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class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Frank Drake</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 42 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-42" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">42 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%83_%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%83" title="فرانك دريك – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فرانك دريك" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Dreyk" title="Frank Dreyk – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Frank Dreyk" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%A9_%D8%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9" title="فرانک دریک – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="فرانک دریک" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AB%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%99%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%A1%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%95" title="ফ্রাঙ্ক ড্রেক – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ফ্রাঙ্ক ড্রেক" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%BD%D0%BA_%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B4_%D0%94%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%B9%D0%BA" title="Фрэнк Дональд Дрэйк – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Фрэнк Дональд Дрэйк" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA_%D0%94%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BA" title="Франк Дрейк – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Франк Дрейк" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Drake" title="Frank Drake – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Frank Drake" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Drake" title="Frank Drake – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Frank Drake" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Drake" title="Frank Drake – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Frank Drake" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Drake" title="Frank Drake – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Frank Drake" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%83_%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%8A%D9%83" title="فرانك درييك – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="فرانك درييك" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Drake" title="Frank Drake – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Frank Drake" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A6%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%BA_%CE%9D%CF%84%CF%81%CE%AD%CE%B9%CE%BA" title="Φρανκ Ντρέικ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Φρανκ Ντρέικ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Drake" title="Frank Drake – English" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Frank Drake" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Drake" title="Frank Drake – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Frank Drake" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Drake" title="Frank Drake – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Frank Drake" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%A9_%D8%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9" title="فرانک دریک – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فرانک دریک" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Drake" title="Frank Drake – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Frank Drake" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%94%84%EB%9E%AD%ED%81%AC_%EB%93%9C%EB%A0%88%EC%9D%B4%ED%81%AC" title="프랭크 드레이크 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="프랭크 드레이크" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Drake" title="Frank Drake – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Frank Drake" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%A0%D7%A7_%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A7" title="פרנק דרייק – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פרנק דרייק" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Drake" title="Frank Drake – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Frank Drake" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Drake" title="Frank Drake – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Frank Drake" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Drake" title="Frank Drake – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Frank Drake" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%83_%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%83" title="فرانك دريك – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="فرانك دريك" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Drake" title="Frank Drake – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Frank Drake" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%82%AF%E3%83%BB%E3%83%89%E3%83%AC%E3%82%A4%E3%82%AF" title="フランク・ドレイク – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="フランク・ドレイク" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Drake" title="Frank Drake – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Frank Drake" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Drake" title="Frank Drake – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Frank Drake" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Drake" title="Frank Drake – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Frank Drake" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Drake" title="Frank Drake – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Frank Drake" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Drake" title="Frank Drake – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Frank Drake" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BA,_%D0%A4%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%BD%D0%BA_%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B4" title="Дрейк, Фрэнк Дональд – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Дрейк, Фрэнк Дональд" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Drake" title="Frank Drake – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Frank Drake" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Drake" title="Frank Drake – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Frank Drake" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Drake" title="Frank Drake – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Frank Drake" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Drake" title="Frank Drake – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Frank Drake" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D" title="பிராங்க் டிரேக் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பிராங்க் டிரேக்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Drake" title="Frank Drake – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Frank Drake" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BA_%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B4_%D0%94%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BA" title="Френк Дональд Дрейк – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Френк Дональд Дрейк" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Drake" title="Frank Drake – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Frank Drake" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E8%98%AD%E5%85%8B%C2%B7%E5%BE%B7%E9%9B%B7%E5%85%8B" title="法蘭克·德雷克 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="法蘭克·德雷克" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q299149#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Change links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" 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class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r9689576">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-header,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-subheader,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-above,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-title,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-image,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-below{text-align:center}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data div{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data div{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn" style="display:inline-block">Frank Drake<br /><a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Philosophy" title="Doctor of Philosophy">PhD</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Frank_Drake_at_Cornell,_October_2017_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Frank_Drake_at_Cornell%2C_October_2017_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Frank_Drake_at_Cornell%2C_October_2017_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="284" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Frank_Drake_at_Cornell%2C_October_2017_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Frank_Drake_at_Cornell%2C_October_2017_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Frank_Drake_at_Cornell%2C_October_2017_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Frank_Drake_at_Cornell%2C_October_2017_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2479" data-file-height="3200" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Frank Drake in 2017</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Frank Donald Drake</div><br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1930-05-28</span>)</span>May 28, 1930<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a>, <a href="/wiki/Illinois" title="Illinois">Illinois</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">U.S.</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">September 2, 2022<span style="display:none">(2022-09-02)</span> (aged 92)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Aptos,_California" title="Aptos, California">Aptos</a>, <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>, U.S.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nationality</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">American</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alma mater</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Cornell_University" title="Cornell University">Cornell University</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/SETI" class="mw-redirect" title="SETI">SETI</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Drake_equation" title="Drake equation">Drake equation</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9689576"><b>Scientific career</b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Fields</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Astronomy" title="Astronomy">Astronomy</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Frank Donald Drake</b> <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Philosophy" title="Doctor of Philosophy">PhD</a> (May 28, 1930 – September 2, 2022) was an American <a href="/wiki/Astronomer" title="Astronomer">astronomer</a> (a <a href="/wiki/Scientist" title="Scientist">scientist</a> who studies the <a href="/wiki/Universe" title="Universe">universe</a> and what is inside it) and <a href="/wiki/Astrophysicist" class="mw-redirect" title="Astrophysicist">astrophysicist</a> (someone who studies the <a href="/wiki/Physics" title="Physics">physics</a> of <a href="/wiki/Astronomy" title="Astronomy">astronomy</a>). He is most famous for joining in the first new <a href="/wiki/SETI" class="mw-redirect" title="SETI">SETI</a> (Search for ExtraTerrestrial Intelligence) experiment in 1960 and for making the <a href="/wiki/Drake_equation" title="Drake equation">Drake equation</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_Life">Early Life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frank_Drake&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Change section: Early Life" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frank_Drake&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Early Life"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Born on the 28th of May 1930 in Chicago to Richard and Winifred Drake. As a young boy in Chicago, Drake loved <a href="/wiki/Electronics" title="Electronics">electronics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chemistry" title="Chemistry">chemistry</a>. He says that he thought of life on other <a href="/wiki/Planets" class="mw-redirect" title="Planets">planets</a> but never talked about the idea with his family or teachers.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He enrolled at <a href="/wiki/Cornell_University" title="Cornell University">Cornell University</a> on a <a href="/w/index.php?title=NROTC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="NROTC (not yet started)">Navy Reserve Officer Training Corps</a> scholarship. Once there, he began studying astronomy. A lecture from astrophysist <a href="/wiki/Otto_Struve" title="Otto Struve">Otto Struve</a> in 1951 strengthen Drake's ideas about the possibility of <a href="/wiki/Extraterrestrial_life" title="Extraterrestrial life">extraterrestrial life</a>. After college, he served briefly as an electronics officer on the <a href="/w/index.php?title=USS_Albany_(CA-123)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="USS Albany (CA-123) (not yet started)">USS Albany</a>. He then went on to graduate school at <a href="/wiki/Harvard" class="mw-redirect" title="Harvard">Harvard</a> in <a href="/wiki/Radio_astronomy" title="Radio astronomy">radio astronomy</a>. </p><p>Drake's hobbies included <a href="/wiki/Lapidary" title="Lapidary">lapidary</a> and orchid cultivation. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Career">Career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frank_Drake&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Change section: Career" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frank_Drake&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Career"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Drake started his career undertaking radio astronomical research at the National Radio Astronomy Observatory (<a href="/w/index.php?title=NRAO&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="NRAO (not yet started)">NRAO</a>) in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Green_Bank,_West_Virginia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Green Bank, West Virginia (not yet started)">Green Bank, West Virginia</a>, and for a short time in 1963 at the <a href="/wiki/Jet_Propulsion_Laboratory" title="Jet Propulsion Laboratory">Jet Propulsion Laboratory</a>. He conducted key measurements which revealed the presence of a <a href="/wiki/Jupiter" title="Jupiter">Jovian</a> <a href="/wiki/Ionosphere" title="Ionosphere">ionosphere</a> and <a href="/wiki/Magnetosphere" title="Magnetosphere">magnetosphere</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1960, he started <a href="/w/index.php?title=Project_Ozma&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Project Ozma (not yet started)">Project Ozma</a>, which searches for extraterrestrial life. Drake is one of the pioneers of the modern field of the search for extraterrestrial intelligence with <a href="/w/index.php?title=Giuseppe_Cocconi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Giuseppe Cocconi (not yet started)">Giuseppe Cocconi</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Philip_Morrison&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Philip Morrison (not yet started)">Philip Morrison</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Iosif_Shklovsky&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iosif Shklovsky (not yet started)">Iosif Shklovsky</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Carl_Sagan" title="Carl Sagan">Carl Sagan</a>. </p><p>Drake joined the Astronomy faculty of Cornell University in 1963. Drake lead the conversion of the <a href="/wiki/Arecibo_Observatory" title="Arecibo Observatory">Arecibo Observatory</a> to a radio astronomical facility. He lead Arecibo's improvements in 1974 and 1996. As a researcher, Drake was involved in the early work on <a href="/wiki/Pulsar" title="Pulsar">pulsars</a>. Drake was a professor at Cornell University and Director of the National Astronomy and Ionosphere Center – the formal name for the Arecibo facility. In 1974 he wrote the <a href="/wiki/Arecibo_message" title="Arecibo message">Arecibo message</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Arecibo_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arecibo-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Drake co-designed the <a href="/wiki/Pioneer_plaque" title="Pioneer plaque">Pioneer plaque</a> with <a href="/wiki/Carl_Sagan" title="Carl Sagan">Carl Sagan</a> in 1972, the first physical message sent into space. The plaque was made to be read by clever <a href="/wiki/Extraterrestrial_life" title="Extraterrestrial life">alien</a> <a href="/wiki/Life" title="Life">life</a> if they find it. He later helped the making of the <a href="/wiki/Voyager_Golden_Record" title="Voyager Golden Record">Voyager Golden Record</a>. He was elected to the <a href="/wiki/American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences" title="American Academy of Arts and Sciences">AAAS</a> in 1974. </p><p>Drake was a member of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_National_Academy_of_Sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="United States National Academy of Sciences">National Academy of Sciences</a> where he chaired the Board of Physics and Astronomy of the National Research Council (1989–92). He also served as President of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Astronomical_Society_of_the_Pacific&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Astronomical Society of the Pacific (not yet started)">Astronomical Society of the Pacific</a>. He was involved in "<a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Carl_Sagan_Center_for_the_Study_of_life_in_the_universe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Carl Sagan Center for the Study of life in the universe (not yet started)">The Carl Sagan Center for the Study of life in the universe</a>". </p><p>He was Emeritus Professor of Astronomy and Astrophysics<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> at the <a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_California,_Santa_Cruz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="University of California, Santa Cruz (not yet started)">University of California, Santa Cruz</a> where he also served as Dean of Natural Sciences (1984–88). He served on the Board of Trustees of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=SETI_Institute&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SETI Institute (not yet started)">SETI Institute</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death">Death</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frank_Drake&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Change section: Death" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frank_Drake&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Death"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Drake died on September 2, 2022 at his home in <a href="/wiki/Aptos,_California" title="Aptos, California">Aptos, California</a> from natural causes at the age of 92.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Honors">Honors</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frank_Drake&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Change section: Honors" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frank_Drake&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Honors"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Drake_Planetarium&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Drake Planetarium (not yet started)">Drake Planetarium</a> at Norwood High School in <a href="/wiki/Norwood,_Ohio" title="Norwood, Ohio">Norwood, Ohio</a> is named for Dr. Drake and linked to NASA. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Related_pages">Related pages</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frank_Drake&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Change section: Related pages" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frank_Drake&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Related pages"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fermi_paradox" title="Fermi paradox">Fermi paradox</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frank_Drake&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Change section: References" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frank_Drake&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: 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.reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r9724332">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111124134511/http://activemind.com/Mysterious/Topics/SETI/biography_drake.html">"Space:SETI-Frank Drake - Biography"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.activemind.com/Mysterious/Topics/seti/biography_drake.html">the original</a> on 2011-11-24<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-11-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Space%3ASETI-Frank+Drake+-+Biography&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.activemind.com%2FMysterious%2FTopics%2Fseti%2Fbiography_drake.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AFrank+Drake" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111124134511/http://activemind.com/Mysterious/Topics/SETI/biography_drake.html">"Space: SETI: Frank Drake Biography"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.activemind.com/Mysterious/Topics/seti/biography_drake.html">the original</a> on November 24, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 17,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Space%3A+SETI%3A+Frank+Drake+Biography&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.activemind.com%2FMysterious%2FTopics%2Fseti%2Fbiography_drake.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AFrank+Drake" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Arecibo-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Arecibo_3-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFDavid1980" class="citation journal cs1">David, Leonard (Summer 1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bigear.org/CSMO/HTML/CS07/cs07p02.htm">"Putting Our Best Signal Forward"</a>. <i>Cosmic Search</i>. <b>2</b> (3): 2–7. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1980CosSe...2....2D">1980CosSe...2....2D</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cosmic+Search&rft.atitle=Putting+Our+Best+Signal+Forward&rft.ssn=summer&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=2-7&rft.date=1980&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1980CosSe...2....2D&rft.aulast=David&rft.aufirst=Leonard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbigear.org%2FCSMO%2FHTML%2FCS07%2Fcs07p02.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AFrank+Drake" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ucolick.org/~board/faculty/drake.html">University of California | Lick observatory www.ucolick.org</a> retrieved 18:29 23.10.2011</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nadiadrake.com/">Frank Donald Drake</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_websites">Other websites</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frank_Drake&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Change section: Other websites" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frank_Drake&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: Other websites"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikiquote-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/13px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/20px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/27px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></a></span> Quotations related to <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Frank_Drake" class="extiw" title="wikiquote:Special:Search/Frank Drake">Frank Drake</a> at Wikiquote </p> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cosmosmagazine.com/features/online/3384/qa-with-frank-drake">"Only a matter of time, says Frank Drake"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100411202244/http://www.cosmosmagazine.com/features/online/3384/qa-with-frank-drake">Archived</a> 2010-04-11 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles nomobile"><style 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data</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/119171007">Germany</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r9671803">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><span title="Drake, Frank D." class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/UFIV121210">Italy</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://uli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007447067805171">Israel</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/n84081625">United States</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00438219">Japan</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" 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