {border:1px dotted #03476F;padding:.4em;color:#363636;} .green_envy thead th, .green_envy tfoot th, .green_envy tbody th {font:bold 11px verdana, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;border:1px solid #03476F;text-align:left;background:#4591AD;color:#FFFFFF;padding-top:3px;} .green_envy tbody td a {background:transparent;text-decoration:none;color:#363636;} .green_envy tbody td a:hover {background:#C2F64D;color:#363636;} .green_envy tbody th a {font:normal 11px verdana, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;background:transparent;text-decoration:none;font-weight:normal;color:#363636;} .green_envy tbody th a:hover {background:transparent;color:#363636;} .green_envy tbody th, .green_envy tbody td {vertical-align:top;text-align:left;} .green_envy tfoot td {border:1px solid #03476F;background:#4591AD;padding-top:3px;color:#FFFFFF;} .green_envy tr.odd {background:#AEE239;} .green_envy tbody tr:hover {background:#FFD800;border:1px solid #03476F;color:#FFFFFF;} .green_envy tbody tr:hover th, .green_envy tbody tr.odd:hover th {background:#FFD800;color:#FFFFFF;} table.ice_blue {border-collapse:collapse;background:#EFF4FB;border-left:1px solid #686868;border-right:1px solid #686868;font:0.8em/145% 'Trebuchet MS',helvetica,arial,verdana;color:#333;} .ice_blue td, .ice_blue th {padding:5px;} .ice_blue caption {padding:0 0 .5em 0;text-align:left;font-size:1.4em;font-weight:bold;text-transform:uppercase;color:#333;background:transparent;} .ice_blue a {color:#950000;text-decoration:none;} .ice_blue a:link {} .ice_blue a:visited {font-weight:normal;color:#666;text-decoration: line-through;} .ice_blue a:hover {border-bottom:1px dashed #bbb;} .ice_blue thead th, .ice_blue tfoot th, .ice_blue tfoot td, .ice_blue tbody th {background:#333;color:#fff;} .ice_blue tfoot td {text-align:right;} .ice_blue tbody th, .ice_blue tbody td {border-bottom:dotted 1px #333;} .ice_blue tbody th {white-space:nowrap;} .ice_blue tbody th a {color:#333;} .ice_blue tbody tr:hover {background:#fafafa;} table.matrix {border-collapse:collapse;border:none;font:normal 11px helvetica, verdana, arial, sans-serif;background-color:#0E0E0E;background-repeat:repeat;border-spacing:1px;} .matrix caption {text-align:left;font:normal 11px helvetica, verdana, arial, sans-serif;background:transparent;} .matrix td, .matrix th {border:none;padding:.8em;color:#FFFFFF;} .matrix thead th, .matrix tfoot th, .matrix tbody th {font:bold 10px helvetica, verdana, arial, sans-serif;border:none;text-align:left;background:#000000;color:#00FF0C;padding-top:4px;} .matrix tbody td a {background:transparent;text-decoration:none;color:#9F9F9F;} .matrix tbody td a:hover {background:transparent;color:#FFFFFF;} .matrix tbody th a {font:bold 11px helvetica, verdana, arial, sans-serif;background:transparent;text-decoration:none;font-weight:normal;color:#9F9F9F;} .matrix tbody th a:hover {background:transparent;color:#FFFFFF;} .matrix tbody th, .matrix tbody td {vertical-align:top;text-align:left;} .matrix tr.odd {background:#000000;} .matrix tbody tr:hover {background:#0E0E0E;} .matrix tbody tr:hover th, .matrix tbody tr.odd:hover th {background:#0E0E0E;} table.modern_blue {border-collapse:collapse;text-align:left;font-family:Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;} .modern_blue caption {text-transform:uppercase;font-size:2em;color:#000000;text-align:left;font-weight:bolder;border-bottom:6px solid #000;} .modern_blue thead tr th, .modern_blue tbody tr th {color:#0099ff;text-transform:uppercase;text-align:center;padding:0.4em 0;border-bottom:3px solid #000;} .modern_blue tfoot th, .modern_blue tfoot td {border-top:3px solid #000;} .modern_blue tr td, .modern_blue tr th {border-bottom:1px solid #000;padding:0.6em 0.4em;line-height:1.5em;} .modern_blue tbody th a {text-transform:uppercase;} .modern_blue tbody a, .modern_blue tbody a:link {color:#0099ff;font-weight:bold;text-decoration:none;} .modern_blue tbody a:visited {color:#000;} table.popstar {font:75%/1.5em arial, geneva, sans-serif;border-collapse:collapse;} .popstar caption {margin:0;border-bottom:4px solid #fff;padding:10px;background:#F8F12A;text-align:left;font:bold 250%/1em arial, geneva, sans-serif;color:#000;text-transform:uppercase;letter-spacing:0.1em;width:auto;} .popstar tbody {background:#acc;} .popstar tbody td {font-size:100%;letter-spacing:0.05em;} .popstar tbody td, .popstar th {border-bottom:4px solid #fff;border-left:1px dotted #fff;vertical-align:top;padding:10px;} .popstar thead th, .popstar tbody th {padding:5px 10px;text-align:left;background:#DF3985;color:#fff;text-transform:uppercase;letter-spacing:0.2em;font-weight:bold;font-size:110%;} .popstar tbody th {padding:10px 10px 10px 10px;text-align:left;font-size:110%;color:#fff;letter-spacing:0.1em;line-height:1.5em;text-transform:uppercase;} .popstar tbody tr.odd {background:#E6E0C0;} .popstar tbody tr {background:#b6e5ff;} .popstar tfoot th, .popstar tfoot td {margin:0;border-top:2px solid #fff;padding:5px 10px;text-align:left;background:#F8F12A;color:#000;} .popstar tfoot th {text-transform:uppercase;letter-spacing:0.2em;border:none;} .popstar tfoot td {padding-left:10px;} .popstar tbody tr th a {color:#277ffe;display:block;} .popstar tbody tr.odd th a {color:#555;display:block;} .popstar tbody td a {color:#DF3985;} .popstar a:visited, .popstar tbody tr.odd th a:visited {color:#999;} table.purple_rain {color:#000;font:100% "Verdana", "Helvetica", sans-serif;border:#ccc .1em solid;} table.purple_rain, .purple_rain tr, .purple_rain th, .purple_rain td {margin:0;padding:0;border-spacing:0;border-collapse:collapse;} .purple_rain caption {text-align:left;padding:.8em;color:white;background:#93c;height:2em;font-weight:bold;font-size:14pt;font-family:;border:#ccc .1em solid;} .purple_rain thead {background:#c6f;} .purple_rain thead th, .purple_rain tbody th {padding:.8em;text-align:left;color:#fff;font-weight:bold;background:#c6f;} .purple_rain tfoot tr {color:#fff;background:#93c;height:4em;font-weight:bold;} .purple_rain tfoot {color:#000;background:#fff;} .purple_rain tfoot tr th, .purple_rain tfoot tr td {border-top:0px;} .purple_rain tfoot tr td {text-align:right;padding-right:2em;} .purple_rain tbody tr.odd th {background:#edf;border-top:#ccc .1em solid;border-bottom:#ccc .1em solid;} .purple_rain tbody td a:hover {background:transparent;color:#f60;} .purple_rain tbody tr td {background:#dce;color:#93c;height:4em;} .purple_rain tbody tr.odd td {background:#edf;color:#93c;height:4em;border-top:#ccc .1em solid;border-bottom:#ccc .1em solid;} .purple_rain tbody tr td {padding:0.1em 0.4em;border:0px;} .purple_rain tbody tr th {padding-right:1em;text-align:left;font-weight:normal;} .purple_rain a {color:#93c;text-decoration:none;font-weight:normal;} .purple_rain a:hover {text-decoration:underline overline;color:#f66;} table.seagrass {border-collapse:collapse;border:1px solid #839E99;background:#f1f8ee;font:.9em/1.2em Georgia, "Times New Roman", Times, serif;color:#033;} .seagrass caption {font-size:1.3em;font-weight:bold;text-align:left;padding:1em 4px;} .seagrass td, .seagrass th {padding:3px 3px .75em 3px;line-height:1.3em;} .seagrass th {background:#839E99;color:#fff;font-weight:bold;text-align:left;padding-right:.5em;vertical-align:top;} .seagrass thead th {background:#2C5755;text-align:center;} .seagrass tr.odd td {background:#DBE6DD;} .seagrass tr.odd th {background:#6E8D88;} .seagrass td a, .seagrass td a:link {color:#325C91;} .seagrass td a:visited {color:#466C8E;} .seagrass td a:hover, .seagrass td a:focus {color:#1E4C94;} .seagrass th a, .seagrass td a:active {color:#fff;} .seagrass tfoot th, .seagrass tfoot td {background:#2C5755;color:#fff;} .seagrass th+td {padding-left:.5em;} table.simple_blue {font:80% Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;color:#000;text-align:left;border-collapse:collapse;border:1px solid #666666;border-top:none;} .simple_blue a {text-decoration:underline;} .simple_blue a:visited {text-decoration:none;} .simple_blue tr.odd {background-color:#ebf3ff;} .simple_blue tr a {color:#000000;} .simple_blue tr:hover a {color:#ffffff;} .simple_blue tr:hover, .simple_blue tr.odd:hover {background-color:#3d80df;color:#ffffff;} .simple_blue caption {height:45px;line-height:44px;color:#60634E;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;margin-left:-1px;background:#ffffff;background-position:50% top;border-left:2px solid #616161;border-right:2px solid #616161;} .simple_blue thead th, .simple_blue tbody th {font-size:105%;color:#000000;background:#90BCF9;height:33px;} .simple_blue thead th:hover {background:#ffffff;} .simple_blue tr {vertical-align:top;} .simple_blue tr, .simple_blue th, .simple_blue td {padding:.75em;} .simple_blue td {border-left:1px solid #dadada;} .simple_blue tfoot tr {background:#fff;} .simple_blue tfoot td, .simple_blue tfoot th{color:#000;border:0px;} table.simple_grey {font:85% "Lucida Grande", "Lucida Sans Unicode", "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif;padding:0;margin:0;border-collapse:collapse;color:#333;background:#F3F5F7;} .simple_grey a {color:#3A4856;text-decoration:none;border-bottom:1px solid #C6C8CB;} .simple_grey a:visited {color:#777;} .simple_grey a:hover {color:#000;} .simple_grey caption {text-align:left;text-transform:uppercase;padding-bottom:10px;font:200% "Lucida Grande", "Lucida Sans Unicode", "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif;} .simple_grey tbody th {background:#3A4856;padding:15px 10px;color:#fff;text-align:left;font-weight:normal;} .simple_grey tbody, .simple_grey thead {border-left:1px solid #EAECEE;border-right:1px solid #EAECEE;} .simple_grey tbody {border-bottom:1px solid #EAECEE;} .simple_grey tbody td {padding:10px;text-align:left;} .simple_grey tbody tr {background:#F3F5F7;} .simple_grey tbody tr.odd {background:#F0F2F4;} .simple_grey tbody tr:hover {background:#EAECEE;color:#111;} .simple_grey tfoot td, .simple_grey tfoot th, .simple_grey tfoot tr {text-align:left;font:120% "Lucida Grande", "Lucida Sans Unicode", "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif;text-transform:uppercase;background:#fff;padding:10px;} table.subtle_gold {border-collapse:collapse;border:2px solid #996;font:normal 80%/140% verdana, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;color:#333;background:#fffff0;} .subtle_gold caption {padding:0 .4em .4em;text-align:left;font-size:1em;font-weight:bold;text-transform:uppercase;color:#333;background:transparent;} .subtle_gold td, .subtle_gold th {border:1px solid #cc9;padding:.3em;} .subtle_gold thead th, .subtle_gold tfoot th, .subtle_gold tbody th {border:1px solid #cc9;text-align:left;font-size:1em;font-weight:bold;color:#444;background:#dbd9c0;} .subtle_gold tbody td a {background:transparent;color:#72724c;text-decoration:none;border-bottom:1px dotted #cc9;} .subtle_gold tbody td a:hover {background:transparent;color:#666;border-bottom:1px dotted #72724c;} .subtle_gold tbody th a {background:transparent;color:#72724c;text-decoration:none;font-weight:bold;border-bottom:1px dotted #cc9;} .subtle_gold tbody th a:hover {background:transparent;color:#666;border-bottom:1px dotted #72724c;} .subtle_gold tbody th, .subtle_gold tbody td {vertical-align:top;text-align:left;} .subtle_gold tfoot td {border:1px solid #996;} .subtle_gold tr.odd {color:#333;background:#f7f5dc;} .subtle_gold tbody tr:hover {color:#333;background:#fff;} .subtle_gold tbody tr:hover th, .subtle_gold tbody tr.odd:hover th {color:#333;background:#ddd59b;} table.wine_country {border-collapse:collapse;border:1px solid #38160C;font:normal 11px verdana, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;color:#F6ECF0;background:#641B35;} .wine_country caption {text-align:left;font:normal 11px verdana, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;background:transparent;} .wine_country td, .wine_country th {border:1px dashed #B85A7C;padding:.8em;color:#F6ECF0;} .wine_country thead th, .wine_country tfoot th, .wine_country tbody th {font:bold 11px verdana, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;border:1px solid #A85070;text-align:left;background:#38160C;color:#F6ECF0;padding-top:6px;} .wine_country tbody td a {background:transparent;text-decoration:none;color:#F6ECF0;} .wine_country tbody td a:hover {background:transparent;color:#FFFFFF;} .wine_country tbody th a {font:normal 11px verdana, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;background:transparent;text-decoration:none;font-weight:normal;color:#F6ECF0;} .wine_country tbody th a:hover {background:transparent;color:#FFFFFF;} .wine_country tbody th, .wine_country tbody td {vertical-align:top;text-align:left;} .wine_country tfoot td {border:1px solid #38160C;background:#38160C;padding-top:6px;} .wine_country tr.odd {background:#7B2342;} .wine_country tbody tr:hover {background:#51152A;} .wine_country tbody tr:hover th, .wine_country tbody tr.odd:hover th {background:#51152A;} div.nw-sharingLinks-title { background-color:#eee; padding:4px; } ul.nw-sharingLinks-list { padding:4px; margin:0; list-style: none; } div.nw-sharingLinks { z-index:1; position:absolute; background:#fff; border:solid 1px #999; width:200px; } li.nw-sharingLinks-link a { color:#000; } li.nw-sharingLinks-link img { vertical-align:middle; } span.nw-sharingLinks-bookmarkAndShare { float:left; } span.nw-sharingLinks-close { float:right; } span.nw-sharingLinks-close a { color: #000; text-decoration: none; } span.nw-sharingLinks-icons { vertical-align: middle; } div.nw-comments-main,div.nw-comments-displayTitle,div.nw-comments-commentsList,div.nw-comments-pagination,div.nw-comments-post,div.nw-comments-post-form { width:100%; } div.nw-comments-author { font-weight:bold; padding-bottom:5px; } div.nw-comments-comment { border-bottom:1px #000 solid; } div.nw-comments-displayTitle { padding-bottom: 5px; border-bottom:1px #000 solid; font-weight:bold; } div.nw-comments-post { font-weight:bold; } div.nw-comments-date { padding-top:5px; } div.nw-comments-pagination { text-align:right; } div.nw-article-comment-validation-error{ color:red; } .nw-error { border-color: red; } /* Wrapping DIV */ .nw-article-comments-show-div { margin-top: 8px; padding: 0px; background: transparent; overflow: hidden; } /* An Individual Comment */ div.nw-comments-comment { background: #FFFFFF; border: solid 1px #CCC; padding: 8px 8px 8px 12px; border-radius: 6px; margin-bottom: 8px; } /* Children Comments */ div.nw-comments-comment div.nw-comments-comment { border: none; background: transparent; } /* Nested Comment */ div.nw-comments-children { margin-top: 8px; border: solid 1px #CCC; border-radius: 6px; padding-left: 0; padding: 8px 0 0 0 ; } /* Reply Button */ .nw-comments-comment a.nw-comments-reply-button { *display: inline; display: inline-block; background: #F7F7F7; border: solid 1px #CCC; padding: 4px 8px; font-weight: normal; color: #000; cursor:pointer; } div.nw-comments-date { color: #999; font-size: 9px; } .nw-comments-sort { padding: 4px 0; } .nw-comment-footer a.nw-comments-reply-button { float: right; } .nw-comment-footer .nw-comments-date { float: left; padding: 0; } .nw-comment-footer { clear: both; overflow: hidden; vertical-align: bottom; _zoom: 1; /* IE6 */ } span.nw-article-options { display:inline; } /* Reply Form */ .nw-comments-post-form { background: #F7F7F7; padding: 8px 12px; margin-top: 8px; border: solid 1px #CCC; border-radius: 6px; margin-bottom: 8px; } .nw-comments-post-form .required { font-weight:bold; color:red; } div.nw-comments-children .nw-comments-post-form { background: #F7F7F7; margin-bottom: 0; } div.nw-comments-displayTitle { border-bottom: none; } div.nw-comments-main,div.nw-comments-displayTitle,div.nw-comments-commentsList,div.nw-comments-pagination,div.nw-comments-post,div.nw-comments-post-form { width:auto; } .nw-article-comment-validation-error, .nw-article-comment-validation-thanks { margin-top: 12px; } .nw-comments-post-form .nw-textarea { width:100%; *width:98%; -webkit-box-sizing: border-box; -moz-box-sizing: border-box; box-sizing: border-box; } .nw-comments-awaiting-moderation .nw-comments-comment div { font-style: italic; color: #999999; } .nw-submit { cursor:pointer; } .nw-comments-awaiting-moderation .nw-article-comment-validation-thanks { padding: 2px 12px 5px 12px; font-style: italic; } .nw-comments-close { float:right; display:inline-block; padding:2px 5px; background:#ccc; cursor:pointer; } .nw-comments-close:hover { float:right; display:inline-block; padding:2px 5px; background:#ccc; color:#fff; cursor:pointer; } .ArticleDisplay .nw-associatedarticles { margin: 1em 0 .3em 0; border: solid 1px #CCC; padding: .7em; } .ArticleDisplay .nw-associatedarticles br{ display: none; } .ArticleDisplay .nw-associatedarticles-header { font-weight: bold; font-size: 1.3em; margin-bottom: .1em; margin-top: 20px; padding-bottom: .2em; border-bottom: solid 1px #CCC; display: block; } .ArticleDisplay .nw-associatedarticle-title { display: block; margin: .4em 0 0 0; } /* Prevent expanding div holder bug in IE8 */ .ArticleDisplay { table-layout: fixed\9; } /* Gallery Container */ .nw_articleGallery_wrapper { background-color: #333; position: relative; margin: 1em auto; padding: .5em; /* IE6 Specific Rule */ border: solid 1px transparent; } /* Next and Previous Buttons */ .nw_articleGallery_previous, .nw_articleGallery_next{ position: absolute; display:block; width: 16px; height: 16px; text-indent: -9999px; background-repeat:no-repeat; } .nw_articleGallery_previous{ left: 5px !important; background-image: url('/nwstatic/gallery/previous.gif'); } .nw_articleGallery_next{ right: 5px!important; /* IE6 Specific Rule */ right: 18px; background-image: url('/nwstatic/gallery/next.gif'); } /* Set Default Maximum Width for images */ .nw_articleGallery_image img { max-width:310px; height: auto; border: solid 1px #CCC; margin-bottom: .5em; } /* IE6 Specific Rule */ * html .nw_articleGallery_image img { width: expression(this.width > 360 ? 360: true); } .nw_articleGallery_image { text-align: center; } .nw_articleGallery_caption { color:#FFFFFF; text-align:center; } </style> <link href="/v3files/shard4/85675/227542/1154015/2col.css?t=1685975454303" media="all" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css"/> <script type="text/javascript" src="/nwstatic/scripts/jQuery.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/nwstatic/scripts/jquery.ui.js"></script> <link href="/nwstatic/scripts/themes/newsweaver/jquery-ui.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" /> <script type="text/javascript" src="/nwstatic/scripts/fancybox/jquery.fancybox.js"></script> <link href="/nwstatic/scripts/fancybox/jquery.fancybox.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" /> <script type="text/javascript" src="/nwstatic/scripts/microsite.js"></script> <link href="https://icllibraryservices.newsweaver.com/x93ksnu6i3/rss/i2ff89ipubi" rel="alternate" title="Open Research Newsletter" type="application/rss+xml"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://icllibraryservices.newsweaver.com/x93ksnu6i3/vpigisey5cs" /> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, maximum-scale=1" /> <meta name="x-apple-disable-message-reformatting"> <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xmlns:v="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:vml" xmlns:o="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office"> <head> <!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OfficeDocumentSettings> <o:AllowPNG/> <o:PixelsPerInch>96</o:PixelsPerInch> </o:OfficeDocumentSettings> </xml><![endif]--> <style type="text/css"> span.MsoHyperlink { mso-style-priority:99; color:inherit; } span.MsoHyperlinkFollowed { mso-style-priority:99; color:inherit; } .ExternalClass, .ExternalClass p, .ExternalClass span, .ExternalClass font, .ExternalClass td, .ExternalClass div, .summary p, .summary, .summary td, .summary span{ line-height: 120% !important; mso-line-height-rule: exactly !important; } </style> </head> </html></head> <body style="margin:0; padding:0;"> <div class="content" id="wrapper"> <div class="nw_layout_LAYOUT1"> <table align="center" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="ArticlePage" id="ArticlePage" style=" " width="647"> <tr><!-- buildCellForTableRow --> <!-- buildCellForTableRow --> <td id="header" valign="top" width="647"> <!-- renderCellComponentsList --><!-- renderCellComponentsList_list --> <!-- renderTemplateComponent --> <table id="nw_masthead_wrapper" class="nw_component_wrapper" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" > <tr><td class="nw-componentSpacerMainCell"><!-- buildTemplateComponentStructure --> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="ContentBlock" id="masthead" style="margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;margin-right:0px;" width="100%"> <tr><td class="nw-componentMainCell"><table style="width: 100%;" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tbody> <tr> <td class="logo"><a title="" href="https://icllibraryservices.newsweaver.com/x93ksnu6i3/1s6nhtf6nc5i2ff89ipubi/external?a=6&p=11273383&t=2993312" data-canonicalurl="https://www.imperial.ac.uk/"><img alt="" src="/v3files/shard4/85675/a4/56e0f2f4b48b0fa9bdc977.png" width="175" height="56" /></a></td> <td class="RT_TBL" style="text-align: right;"> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </td></tr></table> <!-- /buildTemplateComponentStructure --></td></tr> </table> <!-- /renderTemplateComponent --> <!-- /renderCellComponentsList_list --><!-- renderCellComponentsList_list --> <!-- renderTemplateComponent --> <table id="nw_titlebar_wrapper" class="nw_component_wrapper" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" > <tr><td class="nw-componentSpacerMainCell"><!-- buildTemplateComponentStructure --> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="ContentBlock" id="titlebar" style="margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;margin-right:0px;" width="100%"> <tr><td class="nw-componentMainCell"><table style="width: 100%;" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tbody> <tr> <td class="titlebar_subtitle">Imperial Open Research Newsletter: Quality matters, Parliamentary inquiry into Reproducibility and Research Integrity, perceptions of UKRI, and training opportunities</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </td></tr></table> <!-- /buildTemplateComponentStructure --></td></tr> </table> <!-- /renderTemplateComponent --> <!-- /renderCellComponentsList_list --> <!-- /renderCellComponentsList --></td> <!-- /buildCellForTableRow --></tr> <tr><!-- buildCellForTableRow --> <!-- buildCellForTableRow --> <td id="main" valign="top" width="647"> <!-- renderCellComponentsList --><!-- renderCellComponentsList_list --> <!-- renderTemplateComponent --> <table id="nw_coverlink_wrapper" class="nw_component_wrapper" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" > <tr><td class="nw-componentSpacerMainCell"><!-- buildTemplateComponentStructure --> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="ContentBlock" id="coverlink" style="margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;margin-right:0px;" width="100%"> <tr><td class="nw-componentMainCell"><a href="https://icllibraryservices.newsweaver.com/x93ksnu6i3/1n3v6xany1fi2ff89ipubi?lang=en&a=6&p=11273383&t=2993314" data-canonicalurl="https://icllibraryservices.newsweaver.com/x93ksnu6i3/1n3v6xany1f">Back to cover page</a> </td></tr></table> <!-- /buildTemplateComponentStructure --></td></tr> </table> <!-- /renderTemplateComponent --> <!-- /renderCellComponentsList_list --><!-- renderCellComponentsList_list --> <!-- renderTemplateComponent --> <table id="nw_articledisplay_wrapper" class="nw_component_wrapper" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" > <tr><td class="nw-componentSpacerMainCell"><!-- buildTemplateComponentStructure --> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="ArticleDisplay" id="articledisplay" style="margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;margin-right:0px;" width="100%"> <tr><td class="nw-componentMainCell"> <span class="title">Imperial Policy Forum</span> <!-- After Article Title Fragment --> <table class="after_article_title_fragment" style="width: 10%;" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tbody> <tr> <td> <div style="font-size: 0px; line-height: 0px; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; border-collapse: collapse;"> </div> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <span class="full-story"> <p>Engaging effectively with policymakers is essential to a researcher’s responsibility as an academic citizen. How research evidence is used in society is all our concern, because we all have to live with policy decisions. <a href="https://icllibraryservices.newsweaver.com/x93ksnu6i3/102toug93pdi2ff89ipubi/external?a=5&p=11273383&t=2993315" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" data-canonicalurl="https://www.imperial.ac.uk/the-forum/">Imperial Policy Forum</a> is offering two workshops to help researchers contribute research to policy:<br /><br /></p> <ul role="list"> <li role="listitem" data-aria-level="1" data-aria-posinset="1" aria-setsize="-1" data-list-defn-props="{"335552541":1,"335559684":-2,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Symbol","469769242":[8226],"469777803":"left","469777804":"","469777815":"hybridMultilevel"}" data-listid="4" data-font="Symbol" data-leveltext=""> <p><a href="https://icllibraryservices.newsweaver.com/x93ksnu6i3/5f8gr8q26n9i2ff89ipubi/external?a=5&p=11273383&t=2993315" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" data-canonicalurl="https://www.eventbrite.com/e/imperial-policy-forum-policy-briefing-workshop-tickets-607347190797">Policy Briefing</a>: two-hour session (8 June) on how and why policy briefings are used by policymakers, and how to structure and draft an effective briefing document.<br /><br /></p> </li> <li role="listitem" data-aria-level="1" data-aria-posinset="2" aria-setsize="-1" data-list-defn-props="{"335552541":1,"335559684":-2,"335559685":720,"335559991":360,"469769226":"Symbol","469769242":[8226],"469777803":"left","469777804":"","469777815":"hybridMultilevel"}" data-listid="4" data-font="Symbol" data-leveltext=""> <p><a href="https://icllibraryservices.newsweaver.com/x93ksnu6i3/1351nsmbaowi2ff89ipubi/external?a=5&p=11273383&t=2993315" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" data-canonicalurl="https://www.eventbrite.com/e/imperial-policy-forum-policy-engagement-workshop-part-1-tickets-630671033037">Policy Engagement</a>: two-part session (21 and 22 June) on the British policymaking landscape, areas of engagement and examples of success. The sessions provide practical tips for researchers to identify audiences and engage policymakers with their work.</p> </li> </ul> <p><br />For questions, contact <a href="mailto:j.heyburn@imperial.ac.uk" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Jamie Heyburn</a>.</p> </span> <!-- After Article Title Fragment --> <table class="after_article_title_fragment" style="width: 10%;" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tbody> <tr> <td> <div style="font-size: 0px; line-height: 0px; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; border-collapse: collapse;"> </div> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <div id="nw-article-options-5576476" class="nw-article-options"> <span class="nw-rate" id="nw-vote-7313735"> <input type="hidden" id="nw_articleAvgScore_7313735" value="5" /> <input type="hidden" id="nw_articleVoteUrl_7313735" value="articleVote.html?a=7313735&s=i2ff89ipubi&m=004m7th3tp4v75mqeipp61&lang=en&pId=11273383" /> <span id="nw_articleVoteWrapper_7313735" class="nw-rate-stars"><a id="nw_articleVoteLink_7313735_5" href="#"><img id="nw_articleVoteImage_7313735" border="0" src="/nwstatic/rating/like.png" width="16px" height="16px" alt="Like"/>Like</a></span> <span class="nw-rate-numberOfVotes" id="nw_articleNumberOfVotes_7313735"> (0) </span> </span> <span class="nw-article-options-separator">|</span> <a id="commentsNumber7313735-2993315" href="https://icllibraryservices.newsweaver.com/x93ksnu6i3/1n3v6xany1fi2ff89ipubi/comments.html?a=7313735&m=004m7th3tp4v75mqeipp61&t=2993315&lang=en&s=i2ff89ipubi" data-canonicalurl="https://icllibraryservices.newsweaver.com/x93ksnu6i3/1n3v6xany1f"> Comment (<span id="articleCommentsNumber7313735">0</span>)</a> <span class="nw-rate" id="nw-vote-5576476"> </span> </div> <a name="commentsAnchor7313735-2993315"></a> <div class="nw-article-comments-show-div" id="commentsDiv7313735-2993315"> <div class="nw-comments-post">Comment</div> <a name="commentFormAnchor_main"></a> <form action="#" method="post" enctype="application/x-www-form-urlencoded; charset=UTF-8" onsubmit="return false;"> <input type="hidden" name="a" value="7313735"/> <input type="hidden" name="m" value="004m7th3tp4v75mqeipp61"/> <input type="hidden" name="t" value="2993315"/> <input type="hidden" name="s" value="i2ff89ipubi"/> <div class="nw-comments-post-form"> <div class="nw-article-comment-validation-error" style="display:none;"></div> Comment:<br> <textarea name="comment" cols="45" rows="5" class="nw-textarea"></textarea><br/> <input type="checkbox" name="notifyWhenReplied" value="true" checked/><label for="notifyWhenReplied">Notify me by email if someone replies to or likes my comment</label><br/> <input type="hidden" id="language_tag" name="lang" value="en"/> <input name="commentButton" value="Comment" class="nw-submit" type="button"> </div> </form> <div class="nw-comments-commentsList" name="nw_comments_preview" style="display:none"></div> <input type="hidden" id="nw_comments_suid" value="i2ff89ipubi" /> <input type="hidden" id="nw_comments_contentitemdata_id" value="7313735" /> <input type="hidden" id="nw_comments_muid" value="004m7th3tp4v75mqeipp61" /> <input type="hidden" id="nw_comments_heading" value="Comments" /> <input type="hidden" id="nw_comments_co" value="2993315" /> <input type="hidden" id="nw_comments_total" value="0" /> <div class="nw-comments-div" id="comments-show"> <div class="nw-comments-commentsList" id="commentsList_7313735"> </div> </div> </div> <input type="hidden" id="nw_articleCommentsUrl_7313735-2993315" value="https://icllibraryservices.newsweaver.com/x93ksnu6i3/1n3v6xany1fi2ff89ipubi/comments.html?a=7313735&m=004m7th3tp4v75mqeipp61&t=2993315&lang=en" /> <input type="hidden" id="nw_articleComments_suid_7313735-2993315" value="i2ff89ipubi" /> </td></tr></table> <!-- /buildTemplateComponentStructure --></td></tr> </table> <!-- /renderTemplateComponent --> <!-- /renderCellComponentsList_list --> <!-- /renderCellComponentsList --></td> <!-- /buildCellForTableRow --></tr> <tr><!-- buildCellForTableRow --> <!-- buildCellForTableRow --> <td id="footer" valign="top" width="647"> <!-- renderCellComponentsList --><!-- renderCellComponentsList_list --> <!-- renderTemplateComponent --> <table id="nw_dropshadow_wrapper" class="nw_component_wrapper" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" > <tr><td class="nw-componentSpacerMainCell"><!-- buildTemplateComponentStructure --> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="ContentBlock" id="dropshadow" style="margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;margin-right:0px;" width="100%"> <tr><td class="nw-componentMainCell"><img alt="" src="/v3files/shard4/85675/6b/a51901d7f51c99a7443402.png" width="648" height="30" /> </td></tr></table> <!-- /buildTemplateComponentStructure --></td></tr> </table> <!-- /renderTemplateComponent --> <!-- /renderCellComponentsList_list --><!-- renderCellComponentsList_list --> <!-- renderTemplateComponent --> <table id="nw_footertext_wrapper" class="nw_component_wrapper" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" > <tr><td class="nw-componentSpacerMainCell"><!-- buildTemplateComponentStructure --> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="ContentBlock" id="footertext" style="margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;margin-right:0px;" width="100%"> <tr><td class="nw-componentMainCell"><p>This email was sent to <a href="mailto:r.hibbert@imperial.ac.uk">r.hibbert@imperial.ac.uk</a> from <a href="#">openaccess@imperial.ac.uk</a><br /> <a href="subscriber/switchFormat.html?subscriberId=i2ff89ipubi&mailingRecordId=004m7th3tp4v75mqeipp61&to=TEXT&lang=en">Receive in Plain Text</a><br /><br /></p> </td></tr></table> <!-- /buildTemplateComponentStructure --></td></tr> </table> <!-- /renderTemplateComponent --> <!-- /renderCellComponentsList_list --> <!-- /renderCellComponentsList --></td> <!-- /buildCellForTableRow --></tr> </table> <table align="center" id="after_text"><tr><td> </td></tr></table> </div> </div> <input type="hidden" id="nw-social-pageurl" value="https://icllibraryservices.newsweaver.com/x93ksnu6i3/vpigisey5cs" /> <input type="hidden" id="nana-dc-pu" value="https://icllibraryservices.newsweaver.com/x93ksnu6i3/vpigisey5cs"/> <input type="hidden" id="nana-dc-ee" value="r.hibbert@imperial.ac.uk"/> <input type="hidden" id="nana-dc-eid" value="482"/> <input type="hidden" id="nana-dc-aid" value="186023"/> <input type="hidden" id="nana-dc-cid" value=""/> <input type="hidden" id="nana-dc-st" value="Open Research Newsletter #14"/> <input type="hidden" id="nana-dc-_p" value="nw"/> <input type="hidden" id="nana-dc-_s" value="microsite"/> <input type="hidden" id="nana-dc-mid" value="004m7th3tp4v75mqeipp61"/> <input type="hidden" id="nana-dc-emid" value="1154015"/> <input type="hidden" id="nana-dc-_pv" value="320.0"/> <input type="hidden" id="nana-dc-scriptUrl" value="https://tracking.newsweaver.com/client/5.0.4/tc.js"/> <input type="hidden" id="nana-dc-integrationMicrositeScriptUrl" value="https://tracking.newsweaver.com/integration/microsite/1.0.3/microsite.js"/> </body></html>