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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Abduction_of_the_Sabine_women"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Abduction of the Sabine women</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Abduction_of_the_Sabine_women-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-War_with_the_Sabines_and_other_tribes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#War_with_the_Sabines_and_other_tribes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>War with the Sabines and other tribes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-War_with_the_Sabines_and_other_tribes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historical_analysis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_analysis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Historical analysis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historical_analysis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Artistic_representations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Artistic_representations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Artistic representations</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Artistic_representations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Artistic representations subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Artistic_representations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Giambologna" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Giambologna"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Giambologna</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Giambologna-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nicolas_Poussin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nicolas_Poussin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Nicolas Poussin</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nicolas_Poussin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Peter_Paul_Rubens" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Peter_Paul_Rubens"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Peter Paul Rubens</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Peter_Paul_Rubens-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pietro_da_Cortona" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pietro_da_Cortona"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Pietro da Cortona</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pietro_da_Cortona-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Luca_Giordano" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Luca_Giordano"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Luca Giordano</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Luca_Giordano-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Johann_Heinrich_Schönfeld" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Johann_Heinrich_Schönfeld"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Johann Heinrich Schönfeld</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Johann_Heinrich_Schönfeld-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jacques_Stella" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jacques_Stella"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>Jacques Stella</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jacques_Stella-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jacques-Louis_David" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jacques-Louis_David"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.8</span> <span>Jacques-Louis David</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jacques-Louis_David-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-John_Leech" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#John_Leech"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.9</span> <span>John Leech</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-John_Leech-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Edgar_Degas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Edgar_Degas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.10</span> <span>Edgar Degas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Edgar_Degas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Charles_Christian_Nahl" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Charles_Christian_Nahl"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.11</span> <span>Charles Christian Nahl</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Charles_Christian_Nahl-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pablo_Picasso" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pablo_Picasso"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.12</span> <span>Pablo Picasso</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pablo_Picasso-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literature_and_performing_arts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature_and_performing_arts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Literature and performing arts</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Literature_and_performing_arts-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Literature and performing arts subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Literature_and_performing_arts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ancient_works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient_works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Ancient works</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient_works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Modern works</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cultural_context" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultural_context"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Cultural context</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cultural_context-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Adaptations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adaptations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Adaptations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Adaptations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Bibliography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ancient_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Ancient sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Modern sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Rape of the Sabine women</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 34 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-34" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">34 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Сабінская вайна – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Сабінская вайна" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%B8%D1%89%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5" title="Похищението на сабинянките – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Похищението на сабинянките" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapte_de_les_sabines" title="Rapte de les sabines – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Rapte de les sabines" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabinerindernes_rov" title="Sabinerindernes rov – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Sabinerindernes rov" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raub_der_Sabinerinnen" title="Raub der Sabinerinnen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Raub der Sabinerinnen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CF%81%CF%80%CE%B1%CE%B3%CE%AE_%CF%84%CF%89%CE%BD_%CE%A3%CE%B1%CE%B2%CE%AF%CE%BD%CF%89%CE%BD_%CE%93%CF%85%CE%BD%CE%B1%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8E%CE%BD" title="Αρπαγή των Σαβίνων Γυναικών – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αρπαγή των Σαβίνων Γυναικών" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapto_de_las_sabinas" title="Rapto de las sabinas – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Rapto de las sabinas" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabinar_emakumeen_bahiketa" title="Sabinar emakumeen bahiketa – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Sabinar emakumeen bahiketa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B2_%D8%A8%D9%87_%D8%B2%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%87%D9%84_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%86" title="تجاوز به زنان اهل سابین – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تجاوز به زنان اهل سابین" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enl%C3%A8vement_des_Sabines" title="Enlèvement des Sabines – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Enlèvement des Sabines" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapto_das_sabinas" title="Rapto das sabinas – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Rapto das sabinas" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%82%AC%EB%B9%84%EB%8B%88_%EC%97%AC%EC%9D%B8%EB%93%A4%EC%9D%98_%EA%B0%95%EA%B0%84" title="사비니 여인들의 강간 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="사비니 여인들의 강간" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otmica_Sabinjanki" title="Otmica Sabinjanki – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Otmica Sabinjanki" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pemerkosaan_Wanita_Sabine" title="Pemerkosaan Wanita Sabine – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pemerkosaan Wanita Sabine" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brottn%C3%A1m_sab%C3%ADnsku_kvennanna" title="Brottnám sabínsku kvennanna – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Brottnám sabínsku kvennanna" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ratto_delle_Sabine" title="Ratto delle Sabine – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ratto delle Sabine" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%97%D7%98%D7%99%D7%A4%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%A0%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%94%D7%A1%D7%91%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%95%D7%AA" title="חטיפת הנשים הסביניות – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="חטיפת הנשים הסביניות" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabinae_raptae" title="Sabinae raptae – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Sabinae raptae" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_szabin_n%C5%91k_elrabl%C3%A1sa_(monda)" title="A szabin nők elrablása (monda) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="A szabin nők elrablása (monda)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabijnse_maagdenroof" title="Sabijnse maagdenroof – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Sabijnse maagdenroof" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B5%E3%83%93%E3%83%8B%E3%81%AE%E5%A5%B3%E3%81%9F%E3%81%A1%E3%81%AE%E7%95%A5%E5%A5%AA" title="サビニの女たちの略奪 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="サビニの女たちの略奪" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabinerinnerovet" title="Sabinerinnerovet – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Sabinerinnerovet" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porwanie_Sabinek_(legenda)" title="Porwanie Sabinek (legenda) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Porwanie Sabinek (legenda)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapto_das_Sabinas" title="Rapto das Sabinas – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Rapto das Sabinas" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%B8%D1%89%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BA" title="Похищение сабинянок – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Похищение сабинянок" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ugrabitev_Sabink" title="Ugrabitev Sabink – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Ugrabitev Sabink" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%82%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Отмица Сабињанки – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Отмица Сабињанки" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otmica_Sabinjanki" title="Otmica Sabinjanki – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Otmica Sabinjanki" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabiinitarten_ry%C3%B6st%C3%B6" title="Sabiinitarten ryöstö – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Sabiinitarten ryöstö" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabinskornas_bortr%C3%B6vande" title="Sabinskornas bortrövande – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Sabinskornas bortrövande" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%82%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%99" title="การข่มขืนสตรีชาวซาบีน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="การข่มขืนสตรีชาวซาบีน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a 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– Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="強暴薩賓婦女" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1048568#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Rape_of_the_Sabine_women" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" 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div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/The_Rape_of_the_Sabine_Women_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="The Rape of the Sabine Women (disambiguation)">The Rape of the Sabine Women (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:342px;max-width:342px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:186px;max-width:186px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:164px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:L._Titurius_L.f._Sabinus._denarius,_89_BC,_RRC_344-1a_(cropped_reverse).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/L._Titurius_L.f._Sabinus._denarius%2C_89_BC%2C_RRC_344-1a_%28cropped_reverse%29.jpg/184px-L._Titurius_L.f._Sabinus._denarius%2C_89_BC%2C_RRC_344-1a_%28cropped_reverse%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="184" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/L._Titurius_L.f._Sabinus._denarius%2C_89_BC%2C_RRC_344-1a_%28cropped_reverse%29.jpg/276px-L._Titurius_L.f._Sabinus._denarius%2C_89_BC%2C_RRC_344-1a_%28cropped_reverse%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/L._Titurius_L.f._Sabinus._denarius%2C_89_BC%2C_RRC_344-1a_%28cropped_reverse%29.jpg/368px-L._Titurius_L.f._Sabinus._denarius%2C_89_BC%2C_RRC_344-1a_%28cropped_reverse%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="398" data-file-height="357" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:152px;max-width:152px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:164px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:L._Titurius_L.f._Sabinus._denarius,_89_BC,_RRC_344-2c_(cropped_reverse).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/L._Titurius_L.f._Sabinus._denarius%2C_89_BC%2C_RRC_344-2c_%28cropped_reverse%29.jpg/150px-L._Titurius_L.f._Sabinus._denarius%2C_89_BC%2C_RRC_344-2c_%28cropped_reverse%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/L._Titurius_L.f._Sabinus._denarius%2C_89_BC%2C_RRC_344-2c_%28cropped_reverse%29.jpg/225px-L._Titurius_L.f._Sabinus._denarius%2C_89_BC%2C_RRC_344-2c_%28cropped_reverse%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/L._Titurius_L.f._Sabinus._denarius%2C_89_BC%2C_RRC_344-2c_%28cropped_reverse%29.jpg/300px-L._Titurius_L.f._Sabinus._denarius%2C_89_BC%2C_RRC_344-2c_%28cropped_reverse%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="376" data-file-height="412" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Two <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republican</a> <a href="/wiki/Denarii" class="mw-redirect" title="Denarii">denarii</a>, minted by Lucius Titurius Sabinus in 89 BC. The <a href="/wiki/Sabines" title="Sabines">Sabine</a> king <a href="/wiki/Titus_Tatius" title="Titus Tatius">Titus Tatius</a> is portrayed on both obverses. The reverses depict the abduction of the Sabine women by Roman soldiers (left) and the punishment of <a href="/wiki/Tarpeia" title="Tarpeia">Tarpeia</a> by the Sabines (right).<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div></div></div> <p>The <b>rape of the Sabine women</b> (<a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i lang="la">Sabinae raptae</i>, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small"><a href="/wiki/Classical_Latin" title="Classical Latin">Classical</a> pronunciation:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="la-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Latin" title="Help:IPA/Latin">[saˈbiːnae̯<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈraptae̯]</a></span>; <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">the kidnapped Sabine women</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>), also known as the <b>abduction of the Sabine women</b> or the <b>kidnapping of the Sabine women</b>, was an incident in the legendary history of Rome in which the men of Rome committed a <a href="/wiki/Bride_kidnapping" title="Bride kidnapping">mass abduction</a> of young women from the other cities in the region. It has been a frequent subject of painters and sculptors, particularly since the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a>. </p><p>The word "rape" (cognate with <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/rapto#Portuguese" class="extiw" title="wikt:rapto"><i>rapto</i></a> in Portuguese, <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/rapto#Spanish" class="extiw" title="wikt:rapto"><i>rapto</i></a> in Spanish, <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ratto#Italian" class="extiw" title="wikt:ratto"><i>ratto</i></a>, in Italian, meaning "bride kidnap") is the conventional translation of the <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> word <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Raptio" title="Raptio">raptio</a></i></span> used in the ancient accounts of the incident. The Latin word means "abduction" or "kidnapping", but when used with women as its object, <a href="/wiki/Rape" title="Rape">sexual assault</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is usually implied. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Story">Story</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rape_of_the_Sabine_women&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Story"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Abduction_of_the_Sabine_women">Abduction of the Sabine women</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rape_of_the_Sabine_women&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Abduction of the Sabine women"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to Roman historian <a href="/wiki/Livy" title="Livy">Livy</a>, the abduction of Sabine women occurred in the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Kingdom" title="Roman Kingdom">early history of Rome</a> shortly after its founding in the mid-8th century BC and was perpetrated by <a href="/wiki/Romulus" title="Romulus">Romulus</a> and his predominantly male followers; it is said that after the foundation of the city, the population consisted solely of Latins and other Italic peoples, in particular male bandits.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With Rome growing at such a steady rate in comparison to its neighbors, Romulus became concerned with maintaining the city's strength. His main concern was that with few women inhabitants there would be no chance of sustaining the city's population, without which Rome might not last longer than a generation. On the advice of the Senate, the Romans then set out into the surrounding regions in search of wives to establish families with. The Romans negotiated unsuccessfully with all the peoples that they appealed to, including the <a href="/wiki/Sabines" title="Sabines">Sabines</a>, who populated the neighboring areas. The Sabines feared the emergence of a rival society and refused to allow their women to marry the Romans. Consequently, the Romans devised a plan to abduct the Sabine women during the festival of <a href="/wiki/Neptune_(mythology)#Neptunus_equestris" title="Neptune (mythology)">Neptune Equester</a>. They planned and announced a festival of games to attract people from all the nearby towns. According to <a href="/wiki/Livy" title="Livy">Livy</a>, many people from Rome's neighboring towns – including <a href="/wiki/Caenina_(Town)" class="mw-redirect" title="Caenina (Town)">Caenina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crustumerium" title="Crustumerium">Crustumerium</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Antemnae" title="Antemnae">Antemnae</a> – attended the festival along with the Sabines, eager to see the newly established city for themselves. At the festival, Romulus gave a signal by "rising and folding his cloak and then throwing it round him again," at which the Romans grabbed the Sabine women and fought off the Sabine men.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Livy does not report how many women were abducted by the Romans at the festival, he only notes that it was undoubtedly many more than thirty.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All of the women abducted at the festival were said to have been virgins except for one married woman, Hersilia, who became Romulus's wife and would later be the one to intervene and stop the ensuing war between the Romans and the Sabines.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The indignant abductees were soon implored by Romulus to accept the Roman men as their new husbands.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="War_with_the_Sabines_and_other_tribes">War with the Sabines and other tribes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rape_of_the_Sabine_women&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: War with the Sabines and other tribes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Outraged at what had happened, the king of the Caeninenses entered upon Roman territory with his army. Romulus and the Romans met the Caeninenses in battle, killed their king, and routed their army. Romulus later attacked Caenina and took it upon the first assault. Returning to Rome, he dedicated a <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Jupiter_Feretrius" title="Temple of Jupiter Feretrius">Temple of Jupiter Feretrius</a> (according to Livy, the first temple dedicated in Rome) and offered the spoils of the enemy king as <i><a href="/wiki/Spolia_opima" title="Spolia opima">spolia opima</a></i>. According to the <a href="/wiki/Fasti_Triumphales" title="Fasti Triumphales">Fasti Triumphales</a>, Romulus celebrated a triumph over the Caeninenses on 1 March 752 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the same time, the army of the Antemnates invaded Roman territory. The Romans retaliated, and the Antemnates were defeated in battle and their town captured. According to the <i>Fasti Triumphales</i>, Romulus celebrated a second triumph in 752 BC over the Antemnates. </p><p>The Crustumini also started a war, but they too were defeated and their town was captured. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Colonia_(Roman)" title="Colonia (Roman)">Roman colonists</a> were subsequently sent to Antemnae and Crustumerium by Romulus, and many citizens of those towns, particularly the families of the captured women, also migrated to Rome. </p><p>The Sabines themselves finally declared war, led into battle by their king, <a href="/wiki/Titus_Tatius" title="Titus Tatius">Titus Tatius</a>. Tatius almost succeeded in capturing Rome, thanks to the treason of <a href="/wiki/Tarpeia" title="Tarpeia">Tarpeia</a>, daughter of <a href="/wiki/Spurius_Tarpeius" title="Spurius Tarpeius">Spurius Tarpeius</a>, Roman governor of the citadel on the <a href="/wiki/Capitoline_Hill" title="Capitoline Hill">Capitoline Hill</a>. She opened the city gates for the Sabines in return for "what they bore on their arms", thinking she would receive their golden bracelets. Instead, the Sabines crushed her to death with their shields, and her body was buried on or thrown from a rock known ever since by her name, the <a href="/wiki/Tarpeian_Rock" title="Tarpeian Rock">Tarpeian Rock</a>. </p><p>The Romans attacked the Sabines who now held the citadel, in what would become known as the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Lacus_Curtius" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of the Lacus Curtius">Battle of the Lacus Curtius</a>. The Roman advance was led by <a href="/wiki/Hostus_Hostilius" title="Hostus Hostilius">Hostus Hostilius</a>, the Sabine defence by Mettus Curtius. Hostus fell in battle, and the Roman line gave way. The Romans retreated to the gate of the Palatium. Romulus rallied his men, promising to build a temple to <a href="/wiki/Jupiter_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jupiter (mythology)">the Roman God Jove</a> on the site. He then led them back into battle. Mettus Curtius was unhorsed and fled on foot, and the Romans appeared to be winning. </p><p>At this point in the story, the Sabine women intervened: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>[They], from the outrage on whom the war originated, with hair dishevelled and garments rent, the timidity of their sex being overcome by such dreadful scenes, had the courage to throw themselves amid the flying weapons, and making a rush across, to part the incensed armies, and assuage their fury; imploring their fathers on the one side, their husbands on the other, "that as fathers-in-law and sons-in-law they would not contaminate each other with impious blood, nor stain their offspring with parricide, the one their grandchildren, the other their children. If you are dissatisfied with the affinity between you, if with our marriages, turn your resentment against us; we are the cause of war, we of wounds and of bloodshed to our husbands and parents. It were better that we perish than live widowed or fatherless without one or other of you."<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The battle came to an end, and the Sabines agreed to unite in one nation with the Romans. Titus Tatius jointly ruled with Romulus until Tatius's death five years later. </p><p>The new Sabine residents of Rome settled on the Capitoline Hill, which they had captured in the battle.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historical_analysis">Historical analysis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rape_of_the_Sabine_women&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Historical analysis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The motivation behind the abduction of the Sabine women is contested among ancient sources. Livy writes that Rome's motivation for abducting the Sabine women was solely to increase the city's population and claims that no direct sexual assault took place during the abduction. Livy says that Romulus offered the Sabine women free choice as well as civic and property rights. According to Livy, Romulus spoke to each of them in person, declaring "that it was all owing to the pride of their parents in denying right of intermarriage to their neighbours. They would live in honourable wedlock, and share all their property and civil rights, and – dearest of all to human nature – would be the mothers of freemen."<sup id="cite_ref-:02_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Scholars like <a href="/wiki/Dionysius_of_Halicarnassus" title="Dionysius of Halicarnassus">Dionysius of Halicarnassus</a> argue that it was an attempt to secure an alliance with the Sabines through the women's newly founded relationships with Roman men.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Livy's account is reinforced in some ways through the works of <a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a>. In Cicero's work <i>De re publica</i>, he reiterates Livy's view that the plan to abduct the Sabine women at the festival was done in order "to strengthen the new state" and "safeguard the resources of his kingdom and people."<sup id="cite_ref-:1_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unlike Livy, Cicero, and Dionysius, <a href="/wiki/Ovid" title="Ovid">Ovid</a> sees the abduction of the Sabine as an avenue for the men of Rome to fulfill their sexual desires rather than an attempt at taking wives to produce children for the city.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While he does make note of the issue surrounding Rome's lack of women, he does not make it out to be a factor in the planning of the abduction. </p><p>While it is clear that the story was part of the founding mythology of Rome, its historicity is disputed and considered unlikely to have happened by many historians, or at least not to have happened in the way described. <a href="/wiki/Theodor_Mommsen" title="Theodor Mommsen">Theodor Mommsen</a> (as well as later historians such as <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jacques_Poucet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jacques Poucet (page does not exist)">Jacques Poucet</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Poucet" class="extiw" title="fr:Jacques Poucet">fr</a>]</span>) believed that the story was likely spread during the later fourth century BC after the <a href="/wiki/Samnite_Wars" title="Samnite Wars">Samnite Wars</a> as a tale to explain the assimilation of Samnites into Rome after a combination of wars and alliances, and sending similar events into the distant past. The story likely gained relevance again during the time period where the coins depicting the event were minted, in 89 BC. This would have been made during the <a href="/wiki/Social_War_(91%E2%80%9387_BC)" title="Social War (91–87 BC)">Social War</a>, a conflict between Rome and its Italian allies over their status and whether they deserved Roman citizenship. A story from Rome's past wherein Rome came into conflict with its neighbors, showed a capacity for brutal violence, but ultimately avoided a war after the Sabines submitted to unification with Rome, would have been powerful one for Rome to send at the time.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Artistic_representations">Artistic representations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rape_of_the_Sabine_women&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Artistic representations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many treatments of the legend combined a suitably inspiring example of the hardiness and courage of ancient Romans with the opportunity to depict multiple figures, including heroically semi-<a href="/wiki/Nude_(art)" title="Nude (art)">nude figures</a> in intensely passionate struggle. </p><p>The subject was popular during the Renaissance as symbolising the importance of marriage for the continuity of families and cultures. It was also an example of a battle subject in which the artist could demonstrate his skill in depicting female as well as male figures in extreme poses, with the added advantage of a sexual theme. It was depicted regularly on 15th-century Italian <i><a href="/wiki/Cassone" title="Cassone">cassoni</a></i> and later in larger paintings. A comparable opportunity from the <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a> was afforded by the theme of the <a href="/wiki/Massacre_of_the_Innocents" title="Massacre of the Innocents">Massacre of the Innocents</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Giambologna">Giambologna</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rape_of_the_Sabine_women&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Giambologna"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Giambologna_sabine.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Giambologna_sabine.jpg/170px-Giambologna_sabine.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Giambologna_sabine.jpg/255px-Giambologna_sabine.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Giambologna_sabine.jpg/340px-Giambologna_sabine.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2038" data-file-height="3057" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Abduction_of_a_Sabine_Woman" title="Abduction of a Sabine Woman">Abduction of a Sabine Woman</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Giambologna" title="Giambologna">Giambologna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Loggia_dei_Lanzi" title="Loggia dei Lanzi">Loggia dei Lanzi</a>, Florence</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Abduction_of_a_Sabine_Woman" title="Abduction of a Sabine Woman">Abduction of a Sabine Woman</a></div> <p>The 16th-century Italo-Flemish sculptor <a href="/wiki/Giambologna" title="Giambologna">Giambologna</a> sculpted a representation of this theme with three figures (a man lifting a woman into the air while a second man crouches), carved from a single block of <a href="/wiki/Marble" title="Marble">marble</a>. This sculpture is considered Giambologna's masterpiece.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Originally intended as nothing more than a demonstration of the artist's ability to create a complex sculptural group, its subject matter, the legendary rape of the Sabines, had to be invented after <a href="/wiki/Francesco_I_de%27_Medici,_Grand_Duke_of_Tuscany" class="mw-redirect" title="Francesco I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany">Francesco I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany</a>, decreed that it be put on public display in the <a href="/wiki/Loggia_dei_Lanzi" title="Loggia dei Lanzi">Loggia dei Lanzi</a> in <a href="/wiki/Piazza_della_Signoria" title="Piazza della Signoria">Piazza della Signoria</a>, Florence. </p><p>The proposed site for the sculpture, opposite <a href="/wiki/Benvenuto_Cellini" title="Benvenuto Cellini">Benvenuto Cellini</a>'s statue of <a href="/wiki/Perseus" title="Perseus">Perseus</a>, prompted suggestions that the group should illustrate a theme related to the former work, such as the rape of <a href="/wiki/Andromeda_(mythology)" title="Andromeda (mythology)">Andromeda</a> by <a href="/wiki/Phineus_(son_of_Belus)" title="Phineus (son of Belus)">Phineus</a>. The respective rapes of <a href="/wiki/Proserpina" title="Proserpina">Proserpina</a> and <a href="/wiki/Helen_of_Troy" title="Helen of Troy">Helen</a> were also mooted as possible themes. It was eventually decided that the sculpture was to be identified as one of the Sabine virgins. </p><p>The work is signed <small>OPVS IOANNIS BOLONII FLANDRI MDLXXXII</small> ("The work of Johannes of Boulogne of <a href="/wiki/Flanders" title="Flanders">Flanders</a>, 1582"). An early preparatory <a href="/wiki/Bronze" title="Bronze">bronze</a> featuring only two figures is in the <a href="/wiki/Museo_Nazionale_di_Capodimonte" class="mw-redirect" title="Museo Nazionale di Capodimonte">Museo Nazionale di Capodimonte</a> in <a href="/wiki/Naples" title="Naples">Naples</a>. Giambologna then revised the scheme, this time with a third figure, in two wax models now in the <a href="/wiki/Victoria_and_Albert_Museum" title="Victoria and Albert Museum">Victoria and Albert Museum</a>, London. The artist's full-scale <a href="/wiki/Gesso" title="Gesso">gesso</a> for the finished sculpture, executed in 1582, is on display at the <a href="/wiki/Galleria_dell%27Accademia" title="Galleria dell'Accademia">Galleria dell'Accademia</a> in <a href="/wiki/Florence" title="Florence">Florence</a>. </p><p>The woman and the kneeling man reference figures from the ancient sculpture <i><a href="/wiki/Laoco%C3%B6n_and_His_Sons" title="Laocoön and His Sons">Laocoön and His Sons</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bronze reductions of the sculpture, produced in Giambologna's own studio and imitated by others, were a staple of connoisseurs' collections into the 19th century. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nicolas_Poussin">Nicolas Poussin</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rape_of_the_Sabine_women&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Nicolas Poussin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nicolas_Poussin_-_L%27Enl%C3%A8vement_des_Sabines_(1634-5).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Nicolas_Poussin_-_L%27Enl%C3%A8vement_des_Sabines_%281634-5%29.jpg/220px-Nicolas_Poussin_-_L%27Enl%C3%A8vement_des_Sabines_%281634-5%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Nicolas_Poussin_-_L%27Enl%C3%A8vement_des_Sabines_%281634-5%29.jpg/330px-Nicolas_Poussin_-_L%27Enl%C3%A8vement_des_Sabines_%281634-5%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Nicolas_Poussin_-_L%27Enl%C3%A8vement_des_Sabines_%281634-5%29.jpg/440px-Nicolas_Poussin_-_L%27Enl%C3%A8vement_des_Sabines_%281634-5%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3907" data-file-height="2876" /></a><figcaption><i>The Abduction of the Sabine Women</i>, by <a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Poussin" title="Nicolas Poussin">Poussin</a>, 1634–35 (<a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art" title="Metropolitan Museum of Art">Metropolitan Museum of Art</a>)</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/The_Rape_of_the_Sabine_Women_(Poussin)" title="The Rape of the Sabine Women (Poussin)">The Rape of the Sabine Women (Poussin)</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Poussin" title="Nicolas Poussin">Nicolas Poussin</a> produced two major versions of this subject. His initial version was entitled <i>The Abduction of the Sabine Women</i> and was most likely completed around 1633–1634. The painting depicts Romulus giving the signal to the Romans for the abduction. According to the Met, the subject matter of Poussin's work allowed him to highlight his understanding of pose and gesture as well as his knowledge of Roman architecture.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This version of the painting currently resides at the <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art" title="Metropolitan Museum of Art">Metropolitan Museum of Art</a> in New York City. </p><p>Poussin's second version, entitled <i>The Rape of the Sabine Women</i>, is essentially a recreation of his original work and was likely completed around 1637–1638. The architectural setting of this work is more developed than in the original. This painting currently resides in the <a href="/wiki/Louvre" title="Louvre">Louvre Museum</a> in Paris.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the Louvre, painting multiple versions of one subject was not uncommon throughout Poussin's career. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Peter_Paul_Rubens">Peter Paul Rubens</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rape_of_the_Sabine_women&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Peter Paul Rubens"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_The_Rape_of_the_Sabine_Women_-_WGA20310.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_The_Rape_of_the_Sabine_Women_-_WGA20310.jpg/220px-Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_The_Rape_of_the_Sabine_Women_-_WGA20310.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_The_Rape_of_the_Sabine_Women_-_WGA20310.jpg/330px-Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_The_Rape_of_the_Sabine_Women_-_WGA20310.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_The_Rape_of_the_Sabine_Women_-_WGA20310.jpg/440px-Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_The_Rape_of_the_Sabine_Women_-_WGA20310.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="1791" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/The_Rape_of_the_Sabine_Women_(Rubens)" title="The Rape of the Sabine Women (Rubens)">The Rape of the Sabine Women</a></i>, by Peter Paul Rubens</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/The_Rape_of_the_Sabine_Women_(Rubens)" title="The Rape of the Sabine Women (Rubens)">The Rape of the Sabine Women (Rubens)</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Peter_Paul_Rubens" title="Peter Paul Rubens">Peter Paul Rubens</a> painted his version of <i>The Rape of the Sabine Women</i> around 1635–40. It now resides in the <a href="/wiki/National_Gallery" title="National Gallery">National Gallery</a>, London.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The painting depicts the moment Romulus gave the signal for the Romans to abduct the Sabine women. Rubens emphasizes the violence of the abduction and sexualizes it by depicting women with exposed breasts and a soldier lifting up a woman's skirt.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pietro_da_Cortona">Pietro da Cortona</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rape_of_the_Sabine_women&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Pietro da Cortona"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cortona_Rape_of_the_Sabine_Women_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Cortona_Rape_of_the_Sabine_Women_01.jpg/220px-Cortona_Rape_of_the_Sabine_Women_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Cortona_Rape_of_the_Sabine_Women_01.jpg/330px-Cortona_Rape_of_the_Sabine_Women_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Cortona_Rape_of_the_Sabine_Women_01.jpg/440px-Cortona_Rape_of_the_Sabine_Women_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1207" data-file-height="802" /></a><figcaption><i>Rape of the Sabine Women</i> by <a href="/wiki/Pietro_da_Cortona" title="Pietro da Cortona">Pietro da Cortona</a>, 1627–1629</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Rape_of_the_Sabines_(Pietro_da_Cortona)" title="Rape of the Sabines (Pietro da Cortona)">Rape of the Sabines (Pietro da Cortona)</a></div> <p>Pietro da Cortona depicted the rape of the Sabines at least twice. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Luca_Giordano">Luca Giordano</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rape_of_the_Sabine_women&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Luca Giordano"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/The_Rape_of_the_Sabine_Women_(Luca_Giordano)" title="The Rape of the Sabine Women (Luca Giordano)">The Rape of the Sabine Women (Luca Giordano)</a></div> <p>There are at least eight paintings by <a href="/wiki/Luca_Giordano" title="Luca Giordano">Luca Giordano</a> or his workshop on this subject. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Johann_Heinrich_Schönfeld"><span id="Johann_Heinrich_Sch.C3.B6nfeld"></span>Johann Heinrich Schönfeld</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rape_of_the_Sabine_women&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Johann Heinrich Schönfeld"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Johann_Heinrich_Sch%C3%B6nfeld_004.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Johann_Heinrich_Sch%C3%B6nfeld_004.jpg/220px-Johann_Heinrich_Sch%C3%B6nfeld_004.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Johann_Heinrich_Sch%C3%B6nfeld_004.jpg/330px-Johann_Heinrich_Sch%C3%B6nfeld_004.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Johann_Heinrich_Sch%C3%B6nfeld_004.jpg/440px-Johann_Heinrich_Sch%C3%B6nfeld_004.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2536" data-file-height="1866" /></a><figcaption><i>The Rape of the Sabine Women</i> by <a href="/wiki/Johann_Heinrich_Sch%C3%B6nfeld" title="Johann Heinrich Schönfeld">Johann Heinrich Schönfeld</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Johann_Heinrich_Sch%C3%B6nfeld" title="Johann Heinrich Schönfeld">Johann Heinrich Schönfeld</a> painted a version of this subject entitled <i>The Rape of the Sabine Women</i> in the late 1630s. His work now resides at the State Hermitage Museum in St. Petersburg.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jacques_Stella">Jacques Stella</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rape_of_the_Sabine_women&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Jacques Stella"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stella,_Jacques,_The_Rape_of_the_Sabines,_mid_17th_century.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Stella%2C_Jacques%2C_The_Rape_of_the_Sabines%2C_mid_17th_century.jpg/220px-Stella%2C_Jacques%2C_The_Rape_of_the_Sabines%2C_mid_17th_century.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Stella%2C_Jacques%2C_The_Rape_of_the_Sabines%2C_mid_17th_century.jpg/330px-Stella%2C_Jacques%2C_The_Rape_of_the_Sabines%2C_mid_17th_century.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Stella%2C_Jacques%2C_The_Rape_of_the_Sabines%2C_mid_17th_century.jpg/440px-Stella%2C_Jacques%2C_The_Rape_of_the_Sabines%2C_mid_17th_century.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1418" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Stella" title="Jacques Stella">Jacques Stella</a>, <i>The Rape of the Sabines</i>, mid-17th century (<a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Art_Museum" title="Princeton University Art Museum">Princeton University Art Museum</a>)</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Stella" title="Jacques Stella">Jacques Stella</a> painted a version of the rape of the Sabine women entitled <i>The Rape of the Sabines</i> in the mid-17th century. Stella's depiction of the scene is said to have so closely resembled Nicholas Poussin's works that following his death his version was mistaken for a Poussin. This work now resides at Princeton University's Art Museum.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jacques-Louis_David">Jacques-Louis David</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rape_of_the_Sabine_women&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Jacques-Louis David"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Intervention_of_the_Sabine_Women_-_David_(Louvre_INV_3691).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/The_Intervention_of_the_Sabine_Women_-_David_%28Louvre_INV_3691%29.jpg/220px-The_Intervention_of_the_Sabine_Women_-_David_%28Louvre_INV_3691%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/The_Intervention_of_the_Sabine_Women_-_David_%28Louvre_INV_3691%29.jpg/330px-The_Intervention_of_the_Sabine_Women_-_David_%28Louvre_INV_3691%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/The_Intervention_of_the_Sabine_Women_-_David_%28Louvre_INV_3691%29.jpg/440px-The_Intervention_of_the_Sabine_Women_-_David_%28Louvre_INV_3691%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="9837" data-file-height="7396" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/The_Intervention_of_the_Sabine_Women" title="The Intervention of the Sabine Women">The Intervention of the Sabine Women</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/1799_in_art" title="1799 in art">1799</a> </figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Jacques-Louis_David" title="Jacques-Louis David">Jacques-Louis David</a> painted the other end of the story, when the women intervene to reconcile the warring parties. <i>The Sabine Women Enforcing Peace by Running Between the Combatants</i> (also known as <i><a href="/wiki/The_Intervention_of_the_Sabine_Women" title="The Intervention of the Sabine Women">The Intervention of the Sabine Women</a></i>) was completed in 1799. It is in the <a href="/wiki/Louvre_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Louvre Museum">Louvre Museum</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Jacques-Louis_DAVID_1799_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jacques-Louis_DAVID_1799-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>David had begun work on it in 1796, when France was at war with other European nations, after a period of civil conflict culminating in the <a href="/wiki/Reign_of_Terror" title="Reign of Terror">Reign of Terror</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Thermidorian_Reaction" title="Thermidorian Reaction">Thermidorian Reaction</a>, during which David himself had been imprisoned as a supporter of <a href="/wiki/Robespierre" class="mw-redirect" title="Robespierre">Robespierre</a>. After David's estranged wife visited him in jail, he conceived the idea of telling the story to honor his wife, with the theme being love prevailing over conflict. The painting was also seen as a plea for the French people to reconcile their differences after the bloodshed of the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Jacques-Louis_DAVID_1799_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jacques-Louis_DAVID_1799-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The painting depicts Romulus's wife Hersilia – the daughter of <a href="/wiki/Titus_Tatius" title="Titus Tatius">Titus Tatius</a>, leader of the Sabines – rushing between her husband and her father and placing her babies between them. A vigorous Romulus prepares to strike a half-retreating Tatius with his spear, but hesitates. Other soldiers are already sheathing their swords.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The rocky outcrop in the background is the <a href="/wiki/Tarpeian_Rock" title="Tarpeian Rock">Tarpeian Rock</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="John_Leech">John Leech</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rape_of_the_Sabine_women&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: John Leech"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Comic_History_of_Rome_p_010_The_Romans_walking_off_with_the_Sabine_Women.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Comic_History_of_Rome_p_010_The_Romans_walking_off_with_the_Sabine_Women.jpg/220px-Comic_History_of_Rome_p_010_The_Romans_walking_off_with_the_Sabine_Women.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Comic_History_of_Rome_p_010_The_Romans_walking_off_with_the_Sabine_Women.jpg/330px-Comic_History_of_Rome_p_010_The_Romans_walking_off_with_the_Sabine_Women.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Comic_History_of_Rome_p_010_The_Romans_walking_off_with_the_Sabine_Women.jpg/440px-Comic_History_of_Rome_p_010_The_Romans_walking_off_with_the_Sabine_Women.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2480" data-file-height="1643" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/John_Leech_(caricaturist)" title="John Leech (caricaturist)">John Leech</a>'s satirical version of The Rape of the Sabine Women</figcaption></figure> <p>The English 19th-century satirical painter <a href="/wiki/John_Leech_(caricaturist)" title="John Leech (caricaturist)">John Leech</a> included in his <i><a href="/wiki/The_Comic_History_of_Rome" title="The Comic History of Rome">The Comic History of Rome</a></i> a depiction of the rape of the Sabine women, where the women are portrayed, with a deliberate anachronism, in Victorian costume and being carried off from the <i>Corona et Anchora</i> ("Crown and Anchor", a common English pub sign in seafaring towns). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Edgar_Degas">Edgar Degas</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rape_of_the_Sabine_women&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Edgar Degas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Degas" title="Edgar Degas">Edgar Degas</a> painted <i>The Rape of the Sabines</i><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (after <a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Poussin" title="Nicolas Poussin">Poussin</a>), c. 1861–1862. </p><p>"The masters must be copied over and over again", Degas said, "and it is only after proving yourself a good copyist that you should reasonably be permitted to draw a radish from nature." Degas first received permission to copy paintings at the Louvre in 1853 when he was eighteen. He was most interested in the great works of the Italian Renaissance and of his own classical French heritage, hence this detailed copy of Poussin's painting.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Charles_Christian_Nahl">Charles Christian Nahl</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rape_of_the_Sabine_women&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Charles Christian Nahl"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Charles_Christian_Nahl_1871,_The_Rape_Of_The_Sabines_-_The_Invasion.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Charles_Christian_Nahl_1871%2C_The_Rape_Of_The_Sabines_-_The_Invasion.jpg/170px-Charles_Christian_Nahl_1871%2C_The_Rape_Of_The_Sabines_-_The_Invasion.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Charles_Christian_Nahl_1871%2C_The_Rape_Of_The_Sabines_-_The_Invasion.jpg/255px-Charles_Christian_Nahl_1871%2C_The_Rape_Of_The_Sabines_-_The_Invasion.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Charles_Christian_Nahl_1871%2C_The_Rape_Of_The_Sabines_-_The_Invasion.jpg/340px-Charles_Christian_Nahl_1871%2C_The_Rape_Of_The_Sabines_-_The_Invasion.jpg 2x" data-file-width="619" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption><i>The Invasion</i> by Charles Christian Nahl (1871)</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Charles_Christian_Nahl" title="Charles Christian Nahl">Charles Christian Nahl</a> painted the subject in a trio of works entitled <i>The Abduction</i>, <i>The Captivity</i>, and <i>The Invasion</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pablo_Picasso">Pablo Picasso</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rape_of_the_Sabine_women&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Pablo Picasso"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Pablo_Picasso" title="Pablo Picasso">Pablo Picasso</a> visited this theme in his several versions of the <i>Rape of the Sabine Women</i> (1962–63), one of which is in the <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Fine_Arts,_Boston" title="Museum of Fine Arts, Boston">Museum of Fine Arts, Boston</a>. These are based on David's version. These conflate the beginning and end of the story, depicting the brutish Romulus and Tatius ignoring and trampling on the exposed figure of Hersilia and her child.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literature_and_performing_arts">Literature and performing arts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rape_of_the_Sabine_women&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Literature and performing arts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient_works">Ancient works</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rape_of_the_Sabine_women&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Ancient works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The episode of the rape of the Sabine women is recounted by <a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Livy" title="Livy">Livy</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Dionysius_of_Halicarnassus" title="Dionysius of Halicarnassus">Dionysius of Halicarnassus</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The poetry of <a href="/wiki/Ovid" title="Ovid">Ovid</a> also contains several allusions to this episode<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and it is included on the <a href="/wiki/Shield_of_Aeneas" title="Shield of Aeneas">shield of Aeneas</a> in <a href="/wiki/Virgil" title="Virgil">Virgil</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Aeneid" title="Aeneid">Aeneid</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_works">Modern works</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rape_of_the_Sabine_women&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Modern works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Sabine women are mentioned in Canto VI of <a href="/wiki/Dante_Alighieri" title="Dante Alighieri">Dante</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Paradiso_(Dante)" title="Paradiso (Dante)">Paradiso</a></i>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Midrash" title="Midrash">midrash</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Sefer_haYashar_(midrash)" title="Sefer haYashar (midrash)">Sefer haYashar</a></i> (first attested in 1624) portrays the story as part of a war between the <a href="/wiki/Sabines" title="Sabines">Sabines</a>, descended from <a href="/wiki/Tubal" title="Tubal">Tubal</a>, and the Roman <a href="/wiki/Kittim" title="Kittim">Kittim</a> (<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Book_of_Jasher/Chapter_17" class="extiw" title="s:Book of Jasher/Chapter 17">Jasher 17:1–15</a>). A more detailed version of this narrative is found in the earlier mediaeval rabbinic work <i><a href="/wiki/Yosippon" class="mw-redirect" title="Yosippon">Yosippon</a></i>. </p><p>The story was parodied by Lady Carlotta, the mischief-making character in <a href="/wiki/Saki" title="Saki">Saki</a>'s short story "The Schartz-Metterklume Method".<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Vincent_Ben%C3%A9t" title="Stephen Vincent Benét">Stephen Vincent Benét</a> wrote a short story called "The Sobbin' Women" that parodied the legend. Later adapted into the 1954 musical <i><a href="/wiki/Seven_Brides_for_Seven_Brothers_(film)" class="mw-redirect" title="Seven Brides for Seven Brothers (film)">Seven Brides for Seven Brothers</a></i>, it tells the story of seven gauche but sincere backwoodsmen, one of whom gets married, encouraging the others to seek partners. After a social where they meet girls they are attracted to, they are denied the chance to pursue their courtship by the latter's menfolk. Following the Roman example, they abduct the girls. As in the original tale, the women are at first indignant but are eventually won over. </p><p>In 1962, a Mexican "<a href="/wiki/Sword_and_sandal" class="mw-redirect" title="Sword and sandal">sword and sandal</a>" film based on the story was made, directed by <a href="/wiki/Alberto_Gout" title="Alberto Gout">Alberto Gout</a>. Titled <i>El Rapto de las Sabinas,</i> the film was released in the USA under the titles <i><a href="/wiki/The_Rape_of_the_Sabine_Women_(1962_film)" title="The Rape of the Sabine Women (1962 film)">The Rape of the Sabine Women</a></i> and <i>The Shame of the Sabine Women.</i> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Tom_Stoppard" title="Tom Stoppard">Tom Stoppard</a>'s play <i><a href="/wiki/Rosencrantz_and_Guildenstern_Are_Dead" title="Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead">Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead</a></i> (1966) features a group of all-male players offering to put on a performance of <i>The Rape of the Sabine Women</i>, to the disgust of the title characters.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The latest adaptation is a film without dialogue, <a href="/wiki/The_Rape_of_the_Sabine_Women_(2006_film)" title="The Rape of the Sabine Women (2006 film)"><i>The Rape of the Sabine Women</i></a>, which was produced in 2005 by <a href="/wiki/Eve_Sussman" title="Eve Sussman">Eve Sussman</a> and the Rufus Corporation.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The rape of the Sabine women is depicted in <a href="/wiki/Debra_Macleod" title="Debra Macleod">Debra May Macleod</a>’s historical fiction novel <i>Tarpiea</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cultural_context">Cultural context</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rape_of_the_Sabine_women&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Cultural context"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Raptio" title="Raptio">Raptio</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Bride_kidnapping" title="Bride kidnapping">Bride kidnapping</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ca%27_Rezzonico_-_Ratto_delle_Sabine_-_Nicolo_Bambini.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Ca%27_Rezzonico_-_Ratto_delle_Sabine_-_Nicolo_Bambini.jpg/220px-Ca%27_Rezzonico_-_Ratto_delle_Sabine_-_Nicolo_Bambini.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Ca%27_Rezzonico_-_Ratto_delle_Sabine_-_Nicolo_Bambini.jpg/330px-Ca%27_Rezzonico_-_Ratto_delle_Sabine_-_Nicolo_Bambini.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Ca%27_Rezzonico_-_Ratto_delle_Sabine_-_Nicolo_Bambini.jpg/440px-Ca%27_Rezzonico_-_Ratto_delle_Sabine_-_Nicolo_Bambini.jpg 2x" data-file-width="10393" data-file-height="8178" /></a><figcaption>The 18th-century artist <a href="/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Bambini" title="Niccolò Bambini">Niccolò Bambini</a> painted the subject at least twice.</figcaption></figure> <p>Scholars have cited parallels between the rape of the Sabine women, the <a href="/wiki/%C3%86sir%E2%80%93Vanir_War" title="Æsir–Vanir War">Æsir–Vanir War</a> in <a href="/wiki/Norse_mythology" title="Norse mythology">Norse mythology</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Iliad" title="Iliad">Iliad</a> of <a href="/wiki/Greek_mythology" title="Greek mythology">Greek mythology</a>, providing support for a <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Indo-European religion">Proto-Indo-European</a> "war of the <a href="/wiki/Trifunctional_hypothesis" title="Trifunctional hypothesis">functions</a>". Regarding these parallels, <a href="/wiki/J._P._Mallory" title="J. P. Mallory">J. P. Mallory</a> states: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Basically, the parallels concern the presence of first-(magico-juridical) and second-(warrior) function representatives on the victorious side of a war that ultimately subdues and incorporates third function characters, for example, the Sabine women or the Norse Vanir. Indeed, the <i><a href="/wiki/Iliad" title="Iliad">Iliad</a></i> itself has also been examined in a similar light. The ultimate structure of the myth, then, is that the three estates of <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_society" title="Proto-Indo-European society">Proto-Indo-European society</a> were fused only after a war between the first two against the third.<sup id="cite_ref-MALLORY139_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MALLORY139-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Adaptations">Adaptations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rape_of_the_Sabine_women&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Adaptations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Romulus_and_the_Sabines_(1961_film)" title="Romulus and the Sabines (1961 film)">Il ratto delle sabine</a></i> (1961, film)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Rape_of_the_Sabine_Women_(1962_film)" title="The Rape of the Sabine Women (1962 film)"><i>The Rape of the Sabine Women</i> (1962 film)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Seven_Brides_for_Seven_Brothers" title="Seven Brides for Seven Brothers">Seven Brides for Seven Brothers</a></i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rape_of_the_Sabine_women&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amazonomachy" title="Amazonomachy">Amazonomachy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lapiths" title="Lapiths">Lapiths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stockholm_syndrome" title="Stockholm syndrome">Stockholm syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukuthwalwa" title="Ukuthwalwa">Ukuthwalwa</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rape_of_the_Sabine_women&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Crawford, <i>Roman Republican Coinage</i>, pp. 352–356.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFPackman,_Zola_M.1999" class="citation journal cs1">Packman, Zola M. (January 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.co.za/doi/abs/10.10520/EJC100435">"Rape and consequences in the Latin declamations"</a>. <i>Scholia: Studies in Classical Antiquity</i>. <b>8</b>: 34.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scholia%3A+Studies+in+Classical+Antiquity&rft.atitle=Rape+and+consequences+in+the+Latin+declamations&rft.volume=8&rft.pages=34&rft.date=1999-01&rft.au=Packman%2C+Zola+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournals.co.za%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.10520%2FEJC100435&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARape+of+the+Sabine+women" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMathisen2019" class="citation book cs1">Mathisen, Ralph W. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-03-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=artmuseum.princeton.edu&rft.atitle=The+Rape+of+the+Sabines+%28y1967-102%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fartmuseum.princeton.edu%2Fcollections%2Fobjects%2F30337&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARape+of+the+Sabine+women" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jacques-Louis_DAVID_1799-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jacques-Louis_DAVID_1799_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jacques-Louis_DAVID_1799_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJacques-Louis_David1799" class="citation cs2">Jacques-Louis David (1799), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.louvre.fr/en/oeuvre-notices/intervention-sabine-women"><i>The Intervention of the Sabine Women</i></a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-02-11</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Intervention+of+the+Sabine+Women&rft.date=1799&rft.au=Jacques-Louis+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.louvre.fr%2Fen%2Foeuvre-notices%2Fintervention-sabine-women&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARape+of+the+Sabine+women" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.edgar-degas.org/The-Rape-of-the-Sabines.html">"The Rape of the Sabines – Edgar Degas – www.edgar-degas.org"</a>. <i>www.edgar-degas.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-03-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.nortonsimon.org&rft.atitle=The+Rape+of+the+Sabines+%28after+Poussin%29+%E2%80%93+Norton+Simon+Museum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nortonsimon.org%2Fcollections%2Fbrowse_title.php%3Fid%3DF.1983.06.P&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARape+of+the+Sabine+women" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.principisabini.it/glossario/zoom.php?id=23">La tomba del principe sabino – Glossario</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110102053759/http://www.principisabini.it/glossario/zoom.php?id=23">Archived</a> 2011-01-02 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/De_re_publica" title="De re publica">De re publica</a></i> II.7–8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Livy" title="Livy">Livy</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Ab_Urbe_Condita_Libri" class="mw-redirect" title="Ab Urbe Condita Libri">Ab urbe condita</a></i> I.9–13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Dionysius_of_Halicarnassus" title="Dionysius of Halicarnassus">Dionysius of Halicarnassus</a> <i>Roman Antiquities</i> II.30.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Parallel_Lives" title="Parallel Lives">Parallel Lives</a></i>, "Life of Romulus" IX.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ovid, <i><a href="/wiki/Fasti" title="Fasti">Fasti</a></i> III (Kalends of March); <i>Fasti</i> II (February 15); <i><a href="/wiki/Ars_Amatoria" title="Ars Amatoria">Ars Amatoria</a></i> I.4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Virgil. <i>Aeneid. 635.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">H. H. Munro (<a href="/wiki/Saki" title="Saki">Saki</a>), <i><a href="/wiki/Beasts_and_Super-Beasts" title="Beasts and Super-Beasts">Beasts and Super-Beasts</a>: Beasts</i> (1914), available at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/269">Project Gutenberg</a> and at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.readbookonline.net/readOnLine/372/">Read book online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090106102640/http://www.readbookonline.net/readOnLine/372/">Archived</a> 2009-01-06 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.shmoop.com/rosencrantz-and-guildenstern-are-dead/summary.html">"Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead"</a>. <i>Shmoop</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Shmoop&rft.atitle=Rosencrantz+and+Guildenstern+Are+Dead&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.shmoop.com%2Frosencrantz-and-guildenstern-are-dead%2Fsummary.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARape+of+the+Sabine+women" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoberta_Smith2007" class="citation news cs1">Roberta Smith (February 21, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2007/02/21/arts/design/21sabi.html">"The Rape of the Sabine Women: Present at an Empire's Corrupted Birth"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=The+Rape+of+the+Sabine+Women%3A+Present+at+an+Empire%27s+Corrupted+Birth&rft.date=2007-02-21&rft.au=Roberta+Smith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2007%2F02%2F21%2Farts%2Fdesign%2F21sabi.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARape+of+the+Sabine+women" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacleodMacleod2022" class="citation book cs1">Macleod, Debra May; Macleod, Scott (2022-04-11). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B09XTRVDL2?ref_=dbs_m_mng_rwt_calw_tkin_1&storeType=ebooks"><i>Tarpeia: Book Two in The First Vestals of Rome Trilogy</i></a>. Debra May Macleod.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tarpeia%3A+Book+Two+in+The+First+Vestals+of+Rome+Trilogy&rft.pub=Debra+May+Macleod&rft.date=2022-04-11&rft.aulast=Macleod&rft.aufirst=Debra+May&rft.au=Macleod%2C+Scott&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2Fgp%2Fproduct%2FB09XTRVDL2%3Fref_%3Ddbs_m_mng_rwt_calw_tkin_1%26storeType%3Debooks&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARape+of+the+Sabine+women" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MALLORY139-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MALLORY139_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mallory (2005:139).</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rape_of_the_Sabine_women&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient_sources">Ancient sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rape_of_the_Sabine_women&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Ancient sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Livy" title="Livy">Livy</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Ab_urbe_condita_(Livy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ab urbe condita (Livy)">Ab urbe condita</a></i>, <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/la:Ab_Urbe_Condita/liber_I#9" class="extiw" title="s:la:Ab Urbe Condita/liber I"><i>Book 1, 9–13</i></a> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/15px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/23px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/30px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></span> (Latin), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/19725/19725-h/19725-h.htm#a9">Book 1 9–13</a> (English)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_sources">Modern sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rape_of_the_Sabine_women&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Modern sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Crawford_(historian)" title="Michael Crawford (historian)">Michael Crawford</a>, <i>Roman Republican Coinage</i>, Cambridge University Press, 1974–2001.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Friedlaender" class="mw-redirect" title="Walter Friedlaender">Walter Friedlaender</a>, <i>Nicolas Poussin: A New Approach</i> (New York: Abrams), 1964.</li> <li>Mallory, J. P (2005). <i>In Search of the Indo-Europeans</i>. <a href="/wiki/Thames_%26_Hudson" title="Thames & Hudson">Thames & Hudson</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-500-27616-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-500-27616-1">0-500-27616-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Wyndham_Pope-Hennessy" class="mw-redirect" title="John Wyndham Pope-Hennessy">Pope-Hennessy, John</a>, <i>Italian High Renaissance & Baroque Sculpture</i>, London: <a href="/wiki/Phaidon_Press" title="Phaidon Press">Phaidon</a>, 1996.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rape_of_the_Sabine_women&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Rape_of_the_Sabine_Women" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Rape of the Sabine Women">Rape of the Sabine Women</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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