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href="#bodyContent">Мазмұнға өту</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Сайт"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Басты мәзір" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Басты мәзір</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Басты мәзір</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">бүйірлік тақтаға жылжыту</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">жасыру</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Шарлау </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8B_%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Басты бетті көру [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Басты бет</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F:%D2%9A%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%8B%D0%BC_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B" title="Жоба туралы, мұнда немен айналысуға болатыны туралы, қай жерде не бары туралы"><span>Қауымдастық порталы</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%8B:%D0%96%D1%83%D1%8B%D2%9B%D1%82%D0%B0%D2%93%D1%8B_%D3%A9%D0%B7%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Осы уикидегі жуықтағы өзгерістер тізімі. [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Жуықтағы өзгерістер</span></a></li><li id="n-newpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%8B:%D0%96%D0%B0%D2%A3%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Соңғы бір айдағы басталған беттер тізімі, есім кеңістігі бойынша сүзгілеп көре аласыз."><span>Жаңа беттер</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%8B:%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BE%D2%9B" title="Кездейсоқ бет жүктеу [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Кездейсоқ бет</span></a></li><li id="n-videolesson" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F:%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BE_%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D2%9B%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Уикипедияны үйренуге қатысты YouTube-тағы видео сабақтар"><span>Видео сабақтар</span></a></li><li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F:%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%8B%D2%9B%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Анықтама табу орны."><span>Анықтама</span></a></li><li id="n-forum" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F:%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Уикипедия қатысушыларының форумы."><span>Форум</span></a></li><li id="n-general-discussion" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F:%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D2%9B%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%83_%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B3%D1%96" title="Flow жұмыс легінде жұмыс істейтін Уикипедияның негізгі талқылау беті [4]" accesskey="4"><span>Талқылау легі</span></a></li><li id="n-telegram" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F:Telegram" title="Қазақша Уикипедияға қатысты ең маңызды жаңалықтар мен мақалалар"><span>Телеграм арна</span></a></li><li id="n-bug_in_article" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F:%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BC/%D2%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80_%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B_%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%83" title="Бұл беттегі қатені хабарлау"><span>Қателер туралы хабарлау</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8B_%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%82" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Уикипедия" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-kk.svg" style="width: 7.4375em; 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[o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Кіру</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Басқа баптаулар" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Жеке құралдар" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Жеке құралдар</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="Қатысушы мәзірі" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_kk.wikipedia.org&uselang=kk"><span>Демеу беру</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%8B:%D0%96%D0%B0%D2%A3%D0%B0_%D1%82%D1%96%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B3%D1%96&returnto=%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8B%D2%A3+%D0%B1%D1%96%D1%80%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%88%D1%96+%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Біз сізге есептік жазба бастауды және кіруді ұсынамыз,ол міндетті емес."><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Тіркелу</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%8B:%D2%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%83%D1%88%D1%8B_%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%80%D1%83%D1%96&returnto=%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8B%D2%A3+%D0%B1%D1%96%D1%80%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%88%D1%96+%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Кіруіңізді ұсынамыз, ол міндетті емес. 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class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Сайт"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Мазмұны" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Мазмұны</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">бүйірлік тақтаға жылжыту</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button 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<input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Мазмұнды көрсету/жасыру" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Мазмұнды көрсету/жасыру</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Термодинамиканың бірінші бастамасы</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Басқа тілдегі мақалаға өту. 64 тілде қолжетімді" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-64" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">64 тіл</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eerste_wet_van_termodinamika" title="Eerste wet van termodinamika – африкаанс тілі" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Eerste wet van termodinamika" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="африкаанс тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%88%D9%84_%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%83%D8%A7_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="القانون الأول للديناميكا الحرارية – араб тілі" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="القانون الأول للديناميكا الحرارية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="араб тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primer_principiu_de_la_termodin%C3%A1mica" title="Primer principiu de la termodinámica – астурия тілі" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Primer principiu de la termodinámica" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="астурия тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termodinamikan%C4%B1n_birinci_qanunu" title="Termodinamikanın birinci qanunu – әзірбайжан тілі" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Termodinamikanın birinci qanunu" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="әзірбайжан тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%88%D1%8B_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BA_%D1%82%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%96" title="Першы пачатак тэрмадынамікі – беларусь тілі" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Першы пачатак тэрмадынамікі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="беларусь тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%8A%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B8_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Първи закон на термодинамиката – болгар тілі" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Първи закон на термодинамиката" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="болгар тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%AE_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0" title="তাপগতিবিদ্যার প্রথম সূত্র – бенгал тілі" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="তাপগতিবিদ্যার প্রথম সূত্র" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="бенгал тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prvi_zakon_termodinamike" title="Prvi zakon termodinamike – босния тілі" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Prvi zakon termodinamike" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="босния тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primer_principi_de_la_termodin%C3%A0mica" title="Primer principi de la termodinàmica – каталан тілі" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Primer principi de la termodinàmica" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="каталан тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A7%DB%8C_%DB%8C%DB%95%DA%A9%DB%95%D9%85%DB%8C_%D8%AA%DB%8E%D8%B1%D9%85%DB%86%D8%AF%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C%DA%A9" title="یاسای یەکەمی تێرمۆداینامیک – сорани тілі" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="یاسای یەکەمی تێرمۆداینامیک" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="сорани тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prvn%C3%AD_termodynamick%C3%BD_z%C3%A1kon" title="První termodynamický zákon – чех тілі" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="První termodynamický zákon" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="чех тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%C4%83%D0%BD_%D0%BF%C4%95%D1%80%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%C4%95%D1%88_%D0%BF%D1%83%C3%A7%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC%C4%83%D1%88%C4%95" title="Термодинамикăн пĕрремĕш пуçламăшĕ – чуваш тілі" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Термодинамикăн пĕрремĕш пуçламăшĕ" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="чуваш тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termodynamikkens_1._lov" title="Termodynamikkens 1. lov – дат тілі" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Termodynamikkens 1. lov" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="дат тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermodynamik#Erster_Hauptsatz" title="Thermodynamik – неміс тілі" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Thermodynamik" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="неміс тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CF%81%CF%8E%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%B8%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%BC%CE%BF%CE%B4%CF%85%CE%BD%CE%B1%CE%BC%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C%CF%82_%CE%BD%CF%8C%CE%BC%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Πρώτος θερμοδυναμικός νόμος – грек тілі" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πρώτος θερμοδυναμικός νόμος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="грек тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_law_of_thermodynamics" title="First law of thermodynamics – ағылшын тілі" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="First law of thermodynamics" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="ағылшын тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unua_le%C4%9Do_de_termodinamiko" title="Unua leĝo de termodinamiko – эсперанто тілі" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Unua leĝo de termodinamiko" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="эсперанто тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primer_principio_de_la_termodin%C3%A1mica" title="Primer principio de la termodinámica – испан тілі" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Primer principio de la termodinámica" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="испан тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termod%C3%BCnaamika_esimene_seadus" title="Termodünaamika esimene seadus – эстон тілі" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Termodünaamika esimene seadus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="эстон тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termodinamikaren_lehenengo_legea" title="Termodinamikaren lehenengo legea – баск тілі" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Termodinamikaren lehenengo legea" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="баск тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%84_%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%88%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C%DA%A9" title="قانون اول ترمودینامیک – парсы тілі" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="قانون اول ترمودینامیک" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="парсы тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termodynamiikan_ensimm%C3%A4inen_p%C3%A4%C3%A4s%C3%A4%C3%A4nt%C3%B6" title="Termodynamiikan ensimmäinen pääsääntö – фин тілі" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Termodynamiikan ensimmäinen pääsääntö" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="фин тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premier_principe_de_la_thermodynamique" title="Premier principe de la thermodynamique – француз тілі" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Premier principe de la thermodynamique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="француз тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primeira_lei_da_termodin%C3%A1mica" title="Primeira lei da termodinámica – галисия тілі" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Primeira lei da termodinámica" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="галисия тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%97%D7%95%D7%A7_%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%A9%D7%9C_%D7%94%D7%AA%D7%A8%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%93%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%94" title="החוק הראשון של התרמודינמיקה – иврит тілі" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="החוק הראשון של התרמודינמיקה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="иврит тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8A%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="ऊष्मागतिकी का प्रथम नियम – хинди тілі" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="ऊष्मागतिकी का प्रथम नियम" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="хинди тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prvi_zakon_termodinamike" title="Prvi zakon termodinamike – хорват тілі" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Prvi zakon termodinamike" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="хорват тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premye_lwa_t%C3%A8modinamik" title="Premye lwa tèmodinamik – гаити тілі" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Premye lwa tèmodinamik" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="гаити тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_termodinamika_els%C5%91_f%C5%91t%C3%A9tele" title="A termodinamika első főtétele – венгр тілі" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="A termodinamika első főtétele" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="венгр тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B9%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%B4%D5%B8%D5%A4%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%AB%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB_%D5%A1%D5%BC%D5%A1%D5%BB%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D6%85%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%B6%D6%84" title="Թերմոդինամիկայի առաջին օրենք – армян тілі" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Թերմոդինամիկայի առաջին օրենք" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="армян тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hukum_pertama_termodinamika" title="Hukum pertama termodinamika – индонезия тілі" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Hukum pertama termodinamika" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="индонезия тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primo_principio_della_termodinamica" title="Primo principio della termodinamica – итальян тілі" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Primo principio della termodinamica" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="итальян тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%86%B1%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%A6%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E6%B3%95%E5%89%87" title="熱力学第一法則 – жапон тілі" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="熱力学第一法則" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="жапон тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%97%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%9E%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="თერმოდინამიკის პირველი კანონი – грузин тілі" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="თერმოდინამიკის პირველი კანონი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="грузин тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%97%B4%EC%97%AD%ED%95%99_%EC%A0%9C1%EB%B2%95%EC%B9%99" title="열역학 제1법칙 – корей тілі" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="열역학 제1법칙" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="корей тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pirmais_termodinamikas_likums" title="Pirmais termodinamikas likums – латыш тілі" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Pirmais termodinamikas likums" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="латыш тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B2_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Прв закон на термодинамиката – македон тілі" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Прв закон на термодинамиката" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="македон тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8A%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="ऊर्जेच्या अक्षय्यतेचा पहिला नियम – маратхи тілі" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="ऊर्जेच्या अक्षय्यतेचा पहिला नियम" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="маратхи тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hukum_termodinamik_pertama" title="Hukum termodinamik pertama – малай тілі" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Hukum termodinamik pertama" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="малай тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eerste_wet_van_de_thermodynamica" title="Eerste wet van de thermodynamica – нидерланд тілі" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Eerste wet van de thermodynamica" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="нидерланд тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_f%C3%B8rste_termodynamikklova" title="Den første termodynamikklova – норвегиялық нюнорск тілі" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Den første termodynamikklova" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="норвегиялық нюнорск тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termodynamikkens_f%C3%B8rste_hovedsetning" title="Termodynamikkens første hovedsetning – норвегиялық букмол тілі" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Termodynamikkens første hovedsetning" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="норвегиялық букмол тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premier_principi_de_la_termodinamica" title="Premier principi de la termodinamica – окситан тілі" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Premier principi de la termodinamica" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="окситан тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierwsza_zasada_termodynamiki" title="Pierwsza zasada termodynamiki – поляк тілі" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Pierwsza zasada termodynamiki" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="поляк тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primeira_lei_da_termodin%C3%A2mica" title="Primeira lei da termodinâmica – португал тілі" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Primeira lei da termodinâmica" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="португал тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principiul_%C3%AEnt%C3%A2i_al_termodinamicii" title="Principiul întâi al termodinamicii – румын тілі" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Principiul întâi al termodinamicii" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="румын тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE_%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Первое начало термодинамики – орыс тілі" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Первое начало термодинамики" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="орыс тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_law_o_thermodynamics" title="First law o thermodynamics – шотланд тілі" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="First law o thermodynamics" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="шотланд тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prvi_zakon_termodinamike" title="Prvi zakon termodinamike – серб-хорват тілі" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Prvi zakon termodinamike" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="серб-хорват тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%B4_%E0%B6%9C%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%92_%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%9A_%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%85%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%94_%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA%E0%B6%B8%E0%B6%BA" title="තාප ගති විද්‍යාවේ පළමු නියමය – сингал тілі" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="තාප ගති විද්‍යාවේ පළමු නියමය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="сингал тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_law_of_thermodynamics" title="First law of thermodynamics – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="First law of thermodynamics" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prv%C3%A1_termodynamick%C3%A1_veta" title="Prvá termodynamická veta – словак тілі" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Prvá termodynamická veta" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="словак тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prvi_zakon_termodinamike" title="Prvi zakon termodinamike – словен тілі" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Prvi zakon termodinamike" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="словен тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BF_%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B5" title="Први принцип термодинамике – серб тілі" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Први принцип термодинамике" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="серб тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA_%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF" title="முதலாவது வெப்ப இயக்கவியல் விதி – тамил тілі" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="முதலாவது வெப்ப இயக்கவியல் விதி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="тамил тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%8E%E0%B8%82%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B6%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C" title="กฎข้อที่หนึ่งของอุณหพลศาสตร์ – тай тілі" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="กฎข้อที่หนึ่งของอุณหพลศาสตร์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="тай тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Перший закон термодинаміки – украин тілі" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Перший закон термодинаміки" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="украин тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%AD%D8%B1%DA%A9%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AA_%DA%A9%D8%A7_%D9%BE%DB%81%D9%84%D8%A7_%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D9%86" title="حرحرکیات کا پہلا قانون – урду тілі" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="حرحرکیات کا پہلا قانون" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="урду тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termodinamikaning_birinchi_qonuni" title="Termodinamikaning birinchi qonuni – өзбек тілі" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Termodinamikaning birinchi qonuni" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="өзбек тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primo_prinsipio_de_%C5%82a_termodin%C3%A0mica" title="Primo prinsipio de ła termodinàmica – венеция тілі" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Primo prinsipio de ła termodinàmica" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="венеция тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nguy%C3%AAn_l%C3%BD_th%E1%BB%A9_nh%E1%BA%A5t_c%E1%BB%A7a_nhi%E1%BB%87t_%C4%91%E1%BB%99ng_l%E1%BB%B1c_h%E1%BB%8Dc" title="Nguyên lý thứ nhất của nhiệt động lực học – вьетнам тілі" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Nguyên lý thứ nhất của nhiệt động lực học" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="вьетнам тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%83%AD%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%A6%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E5%AE%9A%E5%BE%8B" title="热力学第一定律 – қытай тілі (У)" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="热力学第一定律" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="қытай тілі (У)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%83%AD%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%A6%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E5%AE%9A%E5%BE%8B" title="热力学第一定律 – қытай тілі" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="热力学第一定律" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="қытай тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li 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мәлімет</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="kk" dir="ltr"><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82:Thermodynamics_navigation.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Thermodynamics_navigation.svg/150px-Thermodynamics_navigation.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Thermodynamics_navigation.svg/225px-Thermodynamics_navigation.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Thermodynamics_navigation.svg/300px-Thermodynamics_navigation.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="744" data-file-height="1052" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Термодинамиканың бірінші бастамасы </b>— <a href="/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%9B_%D0%B6%D2%AF%D0%B9%D0%B5" title="Термодинамикалық жүйе">термодинамикалық жүйелер</a> үшін керек <a href="/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%8B%D2%A3_%D1%81%D0%B0%D2%9B%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%83_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D2%A3%D1%8B" title="Энергияның сақталу заңы">энергияның сақталу заңы</a>; бұл заң бойынша жүйеге берілетін жылу оның ішкі <a href="/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Энергия">энергиясын</a> өзгертуге және жүйенің сыртқы күштерге қарсы жұмысына жұмсалады.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Дене күйінің барлық энергиясы</b> - микроскопиялық қозғалысының толық түріндегі сыртқы <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%9B_%D1%8D%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Кинетикалық энергия">кинетикалық энергиясы</a> Е<sub>к</sub> және салмақ күші өрісі, электрлі немесе магнит өрісі жағдайындағы <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B4%D1%8B%D2%9B_%D1%8D%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Потенциалдық энергия">потенциалды энергия</a> Е<sub>n</sub>, сонымен қатар, дене бөлшектерінің құрамдық әрекеттері мен қозғалу энергиясын жасаушы ішкі энергия U қосындыларынан тұрады: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle ~E={E_{k}}+{E_{n}}+{U}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mtext> </mtext> <mi>E</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msub> <mi>E</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>k</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> <mo>+</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msub> <mi>E</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>n</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> <mo>+</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>U</mi> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle ~E={E_{k}}+{E_{n}}+{U}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/b14374f1ae055d93fd67a80eb28b8ebd6df017af" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:18.656ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle ~E={E_{k}}+{E_{n}}+{U}}"></span></dd></dl> <p>Қаралып отырған жылу динамикалық жүйе шамаланса, онда дененің орталық салмақтық алмасу жылдамдығы өте аз (С=0), яғни қозғалыссыз жұмыстық дене көлемінің өзгеруі туралы сөз болады, сондықтан Е<sub>к</sub>=0. Айталық, Е<sub>р</sub>=0 сонымен, бұл жерде толық энергия ішкімен бірдей (E=U), ал жүйе энергиясының өзгеруі - жұмыстық дененің, <a href="/wiki/%D0%86%D1%88%D0%BA%D1%96_%D1%8D%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Ішкі энергия">ішкі энергиясының</a> өзгеруіне келтіреді.<br /><a href="/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8B%D2%A3_%D0%B1%D1%96%D1%80%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%88%D1%96_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D2%A3%D1%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="Термодинамиканың бірінші заңы">Жылу динамикасының бірінші заңына сәйкес</a>, жұмыстық дененің энергиясы кезінде, қабылданған жағдайға тиісті кезіндегі жүйенің өтуі 1 бастапқы күйінен 2 соңғы мәндеріне артуы, денеге берілген <a href="/wiki/%D0%96%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%9B" title="Жылулық">жылулық</a> dQ және мәніне келуі dL істелінген жүйе <a href="/wiki/%D0%96%D2%B1%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%81" class="mw-disambig" title="Жұмыс">жұмысына</a> тең: dU=dQ-dL немесе әдетте былай жазу қабылданған -<br /> </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle ~Q=dU+dL}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mtext> </mtext> <mi>Q</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mi>d</mi> <mi>U</mi> <mo>+</mo> <mi>d</mi> <mi>L</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle ~Q=dU+dL}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/5ff695d40b88f1773e17d5e79e3cfa49311d59d9" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:14.155ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle ~Q=dU+dL}"></span></dd></dl> <p>Сыртқы ортамен әрекеттестігі жоқ болғандағы кезінде (dQ=0 және dL=0), формуладағы dU=0, яғни жүйе энергиясы өзгеріссіз сақталады. Жүйелер қатынасының жекеленген жылулығы үшін, ондағы dQ=0 екені белгілі.<br /> <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle ~dU+dL=0}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mtext> </mtext> <mi>d</mi> <mi>U</mi> <mo>+</mo> <mi>d</mi> <mi>L</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>0</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle ~dU+dL=0}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/649de0eef8918172d8fc154012ca57cb38e7fc70" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:13.479ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle ~dU+dL=0}"></span><br /> Теңдеу жұмыстық дененің еркінше алынған санды массасы m арналып жазылған, ал меншікті мәндері үшін былай жазылады:<br /> </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle ~dq=du+dl}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mtext> </mtext> <mi>d</mi> <mi>q</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mi>d</mi> <mi>u</mi> <mo>+</mo> <mi>d</mi> <mi>l</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle ~dq=du+dl}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/94e5b2857095dfe5ca4d03ee28ac7c67dce1c8f8" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:13.26ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle ~dq=du+dl}"></span></dd></dl> <p>мұндағы <i>q</i> - меншікті жылулық саны; <i>l</i> - меншікті жұмыс; <i>u</i> - меншікті ішкі энергия, <i>q, u, l</i> бірлік өлшемі Дж/кг. </p><p>Бұл теңдеу үшін, жылу динамикасының бірінші заңының талдаушы тұжырымдалуын көрсетеді, осыған сәйкес жүйеге жеткізілген жылу, жүйелердің ішкі энергиясына жұмсалады және жұмыстың атқарылуына қарсы денеге түскен <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%8B%D1%80%D1%82%D2%9B%D1%8B_%D0%BA%D2%AF%D1%88" title="Сыртқы күш">сыртқы күш</a>. Олар, қайтымдыға да және сыртқы қайтымсыз процесстер үшін де әділетті. Себебі, қабылданған жағдайдағы жылу алмасуы кезінде, дене мен орта арасының соңғы температура айырмашылығы кезінде, қайтымсыз жылуалмасуына сәйкес келеді. </p><p><a href="/wiki/%D2%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%88%D0%B0%D2%93%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Қоршаған орта">Қоршаған ортаның</a> жұмыс жүйесін қарастыралық, сыртқы күштердің әрекетінен дене көлемінің өзгеруі жүреді. <a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Механика">Механиканың</a> жалпы ережесі бойынша, бұл жұмыс денеге түскен күш көбейтіндісімен, оның жылжуын анықтайды. Егер күш, бет ауданының элементіне әрекет етсе, ол элемент, қысым болады, ал осы элементтің ауданының көбейтіндісінің жылжуы, нормалы бағытпен бетке жатып, сол элементтің беттік көлемі болса, онда элементарлы жұмыс, қоршаған орта жүйесімен жасалу кезіндегі, дене <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D3%A9%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Көлем">көлемінің</a> шексіз аз өзгеруінің көбейтіндісі ретінде анықталады: </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82:%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%BA%D3%A9%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%96%D2%A3_%D3%A9%D0%B7%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%83_%D0%B6%D2%B1%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%8B.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/kk/3/35/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%BA%D3%A9%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%96%D2%A3_%D3%A9%D0%B7%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%83_%D0%B6%D2%B1%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%8B.jpg" decoding="async" width="176" height="151" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="176" data-file-height="151" /></a><figcaption>Дене көлемінің өзгеру жұмысы</figcaption></figure> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle ~dL=pdV}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mtext> </mtext> <mi>d</mi> <mi>L</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mi>p</mi> <mi>d</mi> <mi>V</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle ~dL=pdV}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/3c86780c79ccb88b47337dc0b90d16790cc587df" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:10.65ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle ~dL=pdV}"></span></dd></dl> <p>V<sub>1</sub> ден V<sub>2</sub> дейінгі көлемнің соңғы өзгеруі кезінде: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle ~{L_{1-2}}=\int \limits _{V_{2}}^{V_{1}}p\mathrm {d} v.}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mtext> </mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msub> <mi>L</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> <mo>−</mo> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <munderover> <mo>∫</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msub> <mi>V</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msub> <mi>V</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </munderover> <mi>p</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi> </mrow> <mi>v</mi> <mo>.</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle ~{L_{1-2}}=\int \limits _{V_{2}}^{V_{1}}p\mathrm {d} v.}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/b0e62abf21764543da4290392b18c8a7b302dafe" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -4.338ex; width:15.618ex; height:9.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle ~{L_{1-2}}=\int \limits _{V_{2}}^{V_{1}}p\mathrm {d} v.}"></span></dd></dl> <p>мұндағы V - көлем, м<sup>3</sup>. </p><p>Газ жағдайының өзгеру процессін зерттеуде, графикалық әдістер (кеңінен пайдаланады) негізінің PV - диаграммасы деп, аталуын кеңінен қолданады. </p><p>Дене көлемінің, жұмыстан өзгеруін анықтау жағдайында абцисс өсі бойынша, V шамаларын қояды. Мұндай бейнелерді қолдану, әдетте піспекті <a href="/wiki/%D2%9A%D0%BE%D0%B7%D2%93%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%82%D2%9B%D1%8B%D1%88" title="Қозғалтқыш">қозғалтқыштардың</a> процессін зерттеу кезінде қолданады, мұндағы цилиндр ішіндегі дене көлемінің, піспек жолының жүріп өтуіне, пропорционалды болады.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Дереккөздер"><span id=".D0.94.D0.B5.D1.80.D0.B5.D0.BA.D0.BA.D3.A9.D0.B7.D0.B4.D0.B5.D1.80"></span>Дереккөздер</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8B%D2%A3_%D0%B1%D1%96%D1%80%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%88%D1%96_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8B&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Бөлімді өңдеу: Дереккөздер" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>өңдеу</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8B%D2%A3_%D0%B1%D1%96%D1%80%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%88%D1%96_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8B&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Дереккөздер"><span>қайнарын өңдеу</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Қазақ тілі терминдерінің салалық ғылыми түсіндірме сөздігі: Химия. <a href="/wiki/%D0%9D%D2%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B9" title="Нұрахметов Немеребай">Н.Нұрахметов</a>, А.Ниязбаева, Р.Рысқалиева, Н.Далабаева. — Алматы: "Мектеп" баспасы, 2007. — 336 бет. <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%8B:%D0%9A%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BF_%D2%9B%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B/9965364168" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 9965-36-416-8</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Кабашев Р.А. ж. б. Жылу техникасы: Оқулық/ Р.А. Кабашев, А.К. Қадырбаев, A.M. Кекилбаев. -Алматы: «Бастау» баспаханасы, 2008. - 425 б. <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%8B:%D0%9A%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BF_%D2%9B%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B/9965814309" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 9965-814-30-9</a></span> </li> </ol> <table class="navbox" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:2px"><table class="nowraplinks collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><span style="float:left;text-align:left;width:5em;margin-right:0.5em"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%D2%AE%D0%BB%D0%B3%D1%96:%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Бұл үлгіні қарау"><img alt="Бұл үлгіні қарау" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Magnifying_glass_icon.svg/14px-Magnifying_glass_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" 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href="/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Термодинамика">Термодинамика</a></div></th></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td colspan="2"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Термодинамика бөлімдері</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Термодинамика бастамасы (мұндай бет жоқ)">Термодинамика бастамасы</a>  • <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D2%AF%D0%B9_%D1%82%D0%B5%D2%A3%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%83%D1%96" title="Күй теңдеуі">Күй теңдеуі</a>  • <a 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colspan="2"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Термодинамика бастамасы (мұндай бет жоқ)">Термодинамика бастамасы</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8B%D2%A3_%D0%BD%D3%A9%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%88%D1%96_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Термодинамиканың нөлінші бастамасы">Термодинамиканың жалпы бастамасы</a>  • <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Термодинамиканың бірінші бастамасы</a>  • <a href="/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8B%D2%A3_%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%88%D1%96_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D2%A3%D1%8B" title="Термодинамиканың екінші заңы">Термодинамиканың екінші бастамасы</a>  • <a href="/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8B%D2%A3_%D2%AF%D1%88%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%88%D1%96_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Термодинамиканың үшінші бастамасы">Термодинамиканың үшінші бастамасы</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><br /> </p> <table class="metadata plainlinks ambox ambox-style" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div style="width:52px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Ambox_wikify.svg/40px-Ambox_wikify.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" 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href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82:%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Санат:Термодинамика">Термодинамика</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Жасырын санат: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82:ISBN_%D1%81%D0%B8%D2%9B%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%BB%D1%8B_%D1%81%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%96_%D2%9B%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%BB%D2%93%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Санат:ISBN сиқырлы сілтемелері қолданылған беттер">ISBN сиқырлы сілтемелері қолданылған беттер</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82:%D0%A3%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%96%D1%80%D1%83%D1%96_%D2%9B%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D2%9B%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Санат:Уикилендіруі қажет мақалалар">Уикилендіруі қажет мақалалар</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div 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