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class="mw-page-title-main">1988 Cannes and Nice attacks</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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<div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Masada_Action_and_Defense_Movement&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Masada Action and Defense Movement">Masada Action and Defense Movement</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Anti-immigrant attack</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above summary" style="font-size:125%;">1988 Cannes and Nice attacks</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">Part of <a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_France" title="Terrorism in France">Terrorism in France</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Alpes-Maritimes-Position.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Alpes-Maritimes-Position.svg/220px-Alpes-Maritimes-Position.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Alpes-Maritimes-Position.svg/330px-Alpes-Maritimes-Position.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Alpes-Maritimes-Position.svg/440px-Alpes-Maritimes-Position.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="507" data-file-height="553" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data location"><a href="/wiki/Cannes" title="Cannes">Cannes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nice" title="Nice">Nice</a>, France</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Date</th><td class="infobox-data">May 9 – December 19, 1988<span style="display:none"> (<span class="dtstart">1988-05-09</span> – <span class="dtend">1988-12-19</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Target</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/French_Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="French Muslim">French Muslim</a> immigrants</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Attack type</div></th><td class="infobox-data">Bombings</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Deaths</th><td class="infobox-data">1</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Injured</th><td class="infobox-data">16</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Perpetrators</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/French_and_European_Nationalist_Party" title="French and European Nationalist Party">French and European Nationalist Party</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Motive</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Islamophobia" title="Islamophobia">Islamophobia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">antisemitism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Anti-immigrant_sentiment" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-immigrant sentiment">anti-immigrant sentiment</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>1988 Cannes and Nice attacks</b> were two bombings carried out by <a href="/wiki/Neo-Nazism" title="Neo-Nazism">neo-Nazis</a> posing as <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jewish</a> extremists, targeting <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sonacotra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sonacotra (page does not exist)">Sonacotra</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adoma" class="extiw" title="fr:Adoma">fr</a>]</span> immigrant <a href="/wiki/Hostel" title="Hostel">hostels</a>. One person was killed and sixteen others were injured. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Attacks">Attacks</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1988_Cannes_and_Nice_attacks&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Attacks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 9 May 1988, a Sonacotra hostel in <a href="/wiki/Cannes" title="Cannes">Cannes</a> that was frequented by North African immigrants was bombed with a <a href="/wiki/Gas_bottle" class="mw-redirect" title="Gas bottle">gas bottle</a>, injuring four people.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-mipt_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mipt-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Humanité_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Humanité-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On December 19 of the same year, two firebombs exploded in a hostel for North African immigrant workers in <a href="/wiki/Cagnes-sur-Mer" title="Cagnes-sur-Mer">Cagnes-sur-Mer</a>, a suburb of <a href="/wiki/Nice" title="Nice">Nice</a>. In the subsequent panic as tenants evacuated, a third bomb exploded near one of the building's exits.<sup id="cite_ref-AFVT_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AFVT-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The attack injured twelve people and killed one.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although police spokesmen reported that most of the residents in the building in Cagnes-sur-Mer were <a href="/wiki/Tunisians_in_France" title="Tunisians in France">Tunisian</a>, the lone fatality was George Iordachescu, a Romanian exile.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Perpetrator">Perpetrator</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1988_Cannes_and_Nice_attacks&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Perpetrator"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In an attempt to frame <a href="/wiki/Jewish" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish">Jewish</a> extremists for the Cagnes-sur-Mer bombing, the terrorists left <a href="/wiki/Islamophobia" title="Islamophobia">anti-Muslim</a> leaflets bearing <a href="/wiki/Star_of_David" title="Star of David">Stars of David</a> and calling themselves the <a href="/wiki/Masada" title="Masada">Masada</a> Action and Defense Movement (<a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: <i lang="fr">Mouvement d'Action et Défense Massada</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-mipt_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mipt-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It also contained the message "To destroy <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>, Islam has chosen the sword. For this choice, Islam will perish."<sup id="cite_ref-NYT_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Zionist" class="mw-redirect" title="Zionist">Zionist</a> moniker turned out to be a <a href="/wiki/False_flag" title="False flag">false flag</a>, and in January 1989, 18 members of the neo-Nazi <a href="/wiki/French_and_European_Nationalist_Party" title="French and European Nationalist Party">French and European Nationalist Party</a> (PFNE) were arrested for the bombings,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which had been intended to provoke tensions between Arabs and <a href="/wiki/Jew" class="mw-redirect" title="Jew">Jews</a> in France.<sup id="cite_ref-mipt_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mipt-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were also suspected of another bombing attack in <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a> against the offices of the <i><a href="/wiki/Le_Globe" title="Le Globe">Le Globe</a></i> newspaper on 31 July 1988.<sup id="cite_ref-Humanité_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Humanité-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Four police officers from the <i>Fédération professionnelle indépendante de la police</i> (FPIP) union, Patrick Reynes, Daniel Lenoir, Philippe Caplain and Daniel Sirizzotti, were also charged with <a href="/wiki/Criminal_conspiracy" title="Criminal conspiracy">criminal conspiracy</a> in 1990. They were also thought to have been members of the PNFE.<sup id="cite_ref-Humanité_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Humanité-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1991, Nicolas Gouge was sentenced to 18 years in prison, and his accomplices Philippe Lombardo, Georges Cassar and Serge Bayoni, were sentenced to 14, 12 and 8 years in prison respectively. The group's leader Gilbert Hervochon, was acquitted from a prison sentence but was sentenced on 15 October to four years in detention for <a href="/wiki/Criminal_conspiracy" title="Criminal conspiracy">criminal conspiracy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-AFVT_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AFVT-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1988_Cannes_and_Nice_attacks&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/False_flag" title="False flag">False Flag</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1988_Cannes_and_Nice_attacks&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-NYT-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NYT_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYT_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYT_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFGreenhouse1988" class="citation news cs1">Greenhouse, Steven (20 December 1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1988/12/20/world/immigrant-hostel-bombed-in-france.html">"Immigrant Hostel Bombed in France"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 October</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Immigrant+Hostel+Bombed+in+France&rft.date=1988-12-20&rft.aulast=Greenhouse&rft.aufirst=Steven&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1988%2F12%2F20%2Fworld%2Fimmigrant-hostel-bombed-in-france.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1988+Cannes+and+Nice+attacks" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mipt-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mipt_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mipt_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mipt_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150403024724/http://www.start.umd.edu/tops/terrorist_organization_profile.asp?id=4125">"Terrorist Organization Profile: Masada, Action and Defense Movement"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/MIPT_Terrorism_Knowledge_Base" title="MIPT Terrorism Knowledge Base">MIPT Terrorism Knowledge Base</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.start.umd.edu/tops/terrorist_organization_profile.asp?id=4125">the original</a> on 3 April 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 March</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MIPT+Terrorism+Knowledge+Base&rft.atitle=Terrorist+Organization+Profile%3A+Masada%2C+Action+and+Defense+Movement&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.start.umd.edu%2Ftops%2Fterrorist_organization_profile.asp%3Fid%3D4125&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1988+Cannes+and+Nice+attacks" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Humanité-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Humanité_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Humanité_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Humanité_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.humanite.fr/-/-/quatre-policiers-revoques">"Quatres Policiers Revoques"</a> [Four Police Officers Dismissed]. <i><a href="/wiki/L%27Humanit%C3%A9" title="L'Humanité">L'Humanité</a></i> (in French). 2 April 1990. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240223014653/https://www.humanite.fr/-/-/quatre-policiers-revoques">Archived</a> from the original on 23 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=L%27Humanit%C3%A9&rft.atitle=Quatres+Policiers+Revoques&rft.date=1990-04-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.humanite.fr%2F-%2F-%2Fquatre-policiers-revoques&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1988+Cannes+and+Nice+attacks" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AFVT-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AFVT_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AFVT_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.afvt.org/12225-2/">"FRANCE – Attentat dans un foyer Sonacotra (Cagnes-sur-Mer)"</a> [FRANCE – Attack in a Sonacotra home (Cagnes-sur-Mer)]. <i>AFVT</i> (in French). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231203214453/https://www.afvt.org/12225-2/">Archived</a> from the original on 3 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AFVT&rft.atitle=FRANCE+%E2%80%93+Attentat+dans+un+foyer+Sonacotra+%28Cagnes-sur-Mer%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.afvt.org%2F12225-2%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1988+Cannes+and+Nice+attacks" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1988-12-20-mn-400-story.html">"Blasts Wreck Immigrant Home in France; 1 Dead"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a></i>. Associated Press. 20 December 1988<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 October</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Blasts+Wreck+Immigrant+Home+in+France%3B+1+Dead&rft.date=1988-12-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Farchives%2Fla-xpm-1988-12-20-mn-400-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1988+Cannes+and+Nice+attacks" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/france-shooting-attacks-idAFL6E8EK6OY20120320">"TIMELINE - Attacks on Jews, Muslims in France since 1980"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a></i>. 20 March 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200217175800/https://www.reuters.com/article/france-shooting-attacks-idAFL6E8EK6OY20120320/">Archived</a> from the original on 17 February 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 October</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=TIMELINE+-+Attacks+on+Jews%2C+Muslims+in+France+since+1980&rft.date=2012-03-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Ffrance-shooting-attacks-idAFL6E8EK6OY20120320&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1988+Cannes+and+Nice+attacks" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFord1991" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Glyn_Ford" title="Glyn Ford">Ford, Glyn</a> (1991). <i>Report Drawn Up on Behalf of the Committee of Inquiry Into Racism and Xenophobia on the Findings of the Committee of Inquiry</i>. <a href="/wiki/Office_for_Official_Publications_of_the_European_Communities" class="mw-redirect" title="Office for Official Publications of the European Communities">Office for Official Publications of the European Communities</a>. pp. 29–30. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789282302804" title="Special:BookSources/9789282302804"><bdi>9789282302804</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Report+Drawn+Up+on+Behalf+of+the+Committee+of+Inquiry+Into+Racism+and+Xenophobia+on+the+Findings+of+the+Committee+of+Inquiry&rft.pages=29-30&rft.pub=Office+for+Official+Publications+of+the+European+Communities&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=9789282302804&rft.aulast=Ford&rft.aufirst=Glyn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1988+Cannes+and+Nice+attacks" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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