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.trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:396px;max-width:396px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:145px;max-width:145px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Filippo_Lippi_Pala_Barbadori_1437_detail.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Filippo_Lippi_Pala_Barbadori_1437_detail.jpg/143px-Filippo_Lippi_Pala_Barbadori_1437_detail.jpg" decoding="async" width="143" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Filippo_Lippi_Pala_Barbadori_1437_detail.jpg/215px-Filippo_Lippi_Pala_Barbadori_1437_detail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Filippo_Lippi_Pala_Barbadori_1437_detail.jpg/286px-Filippo_Lippi_Pala_Barbadori_1437_detail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1986" data-file-height="2304" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:247px;max-width:247px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pseudo_Kufic_examples.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Pseudo_Kufic_examples.jpg/245px-Pseudo_Kufic_examples.jpg" decoding="async" width="245" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Pseudo_Kufic_examples.jpg/368px-Pseudo_Kufic_examples.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Pseudo_Kufic_examples.jpg/490px-Pseudo_Kufic_examples.jpg 2x" data-file-width="743" data-file-height="505" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flow-root"><div class="thumbcaption" style="text-align:left">Left image: pseudo-Kufic script on the hem of the Virgin's mantle in <a href="/wiki/Filippo_Lippi" title="Filippo Lippi">Filippo Lippi</a>'s 1438 <i><a href="/wiki/Pala_Barbadori" class="mw-redirect" title="Pala Barbadori">Pala Barbadori</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Louvre_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Louvre Museum">Louvre Museum</a>.<br /> Right image: at the top, detail of the Virgin's mantle hem in <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Vivarini" title="Antonio Vivarini">Antonio Vivarini</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/File:Antonio_Vivarini_1450_Saint_Louis_de_Toulouse_detail.jpg" title="File:Antonio Vivarini 1450 Saint Louis de Toulouse detail.jpg">Saint Louis de Toulouse</a></i>, 1450. At the bottom, detail of Virgin's mantle hem in <a href="/wiki/Jacopo_Bellini" title="Jacopo Bellini">Jacopo Bellini</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/File:Jacopo_Bellini_La_Vierge_d_humilite_adoree_par_un_prince_de_la_maison_d_Estee_1440_detail.jpg" title="File:Jacopo Bellini La Vierge d humilite adoree par un prince de la maison d Estee 1440 detail.jpg">Virgin of Humility</a></i>, 1440. <a href="/wiki/Louvre_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Louvre Museum">Louvre Museum</a>.</div></div></div></div> <p><b>Pseudo-Kufic</b>, or <b>Kufesque</b>, also sometimes <b>pseudo-Arabic</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a style of decoration used during the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-eb_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eb-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> consisting of imitations of the <a href="/wiki/Arabic_script" title="Arabic script">Arabic script</a>, especially <a href="/wiki/Kufic" title="Kufic">Kufic</a>, made in a non-Arabic context: "Imitations of Arabic in European art are often described as pseudo-Kufic, borrowing the term for an Arabic script that emphasizes straight and angular strokes, and is most commonly used in Islamic architectural decoration".<sup id="cite_ref-Mack,_p.51_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mack,_p.51-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pseudo-Kufic appears especially often in <a href="/wiki/Renaissance_art" title="Renaissance art">Renaissance art</a> in depictions of people from the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Land" title="Holy Land">Holy Land</a>, particularly the <a href="/wiki/Virgin_Mary" class="mw-redirect" title="Virgin Mary">Virgin Mary</a>. It is an example of <a href="/wiki/Islamic_influences_on_Western_art" title="Islamic influences on Western art">Islamic influences on Western art</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_examples">Early examples</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pseudo-Kufic&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early examples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Offa_king_of_Mercia_757_793_gold_dinar_copy_of_dinar_of_the_Abassid_Caliphate_774.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Offa_king_of_Mercia_757_793_gold_dinar_copy_of_dinar_of_the_Abassid_Caliphate_774.jpg/220px-Offa_king_of_Mercia_757_793_gold_dinar_copy_of_dinar_of_the_Abassid_Caliphate_774.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Offa_king_of_Mercia_757_793_gold_dinar_copy_of_dinar_of_the_Abassid_Caliphate_774.jpg/330px-Offa_king_of_Mercia_757_793_gold_dinar_copy_of_dinar_of_the_Abassid_Caliphate_774.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Offa_king_of_Mercia_757_793_gold_dinar_copy_of_dinar_of_the_Abassid_Caliphate_774.jpg/440px-Offa_king_of_Mercia_757_793_gold_dinar_copy_of_dinar_of_the_Abassid_Caliphate_774.jpg 2x" data-file-width="624" data-file-height="645" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Mancus" title="Mancus">mancus</a> or gold <a href="/wiki/Dinar" title="Dinar">dinar</a> of the English king <a href="/wiki/Offa" class="mw-redirect" title="Offa">Offa</a> (r. 757–796), a copy of the dinars of the <a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid Caliphate</a> (774). It displays the Latin legend <i>Offa Rex</i> ("King Offa") upside-down between the probably unintentionally copied Arabic محمد رسـول الـــله ("Muhammed is the Messenger of Allah").<br />Abbasid Dinar for comparison:<br /><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Abbasid_Dinar_-_Al_Mansur_-_140_AH_(758_AD).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Abbasid_Dinar_-_Al_Mansur_-_140_AH_%28758_AD%29.JPG/220px-Abbasid_Dinar_-_Al_Mansur_-_140_AH_%28758_AD%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Abbasid_Dinar_-_Al_Mansur_-_140_AH_%28758_AD%29.JPG/330px-Abbasid_Dinar_-_Al_Mansur_-_140_AH_%28758_AD%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Abbasid_Dinar_-_Al_Mansur_-_140_AH_%28758_AD%29.JPG/440px-Abbasid_Dinar_-_Al_Mansur_-_140_AH_%28758_AD%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="269" /></a></span></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pseudo_Kufic_script_in_medallion_on_Byzantine_shroud_of_Saint_Potentien_12th_century.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Pseudo_Kufic_script_in_medallion_on_Byzantine_shroud_of_Saint_Potentien_12th_century.jpg/220px-Pseudo_Kufic_script_in_medallion_on_Byzantine_shroud_of_Saint_Potentien_12th_century.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Pseudo_Kufic_script_in_medallion_on_Byzantine_shroud_of_Saint_Potentien_12th_century.jpg/330px-Pseudo_Kufic_script_in_medallion_on_Byzantine_shroud_of_Saint_Potentien_12th_century.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Pseudo_Kufic_script_in_medallion_on_Byzantine_shroud_of_Saint_Potentien_12th_century.jpg/440px-Pseudo_Kufic_script_in_medallion_on_Byzantine_shroud_of_Saint_Potentien_12th_century.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1904" data-file-height="1926" /></a><figcaption>Pseudo-Kufic script in medallion on <a href="/wiki/Byzantine" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine">Byzantine</a> <a href="/wiki/Shroud" title="Shroud">shroud</a> of Saint Potentian, 12th century</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:French_ciborium_with_rim_engraved_with_Arabic_script_and_Islamic_inspired_diamond_shaped_pattern_Limoges_France_1215_1230.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/French_ciborium_with_rim_engraved_with_Arabic_script_and_Islamic_inspired_diamond_shaped_pattern_Limoges_France_1215_1230.jpg/220px-French_ciborium_with_rim_engraved_with_Arabic_script_and_Islamic_inspired_diamond_shaped_pattern_Limoges_France_1215_1230.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/French_ciborium_with_rim_engraved_with_Arabic_script_and_Islamic_inspired_diamond_shaped_pattern_Limoges_France_1215_1230.jpg/330px-French_ciborium_with_rim_engraved_with_Arabic_script_and_Islamic_inspired_diamond_shaped_pattern_Limoges_France_1215_1230.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/French_ciborium_with_rim_engraved_with_Arabic_script_and_Islamic_inspired_diamond_shaped_pattern_Limoges_France_1215_1230.jpg/440px-French_ciborium_with_rim_engraved_with_Arabic_script_and_Islamic_inspired_diamond_shaped_pattern_Limoges_France_1215_1230.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1856" data-file-height="1510" /></a><figcaption>French <a href="/wiki/Limoges_enamel" title="Limoges enamel">Limoges enamel</a> <a href="/wiki/Ciborium_(container)" title="Ciborium (container)">ciborium</a> with rim engraved with Arabic script and Islamic-inspired diamond-shaped patterns, <a href="/wiki/Limoges" title="Limoges">Limoges</a>, <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, 1215–30. <a href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Some of the first imitations of the Kufic script go back to the 8th century when the English King <a href="/wiki/Offa" class="mw-redirect" title="Offa">Offa</a> (r. 757–796) produced gold coins imitating Islamic <a href="/wiki/Dinars" class="mw-redirect" title="Dinars">dinars</a>. These coins were copies of an <a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid</a> dinar struck in 774 by Caliph <a href="/wiki/Al-Mansur" title="Al-Mansur">Al-Mansur</a>, with "Offa Rex" centred on the reverse. It is clear that the moneyer had no understanding of <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a> as the Arabic text contains many errors. The coin may have been produced in order to trade with <a href="/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus">Al-Andalus</a>; or it may be part of the annual payment of 365 <a href="/wiki/Mancus" title="Mancus">mancuses</a> that Offa promised to Rome.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Medieval southern <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> (in merchant cities such as <a href="/wiki/Amalfi" title="Amalfi">Amalfi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Salerno" title="Salerno">Salerno</a>) from the mid-10th century, imitations of Arabic coins, called <a href="/wiki/Tar%C3%AC" title="Tarì">tarì</a>, were widespread but only used illegible pseudo-Kufic script.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Medieval Iberia was especially rich in architectural decorations featuring both pseudo-Kufic and pseudo-Arabic designs,<sup id="cite_ref-eb_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eb-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> largely because of the presence of <a href="/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus">Islamic states on the peninsula</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Iglesia_de_San_Rom%C3%A1n,_Toledo" class="mw-redirect" title="Iglesia de San Román, Toledo">Iglesia de San Román</a> (consecrated in 1221) in <a href="/wiki/Toledo,_Spain" title="Toledo, Spain">Toledo</a> included both (real) Latin and pseudo-Arabic (i.e., not <a href="/wiki/Kufic" title="Kufic">Kufic</a> style) inscriptions as decorative elements. The additions of <a href="/wiki/Pedro_I_of_Castile" class="mw-redirect" title="Pedro I of Castile">Pedro I</a> of Castile and León to the <a href="/wiki/Alc%C3%A1zar_of_Seville" title="Alcázar of Seville">Alcazar of Seville</a> (mid-14th century) bear pseudo-Kufic design elements reminiscent of the <a href="/wiki/Alhambra" title="Alhambra">Alhambra</a> in Granada, and the metal facade of the main doors to the <a href="/wiki/Seville_Cathedral" title="Seville Cathedral">Cathedral of Seville</a> (completed 1506) include arabesque and pseudo-Kufic design elements. Such decorative elements addressed both social realities and aesthetic tastes: The presence of many Arabized Christians in many of these otherwise Christian states, and a general appreciation among the Christian aristocracy for Islamic high culture of the time. </p><p>Examples are known of the incorporation of Kufic script and Islamic-inspired colourful diamond-shaped designs such as a 13th French <a href="/wiki/Limoges_enamel" title="Limoges enamel">Limoges enamel</a> <a href="/wiki/Ciborium_(container)" title="Ciborium (container)">ciborium</a> at the <a href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The band in pseudo-Kufic script "was a recurrent ornamental feature in <a href="/wiki/Limoges" title="Limoges">Limoges</a> and had long been adopted in <a href="/wiki/Aquitaine" title="Aquitaine">Aquitaine</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-Louvre_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Louvre-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P%C3%BCrgg_St.Johannes_-_Chorbogen_au%C3%9Fen_1_Kufisch.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pseudo-Kufic inscription meaning "Allah" combined with arabesque elements at the arc of the apse (12th century) in the Chapel of Saint John, Prügg [de]"><img alt="Pseudo-Kufic inscription meaning "Allah" combined with arabesque elements at the arc of the apse (12th century) in the Chapel of Saint John, Prügg [de]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/P%C3%BCrgg_St.Johannes_-_Chorbogen_au%C3%9Fen_1_Kufisch.jpg/120px-P%C3%BCrgg_St.Johannes_-_Chorbogen_au%C3%9Fen_1_Kufisch.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/P%C3%BCrgg_St.Johannes_-_Chorbogen_au%C3%9Fen_1_Kufisch.jpg/180px-P%C3%BCrgg_St.Johannes_-_Chorbogen_au%C3%9Fen_1_Kufisch.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/P%C3%BCrgg_St.Johannes_-_Chorbogen_au%C3%9Fen_1_Kufisch.jpg/240px-P%C3%BCrgg_St.Johannes_-_Chorbogen_au%C3%9Fen_1_Kufisch.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Pseudo-Kufic inscription meaning "Allah" combined with arabesque elements at the arc of the apse (12th century) in the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chapel_of_Saint_John,_Pr%C3%BCgg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chapel of Saint John, Prügg (page does not exist)">Chapel of Saint John, Prügg</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johanneskapelle_(P%C3%BCrgg)" class="extiw" title="de:Johanneskapelle (Pürgg)">de</a>]</span></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Armenian_inscription_in_Kufic_style_on_east_facade_of_main_church_at_Harichavank,_1201.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Armenian inscription that runs around the cornice of the east facade of the St. Astvatsatsin Church in Harichavank (1201).[10]"><img alt="Armenian inscription that runs around the cornice of the east facade of the St. Astvatsatsin Church in Harichavank (1201).[10]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Armenian_inscription_in_Kufic_style_on_east_facade_of_main_church_at_Harichavank%2C_1201.jpg/120px-Armenian_inscription_in_Kufic_style_on_east_facade_of_main_church_at_Harichavank%2C_1201.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="42" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Armenian_inscription_in_Kufic_style_on_east_facade_of_main_church_at_Harichavank%2C_1201.jpg/180px-Armenian_inscription_in_Kufic_style_on_east_facade_of_main_church_at_Harichavank%2C_1201.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Armenian_inscription_in_Kufic_style_on_east_facade_of_main_church_at_Harichavank%2C_1201.jpg/240px-Armenian_inscription_in_Kufic_style_on_east_facade_of_main_church_at_Harichavank%2C_1201.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2723" data-file-height="947" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Armenian inscription that runs around the cornice of the east facade of the St. Astvatsatsin Church in <a href="/wiki/Harichavank_Monastery" title="Harichavank Monastery">Harichavank</a> (1201).<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Limoges_enamel_ciborium_pseudo_Kufic_circa_1200.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pseudo-Kufic band in Limoges enamel ciborium, c. 1200. Louvre Museum[9]"><img alt="Pseudo-Kufic band in Limoges enamel ciborium, c. 1200. Louvre Museum[9]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Limoges_enamel_ciborium_pseudo_Kufic_circa_1200.jpg/120px-Limoges_enamel_ciborium_pseudo_Kufic_circa_1200.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Limoges_enamel_ciborium_pseudo_Kufic_circa_1200.jpg/180px-Limoges_enamel_ciborium_pseudo_Kufic_circa_1200.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Limoges_enamel_ciborium_pseudo_Kufic_circa_1200.jpg/240px-Limoges_enamel_ciborium_pseudo_Kufic_circa_1200.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3032" data-file-height="2245" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Pseudo-Kufic band in <a href="/wiki/Limoges_enamel" title="Limoges enamel">Limoges enamel</a> <a href="/wiki/Ciborium_(container)" title="Ciborium (container)">ciborium</a>, c. 1200. <a href="/wiki/Louvre_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Louvre Museum">Louvre Museum</a><sup id="cite_ref-Louvre_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Louvre-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blue_and_white_faience_albarello_with_designs_derived_from_Kufic_script_Toscane_2nd_half_15th_century.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Blue-and-white faience albarello with Kufic-inspired designs, Tuscany, 2nd half of 15th century"><img alt="Blue-and-white faience albarello with Kufic-inspired designs, Tuscany, 2nd half of 15th century" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Blue_and_white_faience_albarello_with_designs_derived_from_Kufic_script_Toscane_2nd_half_15th_century.jpg/72px-Blue_and_white_faience_albarello_with_designs_derived_from_Kufic_script_Toscane_2nd_half_15th_century.jpg" decoding="async" width="72" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Blue_and_white_faience_albarello_with_designs_derived_from_Kufic_script_Toscane_2nd_half_15th_century.jpg/108px-Blue_and_white_faience_albarello_with_designs_derived_from_Kufic_script_Toscane_2nd_half_15th_century.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Blue_and_white_faience_albarello_with_designs_derived_from_Kufic_script_Toscane_2nd_half_15th_century.jpg/144px-Blue_and_white_faience_albarello_with_designs_derived_from_Kufic_script_Toscane_2nd_half_15th_century.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1772" data-file-height="2942" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Blue-and-white" class="mw-redirect" title="Blue-and-white">Blue-and-white</a> <a href="/wiki/Faience" title="Faience">faience</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Albarello" title="Albarello">albarello</a></i> with Kufic-inspired designs, <a href="/wiki/Tuscany" title="Tuscany">Tuscany</a>, 2nd half of 15th century</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pseudo-Arabic_in_the_Church_of_San_Rom%C3%A1n.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pseudo-Arabic (i.e. not Kufic style) surrounding an interior window of the Church of San Román, Toledo, Spain (c. 1221)"><img alt="Pseudo-Arabic (i.e. not Kufic style) surrounding an interior window of the Church of San Román, Toledo, Spain (c. 1221)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Pseudo-Arabic_in_the_Church_of_San_Rom%C3%A1n.jpg/90px-Pseudo-Arabic_in_the_Church_of_San_Rom%C3%A1n.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Pseudo-Arabic_in_the_Church_of_San_Rom%C3%A1n.jpg/135px-Pseudo-Arabic_in_the_Church_of_San_Rom%C3%A1n.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Pseudo-Arabic_in_the_Church_of_San_Rom%C3%A1n.jpg/180px-Pseudo-Arabic_in_the_Church_of_San_Rom%C3%A1n.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2736" data-file-height="3648" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Pseudo-Arabic (i.e. not Kufic style) surrounding an interior window of the Church of San Román, Toledo, Spain (c. 1221)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Decoration_from_the_Alc%C3%A1zar_of_Seville_(mid-14th_century).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Decoration from a wall in the Alcázar of Seville (c. 1350), showing a band of pseudo-Kufic decoration meant to mimic decorations in the Alhambra"><img alt="Decoration from a wall in the Alcázar of Seville (c. 1350), showing a band of pseudo-Kufic decoration meant to mimic decorations in the Alhambra" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Decoration_from_the_Alc%C3%A1zar_of_Seville_%28mid-14th_century%29.jpg/120px-Decoration_from_the_Alc%C3%A1zar_of_Seville_%28mid-14th_century%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Decoration_from_the_Alc%C3%A1zar_of_Seville_%28mid-14th_century%29.jpg/180px-Decoration_from_the_Alc%C3%A1zar_of_Seville_%28mid-14th_century%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Decoration_from_the_Alc%C3%A1zar_of_Seville_%28mid-14th_century%29.jpg/240px-Decoration_from_the_Alc%C3%A1zar_of_Seville_%28mid-14th_century%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Decoration from a wall in the Alcázar of Seville (c. 1350), showing a band of pseudo-Kufic decoration meant to mimic decorations in the Alhambra</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Detail_of_the_door_of_the_Cathedral_of_Seville_(completed_1506).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Part of the metal facade on the main door to the Cathedral of Seville (c. 1500), showing both arabesque and pseudo-Kufic design elements"><img alt="Part of the metal facade on the main door to the Cathedral of Seville (c. 1500), showing both arabesque and pseudo-Kufic design elements" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Detail_of_the_door_of_the_Cathedral_of_Seville_%28completed_1506%29.jpg/120px-Detail_of_the_door_of_the_Cathedral_of_Seville_%28completed_1506%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Detail_of_the_door_of_the_Cathedral_of_Seville_%28completed_1506%29.jpg/180px-Detail_of_the_door_of_the_Cathedral_of_Seville_%28completed_1506%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Detail_of_the_door_of_the_Cathedral_of_Seville_%28completed_1506%29.jpg/240px-Detail_of_the_door_of_the_Cathedral_of_Seville_%28completed_1506%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Part of the metal facade on the main door to the Cathedral of Seville (c. 1500), showing both arabesque and pseudo-Kufic design elements</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Renaissance_painting">Renaissance painting</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pseudo-Kufic&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Renaissance painting"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Arab_culture" title="Category:Arab culture">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle fn org country-name adr"><a href="/wiki/Arab_culture" title="Arab culture">Arabic culture</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Maq%C4%81ma_21_(fols._58v%E2%80%9359r,_double-page_spread_as_a_unit),_Maqamat_al-Harari,_1237.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Maq%C4%81ma_21_%28fols._58v%E2%80%9359r%2C_double-page_spread_as_a_unit%29%2C_Maqamat_al-Harari%2C_1237.jpg/260px-Maq%C4%81ma_21_%28fols._58v%E2%80%9359r%2C_double-page_spread_as_a_unit%29%2C_Maqamat_al-Harari%2C_1237.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Maq%C4%81ma_21_%28fols._58v%E2%80%9359r%2C_double-page_spread_as_a_unit%29%2C_Maqamat_al-Harari%2C_1237.jpg/390px-Maq%C4%81ma_21_%28fols._58v%E2%80%9359r%2C_double-page_spread_as_a_unit%29%2C_Maqamat_al-Harari%2C_1237.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Maq%C4%81ma_21_%28fols._58v%E2%80%9359r%2C_double-page_spread_as_a_unit%29%2C_Maqamat_al-Harari%2C_1237.jpg/520px-Maq%C4%81ma_21_%28fols._58v%E2%80%9359r%2C_double-page_spread_as_a_unit%29%2C_Maqamat_al-Harari%2C_1237.jpg 2x" data-file-width="852" data-file-height="524" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-bottom:0; margin-bottom:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:12.5px; text-align:center; border-top:solid 1px #aaa; font-variant: small-caps;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Arabic_architecture" title="Category:Arabic architecture">Architecture</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist" style="border-top:solid 1px #aaa;"><div class="hlist"><b>Styles</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_architecture" title="Islamic architecture">Islamic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Yemen" title="Architecture of Yemen">Yemeni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabataean_architecture" title="Nabataean architecture">Nabataean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umayyad_architecture" title="Umayyad architecture">Umayyad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbasid_architecture" title="Abbasid architecture">Abbasid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatimid_architecture" title="Fatimid architecture">Fatimid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moorish_architecture" title="Moorish architecture">Moorish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamluk_architecture" title="Mamluk architecture">Mamluk</a></li></ul> <p><br /> <b>Features </b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ablaq" title="Ablaq">Ablaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfiz" title="Alfiz">Alfiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabesque" title="Arabesque">Arabesque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_medieval_Arabic_and_Western_European_domes" title="History of medieval Arabic and Western European domes"> Arabic dome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banna%27i" title="Banna'i">Banna'i</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_garden" title="Islamic garden">Gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Girih" title="Girih">Girih</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horseshoe_arch" title="Horseshoe arch">Horseshoe arch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howz" title="Howz">Howz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypostyle" title="Hypostyle">Hypostyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_calligraphy" title="Islamic calligraphy">Islamic calligraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_geometric_patterns" title="Islamic geometric patterns">Islamic geometric patterns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_ornament" title="Islamic ornament">Islamic ornament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iwan" title="Iwan">Iwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liwan" title="Liwan">Liwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mashrabiya" title="Mashrabiya">Mashrabiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riad_(architecture)" title="Riad (architecture)">Riad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosaic#Arab" title="Mosaic">Mosaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multifoil_arch" title="Multifoil arch">Multifoil arch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muqarnas" title="Muqarnas">Muqarnas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagash_painting" class="mw-redirect" title="Nagash painting">Nagash painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qadad" title="Qadad">Qadad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reflecting_pool" title="Reflecting pool">Reflecting pool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riwaq_(arcade)" title="Riwaq (arcade)">Riwaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahn" title="Sahn">Sahn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socarrat" title="Socarrat">Socarrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stucco_decoration_in_Islamic_architecture" title="Stucco decoration in Islamic architecture">Stucco decoration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tadelakt" title="Tadelakt">Tadelakt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaulting" class="mw-redirect" title="Vaulting">Vaulting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voussoir" title="Voussoir">Voussoir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windcatcher" title="Windcatcher">Windcatcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zellij" title="Zellij">Zellij</a></li></ul> <p><b>Types</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albarrana_tower" title="Albarrana tower">Albarrana tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alc%C3%A1zar" title="Alcázar">Alcázar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bazaar" title="Bazaar">Bazaar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caravanserai" title="Caravanserai">Caravanserai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bimaristan" title="Bimaristan">Bimaristan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hammam" title="Hammam">Hammam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasbah" title="Kasbah">Kasbah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madrasa" title="Madrasa">Madrasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maqam_(shrine)" title="Maqam (shrine)">Maqam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazar_(mausoleum)" title="Mazar (mausoleum)">Mazar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosque" title="Mosque">Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medina_quarter" title="Medina quarter">Medina quarter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qalat_(fortress)" title="Qalat (fortress)">Qalat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ribat" title="Ribat">Ribat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebil" class="mw-redirect" title="Sebil">Sabil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shadirvan" title="Shadirvan">Shadirvan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tekyeh" class="mw-redirect" title="Tekyeh">Tekyeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Well_house" class="mw-redirect" title="Well house">Well house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zawiya_(institution)" title="Zawiya (institution)">Zawiya</a></li></ul> <p><br /> </p> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-bottom:0; margin-bottom:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:12.5px; text-align:center; border-top:solid 1px #aaa; font-variant: small-caps;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Arabic_art" title="Category:Arabic art">Art</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist" style="border-top:solid 1px #aaa;"><div class="hlist"><b>Styles</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_South_Arabian_art" title="Ancient South Arabian art">Ancient South Arabian art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabataean_art" title="Nabataean art">Nabataean art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_art" title="Islamic art">Islamic art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fatimid_art" title="Fatimid art">Fatimid art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamluk_Sultanate#Art" title="Mamluk Sultanate">Mamluk art</a></li></ul></li></ul> <p><b>Types</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_calligraphy" title="Arabic calligraphy">Arabic calligraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_graffiti" title="Islamic graffiti">Arabic graffiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_carpet" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab carpet">Arab carpet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_miniature" title="Arabic miniature">Arabic miniature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Arabic_pottery" title="Category:Arabic pottery">Arabic pottery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olive_wood_carving_in_Palestine" title="Olive wood carving in Palestine">Palestinian wood carving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_embroidery" title="Islamic embroidery">Islamic embroidery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardstone_carving#Islamic_hardstone_carving" title="Hardstone carving">Islamic hardstone carving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_garden" title="Islamic garden">Islamic garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_glass" title="Islamic glass">Islamic glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivory_carving#Islamic_ivory" title="Ivory carving">Islamic ivory carving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_art#Islamic_brasswork" title="Islamic art">Islamic Metalwork</a></li></ul> <p><b>Features </b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabesque_(Islamic_art)" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabesque (Islamic art)">Arabesque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_geometric_patterns" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic geometric patterns">Arabic geometric patterns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banna%27i" title="Banna'i">Banna'i</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damascus_steel" title="Damascus steel">Damascus steel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damask" title="Damask">Damask</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Girih_tiles" title="Girih tiles">Girih tiles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hedwig_glass" title="Hedwig glass">Hedwig glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiswah" title="Kiswah">Kiswah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muqarnas" title="Muqarnas">Muqarnas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudo-Arabic" class="mw-redirect" title="Pseudo-Arabic">Pseudo-Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zellij" title="Zellij">Zellij</a></li></ul> <p><br /> </p> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-bottom:0; margin-bottom:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:12.5px; text-align:center; border-top:solid 1px #aaa; font-variant: small-caps;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Arab_cuisine" title="Arab cuisine">Cuisine</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist" style="border-top:solid 1px #aaa;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Arabian_cuisine" title="Eastern Arabian cuisine">Khalij <span style="font-size:85%;">(Arabian Peninsula)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levantine_cuisine" title="Levantine cuisine">Arab Mashriq <span style="font-size:85%;">(Levant)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_cuisine" title="Iraqi cuisine">Mashriq <span style="font-size:85%;">(Mesopotamia)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_cuisine" title="Egyptian cuisine">Mawset <span style="font-size:85%;">(Egypt)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudanese_cuisine" title="Sudanese cuisine">Mawset <span style="font-size:85%;">(Sudan)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maghreb_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Maghreb cuisine">Arab Maghreb <span style="font-size:85%;">(North Africa)</span></a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-bottom:0; margin-bottom:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:12.5px; text-align:center; border-top:solid 1px #aaa; font-variant: small-caps;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Arabic_clothing" title="Category:Arabic clothing">Dress</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist" style="border-top:solid 1px #aaa;"><div class="hlist"><b>Headwear</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agal_(accessory)" title="Agal (accessory)">Agal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battoulah" title="Battoulah">Battoulah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haik_(garment)" title="Haik (garment)"> Haik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keffiyeh" title="Keffiyeh">Keffiyeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litham" title="Litham">Litham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhalla" title="Madhalla">Madhalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taqiyah_(cap)" title="Taqiyah (cap)">Taqiyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tantour" title="Tantour">Tantour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fez_(hat)" title="Fez (hat)">Tarboush (fez)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turban" title="Turban">Turban</a></li></ul> <p><b>Clothing</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abaya" title="Abaya">Abaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bisht_(clothing)" title="Bisht (clothing)">Bisht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burnous" title="Burnous">Burnous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djellaba" title="Djellaba">Djellaba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durra%27ah" title="Durra'ah">Durra'ah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fouta_towel" title="Fouta towel">Fouta towel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Izaar" title="Izaar">Izaar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jellabiya" title="Jellabiya">Jellabiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaftan" title="Kaftan">Kaftan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarong#Somalia" title="Sarong">Macawis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robe_of_honour" title="Robe of honour">Robe of honour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sirwal" title="Sirwal">Sirwal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takchita" class="mw-redirect" title="Takchita">Takchita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thawb" title="Thawb">Thawb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiraz" title="Tiraz">Tiraz</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-bottom:0; margin-bottom:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:12.5px; text-align:center; border-top:solid 1px #aaa; font-variant: small-caps;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Arabic_music" title="Arabic music">Music</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist" style="border-top:solid 1px #aaa;"><div class="hlist"><b>Theory</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_maqam" title="Arabic maqam">Arabic maqam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_tone_system" title="Arab tone system">Arab tone system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_scale" title="Algerian scale">Algerian scale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhythm_in_Arabic_music" title="Rhythm in Arabic music">Rhythm in Arabic music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taqsim" title="Taqsim">Taqsim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jins" title="Jins">Jins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lazma" title="Lazma">Lazma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teslim" title="Teslim">Teslim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quarter_tone" title="Quarter tone">Quarter tone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Arabic_musical_instruments" title="Category:Arabic musical instruments">Arabic musical instruments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitab_al-Musiqa_al-Kabir" title="Kitab al-Musiqa al-Kabir"> Great Book of Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitab_al-Aghani" title="Kitab al-Aghani"> Kitab al-Aghani</a></li></ul> <p><b>Genres</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_pop" title="Arabic pop">Arabic pop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic hip hop">Arabic hip hop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_rock" title="Arabic rock">Arabic rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_music#Arabic_jazz" title="Arabic music"> Arabic jazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_music#20th_century" title="Arabic music"> Classical Arab music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opera_in_Arabic" title="Opera in Arabic">Opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Jeel" title="Al Jeel">Al Jeel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khaliji_(music)" title="Khaliji (music)">Khaliji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ra%C3%AF" title="Raï">Raï</a></li></ul> <p><b>Art music</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andalusian_classical_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Andalusian classical music">Andalusian classical music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andalusi_nubah" title="Andalusi nubah">Andalusi nubah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bashraf" class="mw-redirect" title="Bashraf">Bashraf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawr" title="Dawr">Dawr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dulab" class="mw-redirect" title="Dulab">Dulab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Layali" title="Layali">Layali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malhun" title="Malhun">Malhun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_maqam" title="Iraqi maqam">Iraqi maqam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mawwal" title="Mawwal">Mawwal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muwashshah" title="Muwashshah">Muwashshah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qasidah" class="mw-redirect" title="Qasidah">Qasidah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qudud_Halabiya" title="Qudud Halabiya">Qudud Halabiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sama%27i" title="Sama'i">Sama'i</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tahmilah" title="Tahmilah">Tahmilah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taqsim" title="Taqsim">Taqsim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waslah" title="Waslah">Waslah</a></li></ul> <p><b>Folk</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ataaba" title="Ataaba">Ataaba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ra%C3%AF" title="Raï">Algerian Raï</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bedouin_music" title="Bedouin music"> Bedouin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaabi_(Algeria)" title="Chaabi (Algeria)">Chaabi (Algeria)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaabi_(Morocco)" title="Chaabi (Morocco)">Chaabi (Morocco)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baladi" title="Baladi">Egyptian folk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fann_at-Tanbura" title="Fann at-Tanbura">Fann at-Tanbura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fijiri" title="Fijiri">Fijiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnawa_music" title="Gnawa music">Gnawa (North Africa)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liwa_(music)" title="Liwa (music)">Liwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mawwal" title="Mawwal">Mawwal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mezwed" title="Mezwed">Mezwed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samri" title="Samri">Samri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sawt_(music)" title="Sawt (music)">Sawt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaabi" title="Shaabi">Shaabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zajal" title="Zajal">Zajal</a></li></ul> <p><br /> </p> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-bottom:0; margin-bottom:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:12.5px; text-align:center; border-top:solid 1px #aaa; font-variant: small-caps;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Arab_dance" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab dance">Dance</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist" style="border-top:solid 1px #aaa;"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ardah" title="Ardah">Ardah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belly_dance" title="Belly dance">Belly dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dabke" title="Dabke">Dabke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_dance#Deheyeh" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab dance">Deheyeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_dance#Guedra" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab dance">Guedra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_dance#Hagallah" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab dance">Hagallah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khaleegy_(dance)" title="Khaleegy (dance)">Khaleegy </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liwa_(music)" title="Liwa (music)">Liwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizmar_(dance)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mizmar (dance)">Mizmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ouled_Nail" class="mw-redirect" title="Ouled Nail">Ouled Nail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raqs_Sharqi" class="mw-redirect" title="Raqs Sharqi">Raqs Sharqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samri" title="Samri">Samri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_dance#Shamadan" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab dance">Shamadan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_dance#Schikhatt" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab dance">Schikhatt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tahtib" title="Tahtib">Tahtib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufi_whirling#Egyptian_tanoura" title="Sufi whirling">Tanoura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yowlah" title="Yowlah">Yowlah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Z%C4%81r" title="Zār">Zār</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-bottom:0; margin-bottom:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:12.5px; text-align:center; border-top:solid 1px #aaa; font-variant: small-caps;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Arabic_script" title="Arabic script">Scripts</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist" style="border-top:solid 1px #aaa;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Arabic" title="Old Arabic">Old Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabataean_Arabic" title="Nabataean Arabic">Nabataean Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Arabic" title="Paleo-Arabic">Paleo-Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Arabic" title="Classical Arabic">Classical Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Standard_Arabic" title="Modern Standard Arabic">Modern Standard Arabic</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-bottom:0; margin-bottom:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:12.5px; text-align:center; border-top:solid 1px #aaa; font-variant: small-caps;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Arabic_literature" title="Arabic literature">Literature</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist" style="border-top:solid 1px #aaa;"><div class="hlist"><b>Prose</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_epic_literature" title="Arabic epic literature">Epic literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saj%27" title="Saj'">Saj <span style="font-size:85%;">(ryhmed prose)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maqama" title="Maqama">Maqama</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Category:Love_in_Arabic_literature&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Category:Love in Arabic literature (page does not exist)">Love in Arabic literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Arabic_erotic_literature" title="Category:Arabic erotic literature">Arabic erotic literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Arabic_grimoires" title="Category:Arabic grimoires">Arabic grimoires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literary_criticism#Classical_and_medieval_criticism" title="Literary criticism">Literary_criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_short_story" title="Arabic short story">Arabic short story</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabaqat" title="Tabaqat">Tabaqat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tezkire" title="Tezkire">Tezkire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rihla" title="Rihla">Rihla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Islamic_mirrors_for_princes" title="Category:Islamic mirrors for princes">Mirrors for princes</a></li></ul> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Islamic_literature" title="Islamic literature">Islamic</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tafsir" title="Tafsir">Tafsir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith">Hadith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C4%ABra" class="mw-redirect" title="Sīra">Sīra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiqh" title="Fiqh">Fiqh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aqidah" title="Aqidah">Aqidah</a></li></ul> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Poetry" title="Poetry">Poetry</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Arabic_anthologies" title="Category:Arabic anthologies">Anthologies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Arabic-language_poets" title="Category:Arabic-language poets">Poets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Islamic_Arabic_poetry" title="Pre-Islamic Arabic poetry">Pre-Islamic Arabic poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Arabic_poetry" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern Arabic poetry">Modern Arabic poetry</a></li></ul> <p><b>Genres</b> </p> <ul><li>Madih</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hija" class="mw-redirect" title="Hija">Hija</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rith%C4%81%27" title="Rithā'">Rithā'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wa%E1%B9%A3f" title="Waṣf">Waṣf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghazal" title="Ghazal">Ghazal</a></li> <li>Khamriyyah</li> <li>Tardiyyah</li> <li>Khawal</li> <li>Fakhr</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamasah" title="Hamasah">Hamasah</a></li></ul> <p><b>Forms</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diwan_(poetry)" title="Diwan (poetry)"> Diwan </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qasida" title="Qasida">Qasida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muwashshah" title="Muwashshah">Muwashshah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajaz_(prosody)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rajaz (prosody)">Urjūza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathnawi" title="Mathnawi">Mathnawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruba%27i" title="Ruba'i">Ruba'i</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nas%C4%ABb_(poetry)" title="Nasīb (poetry)">Nasīb </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riddles_(Arabic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Riddles (Arabic)">Riddles </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kharja" title="Kharja">Kharja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zajal" title="Zajal">Zajal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mawwal" title="Mawwal">Mawwal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabati" title="Nabati">Nabati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghinnawa" title="Ghinnawa">Ghinnawa</a></li> <li>Humayni</li></ul> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Arabic_prosody" title="Arabic prosody">Arabic prosody</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bayt_(poetry)" title="Bayt (poetry)">Bayt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E1%B9%ACaw%C4%ABl" class="mw-redirect" title="Ṭawīl">Ṭawīl</a></li> <li>Madīd</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bas%C4%AB%E1%B9%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="Basīṭ">Basīṭ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamil_(metre)" title="Kamil (metre)"> Kamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W%C4%81fir" class="mw-redirect" title="Wāfir">Wāfir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazaj_meter" title="Hazaj meter">Hazaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajaz" title="Rajaz">Rajaz </a></li> <li>Ramal</li> <li>Munsariħ</li> <li>Khafīf</li> <li>Muqtaḍab</li> <li>Mujtathth</li> <li>Muḍāriʿ</li> <li>Sarīʿ</li> <li>Mutaqārib</li> <li>Mutadārik</li></ul> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Arabic_literature" title="Arabic literature">National literatures of Arab States</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_literature" title="Algerian literature">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literature_of_Bahrain" class="mw-redirect" title="Literature of Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comoros" title="Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literature_of_Djibouti" title="Literature of Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_literature" title="Egyptian literature">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_literature" title="Iraqi literature">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Jordan" title="Culture of Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwaiti_literature" title="Kuwaiti literature">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Lebanon" title="Culture of Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_literature" title="Libyan literature">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moroccan_literature" title="Moroccan literature">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Oman" title="Culture of Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_literature" title="Palestinian literature">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatari_literature" title="Qatari literature">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Saudi_Arabian_writers" title="List of Saudi Arabian writers">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_literature" title="Somali literature">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudanese_literature" title="Sudanese literature">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_literature" title="Syrian literature">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_literature" title="Tunisian literature">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Culture of the United Arab Emirates">U.A.E.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Yemen" title="Culture of Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-bottom:0; margin-bottom:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:12.5px; text-align:center; border-top:solid 1px #aaa; font-variant: small-caps;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Arabic_science" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic science">Science</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist" style="border-top:solid 1px #aaa;"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_alchemy" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic alchemy">Arabic chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_astrology" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic astrology">Arabic astrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_astronomy" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic astronomy">Arabic astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_geography" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic geography">Arabic geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Golden_Age" title="Islamic Golden Age">Arabic Golden Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_mathematics" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic mathematics">Arabic mathematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic medicine">Arabic medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_psychology" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic psychology">Arabic psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic technology">Arabic technology</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-bottom:0; margin-bottom:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:12.5px; text-align:center; border-top:solid 1px #aaa; font-variant: small-caps;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Arabic_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic philosophy">Philosophy</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist" style="border-top:solid 1px #aaa;"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Islamic_philosophy" title="Early Islamic philosophy">Early Arabic Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristotelianism#Islamic_world" title="Aristotelianism">Islamic Aristotelianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platonism_in_Islamic_Philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Platonism in Islamic Philosophy">Islamic Platonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logic_in_Islamic_philosophy" title="Logic in Islamic philosophy">Islamic Logic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalam" title="Kalam">Kalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufi_metaphysics" title="Sufi metaphysics">Sufi metaphysics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufi_philosophy" title="Sufi philosophy">Sufi philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Farabi" title="Al-Farabi">Farabism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avicennism" title="Avicennism">Avicennism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Averroism" title="Averroism">Averroism</a></li></ul> <p><b>Concepts</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-aql_al-faal" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-aql al-faal">Al-aql al-faal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aql_bi-l-fi%27l" class="mw-redirect" title="Aql bi-l-fi'l">Aql bi-l-fi'l</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Ins%C4%81n_al-K%C4%81mil" title="Al-Insān al-Kāmil">Al-Insān al-Kāmil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhati_in_islamic_philosophy" title="Dhati in islamic philosophy">Dhati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_in_Islamic_philosophy" title="Peace in Islamic philosophy">Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arcs_of_Descent_and_Ascent" title="Arcs of Descent and Ascent">Arcs of Descent and Ascent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asabiyyah" title="Asabiyyah">Asabiyyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hal_(Sufism)" title="Hal (Sufism)">Hal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irfan" title="Irfan">Irfan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nafs" title="Nafs">Nafs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qadar" class="mw-redirect" title="Qadar">Qadar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qalb" title="Qalb">Qalb</a></li></ul> <p><b>Texts</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liber_de_Causis" title="Liber de Causis">Liber de Causis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Theology_of_Aristotle" class="mw-redirect" title="The Theology of Aristotle">The Theology of Aristotle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-isharat_wa_al-tanbihat" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-isharat wa al-tanbihat">Al-isharat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Book_of_the_Apple" title="The Book of the Apple">The Book of the Apple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_the_Brethren_of_Purity" title="Encyclopedia of the Brethren of Purity">Encyclopedia of the Brethren of Purity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Incoherence_of_the_Philosophers" title="The Incoherence of the Philosophers">The Incoherence of the Philosophers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Incoherence_of_the_Incoherence" title="The Incoherence of the Incoherence">The Incoherence of the Incoherence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayy_ibn_Yaqdhan" title="Hayy ibn Yaqdhan">Hayy ibn Yaqdhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theologus_Autodidactus" title="Theologus Autodidactus">Theologus Autodidactus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_the_Harmony_of_Religions_and_Philosophy" title="On the Harmony of Religions and Philosophy">On the Harmony of Religions and Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muqaddimah" title="Muqaddimah">Muqaddimah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicilian_Questions" title="Sicilian Questions">Sicilian Questions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Arabi#Commentaries_and_translations_of_Fuṣūṣ_al-Ḥikam" title="Ibn Arabi"> Fusus al-Hikam</a></li></ul> <p><br /> </p> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-bottom:0; margin-bottom:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:12.5px; text-align:center; border-top:solid 1px #aaa; font-variant: small-caps;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Arabian_mythology" title="Category:Arabian mythology">Mythology</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist" style="border-top:solid 1px #aaa;"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ababil_(mythology)" title="Ababil (mythology)">Ababil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantis_of_the_Sands" title="Atlantis of the Sands">Atlantis of the Sands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahamut" title="Bahamut">Bahamut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beast_of_the_Earth" title="Beast of the Earth">Beast of the Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Idols" title="Book of Idols">Book of Idols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Wonders" title="Book of Wonders">Book of Wonders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buraq" title="Buraq">Buraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dandan" title="Dandan">Dandan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falak_(Arabian_legend)" title="Falak (Arabian legend)">Falak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghoul" title="Ghoul">Ghoul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinn_(mythology)" title="Hinn (mythology)">Hinn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houri" title="Houri">Houri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ifrit" title="Ifrit">Ifrit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iram_of_the_Pillars" title="Iram of the Pillars">Iram of the Pillars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinn" title="Jinn">Jinn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karkadann" title="Karkadann">Karkadann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kujata_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kujata (mythology)">Kujata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luqman" title="Luqman">Luqman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magic_carpet" title="Magic carpet">Magic carpet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marid" title="Marid">Marid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Qaf" title="Mount Qaf">Mount Qaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasnas" title="Nasnas">Nasnas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One_Thousand_and_One_Nights" title="One Thousand and One Nights">One Thousand and One Nights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qareen" title="Qareen">Qareen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qutrub" title="Qutrub">Qutrub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roc_(mythology)" title="Roc (mythology)"> Roc </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaddad" title="Shaddad">Shaddad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shadhavar" title="Shadhavar">Shadhavar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shams_al-Ma%27arif" title="Shams al-Ma'arif">Shams al-Ma'arif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/She-Camel_of_God" class="mw-redirect" title="She-Camel of God">She-Camel of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W%C4%81%E1%B8%B3w%C4%81%E1%B8%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="Wāḳwāḳ">Wāḳwāḳ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zulfiqar" title="Zulfiqar">Zulfiqar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zarqa_al_Yamama" title="Zarqa al Yamama">Zarqa al Yamama</a></li></ul> <p><b>Fictional Arab people</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aladdin" title="Aladdin">Aladdin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Alhazred" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdul Alhazred">Abdul Alhazred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Baba" class="mw-redirect" title="Ali Baba">Ali Baba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alta%C3%AFr_Ibn-La%27Ahad" class="mw-redirect" title="Altaïr Ibn-La'Ahad">Altaïr Ibn-La'Ahad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battal_Gazi" title="Battal Gazi">Battal Gazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayy_ibn_Yaqdhan" title="Hayy ibn Yaqdhan">Hayy ibn Yaqdhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kara_Ben_Nemsi" title="Kara Ben Nemsi">Kara Ben Nemsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_Marsile" title="King Marsile">King Marsile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Layla_and_Majnun" title="Layla and Majnun">Layla and Majnun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Othello" title="Othello">Othello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palamedes_(Arthurian_legend)" title="Palamedes (Arthurian legend)">Palamedes </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Jasmine" class="mw-redirect" title="Princess Jasmine">Princess Jasmine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ra%27s_al_Ghul" title="Ra's al Ghul">Ra's al Ghul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinbad_the_Sailor" title="Sinbad the Sailor">Sindbad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talia_al_Ghul" title="Talia al Ghul">Talia al Ghul</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-bottom:0; margin-bottom:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:12.5px; text-align:center; border-top:solid 1px #aaa; font-variant: small-caps;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Arabian_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabian mythology">Spirituality</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist" style="border-top:solid 1px #aaa;"><div class="hlist"><b>North Arabian deities</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allah#Pre-Islamic_Arabians" title="Allah">Allah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-%E2%80%98Uzz%C3%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-‘Uzzá">Al-‘Uzzá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Lat" title="Al-Lat">Al-Lat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Man%C4%81t" class="mw-redirect" title="Manāt">Manāt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dushara" title="Dushara">Dushara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaabou" title="Chaabou">Chaabou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manaf_(deity)" title="Manaf (deity)">Manaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuha_(deity)" title="Nuha (deity)">Nuha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Kutbay" title="Al-Kutbay">Al-Kutbay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asira" title="Asira">Asira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Awal" title="Awal">Awal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azizos" title="Azizos">Azizos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bajir" title="Bajir">Bajir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quzah" title="Quzah">Quzah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Man%C4%81t" class="mw-redirect" title="Manāt">Manāt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Man%C4%81t" class="mw-redirect" title="Manāt">Manāt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A%27ra" class="mw-redirect" title="A'ra">A'ra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abgal_(god)" title="Abgal (god)">Abgal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aglibol" title="Aglibol">Aglibol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qaum" title="Al-Qaum">Al-Qaum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atarsamain" title="Atarsamain">Atarsamain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baalshamin" title="Baalshamin">Baalshamin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bel_(mythology)" title="Bel (mythology)">Bēl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubal" title="Hubal">Hubal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suwa%27" title="Suwa'">Suwa'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theandrios" title="Theandrios">Theandrios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wadd" title="Wadd">Wadd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malakbel" title="Malakbel">Malakbel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orotalt" title="Orotalt">Orotalt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruda_(deity)" title="Ruda (deity)">Ruda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%27d_(idol)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sa'd (idol)">Sa'd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yarhibol" title="Yarhibol">Yarhibol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Is%C4%81f_and_N%C4%81%27ila" class="mw-redirect" title="Isāf and Nā'ila">Isāf and Nā'ila</a></li></ul> <p><b>South Arabian deities</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Almaqah" title="Almaqah">Almaqah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amm_(god)" class="mw-redirect" title="Amm (god)">Amm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anbay" title="Anbay">Anbay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attar_(god)" class="mw-redirect" title="Attar (god)">Athtar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salman_(myth)" title="Salman (myth)"> Salman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhat-Badan" title="Dhat-Badan">Dhat-Badan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haubas" title="Haubas">Haubas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ta%27lab" title="Ta'lab">Ta'lab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qaynan" title="Qaynan">Qaynan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basamum" title="Basamum">Basamum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhul_Khalasa" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhul Khalasa">Dhul Khalasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haukim" title="Haukim">Haukim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasr_(idol)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasr (idol)">Nasr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sin_(mythology)" title="Sin (mythology)">Sīn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ya%27uq" title="Ya'uq">Ya'uq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaghuth" class="mw-redirect" title="Yaghuth">Yaghūth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yatha" title="Yatha">Yatha</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="padding-top:0;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Arabic_culture" title="Template:Arabic culture"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Arabic_culture" title="Template talk:Arabic culture"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Arabic_culture" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Arabic culture"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Numerous instances of pseudo-Kufic are known from European art from around the 10th to the 15th century. Pseudo-Kufic inscriptions were often used as decorative bands in the architecture of <a href="/wiki/Byzantine" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine">Byzantine</a> <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a> from the mid 11th century to mid-12th century, and in decorative bands around religious scenes in French and German wall paintings from the mid-12th to mid-13th century, as well as in contemporary manuscript illuminations.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pseudo-Kufic would also be used as writing or as decorative elements in textiles, religious <a href="/wiki/Halo_(religious_iconography)" title="Halo (religious iconography)">halos</a> or frames.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many are visible in the paintings of <a href="/wiki/Giotto" title="Giotto">Giotto</a> (c. 1267 – 1337).<sup id="cite_ref-Mack,_p.51_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mack,_p.51-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From 1300 to 1600, according to Rosamond Mack, the Italian imitations of Arabic script tend to rely on cursive Arabic rather than Kufic, and therefore should better be designated by the more generalist term of "pseudo-Arabic".<sup id="cite_ref-Mack,_p.51_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mack,_p.51-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The habit of representing gilt halos decorated with pseudo-Kufic script seems to have disappeared in 1350, but was revived around 1420 with the work of painters such as <a href="/wiki/Gentile_da_Fabriano" title="Gentile da Fabriano">Gentile da Fabriano</a>, who was probably responding to artistic influence in <a href="/wiki/Florence" title="Florence">Florence</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Masaccio" title="Masaccio">Masaccio</a>, who was influenced by Gentile, although his own script was "jagged and clumsy", as well as <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Francesco_Toscani" class="mw-redirect" title="Giovanni Francesco Toscani">Giovanni Toscani</a> or <a href="/wiki/Fra_Angelico" title="Fra Angelico">Fra Angelico</a>, in a more <a href="/wiki/Gothic_art" title="Gothic art">Gothic</a> style.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From around 1450, northern Italian artists also started to incorporate pseudo-Islamic decorative devices in their paintings. <a href="/wiki/Francesco_Squarcione" title="Francesco Squarcione">Francesco Squarcione</a> started the trend in 1455, and he was soon followed by his main pupil, <a href="/wiki/Andrea_Mantegna" title="Andrea Mantegna">Andrea Mantegna</a>. In the 1456–1459 <a href="/wiki/San_Zeno_Altarpiece_(Mantegna)" title="San Zeno Altarpiece (Mantegna)">San Zeno Altarpiece</a>, Mantegna combines pseudo-Islamic script in halos and garment hems (<a href="/wiki/File:Andrea_Mantegna_025.jpg" title="File:Andrea Mantegna 025.jpg">see detail</a>), to depiction of <a href="/wiki/Mamluk" title="Mamluk">Mamluk</a> book-bindings in the hand of San Zeno (<a href="/wiki/File:Andrea_Mantegna_023.jpg" title="File:Andrea Mantegna 023.jpg">see detail</a>), and even to a Turkish carpet at the feet of the Virgin Mary (<a href="/wiki/File:Andrea_Mantegna_028.jpg" title="File:Andrea Mantegna 028.jpg">see detail</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The exact reason for the incorporation of pseudo-Kufic or pseudo-Arabic in Medieval or early Renaissance painting is unclear. It seems that Westerners mistakenly associated 13-14th century Middle-Eastern scripts as being identical with the scripts current during <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a>'s time, and thus found natural to represent early Christians in association with them:<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "In Renaissance art, pseudo-Kufic script was used to decorate the costumes of <a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a> heroes like David".<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another reason might be that artist wished to express a cultural universality for the Christian faith, by blending together various written languages, at a time when the church had strong international ambitions.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Pseudo-Hebrew" title="Pseudo-Hebrew">Pseudo-Hebrew</a> is also sometimes seen,<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as in the <a href="/wiki/Mosaic" title="Mosaic">mosaics</a> at the back of the apse and the base of the dome in <a href="/wiki/Marco_Marziale" title="Marco Marziale">Marco Marziale</a>'s <i>Circumcision</i>, which do not use actual Hebrew characters.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was especially common in German works. </p><p>Finally pseudo-Arabic elements became rare after the second decade of the 16th century.<sup id="cite_ref-Mack,_p.71_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mack,_p.71-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Rosamond Mack: "The Eastern scripts, garments, and halos disappeared when the Italians viewed the Early Christian era in an antique <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Roman</a> context."<sup id="cite_ref-Mack,_p.71_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mack,_p.71-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ugolino_di_Nerio_1315_1320_La_Vierge_et_l_Enfant_Sienne_detail.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pseudo-Kufic on the veil of the Virgin, Ugolino di Nerio, c. 1315–1320"><img alt="Pseudo-Kufic on the veil of the Virgin, Ugolino di Nerio, c. 1315–1320" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Ugolino_di_Nerio_1315_1320_La_Vierge_et_l_Enfant_Sienne_detail.jpg/90px-Ugolino_di_Nerio_1315_1320_La_Vierge_et_l_Enfant_Sienne_detail.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Ugolino_di_Nerio_1315_1320_La_Vierge_et_l_Enfant_Sienne_detail.jpg/135px-Ugolino_di_Nerio_1315_1320_La_Vierge_et_l_Enfant_Sienne_detail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Ugolino_di_Nerio_1315_1320_La_Vierge_et_l_Enfant_Sienne_detail.jpg/180px-Ugolino_di_Nerio_1315_1320_La_Vierge_et_l_Enfant_Sienne_detail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="3072" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Pseudo-Kufic on the veil of the Virgin, <a href="/wiki/Ugolino_di_Nerio" title="Ugolino di Nerio">Ugolino di Nerio</a>, c. 1315–1320</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Paolo_Veneziano_1354_La_Vierge_et_l_Enfant_detail.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pseudo-Kufic mantle hem, in Paolo Veneziano's Virgin Mary and Child, 1358. Louvre Museum"><img alt="Pseudo-Kufic mantle hem, in Paolo Veneziano's Virgin Mary and Child, 1358. Louvre Museum" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Paolo_Veneziano_1354_La_Vierge_et_l_Enfant_detail.jpg/90px-Paolo_Veneziano_1354_La_Vierge_et_l_Enfant_detail.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Paolo_Veneziano_1354_La_Vierge_et_l_Enfant_detail.jpg/135px-Paolo_Veneziano_1354_La_Vierge_et_l_Enfant_detail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Paolo_Veneziano_1354_La_Vierge_et_l_Enfant_detail.jpg/180px-Paolo_Veneziano_1354_La_Vierge_et_l_Enfant_detail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="3072" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Pseudo-Kufic mantle hem, in <a href="/wiki/Paolo_Veneziano" title="Paolo Veneziano">Paolo Veneziano</a>'s <i>Virgin Mary and Child</i>, 1358. <a href="/wiki/Louvre_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Louvre Museum">Louvre Museum</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gentile_da_Fabriano_015.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pseudo-Arabic script in the Virgin Mary's halo, detail of Adoration of the Magi (1423) by Gentile da Fabriano. The script is further divided by rosettes like those on Mamluk dishes.[21]"><img alt="Pseudo-Arabic script in the Virgin Mary's halo, detail of Adoration of the Magi (1423) by Gentile da Fabriano. The script is further divided by rosettes like those on Mamluk dishes.[21]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Gentile_da_Fabriano_015.jpg/98px-Gentile_da_Fabriano_015.jpg" decoding="async" width="98" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Gentile_da_Fabriano_015.jpg/147px-Gentile_da_Fabriano_015.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Gentile_da_Fabriano_015.jpg/197px-Gentile_da_Fabriano_015.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2024" data-file-height="2469" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Pseudo-Arabic script in the <a href="/wiki/Virgin_Mary" class="mw-redirect" title="Virgin Mary">Virgin Mary</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Halo_(religious_iconography)" title="Halo (religious iconography)">halo</a>, detail of <i>Adoration of the Magi</i> (1423) by <a href="/wiki/Gentile_da_Fabriano" title="Gentile da Fabriano">Gentile da Fabriano</a>. The script is further divided by <a href="/wiki/Rosette_(design)" title="Rosette (design)">rosettes</a> like those on <a href="/wiki/Mamluk" title="Mamluk">Mamluk</a> dishes.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Masaccio_031.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Virgin Mary with pseudo-Arabic halo, by Masaccio (1426)[22]"><img alt="Virgin Mary with pseudo-Arabic halo, by Masaccio (1426)." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Masaccio_031.jpg/67px-Masaccio_031.jpg" decoding="async" width="67" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Masaccio_031.jpg/100px-Masaccio_031.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Masaccio_031.jpg/134px-Masaccio_031.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1576" data-file-height="2819" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Virgin Mary with pseudo-Arabic halo, by <a href="/wiki/Masaccio" title="Masaccio">Masaccio</a> (1426)<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gentile_da_Fabriano_037.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pseudo-Arabic on the Christ Child's blanket, by Gentile da Fabriano[23]"><img alt="Pseudo-Arabic on the Christ Child's blanket. Gentile da Fabriano." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Gentile_da_Fabriano_037.jpg/85px-Gentile_da_Fabriano_037.jpg" decoding="async" width="85" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Gentile_da_Fabriano_037.jpg/127px-Gentile_da_Fabriano_037.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Gentile_da_Fabriano_037.jpg/170px-Gentile_da_Fabriano_037.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1572" data-file-height="2218" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Pseudo-Arabic on the Christ Child's blanket, by Gentile da Fabriano<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fra_Angelico_001.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Virgin with a Gothicizing pseudo-Arabic halo, by Fra Angelico (c. 1428–1430)"><img alt="Virgin with a Gothicizing pseudo-Arabic halo, by Fra Angelico (c. 1428–1430)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Fra_Angelico_001.jpg/93px-Fra_Angelico_001.jpg" decoding="async" width="93" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Fra_Angelico_001.jpg/140px-Fra_Angelico_001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Fra_Angelico_001.jpg/186px-Fra_Angelico_001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2024" data-file-height="2607" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Virgin with a <a href="/wiki/Gothic_art" title="Gothic art">Gothicizing</a> pseudo-Arabic halo, by <a href="/wiki/Fra_Angelico" title="Fra Angelico">Fra Angelico</a> (c. 1428–1430)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Central_panel_-_Pala_di_San_Zeno_by_Andrea_Mantegna_-_San_Zeno_-_Verona_2016.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Virgin Mary in Andrea Mantegna's San Zeno Altarpiece combines pseudo-Arabic halos and garment hems, with a Turkish carpet at her feet (c. 1456–1459)."><img alt="The Virgin Mary in Andrea Mantegna's San Zeno Altarpiece combines pseudo-Arabic halos and garment hems, with a Turkish carpet at her feet (c. 1456–1459)." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Central_panel_-_Pala_di_San_Zeno_by_Andrea_Mantegna_-_San_Zeno_-_Verona_2016.jpg/62px-Central_panel_-_Pala_di_San_Zeno_by_Andrea_Mantegna_-_San_Zeno_-_Verona_2016.jpg" decoding="async" width="62" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Central_panel_-_Pala_di_San_Zeno_by_Andrea_Mantegna_-_San_Zeno_-_Verona_2016.jpg/93px-Central_panel_-_Pala_di_San_Zeno_by_Andrea_Mantegna_-_San_Zeno_-_Verona_2016.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Central_panel_-_Pala_di_San_Zeno_by_Andrea_Mantegna_-_San_Zeno_-_Verona_2016.jpg/125px-Central_panel_-_Pala_di_San_Zeno_by_Andrea_Mantegna_-_San_Zeno_-_Verona_2016.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2368" data-file-height="4552" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Virgin Mary in <a href="/wiki/Andrea_Mantegna" title="Andrea Mantegna">Andrea Mantegna</a>'s <a href="/wiki/San_Zeno_Altarpiece_(Mantegna)" title="San Zeno Altarpiece (Mantegna)">San Zeno Altarpiece</a> combines pseudo-Arabic halos and garment hems, with a Turkish carpet at her feet (c. 1456–1459).</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pseudo-Kufic&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Henri_Bellechose_Le_Retable_de_Saint_Denis_1415_1416_detail.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pseudo-Kufic on garments in Henri Bellechose's Le Retable de Saint Denis, c. 1415–1416"><img alt="Pseudo-Kufic on garments in Henri Bellechose's Le Retable de Saint Denis, c. 1415–1416" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Henri_Bellechose_Le_Retable_de_Saint_Denis_1415_1416_detail.jpg/90px-Henri_Bellechose_Le_Retable_de_Saint_Denis_1415_1416_detail.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Henri_Bellechose_Le_Retable_de_Saint_Denis_1415_1416_detail.jpg/135px-Henri_Bellechose_Le_Retable_de_Saint_Denis_1415_1416_detail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Henri_Bellechose_Le_Retable_de_Saint_Denis_1415_1416_detail.jpg/180px-Henri_Bellechose_Le_Retable_de_Saint_Denis_1415_1416_detail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1613" data-file-height="2150" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Pseudo-Kufic on garments in <a href="/wiki/Henri_Bellechose" title="Henri Bellechose">Henri Bellechose</a>'s <i>Le Retable de Saint Denis</i>, c. 1415–1416</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jacopo_Bellini_La_Vierge_d_humilite_adoree_par_un_prince_de_la_maison_d_Estee_1440_detail.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Virgin of Humility, adored by a prince of the House of Este by Jacopo Bellini, 1440, with pseudo-Kufic mantle hem, but halo in Roman script. Louvre Museum"><img alt="Virgin of Humility, adored by a prince of the House of Este by Jacopo Bellini, 1440, with pseudo-Kufic mantle hem, but halo in Roman script. Louvre Museum" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Jacopo_Bellini_La_Vierge_d_humilite_adoree_par_un_prince_de_la_maison_d_Estee_1440_detail.jpg/90px-Jacopo_Bellini_La_Vierge_d_humilite_adoree_par_un_prince_de_la_maison_d_Estee_1440_detail.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Jacopo_Bellini_La_Vierge_d_humilite_adoree_par_un_prince_de_la_maison_d_Estee_1440_detail.jpg/135px-Jacopo_Bellini_La_Vierge_d_humilite_adoree_par_un_prince_de_la_maison_d_Estee_1440_detail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Jacopo_Bellini_La_Vierge_d_humilite_adoree_par_un_prince_de_la_maison_d_Estee_1440_detail.jpg/180px-Jacopo_Bellini_La_Vierge_d_humilite_adoree_par_un_prince_de_la_maison_d_Estee_1440_detail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="3072" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Virgin of Humility, adored by a prince of the House of Este</i> by <a href="/wiki/Jacopo_Bellini" title="Jacopo Bellini">Jacopo Bellini</a>, 1440, with pseudo-Kufic mantle hem, but halo in Roman script. <a href="/wiki/Louvre" title="Louvre">Louvre Museum</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Antonio_Vivarini_1450_Saint_Louis_de_Toulouse_detail.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pseudo-Kufic halo, in Antonio Vivarini's Saint Louis de Toulouse, 1450. Louvre Museum"><img alt="Pseudo-Kufic halo, in Antonio Vivarini's Saint Louis de Toulouse, 1450. Louvre Museum" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Antonio_Vivarini_1450_Saint_Louis_de_Toulouse_detail.jpg/96px-Antonio_Vivarini_1450_Saint_Louis_de_Toulouse_detail.jpg" decoding="async" width="96" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Antonio_Vivarini_1450_Saint_Louis_de_Toulouse_detail.jpg/144px-Antonio_Vivarini_1450_Saint_Louis_de_Toulouse_detail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Antonio_Vivarini_1450_Saint_Louis_de_Toulouse_detail.jpg/193px-Antonio_Vivarini_1450_Saint_Louis_de_Toulouse_detail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="2870" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Pseudo-Kufic halo, in <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Vivarini" title="Antonio Vivarini">Antonio Vivarini</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Saint_Louis_de_Toulouse" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Louis de Toulouse">Saint Louis de Toulouse</a></i>, 1450. Louvre Museum</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Giovanni_Bellini_Le_Christ_Benissant_1465_1470_detail.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pseudo-Kufic hem in Giovanni Bellini's Le Christ Bénissant, c. 1465–1470. Louvre Museum"><img alt="Pseudo-Kufic hem in Giovanni Bellini's Le Christ Bénissant, c. 1465–1470. Louvre Museum" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Giovanni_Bellini_Le_Christ_Benissant_1465_1470_detail.jpg/90px-Giovanni_Bellini_Le_Christ_Benissant_1465_1470_detail.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Giovanni_Bellini_Le_Christ_Benissant_1465_1470_detail.jpg/135px-Giovanni_Bellini_Le_Christ_Benissant_1465_1470_detail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Giovanni_Bellini_Le_Christ_Benissant_1465_1470_detail.jpg/180px-Giovanni_Bellini_Le_Christ_Benissant_1465_1470_detail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="3072" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Pseudo-Kufic hem in <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Bellini" title="Giovanni Bellini">Giovanni Bellini</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/File:Giovanni_Bellini_Le_Christ_Benissant_1465_1470.jpg" title="File:Giovanni Bellini Le Christ Benissant 1465 1470.jpg">Le Christ Bénissant</a></i>, c. 1465–1470. Louvre Museum</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Early_1500_Andalusian_dish_with_pseudo_Arabic_script_around_the_edge_excavated_in_London.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Early-16th-century Andalusian dish with pseudo-Arabic script around the edge, excavated in London. Museum of London"><img alt="Early-16th-century Andalusian dish with pseudo-Arabic script around the edge, excavated in London. Museum of London" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Early_1500_Andalusian_dish_with_pseudo_Arabic_script_around_the_edge_excavated_in_London.jpg/103px-Early_1500_Andalusian_dish_with_pseudo_Arabic_script_around_the_edge_excavated_in_London.jpg" decoding="async" width="103" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Early_1500_Andalusian_dish_with_pseudo_Arabic_script_around_the_edge_excavated_in_London.jpg/155px-Early_1500_Andalusian_dish_with_pseudo_Arabic_script_around_the_edge_excavated_in_London.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Early_1500_Andalusian_dish_with_pseudo_Arabic_script_around_the_edge_excavated_in_London.jpg/206px-Early_1500_Andalusian_dish_with_pseudo_Arabic_script_around_the_edge_excavated_in_London.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="2680" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Early-16th-century <a href="/wiki/Andalusian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Andalusian people">Andalusian</a> dish with pseudo-Arabic script around the edge, excavated in London. <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_London" title="Museum of London">Museum of London</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pseudo-Kufic&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pseudo-Hebrew" title="Pseudo-Hebrew">Pseudo-Hebrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asemic_writing" title="Asemic writing">Asemic writing</a> – Wordless open semantic form of writing</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_contributions_to_Medieval_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic contributions to Medieval Europe">Islamic contributions to Medieval Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_influences_on_Christian_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic influences on Christian art">Islamic influences on Christian art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oriental_carpets_in_Renaissance_painting" title="Oriental carpets in Renaissance painting">Oriental carpets in Renaissance painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_elements_in_Western_medieval_art" title="Mongol elements in Western medieval art">Mongol elements in Western medieval art</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pseudo-Kufic&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Robbert Woltering (2011), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1570-6699_eall_EALL_SIM_000025">"Pseudo-Arabic"</a>, in Lutz Edzard and Rudolf de Jong (eds.), <i>Encyclopedia of Arabic Language and Linguistics</i> (Brill), consulted online on 14 October 2023.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-eb-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-eb_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-eb_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Encyclopaedia_Britannica" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclopaedia Britannica">Encyclopaedia Britannica</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/story/beautiful-gibberish-fake-arabic-in-medieval-and-renaissance-art">Beautiful Gibberish: Fake Arabic in Medieval and Renaissance Art</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mack,_p.51-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mack,_p.51_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mack,_p.51_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mack,_p.51_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Mack, p.51</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TGkz9NGFXIMC&dq=manqush+coin&pg=PA330"><i>Medieval European Coinage</i> by Philip Grierson p.330</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pePPvGkGZDQC&dq=kharruba+coin&pg=PA26">Cardini, p.26</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Grierson, p.3</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CQfub3l_ejkC&dq=Tar%C3%AC+Arabic&pg=PA240">Matthew, p.240</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</a> exhibit</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Louvre-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Louvre_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Louvre_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.louvre.fr/llv/oeuvres/detail_notice.jsp?CONTENT%3C%3Ecnt_id=10134198673226036&CURRENT_LLV_NOTICE%3C%3Ecnt_id=10134198673226036&FOLDER%3C%3Efolder_id=9852723696500778&bmLocale=en">Louvre museum notice</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110615183547/http://www.louvre.fr/llv/oeuvres/detail_notice.jsp?CONTENT%3C%3Ecnt_id=10134198673226036&CURRENT_LLV_NOTICE%3C%3Ecnt_id=10134198673226036&FOLDER%3C%3Efolder_id=9852723696500778&bmLocale=en">Archived</a> 2011-06-15 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFAntony_Eastmond2017" class="citation book cs1">Antony Eastmond (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ANAoDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA300"><i>Tamta's World</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 300, 302. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-16756-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-16756-8"><bdi>978-1-107-16756-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tamta%27s+World&rft.pages=300%2C+302&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-107-16756-8&rft.au=Antony+Eastmond&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DANAoDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA300&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APseudo-Kufic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mack, p.68</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/spotlight/beautiful-gibberish-fake-arabic-in-medieval-and-renaissance-art">"Beautiful Gibberish: Fake Arabic in Medieval and Renaissance Art"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia Britannica</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-05-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Beautiful+Gibberish%3A+Fake+Arabic+in+Medieval+and+Renaissance+Art&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fspotlight%2Fbeautiful-gibberish-fake-arabic-in-medieval-and-renaissance-art&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APseudo-Kufic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mack, p.64-66</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mack, p.67</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mack, p.52, p.69</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tsiIvJ16AU0C&dq=Pseudo-Kufic&pg=PA84">Freider. p.84</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Perhaps they marked the imagery of a universal faith, an artistic intention consistent with the Church's contemporary international program." Mack, p.69</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mack, p. 62</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nationalgallery.org.uk/paintings/marco-marziale-the-circumcision">National Gallery</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090507202827/http://www.nationalgallery.org.uk/cgi-bin/WebObjects.dll/CollectionPublisher.woa/wa/largeImage?workNumber=NG803&collectionPublisherSection=work">Archived</a> 2009-05-07 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mack,_p.71-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mack,_p.71_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mack,_p.71_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Mack, p.71</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mack, p.65-66</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mack, p.66</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mack, p.61-62</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pseudo-Kufic&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Braden K. Frieder <i>Chivalry & the perfect prince: tournaments, art, and armor at the Spanish Habsburg court</i> Truman State University, 2008 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-931112-69-X" title="Special:BookSources/1-931112-69-X">1-931112-69-X</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-931112-69-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-931112-69-7">978-1-931112-69-7</a></li> <li>Cardini, Franco. <i>Europe and Islam</i>. Blackwell Publishing, 2001. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-631-22637-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-631-22637-6">978-0-631-22637-6</a></li> <li>Grierson, Philip <i>Medieval European Coinage</i> Cambridge University Press, 2007 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-03177-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-03177-X">0-521-03177-X</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-03177-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-03177-6">978-0-521-03177-6</a></li> <li>Mack, Rosamond E. Bazaar to Piazza: Islamic Trade and Italian Art, 1300–1600, University of California Press, 2001 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-22131-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-22131-1">0-520-22131-1</a></li> <li>Matthew, Donald, <i>The Norman kingdom of Sicily</i> Cambridge University Press, 1992 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-26911-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-26911-7">978-0-521-26911-7</a></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pseudo-Kufic&oldid=1259424066">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pseudo-Kufic&oldid=1259424066</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Arabic_art" title="Category:Arabic art">Arabic art</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Islamic_art" title="Category:Islamic art">Islamic art</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Medieval_art" title="Category:Medieval art">Medieval art</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Christian_iconography" title="Category:Christian iconography">Christian iconography</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pseudoscripts" title="Category:Pseudoscripts">Pseudoscripts</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 25 November 2024, at 02:10<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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