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post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-publikacje"> <div class="post-thumbnail-wrapper"> <img src="https://infoops.pl/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/Okladki-Infografiki-publikacji-1.png" alt=""> </div> <div class="post-meta post-details-meta"> <ul> <li><span class="byline"><i class="far fa-user"></i> <span class="author vcard">IO PL</span></span></li> <li><span class="posted-on"><i class="far fa-calendar-check"></i> <a href="https://infoops.pl/rosyjska-propaganda-w-libanie/" rel="bookmark"><time class="entry-date published" datetime="2024-05-19T17:17:48+00:00">19 maja, 2024</time><time class="updated" datetime="2024-05-19T17:17:49+00:00">19 maja, 2024</time></a></span></li> <li><span class="cat-links"><i class="far fa-folder"></i><a href="https://infoops.pl/category/publikacje/" rel="category tag">Publicystyka</a></span></li> </ul> </div> <div class="entry-content"> <h3 class="post-title single-blog-post-title">Rosyjska propaganda w Libanie</h3></p> <p><strong>Projekt SWA</strong> (Southwest Asia, Azja Południowo-Zachodnia) obejmuje ocenę infosfery pod kątem ingerencji rosyjskiej w wybranych krajach regionu. </p> <p><strong>BRIEF</strong> po badaniu terenowym w okresie: 1 kwartał 2024 roku. Oddziaływanie operacji informacyjno – psychologicznych Federacji Rosyjskiej w środowisku informacyjnym Libanu. Część I.</p> <p><strong>Kraj: Liban</strong></p> <p>Kluczowym instrumentem rosyjskiej propagandy w Libanie jest Sputnik Arabic. Oddziałuje on w szczególności na szyicką część libańskiego społeczeństwa. Rosyjska narracja skierowana do Libańczyków nie różni się przy tym od przekazu kierowanego do innych społeczeństw arabskich, a Liban nie jest kluczowym państwem z rosyjskiej perspektywy. </p> <p>W swej propagandzie Rosja w szczególności wykorzystuje obecnie dwie kwestie. Po pierwsze chodzi o konflikt palestyński, w którym Rosja stara się przedstawiać Zachód jako odpowiedzialny za „ludobójstwo Palestyńczyków” i jakoby jednoznacznie stojący po stronie Izraela. Po drugie chodzi o stosunek państw Zachodu do wydarzeń jakie miały miejsce w czasie wojny w Syrii, zwłaszcza w latach 2015-2016, tj. gdy rozpoczęła się rosyjska interwencja w tym kraju. Jednostronny przekaz nt. tego konfliktu w mediach zachodnich doprowadził do alienacji znacznej części bliskowschodnich chrześcijan i sprzyja rosyjskim fałszywym oskarżeniom o wspieranie przez Zachód dzihadystów, co jest jednym z głównych wektorów narracji rosyjskiej rezonowanej przez media bliskie Hezbollahowi oraz niektóre środowiska chrześcijańskie. Wsparcie zachodniej opinii publicznej dla wszystkich sił walczących z Assadem i nazywanie ich „umiarkowanymi rebeliantami”, nawet jeśli chodziło o dżihadystów terroryzujących chrześcijan, pozwoliło Rosji na budowę propagandowo swojego wizerunku jako jedynej siły broniącej chrześcijan i innych grup prześladowanych przez dzihadystów (w tym szyitów), co jest obecnie wykorzystywane do narracji antyzachodniej.</p> <p>Tworzenie negatywnego obrazu Zachodu ma kluczowe znaczenie dla kształtowania percepcji wojny w Ukrainie. Warto przy tym zaznaczyć, że u większości Libańczyków wojna w Ukrainie nie wzbudza większych emocji, gdyż ich własny kraj ma dostatecznie dużo problemów. Antyzachodnia propaganda wpłynęła na to, że wojna ta jest przez znaczną część społeczeństwa uznawana za efekt agresywnej polityki NATO, a informacje o rosyjskich zbrodniach są bagatelizowane i podważana jest ich wiarygodność. W szczególności postawa Zachodu (czy też bardziej mniemanie o tym jaka ona jest) wobec wojny w Gazie oraz masakr dokonywanych przez dżihadystów w Syrii na chrześcijanach, szyitach i innych mniejszościach religijnych, powoduje, że Libańczycy podatni są na oskarżanie Zachodu o hipokryzję. Warto dodać, że syryjscy uchodźcy mieszkający w Libanie nie wykazują prozachodnich postaw i również są skłonni przyjmować korzystną dla Rosji wersję wydarzeń w Ukrainie. Wynika to z kilku przyczyn. </p> <p>Po pierwsze ich własne poczucie krzywdy powoduje, że oskarżają oni Zachód, że bardziej przejmuje się Ukrainą niż nimi ze względu na rasizm i islamofobię, co zresztą korelujez rosyjską narracją o „islamofobicznym” i „rasistowskim” Zachodzie. Nakłada się na to również przekonanie, że Zachód powinien być równie otwarty na syryjskich uchodźców jak jest na ukraińskich. Tu również wyjaśniane jest to rzekomą islamofobią i rasizmem. Po drugie Syryjczycy jako Arabowie i sunnici są szczególnie skłonni do wspierania sprawy palestyńskiej i pozytywnej percepcji Hamasu.</p> <p>Negatywna percepcja Rosji i jej agresji na Ukrainę występuje przede wszystkim w środowiskach związanych z ruchem protestów z 2019 r. oraz sił chrześcijańskich skonfliktowanych z Hezbollahem tj. w szczególności Sił Libańskich Samira Dżadży oraz Falangi (Kataib) związanej z rodziną Dżumajil. Dla niektórych aktywistów istnieje paralela między ukraińskim Majdanem a libańskimi protestami z 2019 r., korupcją w Ukrainie przed 2014 r. i skorumpowanymi elitami libańskim, a także siłami kolaborującymi z Rosją w Ukrainie i Hezbollahem jako sojusznikiem Rosji w Libanie. Bardzo mocno podkreśla to np. Zijad el-Sayegh z Civic Influence Hub, jednej z najważniejszych organizacji promujących społeczeństwo obywatelskie w Libanie. Hezbollah (oraz stojący za nim Iran) jest w tych środowiskach postrzegany jako główna siła blokująca reformy w Libanie, a zatem pośrednio obwiniana jest również Rosja jako podmiot wspierający siły destrukcyjne czy to w Ukrainie czy na Bliskim Wschodzie. Warto jednak dodać, że w środowiskach odrzucających pozytywną percepcję protestów z 2019 r. i uznających je za sztucznie wywołane (np. zwolennicy Wolnego Ruchu Patriotycznego b. prezydenta Michela Aouna i jego zięcia Dżebrana Bassila), występuje negatywna percepcja ukraińskiego Majdanu jako „kolorowej rewolucji”, którą miałaby być również tzw. „saura” czyli „rewolucja” libańska z 2019 r. Według tej narracji za wszystkim stoi G. Soros i obce służby. </p> <p>Rosyjska narracja ma wiele słabych stron jednakże nie są one wykorzystywane, gdyż brak jest aktywnej kontr narracji. W szczególności skuteczność rosyjskiej narracji wśród zwolenników Hezbollahu i Iranu nie jest kontrowana narracją o tym, że Rosja, która kontroluje syryjską obronę przeciwlotnicza, nie włącza jej gdy Izrael dokonuje ataków na pozycje Iranu oraz Hezbollahu w Syrii. Rzekome wsparcie Rosji dla sprawy palestyńskiej i jej oskarżenia pod adresem Zachodu w tym kontekście nie są kontrowane wskazywaniem podwójnego obywatelstwa (rosyjsko-izraelskiego) wielu prokremlowskich oligarchów i brakiem konkretnych działań pomocowych dla Palestyńczyków ze strony Rosji. 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