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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Career</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Career-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scientific_contributions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scientific_contributions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Scientific contributions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scientific_contributions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Awards_and_honors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Awards_and_honors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Awards and honors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Awards_and_honors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Personal life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personal_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Media_visibility_and_memoir" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media_visibility_and_memoir"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Media visibility and memoir</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Media_visibility_and_memoir-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Selected_publications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Selected_publications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Selected publications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Selected_publications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Katalin Karikó</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 58 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-58" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">58 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%86_%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%88" title="كاتالين كاريكو – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كاتالين كاريكو" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%27" title="কাটালিন কাৰিক' – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="কাটালিন কাৰিক'" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katalin_Kariko" title="Katalin Kariko – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Katalin Kariko" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8B" title="ক্যাটালিন ক্যারিকো – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ক্যাটালিন ক্যারিকো" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katalin_Karik%C3%B3" title="Katalin Karikó – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Katalin Karikó" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BD_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%BE" title="Каталін Карыко – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Каталін Карыко" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE" title="Каталин Карико – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Каталин Карико" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katalin_Karik%C3%B3" title="Katalin Karikó – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Katalin Karikó" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katalin_Karik%C3%B3ov%C3%A1" title="Katalin Karikóová – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Katalin Karikóová" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katalin_Karik%C3%B3" title="Katalin Karikó – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Katalin Karikó" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katalin_Karik%C3%B3" title="Katalin Karikó – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Katalin Karikó" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katalin_Karik%C3%B3" title="Katalin Karikó – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Katalin Karikó" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%AC%CF%84%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%BD_%CE%9A%CE%AC%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%BF" title="Κάταλιν Κάρικο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κάταλιν Κάρικο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katalin_Karik%C3%B3" title="Katalin Karikó – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Katalin Karikó" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katalin_Karik%C3%B3" title="Katalin Karikó – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Katalin Karikó" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katalin_Karik%C3%B3" title="Katalin Karikó – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Katalin Karikó" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%88" title="کاتالین کاریکو – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کاتالین کاریکو" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katalin_Karik%C3%B3" title="Katalin Karikó – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Katalin Karikó" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katalin_Karik%C3%B3" title="Katalin Karikó – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Katalin Karikó" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katalin_Karik%C3%B3" title="Katalin Karikó – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Katalin Karikó" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%BB%A4%EB%A6%AC%EC%BD%94_%EC%BB%A4%ED%84%B8%EB%A6%B0" title="커리코 커털린 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="커리코 커털린" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D4%BF%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%AF%D5%B8" title="Կատալին Կարիկո – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կատալին Կարիկո" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katalin_Karik%C3%B3" title="Katalin Karikó – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Katalin Karikó" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katalin_Karik%C3%B3" title="Katalin Karikó – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Katalin Karikó" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katalin_Karik%C3%B3" title="Katalin Karikó – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Katalin Karikó" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katalin_Karik%C3%B3" title="Katalin Karikó – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Katalin Karikó" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%98%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%9F_%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%95" title="קטלין קריקו – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קטלין קריקו" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C_%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D" title="კატალინ კარიკო – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="კატალინ კარიკო" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katalin_Karik%C3%B3" title="Katalin Karikó – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Katalin Karikó" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katalina_Kariko" title="Katalina Kariko – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Katalina Kariko" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karik%C3%B3_Katalin" title="Karikó Katalin – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Karikó Katalin" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%86_%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%88" title="كاتالين كاريكو – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="كاتالين كاريكو" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%88" title="کاتالین کاریکو – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="کاتالین کاریکو" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katalin_Karik%C3%B3" title="Katalin Karikó – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Katalin Karikó" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katalin_Karik%C3%B3" title="Katalin Karikó – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Katalin Karikó" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AB%E3%83%AA%E3%82%B3%E3%83%BC%E3%83%BB%E3%82%AB%E3%82%BF%E3%83%AA%E3%83%B3" title="カリコー・カタリン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="カリコー・カタリン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katalin_Karik%C3%B3" title="Katalin Karikó – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Katalin Karikó" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katalin_Karik%C3%B3" title="Katalin Karikó – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Katalin Karikó" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katalin_Karik%C3%B3" title="Katalin Karikó – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Katalin Karikó" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%A8_%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%8B" title="ਕਾਤਾਲਿਨ ਕਾਰੀਕੋ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਕਾਤਾਲਿਨ ਕਾਰੀਕੋ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katalin_Karik%C3%B3" title="Katalin Karikó – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Katalin Karikó" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katalin_Karik%C3%B3" title="Katalin Karikó – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Katalin Karikó" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katalin_Karik%C3%B3" title="Katalin Karikó – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Katalin Karikó" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katalin_Karik%C3%B3" title="Katalin Karikó – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Katalin Karikó" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE,_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Карико, Каталин – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Карико, Каталин" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katalin_Karik%C3%B3" title="Katalin Karikó – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Katalin Karikó" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katalin_Karik%C3%B3ov%C3%A1" title="Katalin Karikóová – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Katalin Karikóová" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katalin_Karik%C3%B3" title="Katalin Karikó – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Katalin Karikó" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE" title="Каталин Карико – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Каталин Карико" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katalin_Karik%C3%B3" title="Katalin Karikó – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Katalin Karikó" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katalin_Karik%C3%B3" title="Katalin Karikó – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Katalin Karikó" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8B" title="கதலின் கரிக்கோ – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கதலின் கரிக்கோ" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99_%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%81" title="กอตอลิน กอริโก – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="กอตอลิน กอริโก" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katalin_Karik%C3%B3" title="Katalin Karikó – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Katalin Karikó" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BD_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%BE" title="Каталін Каріко – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Каталін Каріко" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%B9%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%88" title="کیٹالین کاریکو – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="کیٹالین کاریکو" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katalin_Karik%C3%B3" title="Katalin Karikó – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Katalin Karikó" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E5%A1%94%E6%9E%97%C2%B7%E8%80%83%E9%87%8C%E7%A7%91" title="卡塔林·考里科 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="卡塔林·考里科" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Hungarian-American biochemist (born 1955)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">The native form of this <a href="/wiki/Personal_name" title="Personal name">personal name</a> is <i>Karikó Katalin</i>. This article uses <a href="/wiki/Personal_name#Western_name_order" title="Personal name">Western name order</a> when mentioning individuals.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Katalin Karikó</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Katalin_Karik%C3%B3_by_Christopher_Michel_in_2024_7.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Katalin_Karik%C3%B3_by_Christopher_Michel_in_2024_7.jpg/220px-Katalin_Karik%C3%B3_by_Christopher_Michel_in_2024_7.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="308" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Katalin_Karik%C3%B3_by_Christopher_Michel_in_2024_7.jpg/330px-Katalin_Karik%C3%B3_by_Christopher_Michel_in_2024_7.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Katalin_Karik%C3%B3_by_Christopher_Michel_in_2024_7.jpg/440px-Katalin_Karik%C3%B3_by_Christopher_Michel_in_2024_7.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3611" data-file-height="5055" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Karikó in 2024</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday">1955-01-17</span>) </span>17 January 1955<span class="noprint ForceAgeToShow"> (age 69)</span><br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Szolnok" title="Szolnok">Szolnok</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_People%27s_Republic" title="Hungarian People's Republic">Hungary</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other names</th><td class="infobox-data nickname">Kati Kariko<sup id="cite_ref-Kolata_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kolata-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Citizenship</th><td class="infobox-data category"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Hungary</li><li>United States</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/University_of_Szeged" title="University of Szeged">University of Szeged</a> (<a href="/wiki/BSc" class="mw-redirect" title="BSc">BSc</a>, <a href="/wiki/PhD" class="mw-redirect" title="PhD">PhD</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/MRNA" class="mw-redirect" title="MRNA">mRNA</a> technology in <a href="/wiki/Immunology" title="Immunology">immunology</a> and therapies</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data">Béla Francia</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Susan_Francia" title="Susan Francia">Susan Francia</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine">Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine</a> (2023) and <a href="/wiki/List_of_awards_and_honors_received_by_Katalin_Karik%C3%B3" title="List of awards and honors received by Katalin Karikó">several others</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><b>Scientific career</b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Fields</th><td class="infobox-data category"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biochemistry" title="Biochemistry">Biochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RNA" title="RNA">RNA</a> technologies</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Institutions</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Szeged" title="University of Szeged">University of Szeged</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_University" title="Temple University">Temple University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania" title="University of Pennsylvania">University of Pennsylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BioNTech" title="BioNTech">BioNTech</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Katalin</b> "<b>Kati</b>" <b>Karikó</b> (<a href="/wiki/Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian</a>: <i lang="hu">Karikó Katalin</i>, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">pronounced</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="hu-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Hungarian" title="Help:IPA/Hungarian">[ˈkɒrikoː<span class="wrap"> </span>ˌkɒtɒlin]</a></span>; born 17 January 1955) is a Hungarian-American<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Biochemist" title="Biochemist">biochemist</a> who specializes in ribonucleic acid (<a href="/wiki/RNA" title="RNA">RNA</a>)-mediated mechanisms, particularly <a href="/wiki/In_vitro" title="In vitro">in vitro</a>-<a href="/wiki/Transcription_(biology)" title="Transcription (biology)">transcribed</a> <a href="/wiki/Messenger_RNA" title="Messenger RNA">messenger RNA</a> (mRNA) for <a href="/wiki/Protein_replacement_therapy" title="Protein replacement therapy">protein replacement therapy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hogan_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hogan-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Karikó laid the scientific groundwork for <a href="/wiki/MRNA_vaccine" title="MRNA vaccine">mRNA vaccines</a>, overcoming major obstacles and skepticism in the scientific community.<sup id="cite_ref-Kolata_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kolata-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Schmader_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schmader-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Karikó received the <a href="/wiki/2023_Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="2023 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine">Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2023</a> for her work, along with American <a href="/wiki/Immunologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Immunologist">immunologist</a> <a href="/wiki/Drew_Weissman" title="Drew Weissman">Drew Weissman</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Karikó co-founded and was CEO of RNARx from 2006 to 2013.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From 2013 to 2022, she was associated with <a href="/wiki/BioNTech" title="BioNTech">BioNTech</a> RNA Pharmaceuticals, first as a vice president and promoted to senior vice president in 2019.<sup id="cite_ref-Keener_2018_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Keener_2018-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2022, she left BioNTech to devote more time to research.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2021, she received an honorary doctorate from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Szeged" title="University of Szeged">University of Szeged</a> in Hungary,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where she has since become a professor.<sup id="cite_ref-bbc20231002_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc20231002-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While Karikó has also been associated with the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania" title="University of Pennsylvania">University of Pennsylvania</a>, which would benefit financially from her eventual discovery, the university had actively discouraged her from pursuing research by underfunding and deprioritizing work on mRNA.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After being <a href="/wiki/Demotion" title="Demotion">demoted</a> by the University of Pennsylvania in 1995, Karikó was never granted <a href="/wiki/Academic_tenure" title="Academic tenure">tenure</a> and joined BioNTech in 2013 after the university had declined to reinstate her.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Karikó's work includes scientific research on RNA-mediated immune activation, resulting in the co-discovery with Drew Weissman of the <a href="/wiki/Nucleoside-modified_messenger_RNA" title="Nucleoside-modified messenger RNA">nucleoside modifications</a> that suppress the <a href="/wiki/Immunogenicity" title="Immunogenicity">immunogenicity</a> of RNA.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:4_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is seen as a further contribution to the therapeutic use of mRNA.<sup id="cite_ref-Kollewe-Nov2020_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kollewe-Nov2020-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Together with Weissman, she holds <a href="/wiki/United_States_patent" class="mw-redirect" title="United States patent">United States patents</a> for the application of non-immunogenic, nucleoside-modified RNA. This technology has been licensed by BioNTech and <a href="/wiki/Moderna" title="Moderna">Moderna</a> to develop their protein replacement technologies, but it was also used for their <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccine" title="COVID-19 vaccine">COVID-19 vaccines</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The messenger RNA-based technology developed by Karikó and the two most effective vaccines based on it, <a href="/wiki/Pfizer%E2%80%93BioNTech_COVID-19_vaccine" title="Pfizer–BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine">BioNTech/Pfizer</a> and Moderna, have formed the basis for the effective and successful fight against <a href="/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_virus" class="mw-redirect" title="SARS-CoV-2 virus">SARS-CoV-2 virus</a> worldwide and have contributed significantly to the containment of the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kolata_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kolata-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For their work, <a href="/wiki/List_of_awards_and_honors_received_by_Katalin_Karik%C3%B3" title="List of awards and honors received by Katalin Karikó">Karikó and Weissman have received numerous other awards</a> besides the Nobel, including the <a href="/wiki/Lasker%E2%80%93DeBakey_Clinical_Medical_Research_Award" title="Lasker–DeBakey Clinical Medical Research Award">Lasker–DeBakey Clinical Medical Research Award</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time Magazine's Hero of the Year 2021</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Tang_Prize" title="Tang Prize">Tang Prize</a> Award in Biopharmaceutical Science in 2022.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_education">Early life and education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Katalin_Karik%C3%B3&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life and education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Karik%C3%B3_Katalin_with_Statue_of_Albert_Szent-Gy%C3%B6rgyi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Karik%C3%B3_Katalin_with_Statue_of_Albert_Szent-Gy%C3%B6rgyi.jpg/265px-Karik%C3%B3_Katalin_with_Statue_of_Albert_Szent-Gy%C3%B6rgyi.jpg" decoding="async" width="265" height="265" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Karik%C3%B3_Katalin_with_Statue_of_Albert_Szent-Gy%C3%B6rgyi.jpg/398px-Karik%C3%B3_Katalin_with_Statue_of_Albert_Szent-Gy%C3%B6rgyi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Karik%C3%B3_Katalin_with_Statue_of_Albert_Szent-Gy%C3%B6rgyi.jpg/530px-Karik%C3%B3_Katalin_with_Statue_of_Albert_Szent-Gy%C3%B6rgyi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1413" data-file-height="1413" /></a><figcaption>Karikó Katalin with a statue of <a href="/wiki/Albert_Szent-Gy%C3%B6rgyi" title="Albert Szent-Györgyi">Albert Szent-Györgyi</a>, a fellow <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine">Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine</a> winner, at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Szeged" title="University of Szeged">University of Szeged</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Katalin Karikó was born in <a href="/wiki/Szolnok" title="Szolnok">Szolnok</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Tudományegyetem_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tudományegyetem-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and grew up in <a href="/wiki/Kis%C3%BAjsz%C3%A1ll%C3%A1s" title="Kisújszállás">Kisújszállás</a>, Hungary, in a small home without running water, a refrigerator, or television.<sup id="cite_ref-Johnson_2021_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Johnson_2021-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Her father János was a butcher, and her mother was a bookkeeper.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Johnson_2021_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Johnson_2021-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kolata_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kolata-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Her father was punished for participating in the <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1956" title="Hungarian Revolution of 1956">revolt of 1956</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She excelled in science during her primary education, earning third place in Hungary in a biology competition.<sup id="cite_ref-Johnson_2021_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Johnson_2021-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Karikó obtained a <a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_science" class="mw-redirect" title="Bachelor of science">BSc</a> degree in <a href="/wiki/Biology" title="Biology">biology</a> in 1978 and her <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Philosophy" title="Doctor of Philosophy">PhD</a> in <a href="/wiki/Biochemistry" title="Biochemistry">biochemistry</a> in 1982, both from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Szeged" title="University of Szeged">University of Szeged</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She worked with Jenő Tomasz<sup id="cite_ref-Hargittai_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hargittai-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and continued her <a href="/wiki/Postdoctoral_researcher" title="Postdoctoral researcher">postdoctoral research</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Biological_Research_Centre_(Hungarian_Academy_of_Sciences)" title="Biological Research Centre (Hungarian Academy of Sciences)">Institute of Biochemistry, Biological Research Centre</a> (BRC) of Hungary. From 1978 until 1985, she was listed as an intelligence asset by the Communist <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Internal_Affairs_III" title="Ministry of Internal Affairs III">Hungarian secret police</a>, something she says she was <a href="/wiki/Blackmail" title="Blackmail">blackmailed</a> into out of fear of repercussions on her career or reprisals against her father. She claims that she did not provide them with information nor was she active as an agent.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1985, her lab at the BRC lost its funding,<sup id="cite_ref-Johnson_2021_27-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Johnson_2021-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Karikó sought work at institutions in other countries. After being offered a research position by <a href="/wiki/Robert_J._Suhadolnik" title="Robert J. Suhadolnik">Robert J. Suhadolnik</a> of <a href="/wiki/Temple_University" title="Temple University">Temple University</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Prashant_Nair_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Prashant_Nair-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Karikó left Hungary for the United States with her husband and <a href="/wiki/Susan_Francia" title="Susan Francia">two-year-old daughter</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Johnson_2021_27-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Johnson_2021-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> carrying her daughter's teddy bear stuffed with £900 that they had received from selling their car<sup id="cite_ref-Trouillard_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Trouillard-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and exchanging currency on the <a href="/wiki/Black_market" title="Black market">black market</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Career">Career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Katalin_Karik%C3%B3&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Between 1985 and 1988, Karikó was a postdoctoral fellow at <a href="/wiki/Temple_University" title="Temple University">Temple University</a> in Philadelphia. Karikó participated in a clinical trial in which patients with AIDS, <a href="/wiki/Hematologic_disease" title="Hematologic disease">hematologic diseases</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Chronic_fatigue_syndrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Chronic fatigue syndrome">chronic fatigue syndrome</a> were treated with <a href="/wiki/RNA#Double-stranded_RNA" title="RNA">double-stranded RNA</a> (dsRNA). At the time, this was considered groundbreaking research, as the molecular mechanism of <a href="/wiki/Interferon" title="Interferon">interferon</a> induction by dsRNA was not known, although the antiviral and <a href="/wiki/Antineoplastic" class="mw-redirect" title="Antineoplastic">antineoplastic</a> effects of interferons were well-documented.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1988, Karikó accepted a job at <a href="/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_University" title="Johns Hopkins University">Johns Hopkins University</a> without first informing her lab advisor Suhadolnik of her intention to leave Temple, as recounted in <a href="/wiki/Gregory_Zuckerman" title="Gregory Zuckerman">Gregory Zuckerman</a>'s 2021 book <i>A Shot to Save the World</i>. Suhadolnik told her that if she went to Johns Hopkins, he would have her <a href="/wiki/Deportation" title="Deportation">deported</a>, and subsequently reported her to U.S. immigration authorities, claiming that she was "illegally" in the United States. In the time it took her to successfully challenge the resulting extradition order, Johns Hopkins withdrew the job offer. Suhadolnik "continued bad-mouthing Karikó, making it impossible for her to get a new position" at other institutions, until she met a researcher at <a href="/wiki/Bethesda_Naval_Hospital" class="mw-redirect" title="Bethesda Naval Hospital">Bethesda Naval Hospital</a> who "had his own difficult history with Suhadolnik".<sup id="cite_ref-Zuckerman2021_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zuckerman2021-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Karikó subsequently confirmed that the incident had happened as Zuckerman described, but emphasized that "more importantly I was always grateful to [Suhadolnik for] sending me the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Immigration_and_Customs_Enforcement" title="U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement">IAP66 form</a> in 1985, for the opportunity he gave me to work in his lab", noting that "when I gave a lecture [at Temple, a] couple of years later, I thanked him for the science I learned from him."<sup id="cite_ref-satpaper20211211_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-satpaper20211211-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From 1988 to 1989, she worked at the <a href="/wiki/Uniformed_Services_University_of_the_Health_Sciences" title="Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences">Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bethesda,_Maryland" title="Bethesda, Maryland">Bethesda, Maryland</a><sup id="cite_ref-Neill_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Neill-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where she worked with signal protein interferons.<sup id="cite_ref-Hargittai_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hargittai-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1989, she was hired by the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania" title="University of Pennsylvania">University of Pennsylvania</a> to work with <a href="/wiki/Cardiology" title="Cardiology">cardiologist</a> Elliot Barnathan on <a href="/wiki/Messenger_RNA" title="Messenger RNA">messenger RNA</a> (mRNA).<sup id="cite_ref-Johnson_2021_27-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Johnson_2021-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1990, while an <a href="/wiki/Adjunct_professor" title="Adjunct professor">adjunct professor</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Perelman_School_of_Medicine_at_the_University_of_Pennsylvania" class="mw-redirect" title="Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania">Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania</a>, Karikó submitted her first grant application in which she proposed establishing mRNA-based <a href="/wiki/Gene_therapy" title="Gene therapy">gene therapy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Keener_2018_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Keener_2018-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ever since, mRNA-based therapy has been Karikó's primary research interest. However, in the 1990s, mRNA fell out of favor as many researchers, biotechs, and pharmaceutical companies doubted its potential. Though supported by Elliot Barnathan (who left UPenn in 1997) and <a href="/wiki/David_Langer_(neurosurgeon)" title="David Langer (neurosurgeon)">David Langer</a> (who then hired her), Karikó found it difficult to gain funding.<sup id="cite_ref-George_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-George-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Franzoni_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Franzoni-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She was initially on track to become a full professor, but after repeated grant rejections the university demoted her in 1995.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ahmed_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ahmed-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless, she chose to remain and continue her mRNA research.<sup id="cite_ref-George_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-George-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Wired2020_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wired2020-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Drew_Weissman_and_Katalin_Karik%C3%B3_Life_Science_Medalists.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Drew_Weissman_and_Katalin_Karik%C3%B3_Life_Science_Medalists.jpg/220px-Drew_Weissman_and_Katalin_Karik%C3%B3_Life_Science_Medalists.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Drew_Weissman_and_Katalin_Karik%C3%B3_Life_Science_Medalists.jpg/330px-Drew_Weissman_and_Katalin_Karik%C3%B3_Life_Science_Medalists.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Drew_Weissman_and_Katalin_Karik%C3%B3_Life_Science_Medalists.jpg/440px-Drew_Weissman_and_Katalin_Karik%C3%B3_Life_Science_Medalists.jpg 2x" data-file-width="765" data-file-height="597" /></a><figcaption>Karikó (right) with Drew Weissman in 2022</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1997, she met <a href="/wiki/Drew_Weissman" title="Drew Weissman">Drew Weissman</a>, a professor of <a href="/wiki/Immunology" title="Immunology">immunology</a> who had recently arrived at the University of Pennsylvania.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They began to exchange ideas and then to collaborate. Weissman's funding was critical in helping Karikó to continue and extend her research<sup id="cite_ref-George_41-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-George-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Wired2020_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wired2020-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the combination of Weissman's immunology and Karikó's biochemistry was extremely effective.<sup id="cite_ref-Franzoni_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Franzoni-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They began to move the technology forward, solving problems one at a time, and eventually gaining recognition. Weissman has commented "We had to fight the entire way."<sup id="cite_ref-George_41-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-George-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Wired2020_44-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wired2020-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Karikó's persistence was noted as exceptional against the norms of academic research work conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hargittai_31-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hargittai-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Schmader_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schmader-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Kate was really just unbelievable... She was always incredibly inquisitive. She read voraciously. She would always know the latest technology or the latest paper, even if it was in a totally different area, and she'd put two and two together and say, 'Well why don't we do this?' Or, 'Why don't we try this formulation?' </p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Elliot Barnathan<sup id="cite_ref-George_41-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-George-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>Before 2005, a major problem with the proposed therapeutic use of mRNA was that in vivo use led to inflammatory reactions.<sup id="cite_ref-Hogan_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hogan-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A key insight came about when Karikó focused on why <a href="/wiki/Transfer_RNA" title="Transfer RNA">transfer RNA</a> (tRNA), used as a <a href="/wiki/Scientific_control" title="Scientific control">control</a> in an experiment, did not provoke the same immune reaction as mRNA.<sup id="cite_ref-Kolata_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kolata-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A series of landmark studies beginning in 2005 demonstrated that while synthetic mRNA was highly inflammatory, tRNA was noninflammatory. Karikó and Weissman determined how specific nucleoside modifications in mRNA led to a reduced immune response:<sup id="cite_ref-Wired2020_44-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wired2020-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hogan_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hogan-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by replacing <a href="/wiki/Uridine" title="Uridine">uridine</a> with <a href="/wiki/Pseudouridine" title="Pseudouridine">pseudouridine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their key finding of a chemical modification of mRNA to render it non-immunogenic was rejected by the journals <i><a href="/wiki/Nature_(journal)" title="Nature (journal)">Nature</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Science_(journal)" title="Science (journal)">Science</a></i>, but eventually accepted by the publication <i><a href="/wiki/Immunity_(journal)" title="Immunity (journal)">Immunity</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-NYTNobel_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYTNobel-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:5_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another important achievement by the researchers was the development of a delivery technique to package the mRNA in <a href="/wiki/Lipid_nanoparticles" class="mw-redirect" title="Lipid nanoparticles">lipid nanoparticles</a>, a novel pharmaceutical drug delivery system for mRNA. The mRNA is injected into tiny fat droplets (lipid nanoparticles) which protect the fragile molecule until it can reach the desired area of the body.<sup id="cite_ref-Tudományegyetem_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tudományegyetem-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-AAAS_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AAAS-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Żak_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Żak-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They demonstrated its effectiveness in animals.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Karik%C3%B3_Katalin_falfestm%C3%A9ny_Budapesten_a_Krisztina_k%C3%B6r%C3%BAton_2021.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Karik%C3%B3_Katalin_falfestm%C3%A9ny_Budapesten_a_Krisztina_k%C3%B6r%C3%BAton_2021.jpg/220px-Karik%C3%B3_Katalin_falfestm%C3%A9ny_Budapesten_a_Krisztina_k%C3%B6r%C3%BAton_2021.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Karik%C3%B3_Katalin_falfestm%C3%A9ny_Budapesten_a_Krisztina_k%C3%B6r%C3%BAton_2021.jpg/330px-Karik%C3%B3_Katalin_falfestm%C3%A9ny_Budapesten_a_Krisztina_k%C3%B6r%C3%BAton_2021.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Karik%C3%B3_Katalin_falfestm%C3%A9ny_Budapesten_a_Krisztina_k%C3%B6r%C3%BAton_2021.jpg/440px-Karik%C3%B3_Katalin_falfestm%C3%A9ny_Budapesten_a_Krisztina_k%C3%B6r%C3%BAton_2021.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="900" /></a><figcaption>Katalin Karikó wall painting in <a href="/wiki/Budapest" title="Budapest">Budapest</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Karikó and Weissman founded a small company, RNARx, and in 2006 and 2013 received patents for the use of several modified nucleosides to reduce the antiviral immune response to mRNA. Soon afterward, the University of Pennsylvania sold the intellectual property license to Gary Dahl, the head of a lab supply company that eventually became Cellscript.<sup id="cite_ref-Nature_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nature-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Weeks later, <a href="/wiki/Flagship_Pioneering" title="Flagship Pioneering">Flagship Pioneering</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Venture_capital" title="Venture capital">venture capital</a> company backing <a href="/wiki/Moderna" title="Moderna">Moderna</a>, contacted her in an attempt to license the patent, at which point Karikó had to tell them it was no longer available.<sup id="cite_ref-Keener_2018_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Keener_2018-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2006, Katalin Karikó reached out to biochemist Ian MacLachlan to work with him on the chemically altered mRNA.<sup id="cite_ref-Gina_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gina-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Initially, MacLachlan and Tekmira turned away from the collaboration. Karikó wanted to team up with Ian MacLachlan because he was the leader of a team that helped advance mRNA technology. Karikó was working on establishing the formulated <a href="/wiki/Solid_lipid_nanoparticle" title="Solid lipid nanoparticle">lipid nanoparticle</a> delivery system that encapsulates mRNA in a dense particle through a mixing process.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Vardi_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vardi-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In early 2013, Karikó heard of Moderna's $240 million deal with <a href="/wiki/AstraZeneca" title="AstraZeneca">AstraZeneca</a> to develop a <a href="/wiki/Vascular_endothelial_growth_factor" title="Vascular endothelial growth factor">Vascular endothelial growth factor</a> mRNA. Karikó realized that she would not get a chance to apply her experience with mRNA at the University of Pennsylvania, so she took a role as vice president at <a href="/wiki/BioNTech" title="BioNTech">BioNTech</a> RNA Pharmaceuticals<sup id="cite_ref-Keener_2018_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Keener_2018-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (and subsequently became a senior vice president in 2019), while maintaining an adjunct professorship at the University.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As of October 2023, Karikó is a professor at <a href="/wiki/University_of_Szeged" title="University of Szeged">University of Szeged</a> in Hungary.<sup id="cite_ref-bbc20231002_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc20231002-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Scientific_contributions">Scientific contributions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Katalin_Karik%C3%B3&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Scientific contributions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Karikó's research and its specializations have a broad impact with potential implications for areas such as the generation of <a href="/wiki/Pluripotent_stem_cells" class="mw-redirect" title="Pluripotent stem cells">pluripotent stem cells</a>, and messenger RNA-based <a href="/wiki/Gene_therapy" title="Gene therapy">gene therapy</a>, as well as "a new class of drugs".<sup id="cite_ref-George_41-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-George-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Verbeke_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Verbeke-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Karikó's work laid the foundation for <a href="/wiki/BioNTech" title="BioNTech">BioNTech</a> and <a href="/wiki/Moderna" title="Moderna">Moderna</a> to create therapeutic mRNAs that do not induce an immune response.<sup id="cite_ref-Keener_2018_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Keener_2018-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2020, Karikó and Weissman's technology was used in vaccines for <a href="/wiki/COVID-19" title="COVID-19">COVID-19</a> produced by BioNTech and its partner <a href="/wiki/Pfizer" title="Pfizer">Pfizer</a><sup id="cite_ref-Kollewe-Nov2020_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kollewe-Nov2020-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Wired2020_44-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wired2020-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and by Moderna. The mRNA vaccines were developed and approved for use at unprecedented speed, and demonstrated over 90% efficacy. In addition to vaccines for infectious diseases, mRNA has potential applications in treatment of cancer, cardiovascular and metabolic diseases<sup id="cite_ref-Lee_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lee-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Jung_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jung-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including <a href="/wiki/Ischemia" title="Ischemia">ischemia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Welsh_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Welsh-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, in May 2024, a review on the main modification of messengers to lower the immunogenicity of mRNA therapies, i.e. the introduction of N1-methylpseudouridine, a solution that made possible the development of mRNA vaccines against COVID-19, reports that at least in the case of the melanoma vaccine, the introduction of 100% of methylpseudouridines resulted in cancer growth and metastases compared to the unmodified mRNA vaccine.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Awards_and_honors">Awards and honors</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Katalin_Karik%C3%B3&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Awards and honors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_awards_and_honors_received_by_Katalin_Karik%C3%B3" title="List of awards and honors received by Katalin Karikó">List of awards and honors received by Katalin Karikó</a></div> <p>Karikó has received more than 130 international awards and honors for her pioneering and globally significant work in <a href="/wiki/Biochemistry" title="Biochemistry">biochemistry</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Assembly_at_the_Karolinska_Institute" title="Nobel Assembly at the Karolinska Institute">Nobel Assembly at the Karolinska Institute</a> announced on 2 October 2023 that the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine">2023 Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine</a> was awarded to Katalin Karikó and <a href="/wiki/Drew_Weissman" title="Drew Weissman">Drew Weissman</a> for the development of mRNA technology.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Katalin Karikó donated the more than half a million dollars she received from her Nobel Prize to her former alma mater, the University of Szeged on 16 April 2024.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2022, Karikó was awarded <a href="/wiki/The_Novo_Nordisk_Prize" title="The Novo Nordisk Prize">The Novo Nordisk Prize</a> along with <a href="/wiki/Drew_Weissman" title="Drew Weissman">Drew Weissman</a> for their pioneering forces for more than a decade in discovering a nucleoside-modified form of mRNA.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2023, Karikó was inducted into the <a href="/wiki/National_Inventors_Hall_of_Fame" title="National Inventors Hall of Fame">National Inventors Hall of Fame</a> for her research into messenger RNA.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Karikó was named in the 2024 Time 100 influential people in health. <sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Katalin_Karik%C3%B3&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Personal life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Susan_Francia_Rower.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Susan_Francia_Rower.jpg/220px-Susan_Francia_Rower.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="263" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Susan_Francia_Rower.jpg/330px-Susan_Francia_Rower.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Susan_Francia_Rower.jpg/440px-Susan_Francia_Rower.jpg 2x" data-file-width="488" data-file-height="584" /></a><figcaption>Karikó's daughter <a href="/wiki/Susan_Francia" title="Susan Francia">Susan Francia</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Karikó is married to Béla Francia, and they are the parents of two-time Olympic gold medalist rower <a href="/wiki/Susan_Francia" title="Susan Francia">Susan Francia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Kollewe-Nov2020_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kollewe-Nov2020-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their grandson was born in the U.S. in February 2021 to their daughter and son-in-law, architect Ryan Amos.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Media_visibility_and_memoir">Media visibility and memoir</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Katalin_Karik%C3%B3&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Media visibility and memoir"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In April 2021, <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i> featured her career, which laid the groundwork for <a href="/wiki/RNA_vaccine" class="mw-redirect" title="RNA vaccine">mRNA vaccines</a> to fight the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19" title="COVID-19">COVID-19</a> pandemic.<sup id="cite_ref-Kolata_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kolata-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 10 June 2021, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_(podcast)" title="The Daily (podcast)">The Daily</a></i> podcast from <i>The New York Times</i> highlighted Karikó's career, emphasizing the many challenges she had to overcome before her work was recognized.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In November 2021, the US online publication <i>Glamour</i> named her a Woman of the Year.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2023, two children's books were released about her: <i>Never Give Up: Dr. Kati Karikó and the Race for the Future of Vaccines</i>, by Debbie Dadey and Juliana Oakley,<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <i>Kati's Tiny Messengers: Dr. Katalin Karikó and the Battle Against COVID-19</i>, by Megan Hoyt and Vivien Mildenberger.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Katalin Karikó's autobiography was published by <a href="/wiki/Crown_Publishing_Group" title="Crown Publishing Group">Crown Publishing Group</a> on 10 October 2023, just days after she won the Nobel Prize.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is titled <i>Breaking Through: My Life in Science</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The book became the best-selling non-fiction book in Hungary in 2023, and was awarded the Libri Literary Prize in June 2024.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By this time, her memoir had been translated into 9 languages.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Selected_publications">Selected publications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Katalin_Karik%C3%B3&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Selected publications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFUğur_ŞahinAlexander_MuikEvelyna_DerhovanessianIsabel_Vogler2020" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/U%C4%9Fur_%C5%9Eahin" title="Uğur Şahin">Uğur Şahin</a>; Alexander Muik; Evelyna Derhovanessian; et al. (30 September 2020). "COVID-19 vaccine BNT162b1 elicits human antibody and TH1 T-cell responses". <i><a href="/wiki/Nature_(journal)" title="Nature (journal)">Nature</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2FS41586-020-2814-7">10.1038/S41586-020-2814-7</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1476-4687">1476-4687</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32998157">32998157</a>. <a href="/wiki/WDQ_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="WDQ (identifier)">Wikidata</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q100392375" class="extiw" title="d:Q100392375">Q100392375</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=COVID-19+vaccine+BNT162b1+elicits+human+antibody+and+TH1+T-cell+responses&rft.date=2020-09-30&rft.issn=1476-4687&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F32998157&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2FS41586-020-2814-7&rft.au=U%C4%9Fur+%C5%9Eahin&rft.au=Alexander+Muik&rft.au=Evelyna+Derhovanessian&rft.au=Isabel+Vogler&rft.au=Lena+M+Kranz&rft.au=Mathias+Vormehr&rft.au=Alina+Baum&rft.au=Kristen+E+Pascal&rft.au=Jasmin+Quandt&rft.au=Daniel+Maurus&rft.au=Sebastian+Brachtendorf&rft.au=Verena+L%C3%B6rks&rft.au=Julian+Sikorski&rft.au=Rolf+Hilker&rft.au=Dirk+Becker&rft.au=Ann-Kathrin+Eller&rft.au=Jan+Gr%C3%BCtzner&rft.au=Carsten+Boesler&rft.au=Corinna+Rosenbaum&rft.au=Marie-Cristine+K%C3%BChnle&rft.au=Ulrich+Luxemburger&rft.au=Alexandra+Kemmer-Br%C3%BCck&rft.au=David+Langer&rft.au=Martin+Bexon&rft.au=Stefanie+Bolte&rft.au=Katalin+Karik%C3%B3&rft.au=Tania+Palanche&rft.au=Boris+Fischer&rft.au=Armin+Schultz&rft.au=Pei-Yong+Shi&rft.au=Camila+Fontes-Garfias&rft.au=John+L+Perez&rft.au=Kena+A+Swanson&rft.au=Jakob+Loschko&rft.au=Ingrid+L+Scully&rft.au=Mark+Cutler&rft.au=Warren+Kalina&rft.au=Christos+A+Kyratsous&rft.au=David+Cooper&rft.au=Philip+R+Dormitzer&rft.au=Kathrin+U+Jansen&rft.au=%C3%96zlem+T%C3%BCreci&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKatalin+Karik%C3%B3" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUgur_SahinKatalin_KarikóÖzlem_Türeci2014" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/U%C4%9Fur_%C5%9Eahin" title="Uğur Şahin">Ugur Sahin</a>; <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Katalin Karikó</a>; <a href="/wiki/%C3%96zlem_T%C3%BCreci" title="Özlem Türeci">Özlem Türeci</a> (19 September 2014). "mRNA-based therapeutics--developing a new class of drugs". <i><a href="/wiki/Nature_Reviews_Drug_Discovery" title="Nature Reviews Drug Discovery">Nature Reviews Drug Discovery</a></i>. <b>13</b> (10): 759–780. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2FNRD4278">10.1038/NRD4278</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1474-1776">1474-1776</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25233993">25233993</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:27454546">27454546</a>. <a href="/wiki/WDQ_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="WDQ (identifier)">Wikidata</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q38252360" class="extiw" title="d:Q38252360">Q38252360</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Reviews+Drug+Discovery&rft.atitle=mRNA-based+therapeutics--developing+a+new+class+of+drugs&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=759-780&rft.date=2014-09-19&rft.issn=1474-1776&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A27454546%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25233993&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2FNRD4278&rft.au=Ugur+Sahin&rft.au=Katalin+Karik%C3%B3&rft.au=%C3%96zlem+T%C3%BCreci&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKatalin+Karik%C3%B3" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBart_R._AndersonHiromi_MuramatsuSubba_R_NallagatlaPhilip_C._Bevilacqua2010" class="citation journal cs1">Bart R. Anderson; Hiromi Muramatsu; Subba R Nallagatla; <a href="/wiki/Philip_Bevilacqua" title="Philip Bevilacqua">Philip C. Bevilacqua</a>; Lauren H. Sansing; <a href="/wiki/Drew_Weissman" title="Drew Weissman">Drew Weissman</a>; <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Katalin Karikó</a> (10 May 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2943593">"Incorporation of pseudouridine into mRNA enhances translation by diminishing PKR activation"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Nucleic_Acids_Research" title="Nucleic Acids Research">Nucleic Acids Research</a></i>. <b>38</b> (17): 5884–5892. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2FNAR%2FGKQ347">10.1093/NAR/GKQ347</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0305-1048">0305-1048</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2943593">2943593</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20457754">20457754</a>. <a href="/wiki/WDQ_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="WDQ (identifier)">Wikidata</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34146278" class="extiw" title="d:Q34146278">Q34146278</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nucleic+Acids+Research&rft.atitle=Incorporation+of+pseudouridine+into+mRNA+enhances+translation+by+diminishing+PKR+activation&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=17&rft.pages=5884-5892&rft.date=2010-05-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2943593%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=0305-1048&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20457754&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2FNAR%2FGKQ347&rft.au=Bart+R.+Anderson&rft.au=Hiromi+Muramatsu&rft.au=Subba+R+Nallagatla&rft.au=Philip+C.+Bevilacqua&rft.au=Lauren+H.+Sansing&rft.au=Drew+Weissman&rft.au=Katalin+Karik%C3%B3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2943593&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKatalin+Karik%C3%B3" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKatalin_KarikóHiromi_MuramatsuFrank_A_WelshJános_Ludwig2008" class="citation journal cs1"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Katalin Karikó</a>; Hiromi Muramatsu; Frank A Welsh; János Ludwig; Hiroki Kato; <a href="/wiki/Shizuo_Akira" title="Shizuo Akira">Shizuo Akira</a>; <a href="/wiki/Drew_Weissman" title="Drew Weissman">Drew Weissman</a> (16 September 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2775451">"Incorporation of pseudouridine into mRNA yields superior nonimmunogenic vector with increased translational capacity and biological stability"</a>. <i>Molecular Therapy</i>. <b>16</b> (11): 1833–1840. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2FMT.2008.200">10.1038/MT.2008.200</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1525-0016">1525-0016</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2775451">2775451</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18797453">18797453</a>. <a href="/wiki/WDQ_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="WDQ (identifier)">Wikidata</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37416925" class="extiw" title="d:Q37416925">Q37416925</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Molecular+Therapy&rft.atitle=Incorporation+of+pseudouridine+into+mRNA+yields+superior+nonimmunogenic+vector+with+increased+translational+capacity+and+biological+stability&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=1833-1840&rft.date=2008-09-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2775451%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=1525-0016&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18797453&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2FMT.2008.200&rft.au=Katalin+Karik%C3%B3&rft.au=Hiromi+Muramatsu&rft.au=Frank+A+Welsh&rft.au=J%C3%A1nos+Ludwig&rft.au=Hiroki+Kato&rft.au=Shizuo+Akira&rft.au=Drew+Weissman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2775451&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKatalin+Karik%C3%B3" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKatalin_KarikóMichael_BucksteinHouping_NiDrew_Weissman2005" class="citation journal cs1"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Katalin Karikó</a>; Michael Buckstein; Houping Ni; <a href="/wiki/Drew_Weissman" title="Drew Weissman">Drew Weissman</a> (August 2005). "Suppression of RNA recognition by Toll-like receptors: the impact of nucleoside modification and the evolutionary origin of RNA". <i><a href="/wiki/Immunity_(journal)" title="Immunity (journal)">Immunity</a></i>. <b>23</b> (2): 165–75. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FJ.IMMUNI.2005.06.008">10.1016/J.IMMUNI.2005.06.008</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1074-7613">1074-7613</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16111635">16111635</a>. <a href="/wiki/WDQ_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="WDQ (identifier)">Wikidata</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q24316383" class="extiw" title="d:Q24316383">Q24316383</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Immunity&rft.atitle=Suppression+of+RNA+recognition+by+Toll-like+receptors%3A+the+impact+of+nucleoside+modification+and+the+evolutionary+origin+of+RNA&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=165-75&rft.date=2005-08&rft.issn=1074-7613&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16111635&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FJ.IMMUNI.2005.06.008&rft.au=Katalin+Karik%C3%B3&rft.au=Michael+Buckstein&rft.au=Houping+Ni&rft.au=Drew+Weissman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKatalin+Karik%C3%B3" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKatalin_KarikóDrew_WeissmanFrank_A_Welsh2004" class="citation journal cs1"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Katalin Karikó</a>; <a href="/wiki/Drew_Weissman" title="Drew Weissman">Drew Weissman</a>; Frank A Welsh (1 November 2004). "Inhibition of toll-like receptor and cytokine signaling--a unifying theme in ischemic tolerance". <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Cerebral_Blood_Flow_%26_Metabolism" title="Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism">Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism</a></i>. <b>24</b> (11): 1288–1304. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1097%2F01.WCB.0000145666.68576.71">10.1097/01.WCB.0000145666.68576.71</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0271-678X">0271-678X</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15545925">15545925</a>. <a href="/wiki/WDQ_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="WDQ (identifier)">Wikidata</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q35951508" class="extiw" title="d:Q35951508">Q35951508</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Cerebral+Blood+Flow+%26+Metabolism&rft.atitle=Inhibition+of+toll-like+receptor+and+cytokine+signaling--a+unifying+theme+in+ischemic+tolerance&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=1288-1304&rft.date=2004-11-01&rft.issn=0271-678X&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15545925&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1097%2F01.WCB.0000145666.68576.71&rft.au=Katalin+Karik%C3%B3&rft.au=Drew+Weissman&rft.au=Frank+A+Welsh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKatalin+Karik%C3%B3" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKatalin_KarikóHouping_NiJohn_CapodiciMarc_Lamphier2004" class="citation journal cs1"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Katalin Karikó</a>; Houping Ni; John Capodici; Marc Lamphier; <a href="/wiki/Drew_Weissman" title="Drew Weissman">Drew Weissman</a> (16 January 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1074%2FJBC.M310175200">"mRNA is an endogenous ligand for Toll-like receptor 3"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Biological_Chemistry" title="Journal of Biological Chemistry">Journal of Biological Chemistry</a></i>. <b>279</b> (13): 12542–12550. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1074%2FJBC.M310175200">10.1074/JBC.M310175200</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0021-9258">0021-9258</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14729660">14729660</a>. <a href="/wiki/WDQ_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="WDQ (identifier)">Wikidata</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34290592" class="extiw" title="d:Q34290592">Q34290592</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Biological+Chemistry&rft.atitle=mRNA+is+an+endogenous+ligand+for+Toll-like+receptor+3.&rft.volume=279&rft.issue=13&rft.pages=12542-12550&rft.date=2004-01-16&rft.issn=0021-9258&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F14729660&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1074%2FJBC.M310175200&rft.au=Katalin+Karik%C3%B3&rft.au=Houping+Ni&rft.au=John+Capodici&rft.au=Marc+Lamphier&rft.au=Drew+Weissman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1074%252FJBC.M310175200&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKatalin+Karik%C3%B3" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Katalin_Karik%C3%B3&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tozinameran" class="mw-redirect" title="Tozinameran">Tozinameran</a> – COVID-19 vaccine from Pfizer BioNTech, sold under the brand name Comirnaty</li> <li><a href="/wiki/U%C4%9Fur_%C5%9Eahin" title="Uğur Şahin">Uğur Şahin</a> – German oncologist and immunologist (born 1965), co-founder of BioNTech</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%96zlem_T%C3%BCreci" title="Özlem Türeci">Özlem Türeci</a> – German physician, scientist and entrepreneur, co-founder of BioNTech</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Katalin_Karik%C3%B3&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div 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On Katalin Karikó's triumphant vindication"</a></span>. <i>The Chronicle of Higher Education</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Chronicle+of+Higher+Education&rft.atitle=Penn+Demoted+Her.+Then+she+won+the+Nobel+Prize.+On+Katalin+Karik%C3%B3%27s+triumphant+vindication.&rft.date=2023-10-05&rft.aulast=Zahneis&rft.aufirst=Megan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chronicle.com%2Farticle%2Fpenn-demoted-her-then-she-won-the-nobel-prize&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKatalin+Karik%C3%B3" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:5_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKatalin_KarikóMichael_BucksteinHouping_NiDrew_Weissman2005" class="citation journal cs1"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Katalin Karikó</a>; Michael Buckstein; Houping Ni; <a href="/wiki/Drew_Weissman" title="Drew Weissman">Drew Weissman</a> (August 2005). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.tang-prize.org&rft.atitle=%E5%94%90%E7%8D%8E+%7C+%E5%94%90%E7%8D%8E%E5%BE%97%E4%B8%BB&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tang-prize.org%2Fowner.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKatalin+Karik%C3%B3" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTudományegyetem2022" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Tudományegyetem, Szegedi (20 June 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://u-szeged.hu/sztehirek/2022-junius/kariko-katalin-tajvani">"Szegedi Tudományegyetem | Karikó Katalin a tajvani Tang kitüntetéssel közelít a Nobel-díjhoz?"</a>. <i>u-szeged.hu</i> (in Hungarian). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241007010109/https://u-szeged.hu/sztehirek/2022-junius/kariko-katalin-tajvani">Archived</a> from the original on 7 October 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=u-szeged.hu&rft.atitle=Szegedi+Tudom%C3%A1nyegyetem+%7C+Karik%C3%B3+Katalin+a+tajvani+Tang+kit%C3%BCntet%C3%A9ssel+k%C3%B6zel%C3%ADt+a+Nobel-d%C3%ADjhoz%3F&rft.date=2022-06-20&rft.aulast=Tudom%C3%A1nyegyetem&rft.aufirst=Szegedi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fu-szeged.hu%2Fsztehirek%2F2022-junius%2Fkariko-katalin-tajvani&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKatalin+Karik%C3%B3" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tudományegyetem-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tudományegyetem_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tudományegyetem_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://u-szeged.hu/news-and-events/2023/the-university-of-szeged?objectParentFolderId=26349">"Tudományegyetem Szegedi – The University of Szeged congratulates its Professor, Katalin Karikó on the Nobel Prize"</a>. <i>u-szeged.hu</i>. 2 October 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231006183653/https://u-szeged.hu/news-and-events/2023/the-university-of-szeged?objectParentFolderId=26349">Archived</a> from the original on 6 October 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=u-szeged.hu&rft.atitle=Tudom%C3%A1nyegyetem+Szegedi+%E2%80%93+The+University+of+Szeged+congratulates+its+Professor%2C+Katalin+Karik%C3%B3+on+the+Nobel+Prize&rft.date=2023-10-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fu-szeged.hu%2Fnews-and-events%2F2023%2Fthe-university-of-szeged%3FobjectParentFolderId%3D26349&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKatalin+Karik%C3%B3" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Johnson_2021-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Johnson_2021_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Johnson_2021_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Johnson_2021_27-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Johnson_2021_27-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Johnson_2021_27-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Johnson_2021_27-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnson2021" class="citation news cs1">Johnson, Carolyn Y. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=A+one-way+ticket.+A+cash-stuffed+teddy+bear.+A+dream+decades+in+the+making.&rft.date=2021-10-01&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=Carolyn+Y.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fhealth%2F2021%2F10%2F01%2Fkatalin-kariko-covid-vaccines%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKatalin+Karik%C3%B3" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTudományegyetem2021" class="citation web cs1">Tudományegyetem, Szegedi (30 April 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://u-szeged.hu/karikokatalin/eletszakaszok-210924/eletszakasz-1">"Szegedi Tudományegyetem | Childhood at Kisújszállás"</a>. <i>u-szeged.hu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 July</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=SZOLJON+-+Karik%C3%B3+Katalin+%C3%A9desapja+a+forradalom+id%C5%91szak%C3%A1ban+is+p%C3%A9ld%C3%A1t+mutatott+Kis%C3%BAjsz%C3%A1ll%C3%A1son&rft.date=2023-10-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.szoljon.hu%2Fhelyi-kultura%2F2023%2F10%2Fkariko-katalin-edesapja-a-forradalom-idoszakaban-is-peldat-mutatott-kisujszallason&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKatalin+Karik%C3%B3" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pennmedicine.org/providers/profile/katalin-kariko">"Katalin Kariko, PhD profile | PennMedicine.org"</a>. <i>www.pennmedicine.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.pennmedicine.org&rft.atitle=Katalin+Kariko%2C+PhD+profile+%26%23124%3B+PennMedicine.org&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pennmedicine.org%2Fproviders%2Fprofile%2Fkatalin-kariko&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKatalin+Karik%C3%B3" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hargittai-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hargittai_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hargittai_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hargittai_31-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHargittaiHargittai2021" class="citation journal cs1">Hargittai, I; Hargittai, M (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8143802">"Our science and the Covid-19 pandemic-Katalin Karikó's research idea and her perseverance"</a>. <i>Structural Chemistry</i>. <b>32</b> (4): 1353–1356. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11224-021-01797-9">10.1007/s11224-021-01797-9</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1040-0400">1040-0400</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8143802">8143802</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34054260">34054260</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Structural+Chemistry&rft.atitle=Our+science+and+the+Covid-19+pandemic-Katalin+Karik%C3%B3%27s+research+idea+and+her+perseverance.&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=1353-1356&rft.date=2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8143802%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=1040-0400&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F34054260&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs11224-021-01797-9&rft.aulast=Hargittai&rft.aufirst=I&rft.au=Hargittai%2C+M&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8143802&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKatalin+Karik%C3%B3" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGosh2021" class="citation news cs1">Gosh, R. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 September</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Nobel+Prize+Awarded+to+Covid+Vaccine+Pioneers&rft.date=2023-10-02&rft.aulast=Mueller&rft.aufirst=Benjamin&rft.au=Kolata%2C+Gina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2023%2F10%2F02%2Fhealth%2Fnobel-prize-medicine.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKatalin+Karik%C3%B3" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AAAS-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AAAS_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amacad.org/person/katalin-kariko">"Katalin Karikó"</a>. <i>American Academy of Arts & Sciences</i>. 5 October 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231006183652/https://www.amacad.org/person/katalin-kariko">Archived</a> from the original on 6 October 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=American+Academy+of+Arts+%26+Sciences&rft.atitle=Katalin+Karik%C3%B3&rft.date=2023-10-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amacad.org%2Fperson%2Fkatalin-kariko&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKatalin+Karik%C3%B3" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Żak-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Żak_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFŻakZangi2021" class="citation journal cs1">Żak, Magdalena M.; Zangi, Lior (13 October 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8538155">"Lipid Nanoparticles for Organ-Specific mRNA Therapeutic Delivery"</a>. <i>Pharmaceutics</i>. <b>13</b> (10): 1675. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fpharmaceutics13101675">10.3390/pharmaceutics13101675</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1999-4923">1999-4923</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8538155">8538155</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34683969">34683969</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pharmaceutics&rft.atitle=Lipid+Nanoparticles+for+Organ-Specific+mRNA+Therapeutic+Delivery&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=1675&rft.date=2021-10-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8538155%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=1999-4923&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F34683969&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3390%2Fpharmaceutics13101675&rft.aulast=%C5%BBak&rft.aufirst=Magdalena+M.&rft.au=Zangi%2C+Lior&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8538155&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKatalin+Karik%C3%B3" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nasonline.org/programs/awards/2022-awards/Kariko-Weissman.html">"Katalin Karikó and Drew Weissman"</a>. <i>National Academy of Sciences</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231006183651/https://www.nasonline.org/programs/awards/2022-awards/Kariko-Weissman.html">Archived</a> from the original on 6 October 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Academy+of+Sciences&rft.atitle=Katalin+Karik%C3%B3+and+Drew+Weissman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasonline.org%2Fprograms%2Fawards%2F2022-awards%2FKariko-Weissman.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKatalin+Karik%C3%B3" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nature-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Nature_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoglin2021" class="citation journal cs1">Doglin, Elie (14 September 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-021-02483-w">"The tangled history of mRNA vaccines"</a>. <i>Nature</i>. <b>597</b> (7876): 318–324. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021Natur.597..318D">2021Natur.597..318D</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fd41586-021-02483-w">10.1038/d41586-021-02483-w</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34522017">34522017</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:237515383">237515383</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211227081912/https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-021-02483-w">Archived</a> from the original on 27 December 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Glamour&rft.atitle=The+Scientist+Who+Saved+the+World&rft.date=2021-11-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.glamour.com%2Fstory%2Fkatalin-kariko-biontech-women-of-year-2021&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKatalin+Karik%C3%B3" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCronce2023" class="citation news cs1">Cronce, Tracy (1 February 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.slj.com/review/never-give-up-dr-kati-karik-and-the-race-for-the-future-of-vaccines">"Debbie Dadey: Never Give Up: Dr. Kati Karikó and the Race for the Future of Vaccines (Review)"</a>. <i>School Library Journal</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241007011124/https://www.slj.com/review/never-give-up-dr-kati-karik-and-the-race-for-the-future-of-vaccines">Archived</a> from the original on 7 October 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=School+Library+Journal&rft.atitle=Debbie+Dadey%3A+Never+Give+Up%3A+Dr.+Kati+Karik%C3%B3+and+the+Race+for+the+Future+of+Vaccines+%28Review%29&rft.date=2023-02-01&rft.aulast=Cronce&rft.aufirst=Tracy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.slj.com%2Freview%2Fnever-give-up-dr-kati-karik-and-the-race-for-the-future-of-vaccines&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKatalin+Karik%C3%B3" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCiskowski2023" class="citation news cs1">Ciskowski, Megan (14 March 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lernerbooks.blog/2023/03/never-give-up-an-interview-with-author-debbie-dadey-and-illustrator-juliana-oakley.html">"Never Give Up: An interview with author Debbie Dadey and illustrator Juliana Oakley"</a>. <i>The Lerner Blog</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241007011246/https://lernerbooks.blog/2023/03/never-give-up-an-interview-with-author-debbie-dadey-and-illustrator-juliana-oakley.html">Archived</a> from the original on 7 October 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Lerner+Blog&rft.atitle=Never+Give+Up%3A+An+interview+with+author+Debbie+Dadey+and+illustrator+Juliana+Oakley&rft.date=2023-03-14&rft.aulast=Ciskowski&rft.aufirst=Megan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flernerbooks.blog%2F2023%2F03%2Fnever-give-up-an-interview-with-author-debbie-dadey-and-illustrator-juliana-oakley.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKatalin+Karik%C3%B3" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.publishersweekly.com/pw/by-topic/childrens/childrens-book-news/article/88126-rights-report-week-of-december-13-2021.html">"Rights Report: Week of December 13, 2021"</a>. <i>PublishersWeekly.com</i>. 13 December 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241007011248/https://www.publishersweekly.com/pw/by-topic/childrens/childrens-book-news/article/88126-rights-report-week-of-december-13-2021.html">Archived</a> from the original on 7 October 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PublishersWeekly.com&rft.atitle=Rights+Report%3A+Week+of+December+13%2C+2021&rft.date=2021-12-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.publishersweekly.com%2Fpw%2Fby-topic%2Fchildrens%2Fchildrens-book-news%2Farticle%2F88126-rights-report-week-of-december-13-2021.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKatalin+Karik%C3%B3" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.publishersweekly.com/9780593443163">"Breaking Through: My Life in Science by Katalin Karikó"</a>. <i>PublishersWeekly.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241007011126/https://www.publishersweekly.com/9780593443163">Archived</a> from the original on 7 October 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PublishersWeekly.com&rft.atitle=Breaking+Through%3A+My+Life+in+Science+by+Katalin+Karik%C3%B3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.publishersweekly.com%2F9780593443163&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKatalin+Karik%C3%B3" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKarikó2023" class="citation book cs1">Karikó, Katalin (10 October 2023). <i>Breaking Through: My Life in Science</i>. Crown. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-593-44316-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-593-44316-3"><bdi>978-0-593-44316-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Breaking+Through%3A+My+Life+in+Science&rft.pub=Crown&rft.date=2023-10-10&rft.isbn=978-0-593-44316-3&rft.aulast=Karik%C3%B3&rft.aufirst=Katalin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKatalin+Karik%C3%B3" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kirkusreviews.com/book-reviews/k-t-l-i-n-k-r-i-k-o/breaking-through-kariko/"><i>BREAKING THROUGH | Kirkus Reviews</i></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241007011140/https://www.kirkusreviews.com/book-reviews/like-dislike/2000232414/">Archived</a> from the original on 7 October 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=BREAKING+THROUGH+%7C+Kirkus+Reviews&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kirkusreviews.com%2Fbook-reviews%2Fk-t-l-i-n-k-r-i-k-o%2Fbreaking-through-kariko%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKatalin+Karik%C3%B3" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/books/706251/breaking-through-by-katalin-kariko/">"Breaking Through by Katalin Karikó: 9780593443163 | PenguinRandomHouse.com: Books"</a>. <i>PenguinRandomhouse.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241007011801/https://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/books/706251/breaking-through-by-katalin-kariko/">Archived</a> from the original on 7 October 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=PenguinRandomhouse.com&rft.atitle=Breaking+Through+by+Katalin+Karik%C3%B3%3A+9780593443163+%7C+PenguinRandomHouse.com%3A+Books&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.penguinrandomhouse.com%2Fbooks%2F706251%2Fbreaking-through-by-katalin-kariko%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKatalin+Karik%C3%B3" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnita2024" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Anita, Farkas (16 June 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mandiner.hu/kultura/2024/06/kariko-katalin-ezuttal-irodalmi-dijat-kapott">"Karikó Katalin ezúttal irodalmi díjat kapott"</a>. <i>Mandiner</i> (in Hungarian). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241007011633/https://mandiner.hu/kultura/2024/06/kariko-katalin-ezuttal-irodalmi-dijat-kapott">Archived</a> from the original on 7 October 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mandiner&rft.atitle=Karik%C3%B3+Katalin+ez%C3%BAttal+irodalmi+d%C3%ADjat+kapott&rft.date=2024-06-16&rft.aulast=Anita&rft.aufirst=Farkas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmandiner.hu%2Fkultura%2F2024%2F06%2Fkariko-katalin-ezuttal-irodalmi-dijat-kapott&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKatalin+Karik%C3%B3" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTudományegyetem2024" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Tudományegyetem, Szegedi (18 June 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://u-szeged.hu/sztehirek/2024-junius/irodalmi-dijat-kapott">"Szegedi Tudományegyetem | Irodalmi díjat kapott Karikó Katalin. Önéletrajzi kötetét dedikálta az SZTE könyvheti programjain"</a>. <i>u-szeged.hu</i> (in Hungarian). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240619005728/https://u-szeged.hu/sztehirek/2024-junius/irodalmi-dijat-kapott">Archived</a> from the original on 19 June 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=u-szeged.hu&rft.atitle=Szegedi+Tudom%C3%A1nyegyetem+%7C+Irodalmi+d%C3%ADjat+kapott+Karik%C3%B3+Katalin.+%C3%96n%C3%A9letrajzi+k%C3%B6tet%C3%A9t+dedik%C3%A1lta+az+SZTE+k%C3%B6nyvheti+programjain&rft.date=2024-06-18&rft.aulast=Tudom%C3%A1nyegyetem&rft.aufirst=Szegedi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fu-szeged.hu%2Fsztehirek%2F2024-junius%2Firodalmi-dijat-kapott&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKatalin+Karik%C3%B3" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Katalin_Karik%C3%B3&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Katalin+Karik%C3%B3+%E2%80%93+University+of+Szeged+Klebelsberg+Library+virtual+exhibition%3A+life+and+research&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmediateka.ek.szte.hu%2Fexhibits%2Fshow%2Fkatalin_kariko_eng%2Fbio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKatalin+Karik%C3%B3" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output 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abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Vaccines" title="Template:Vaccines"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Vaccines" title="Template talk:Vaccines"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Vaccines" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Vaccines"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Artificial_induction_of_immunity_/_Immunization:_Vaccines,_Vaccination,_Infection,_Inoculation_(J07)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Artificial_induction_of_immunity" title="Artificial induction of immunity">Artificial induction of immunity</a> / <a href="/wiki/Immunization" title="Immunization">Immunization</a>: <a href="/wiki/Vaccine" title="Vaccine">Vaccines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vaccination" title="Vaccination">Vaccination</a>, <a href="/wiki/Infection" title="Infection">Infection</a>, <a href="/wiki/Inoculation" title="Inoculation">Inoculation</a> (<a href="/wiki/ATC_code_J07" title="ATC code J07">J07</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Development</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Immunologic_adjuvant" title="Immunologic adjuvant">Adjuvants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaccine_ingredients" title="Vaccine ingredients">Vaccine ingredients</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_vaccine_excipients" title="List of vaccine excipients">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_modelling_of_infectious_diseases" title="Mathematical modelling of infectious diseases">Mathematical modelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaccine_storage" title="Vaccine storage">Storage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_human_vaccines" title="Timeline of human vaccines">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaccine_trial" title="Vaccine trial">Trials</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Classes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conjugate_vaccine" title="Conjugate vaccine">Conjugate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inactivated_vaccine" title="Inactivated vaccine">Inactivated</a></li> <li>Live <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attenuated_vaccine" title="Attenuated vaccine">Attenuated</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heterologous_vaccine" title="Heterologous vaccine">Heterologous</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subunit_vaccine" title="Subunit vaccine">Subunit/component</a> / <a href="/wiki/Peptide_vaccine" title="Peptide vaccine">Peptide</a> / <a href="/wiki/Virus-like_particle" title="Virus-like particle">Virus-like particle</a> / <a href="/wiki/Synthetic_vaccine" title="Synthetic vaccine">Synthetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DNA_vaccine" title="DNA vaccine">DNA</a> / <a href="/wiki/MRNA_vaccine" title="MRNA vaccine">mRNA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Therapeutic_vaccines" title="Therapeutic vaccines">Therapeutic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toxoid" title="Toxoid">Toxoid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Administration</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Global: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GAVI" title="GAVI">GAVI Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Immunization_Technical_Advisory_Group" title="National Immunization Technical Advisory Group">NITAG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_Advisory_Group_of_Experts" title="Strategic Advisory Group of Experts">SAGE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaccine_wastage" title="Vaccine wastage">Vaccine wastage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaccination_policy" title="Vaccination policy">Policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaccination_schedule" title="Vaccination schedule">Schedule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaccine_adverse_event" title="Vaccine adverse event">Vaccine injury</a></li></ul></li> <li>US: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advisory_Committee_on_Immunization_Practices" title="Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices">ACIP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Vaccine_Injury_Compensation_Program" title="National Vaccine Injury Compensation Program">Vaccine court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaccines_for_Children_Program" title="Vaccines for Children Program">Vaccines for Children Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaccine_Adverse_Event_Reporting_System" title="Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System">VAERS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaccine_Safety_Datalink" title="Vaccine Safety Datalink">VSD</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Vaccines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bacterial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthrax_vaccine" title="Anthrax vaccine">Anthrax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brucellosis_vaccine" title="Brucellosis vaccine">Brucellosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cholera_vaccine" title="Cholera vaccine">Cholera</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diphtheria_vaccine" title="Diphtheria vaccine">Diphtheria</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hib_vaccine" title="Hib vaccine">Hib</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leptospirosis#Prevention" title="Leptospirosis">Leptospirosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyme_disease#Vaccination" title="Lyme disease">Lyme disease</a><sup>‡</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meningococcal_vaccine" title="Meningococcal vaccine">Meningococcus</a><sup>#</sup> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MeNZB" title="MeNZB">MeNZB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NmVac4-A/C/Y/W-135" title="NmVac4-A/C/Y/W-135">NmVac4-A/C/Y/W-135</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pertussis_vaccine" title="Pertussis vaccine">Pertussis</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plague_vaccine" title="Plague vaccine">Plague</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pneumococcal_vaccine" title="Pneumococcal vaccine">Pneumococcal</a><sup>#</sup> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pneumococcal_conjugate_vaccine" title="Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine">PCV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pneumococcal_polysaccharide_vaccine" title="Pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine">PPSV</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Q_fever#Prevention" title="Q fever">Q fever</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetanus_vaccine" title="Tetanus vaccine">Tetanus</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuberculosis_vaccines" title="Tuberculosis vaccines">Tuberculosis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BCG_vaccine" title="BCG vaccine">BCG</a><sup>#</sup></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Typhoid_vaccine" title="Typhoid vaccine">Typhoid</a><sup>#</sup> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ty21a" title="Ty21a">Ty21a</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vi_capsular_polysaccharide_vaccine" title="Vi capsular polysaccharide vaccine">ViCPS</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Typhus_vaccine" title="Typhus vaccine">Typhus</a></li> <li>combination: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DPT_vaccine" title="DPT vaccine">DPT/DTwP/DTaP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetanus_vaccine" title="Tetanus vaccine">Td/Tdap</a></li></ul></li> <li>research: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clostridioides_difficile_infection#Research" title="Clostridioides difficile infection">Clostridioides difficile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_B_streptococcal_infection#Vaccine" title="Group B streptococcal infection">Group B streptococcal disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shigellosis#Vaccine" title="Shigellosis">Shigellosis</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Viral</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adenovirus_vaccine" title="Adenovirus vaccine">Adenovirus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chikungunya_vaccine" title="Chikungunya vaccine">Chikungunya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebola_vaccine" title="Ebola vaccine">Ebola</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/RVSV-ZEBOV_vaccine" title="RVSV-ZEBOV vaccine">rVSV-ZEBOV</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Influenza_vaccine" title="Influenza vaccine">Flu</a><sup>#</sup> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2009_swine_flu_pandemic_vaccine" title="2009 swine flu pandemic vaccine">H1N1</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pandemrix" title="Pandemrix">Pandemrix</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/H5N1_vaccine" title="H5N1 vaccine">H5N1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H5N8_vaccine" title="H5N8 vaccine">H5N8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Live_attenuated_influenza_vaccine" title="Live attenuated influenza vaccine">LAIV</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hantavirus_vaccine" title="Hantavirus vaccine">Hantavirus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hepatitis_A_vaccine" title="Hepatitis A vaccine">Hepatitis A</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hepatitis_B_vaccine" title="Hepatitis B vaccine">Hepatitis B</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hepatitis_E#Vaccines" title="Hepatitis E">Hepatitis E</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HPV_vaccine" title="HPV vaccine">HPV</a><sup>#</sup> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cervarix" title="Cervarix">Cervarix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gardasil" title="Gardasil">Gardasil</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_encephalitis_vaccine" title="Japanese encephalitis vaccine">Japanese encephalitis</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Measles_vaccine" title="Measles vaccine">Measles</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mpox_vaccine" class="mw-redirect" title="Mpox vaccine">Mpox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mumps_vaccine" title="Mumps vaccine">Mumps</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polio_vaccine" title="Polio vaccine">Polio</a><sup>#</sup> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polio_vaccine#Attenuated" title="Polio vaccine">Sabin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polio_vaccine#Inactivated" title="Polio vaccine">Salk</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabies_vaccine" title="Rabies vaccine">Rabies</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotavirus_vaccine" title="Rotavirus vaccine">Rotavirus</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubella_vaccine" title="Rubella vaccine">Rubella</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccine" title="COVID-19 vaccine">SARS-CoV-2</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corbevax" title="Corbevax">Corbevax</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Covaxin" title="Covaxin">Bharat Biotech</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convidecia" title="Convidecia">CanSino</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CoronaVac" title="CoronaVac">CoronaVac</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EpiVacCorona" title="EpiVacCorona">EpiVacCorona</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janssen_COVID-19_vaccine" title="Janssen COVID-19 vaccine">Janssen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moderna_COVID-19_vaccine" title="Moderna COVID-19 vaccine">Moderna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novavax_COVID-19_vaccine" title="Novavax COVID-19 vaccine">Novavax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxford%E2%80%93AstraZeneca_COVID-19_vaccine" title="Oxford–AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine">Oxford–AstraZeneca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pfizer%E2%80%93BioNTech_COVID-19_vaccine" title="Pfizer–BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine">Pfizer–BioNTech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanofi%E2%80%93GSK_COVID-19_vaccine" title="Sanofi–GSK COVID-19 vaccine">Sanofi–GSK</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinopharm_BIBP_COVID-19_vaccine" title="Sinopharm BIBP COVID-19 vaccine">Sinopharm BIBP</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skycovione" title="Skycovione">Skycovione</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sputnik_V_COVID-19_vaccine" title="Sputnik V COVID-19 vaccine">Sputnik V</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valneva_COVID-19_vaccine" title="Valneva COVID-19 vaccine">Valneva</a><sup>†</sup></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Respiratory_syncytial_virus_vaccine" title="Respiratory syncytial virus vaccine">Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smallpox_vaccine" title="Smallpox vaccine">Smallpox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tick-borne_encephalitis_vaccine" title="Tick-borne encephalitis vaccine">Tick-borne encephalitis</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li>Varicella zoster <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Varicella_vaccine" title="Varicella vaccine">Chicken pox</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoster_vaccine" title="Zoster vaccine">Shingles</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_fever_vaccine" title="Yellow fever vaccine">Yellow fever</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li>combination: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hepatitis_A_and_B_vaccine" title="Hepatitis A and B vaccine">Hepatitis A and B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MMR_vaccine" title="MMR vaccine">MMR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MMRV_vaccine" title="MMRV vaccine">MMRV</a></li></ul></li> <li>research: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cytomegalovirus_vaccine" title="Cytomegalovirus vaccine">Cytomegalovirus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dengue_vaccine" title="Dengue vaccine">Dengue</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epstein%E2%80%93Barr_virus_vaccine" title="Epstein–Barr virus vaccine">Epstein–Barr virus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hepatitis_C_vaccine" title="Hepatitis C vaccine">Hepatitis C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herpes_simplex_research" title="Herpes simplex research">Herpes simplex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV_vaccine_development" title="HIV vaccine development">HIV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zika_virus_vaccine" title="Zika virus vaccine">Zika</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Protozoan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malaria_vaccine" title="Malaria vaccine">Malaria</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/RTS,S" title="RTS,S">RTS,S</a></li></ul></li> <li>research: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trypanosomiasis_vaccine" title="Trypanosomiasis vaccine">Trypanosomiasis</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Helminthiasis" title="Helminthiasis">Helminthiasis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>research: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hookworm_vaccine" title="Hookworm vaccine">Hookworm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schistosomiasis_vaccine" title="Schistosomiasis vaccine">Schistosomiasis</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Androvax" title="Androvax">Androvax (androstenedione albumin)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cancer_vaccine" title="Cancer vaccine">Cancer vaccines</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ALVAC-CEA_vaccine" title="ALVAC-CEA vaccine">ALVAC-CEA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BCG_vaccine" title="BCG vaccine">BCG</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hepatitis_B_vaccine" title="Hepatitis B vaccine">Hepatitis B</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HPV_vaccine" title="HPV vaccine">HPV</a><sup>#</sup> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cervarix" title="Cervarix">Cervarix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gardasil" title="Gardasil">Gardasil</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostvac" title="Prostvac">Prostvac</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NicVAX" title="NicVAX">NicVAX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ovandrotone_albumin" title="Ovandrotone albumin">Ovandrotone albumin (Fecundin)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TA-CD" title="TA-CD">TA-CD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TA-NIC" title="TA-NIC">TA-NIC</a></li> <li>combination: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DTaP-IPV/Hib_vaccine" title="DTaP-IPV/Hib vaccine">DTaP-IPV/Hib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DTaP-IPV-HepB_vaccine" title="DTaP-IPV-HepB vaccine">DTaP-IPV-HepB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DTwP-HepB-Hib_vaccine" title="DTwP-HepB-Hib vaccine">DTwP-HepB-Hib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hexavalent_vaccine" title="Hexavalent vaccine">Hexavalent vaccine</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Inventors/<br />researchers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Jenner" title="Edward Jenner">Edward Jenner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Pasteur" title="Louis Pasteur">Louis Pasteur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilary_Koprowski" title="Hilary Koprowski">Hilary Koprowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonas_Salk" title="Jonas Salk">Jonas Salk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Franklin_Enders" title="John Franklin Enders">John Franklin Enders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Hilleman" title="Maurice Hilleman">Maurice Hilleman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Plotkin" title="Stanley Plotkin">Stanley Plotkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._Fred_Clark" title="H. Fred Clark">H. Fred Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Offit" title="Paul Offit">Paul Offit</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Katalin Karikó</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drew_Weissman" title="Drew Weissman">Drew Weissman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Controversy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vaccine_hesitancy" title="Vaccine hesitancy">General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MMR_vaccine_and_autism" title="MMR vaccine and autism">MMR</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lancet_MMR_autism_fraud" title="Lancet MMR autism fraud"><i>Lancet</i> MMR autism fraud</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Childhood_Vaccine_Injury_Act" title="National Childhood Vaccine Injury Act">NCVIA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pox_party" title="Pox party">Pox party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiomersal_and_vaccines" title="Thiomersal and vaccines">Thiomersal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaccines_and_SIDS" title="Vaccines and SIDS">Vaccines and SIDS</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cedillo_v._Secretary_of_Health_and_Human_Services" title="Cedillo v. Secretary of Health and Human Services">Cedillo v. Secretary of Health and Human Services</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_vaccination_schedule" title="Alternative vaccination schedule">Alternative vaccination schedule</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Epidemiology" title="Epidemiology">Epidemiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eradication_of_infectious_diseases" title="Eradication of infectious diseases">Eradication of infectious diseases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaccinate_Your_Family" title="Vaccinate Your Family">Vaccinate Your Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_vaccine_topics" title="List of vaccine topics">List of vaccine topics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: transparent; padding: 0px;"><div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><sup>#</sup><a href="/wiki/WHO_Model_List_of_Essential_Medicines" title="WHO Model List of Essential Medicines">WHO-EM</a></li> <li><sup>‡</sup><a href="/wiki/List_of_withdrawn_drugs" title="List of withdrawn drugs">Withdrawn</a> from market</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinical_trial" title="Clinical trial">Clinical trials</a>: <ul><li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Phases_of_clinical_research#Phase_III" title="Phases of clinical research">Phase III</a></li> <li><sup>§</sup>Never to phase III</li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Laureates_of_the_Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="Template:Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="Template talk:Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Laureates_of_the_Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="List of Nobel laureates in Physiology or Medicine">Laureates</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine">Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1901–1925</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">1901: <a href="/wiki/Emil_von_Behring" title="Emil von Behring">Emil Behring</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1902: <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Ross" title="Ronald Ross">Ronald Ross</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1903: <a href="/wiki/Niels_Ryberg_Finsen" title="Niels Ryberg Finsen">Niels Finsen</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1904: <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Pavlov" title="Ivan Pavlov">Ivan Pavlov</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1905: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Koch" title="Robert Koch">Robert Koch</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1906: <a href="/wiki/Camillo_Golgi" title="Camillo Golgi">Camillo Golgi</a> / <a href="/wiki/Santiago_Ram%C3%B3n_y_Cajal" title="Santiago Ramón y Cajal">Santiago Ramón y Cajal</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1907: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Louis_Alphonse_Laveran" title="Charles Louis Alphonse Laveran">Alphonse Laveran</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1908: <a href="/wiki/%C3%89lie_Metchnikoff" title="Élie Metchnikoff">Élie Metchnikoff</a> / <a href="/wiki/Paul_Ehrlich" title="Paul Ehrlich">Paul Ehrlich</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1909: <a href="/wiki/Emil_Theodor_Kocher" title="Emil Theodor Kocher">Emil Kocher</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1910: <a href="/wiki/Albrecht_Kossel" title="Albrecht Kossel">Albrecht Kossel</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1911: <a href="/wiki/Allvar_Gullstrand" title="Allvar Gullstrand">Allvar Gullstrand</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1912: <a href="/wiki/Alexis_Carrel" title="Alexis Carrel">Alexis Carrel</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1913: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Richet" title="Charles Richet">Charles Richet</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1914: <a href="/wiki/R%C3%B3bert_B%C3%A1r%C3%A1ny" class="mw-redirect" title="Róbert Bárány">Róbert Bárány</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1915</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1916</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1917</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1918</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1919: <a href="/wiki/Jules_Bordet" title="Jules Bordet">Jules Bordet</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1920: <a href="/wiki/August_Krogh" title="August Krogh">August Krogh</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1921</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1922: <a href="/wiki/Archibald_Hill" title="Archibald Hill">Archibald Hill</a> / <a href="/wiki/Otto_Fritz_Meyerhof" title="Otto Fritz Meyerhof">Otto Meyerhof</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1923: <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Banting" title="Frederick Banting">Frederick Banting</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Macleod_(physiologist)" title="John Macleod (physiologist)">John Macleod</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1924: <a href="/wiki/Willem_Einthoven" title="Willem Einthoven">Willem Einthoven</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1925</span></span></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/80px-Nobel_Prize.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/120px-Nobel_Prize.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/160px-Nobel_Prize.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="492" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1926–1950</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">1926: <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Fibiger" title="Johannes Fibiger">Johannes Fibiger</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1927: <a href="/wiki/Julius_Wagner-Jauregg" title="Julius Wagner-Jauregg">Julius Wagner-Jauregg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1928: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Nicolle" title="Charles Nicolle">Charles Nicolle</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1929: <a href="/wiki/Christiaan_Eijkman" title="Christiaan Eijkman">Christiaan Eijkman</a> / <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Gowland_Hopkins" title="Frederick Gowland Hopkins">Frederick Gowland Hopkins</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1930: <a href="/wiki/Karl_Landsteiner" title="Karl Landsteiner">Karl Landsteiner</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1931: <a href="/wiki/Otto_Heinrich_Warburg" title="Otto Heinrich Warburg">Otto Warburg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1932: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Scott_Sherrington" title="Charles Scott Sherrington">Charles Scott Sherrington</a> / <a href="/wiki/Edgar_Adrian" title="Edgar Adrian">Edgar Adrian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1933: <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hunt_Morgan" title="Thomas Hunt Morgan">Thomas Morgan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1934: <a href="/wiki/George_Whipple" title="George Whipple">George Whipple</a> / <a href="/wiki/George_Minot" title="George Minot">George Minot</a> / <a href="/wiki/William_P._Murphy" title="William P. Murphy">William Murphy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1935: <a href="/wiki/Hans_Spemann" title="Hans Spemann">Hans Spemann</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1936: <a href="/wiki/Henry_Hallett_Dale" title="Henry Hallett Dale">Henry Dale</a> / <a href="/wiki/Otto_Loewi" title="Otto Loewi">Otto Loewi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1937: <a href="/wiki/Albert_Szent-Gy%C3%B6rgyi" title="Albert Szent-Györgyi">Albert Szent-Györgyi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1938: <a href="/wiki/Corneille_Heymans" title="Corneille Heymans">Corneille Heymans</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1939: <a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Domagk" title="Gerhard Domagk">Gerhard Domagk</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1940</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1941</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1942</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1943: <a href="/wiki/Henrik_Dam" title="Henrik Dam">Henrik Dam</a> / <a href="/wiki/Edward_Adelbert_Doisy" title="Edward Adelbert Doisy">Edward Doisy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1944: <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Erlanger" title="Joseph Erlanger">Joseph Erlanger</a> / <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Spencer_Gasser" title="Herbert Spencer Gasser">Herbert Gasser</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1945: <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Fleming" title="Alexander Fleming">Alexander Fleming</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Chain" title="Ernst Chain">Ernst Chain</a> / <a href="/wiki/Howard_Florey" title="Howard Florey">Howard Florey</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1946: <a href="/wiki/Hermann_Joseph_Muller" title="Hermann Joseph Muller">Hermann Muller</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1947: <a href="/wiki/Carl_Ferdinand_Cori" title="Carl Ferdinand Cori">Carl Cori</a> / <a href="/wiki/Gerty_Cori" title="Gerty Cori">Gerty Cori</a> / <a href="/wiki/Bernardo_Houssay" title="Bernardo Houssay">Bernardo Houssay</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1948: <a href="/wiki/Paul_Hermann_M%C3%BCller" title="Paul Hermann Müller">Paul Müller</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1949: <a href="/wiki/Walter_Rudolf_Hess" title="Walter Rudolf Hess">Walter Hess</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_Egas_Moniz" title="António Egas Moniz">António Egas Moniz</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1950: <a href="/wiki/Edward_Calvin_Kendall" title="Edward Calvin Kendall">Edward Kendall</a> / <a href="/wiki/Tadeusz_Reichstein" title="Tadeusz Reichstein">Tadeusz Reichstein</a> / <a href="/wiki/Philip_Showalter_Hench" title="Philip Showalter Hench">Philip Hench</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1951–1975</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">1951: <a href="/wiki/Max_Theiler" title="Max Theiler">Max Theiler</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1952: <a href="/wiki/Selman_Waksman" title="Selman Waksman">Selman Waksman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1953: <a href="/wiki/Hans_Krebs_(biochemist)" title="Hans Krebs (biochemist)">Hans Krebs</a> / <a href="/wiki/Fritz_Albert_Lipmann" title="Fritz Albert Lipmann">Fritz Lipmann</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1954: <a href="/wiki/John_Franklin_Enders" title="John Franklin Enders">John Enders</a> / <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Huckle_Weller" title="Thomas Huckle Weller">Thomas Weller</a> / <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Chapman_Robbins" title="Frederick Chapman Robbins">Frederick Robbins</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1955: <a href="/wiki/Hugo_Theorell" title="Hugo Theorell">Hugo Theorell</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1956: <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Cournand" title="André Frédéric Cournand">André Cournand</a> / <a href="/wiki/Werner_Forssmann" title="Werner Forssmann">Werner Forssmann</a> / <a href="/wiki/Dickinson_W._Richards" title="Dickinson W. Richards">Dickinson W. Richards</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1957: <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Bovet" title="Daniel Bovet">Daniel Bovet</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1958: <a href="/wiki/George_Beadle" title="George Beadle">George Beadle</a> / <a href="/wiki/Edward_Tatum" title="Edward Tatum">Edward Tatum</a> / <a href="/wiki/Joshua_Lederberg" title="Joshua Lederberg">Joshua Lederberg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1959: <a href="/wiki/Severo_Ochoa" title="Severo Ochoa">Severo Ochoa</a> / <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Kornberg" title="Arthur Kornberg">Arthur Kornberg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1960: <a href="/wiki/Macfarlane_Burnet" title="Macfarlane Burnet">Frank Burnet</a> / <a href="/wiki/Peter_Medawar" title="Peter Medawar">Peter Medawar</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1961: <a href="/wiki/Georg_von_B%C3%A9k%C3%A9sy" title="Georg von Békésy">Georg von Békésy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1962: <a href="/wiki/Francis_Crick" title="Francis Crick">Francis Crick</a> / <a href="/wiki/James_Watson" title="James Watson">James Watson</a> / <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Wilkins" title="Maurice Wilkins">Maurice Wilkins</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1963: <a href="/wiki/John_Eccles_(neurophysiologist)" title="John Eccles (neurophysiologist)">John Eccles</a> / <a href="/wiki/Alan_Hodgkin" title="Alan Hodgkin">Alan Hodgkin</a> / <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Huxley" title="Andrew Huxley">Andrew Huxley</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1964: <a href="/wiki/Konrad_Emil_Bloch" title="Konrad Emil Bloch">Konrad Bloch</a> / <a href="/wiki/Feodor_Lynen" title="Feodor Lynen">Feodor Lynen</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1965: <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Jacob" title="François Jacob">François Jacob</a> / <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Michel_Lwoff" title="André Michel Lwoff">André Lwoff</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Monod" title="Jacques Monod">Jacques Monod</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1966: <a href="/wiki/Francis_Peyton_Rous" title="Francis Peyton Rous">Francis Rous</a> / <a href="/wiki/Charles_Brenton_Huggins" title="Charles Brenton Huggins">Charles B. Huggins</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1967: <a href="/wiki/Ragnar_Granit" title="Ragnar Granit">Ragnar Granit</a> / <a href="/wiki/Haldan_Keffer_Hartline" title="Haldan Keffer Hartline">Haldan Hartline</a> / <a href="/wiki/George_Wald" title="George Wald">George Wald</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1968: <a href="/wiki/Robert_W._Holley" title="Robert W. Holley">Robert W. Holley</a> / <a href="/wiki/Har_Gobind_Khorana" title="Har Gobind Khorana">Har Khorana</a> / <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Warren_Nirenberg" title="Marshall Warren Nirenberg">Marshall Nirenberg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1969: <a href="/wiki/Max_Delbr%C3%BCck" title="Max Delbrück">Max Delbrück</a> / <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Hershey" title="Alfred Hershey">Alfred Hershey</a> / <a href="/wiki/Salvador_Luria" title="Salvador Luria">Salvador Luria</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1970: <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Katz" title="Bernard Katz">Bernard Katz</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ulf_von_Euler" title="Ulf von Euler">Ulf von Euler</a> / <a href="/wiki/Julius_Axelrod" title="Julius Axelrod">Julius Axelrod</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1971: <a href="/wiki/Earl_Wilbur_Sutherland_Jr." title="Earl Wilbur Sutherland Jr.">Earl Sutherland Jr.</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1972: <a href="/wiki/Gerald_Edelman" title="Gerald Edelman">Gerald Edelman</a> / <a href="/wiki/Rodney_Robert_Porter" class="mw-redirect" title="Rodney Robert Porter">Rodney Porter</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1973: <a href="/wiki/Karl_von_Frisch" title="Karl von Frisch">Karl von Frisch</a> / <a href="/wiki/Konrad_Lorenz" title="Konrad Lorenz">Konrad Lorenz</a> / <a href="/wiki/Nikolaas_Tinbergen" title="Nikolaas Tinbergen">Nikolaas Tinbergen</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1974: <a href="/wiki/Albert_Claude" title="Albert Claude">Albert Claude</a> / <a href="/wiki/Christian_de_Duve" title="Christian de Duve">Christian de Duve</a> / <a href="/wiki/George_Emil_Palade" title="George Emil Palade">George Palade</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1975: <a href="/wiki/David_Baltimore" title="David Baltimore">David Baltimore</a> / <a href="/wiki/Renato_Dulbecco" title="Renato Dulbecco">Renato Dulbecco</a> / <a href="/wiki/Howard_Martin_Temin" title="Howard Martin Temin">Howard Temin</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1976–2000</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">1976: <a href="/wiki/Baruch_Samuel_Blumberg" title="Baruch Samuel Blumberg">Baruch Blumberg</a> / <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Carleton_Gajdusek" title="Daniel Carleton Gajdusek">Daniel Gajdusek</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1977: <a href="/wiki/Roger_Guillemin" title="Roger Guillemin">Roger Guillemin</a> / <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Schally" title="Andrew Schally">Andrew Schally</a> / <a href="/wiki/Rosalyn_Sussman_Yalow" title="Rosalyn Sussman Yalow">Rosalyn Yalow</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1978: <a href="/wiki/Werner_Arber" title="Werner Arber">Werner Arber</a> / <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Nathans" title="Daniel Nathans">Daniel Nathans</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hamilton_O._Smith" title="Hamilton O. Smith">Hamilton O. Smith</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1979: <a href="/wiki/Allan_MacLeod_Cormack" title="Allan MacLeod Cormack">Allan Cormack</a> / <a href="/wiki/Godfrey_Hounsfield" title="Godfrey Hounsfield">Godfrey Hounsfield</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1980: <a href="/wiki/Baruj_Benacerraf" title="Baruj Benacerraf">Baruj Benacerraf</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jean_Dausset" title="Jean Dausset">Jean Dausset</a> / <a href="/wiki/George_Davis_Snell" title="George Davis Snell">George Snell</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1981: <a href="/wiki/Roger_Wolcott_Sperry" title="Roger Wolcott Sperry">Roger Sperry</a> / <a href="/wiki/David_H._Hubel" title="David H. Hubel">David H. Hubel</a> / <a href="/wiki/Torsten_Wiesel" title="Torsten Wiesel">Torsten Wiesel</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1982: <a href="/wiki/Sune_Bergstr%C3%B6m" title="Sune Bergström">Sune Bergström</a> / <a href="/wiki/Bengt_I._Samuelsson" title="Bengt I. Samuelsson">Bengt I. Samuelsson</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Vane" title="John Vane">John Vane</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1983: <a href="/wiki/Barbara_McClintock" title="Barbara McClintock">Barbara McClintock</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1984: <a href="/wiki/Niels_Kaj_Jerne" title="Niels Kaj Jerne">Niels Jerne</a> / <a href="/wiki/Georges_J._F._K%C3%B6hler" title="Georges J. F. Köhler">Georges Köhler</a> / <a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9sar_Milstein" title="César Milstein">César Milstein</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1985: <a href="/wiki/Michael_Stuart_Brown" title="Michael Stuart Brown">Michael Brown</a> / <a href="/wiki/Joseph_L._Goldstein" title="Joseph L. Goldstein">Joseph L. Goldstein</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1986: <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Cohen_(biochemist)" title="Stanley Cohen (biochemist)">Stanley Cohen</a> / <a href="/wiki/Rita_Levi-Montalcini" title="Rita Levi-Montalcini">Rita Levi-Montalcini</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1987: <a href="/wiki/Susumu_Tonegawa" title="Susumu Tonegawa">Susumu Tonegawa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1988: <a href="/wiki/James_Black_(pharmacologist)" title="James Black (pharmacologist)">James W. Black</a> / <a href="/wiki/Gertrude_B._Elion" title="Gertrude B. Elion">Gertrude B. Elion</a> / <a href="/wiki/George_H._Hitchings" title="George H. Hitchings">George H. Hitchings</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1989: <a href="/wiki/J._Michael_Bishop" title="J. Michael Bishop">J. Michael Bishop</a> / <a href="/wiki/Harold_E._Varmus" title="Harold E. Varmus">Harold E. Varmus</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1990: <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Murray" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph Murray">Joseph Murray</a> / <a href="/wiki/E._Donnall_Thomas" title="E. Donnall Thomas">E. Donnall Thomas</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1991: <a href="/wiki/Erwin_Neher" title="Erwin Neher">Erwin Neher</a> / <a href="/wiki/Bert_Sakmann" title="Bert Sakmann">Bert Sakmann</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1992: <a href="/wiki/Edmond_H._Fischer" title="Edmond H. Fischer">Edmond Fischer</a> / <a href="/wiki/Edwin_G._Krebs" title="Edwin G. Krebs">Edwin G. Krebs</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1993: <a href="/wiki/Richard_J._Roberts" title="Richard J. Roberts">Richard J. Roberts</a> / <a href="/wiki/Phillip_Allen_Sharp" title="Phillip Allen Sharp">Phillip Sharp</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1994: <a href="/wiki/Alfred_G._Gilman" title="Alfred G. Gilman">Alfred G. Gilman</a> / <a href="/wiki/Martin_Rodbell" title="Martin Rodbell">Martin Rodbell</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1995: <a href="/wiki/Edward_B._Lewis" title="Edward B. Lewis">Edward B. Lewis</a> / <a href="/wiki/Christiane_N%C3%BCsslein-Volhard" title="Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard">Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard</a> / <a href="/wiki/Eric_F._Wieschaus" title="Eric F. Wieschaus">Eric F. Wieschaus</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1996: <a href="/wiki/Peter_C._Doherty" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter C. Doherty">Peter C. Doherty</a> / <a href="/wiki/Rolf_M._Zinkernagel" title="Rolf M. Zinkernagel">Rolf M. Zinkernagel</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1997: <a href="/wiki/Stanley_B._Prusiner" title="Stanley B. Prusiner">Stanley B. Prusiner</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1998: <a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Furchgott" title="Robert F. Furchgott">Robert F. Furchgott</a> / <a href="/wiki/Louis_Ignarro" title="Louis Ignarro">Louis Ignarro</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ferid_Murad" title="Ferid Murad">Ferid Murad</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1999: <a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCnter_Blobel" title="Günter Blobel">Günter Blobel</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2000: <a href="/wiki/Arvid_Carlsson" title="Arvid Carlsson">Arvid Carlsson</a> / <a href="/wiki/Paul_Greengard" title="Paul Greengard">Paul Greengard</a> / <a href="/wiki/Eric_Kandel" title="Eric Kandel">Eric Kandel</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2001–present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">2001: <a href="/wiki/Leland_H._Hartwell" title="Leland H. Hartwell">Leland H. Hartwell</a> / <a href="/wiki/Tim_Hunt" title="Tim Hunt">Tim Hunt</a> / <a href="/wiki/Paul_Nurse" title="Paul Nurse">Paul Nurse</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2002: <a href="/wiki/Sydney_Brenner" title="Sydney Brenner">Sydney Brenner</a> / <a href="/wiki/H._Robert_Horvitz" title="H. Robert Horvitz">H. Robert Horvitz</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Sulston" title="John Sulston">John E. Sulston</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2003: <a href="/wiki/Paul_Lauterbur" title="Paul Lauterbur">Paul Lauterbur</a> / <a href="/wiki/Peter_Mansfield" title="Peter Mansfield">Peter Mansfield</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2004: <a href="/wiki/Richard_Axel" title="Richard Axel">Richard Axel</a> / <a href="/wiki/Linda_B._Buck" title="Linda B. Buck">Linda B. Buck</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2005: <a href="/wiki/Barry_Marshall" title="Barry Marshall">Barry Marshall</a> / <a href="/wiki/Robin_Warren" title="Robin Warren">Robin Warren</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2006: <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Fire" title="Andrew Fire">Andrew Fire</a> / <a href="/wiki/Craig_Mello" title="Craig Mello">Craig Mello</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2007: <a href="/wiki/Mario_Capecchi" title="Mario Capecchi">Mario Capecchi</a> / <a href="/wiki/Martin_Evans" title="Martin Evans">Martin Evans</a> / <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Smithies" title="Oliver Smithies">Oliver Smithies</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2008: <a href="/wiki/Harald_zur_Hausen" title="Harald zur Hausen">Harald zur Hausen</a> / <a href="/wiki/Luc_Montagnier" title="Luc Montagnier">Luc Montagnier</a> / <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7oise_Barr%C3%A9-Sinoussi" title="Françoise Barré-Sinoussi">Françoise Barré-Sinoussi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2009: <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Blackburn" title="Elizabeth Blackburn">Elizabeth Blackburn</a> / <a href="/wiki/Carol_W._Greider" title="Carol W. Greider">Carol W. Greider</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jack_W._Szostak" title="Jack W. Szostak">Jack W. Szostak</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2010: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Edwards_(physiologist)" title="Robert Edwards (physiologist)">Robert G. Edwards</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2011: <a href="/wiki/Bruce_Beutler" title="Bruce Beutler">Bruce Beutler</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jules_A._Hoffmann" title="Jules A. Hoffmann">Jules A. Hoffmann</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ralph_M._Steinman" title="Ralph M. Steinman">Ralph M. Steinman</a> (<i>posthumously</i>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2012: <a href="/wiki/John_Gurdon" title="John Gurdon">John Gurdon</a> / <a href="/wiki/Shinya_Yamanaka" title="Shinya Yamanaka">Shinya Yamanaka</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2013: <a href="/wiki/James_Rothman" title="James Rothman">James Rothman</a> / <a href="/wiki/Randy_Schekman" title="Randy Schekman">Randy Schekman</a> / <a href="/wiki/Thomas_C._S%C3%BCdhof" title="Thomas C. Südhof">Thomas C. Südhof</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2014: <a href="/wiki/John_O%27Keefe_(neuroscientist)" title="John O'Keefe (neuroscientist)">John O'Keefe</a> / <a href="/wiki/May-Britt_Moser" title="May-Britt Moser">May-Britt Moser</a> / <a href="/wiki/Edvard_Moser" title="Edvard Moser">Edvard Moser</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2015: <a href="/wiki/William_C._Campbell_(scientist)" title="William C. Campbell (scientist)">William C. Campbell</a> / <a href="/wiki/Satoshi_%C5%8Cmura" title="Satoshi Ōmura">Satoshi Ōmura</a> / <a href="/wiki/Tu_Youyou" title="Tu Youyou">Tu Youyou</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2016: <a href="/wiki/Yoshinori_Ohsumi" title="Yoshinori Ohsumi">Yoshinori Ohsumi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2017: <a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_C._Hall" title="Jeffrey C. Hall">Jeffrey C. Hall</a> / <a href="/wiki/Michael_Rosbash" title="Michael Rosbash">Michael Rosbash</a> / <a href="/wiki/Michael_W._Young" title="Michael W. Young">Michael W. Young</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2018: <a href="/wiki/James_P._Allison" title="James P. Allison">James P. Allison</a> / <a href="/wiki/Tasuku_Honjo" title="Tasuku Honjo">Tasuku Honjo</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2019: <a href="/wiki/Gregg_L._Semenza" title="Gregg L. Semenza">Gregg L. Semenza</a> / <a href="/wiki/Peter_J._Ratcliffe" title="Peter J. Ratcliffe">Peter J. Ratcliffe</a> / <a href="/wiki/William_Kaelin_Jr." title="William Kaelin Jr.">William Kaelin Jr.</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2020_Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="2020 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine">2020</a>: <a href="/wiki/Harvey_J._Alter" title="Harvey J. Alter">Harvey J. Alter</a> / <a href="/wiki/Michael_Houghton_(virologist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael Houghton (virologist)">Michael Houghton</a> / <a href="/wiki/Charles_M._Rice" title="Charles M. Rice">Charles M. Rice</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2021_Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="2021 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine">2021</a>: <a href="/wiki/David_Julius" title="David Julius">David Julius</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ardem_Patapoutian" title="Ardem Patapoutian">Ardem Patapoutian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2022_Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="2022 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine">2022</a>: <a href="/wiki/Svante_P%C3%A4%C3%A4bo" title="Svante Pääbo">Svante Pääbo</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2023_Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="2023 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine">2023</a>: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Katalin Karikó</a> / <a href="/wiki/Drew_Weissman" title="Drew Weissman">Drew Weissman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2024: <a href="/wiki/Victor_Ambros" title="Victor Ambros">Victor Ambros</a> / <a href="/wiki/Gary_Ruvkun" title="Gary Ruvkun">Gary Ruvkun</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="2023_Nobel_Prize_laureates" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:2023_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:2023 Nobel Prize winners"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:2023_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template talk:2023 Nobel Prize winners"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:2023_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Special:EditPage/Template:2023 Nobel Prize winners"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="2023_Nobel_Prize_laureates" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">2023 <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize" title="Nobel Prize">Nobel Prize</a> laureates</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry" title="Nobel Prize in Chemistry">Chemistry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moungi_Bawendi" title="Moungi Bawendi">Moungi Bawendi</a> (United States)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_E._Brus" title="Louis E. Brus">Louis E. Brus</a> (United States)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexey_Ekimov" title="Alexey Ekimov">Alexey Ekimov</a> (Russia and United States)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="Nobel Prize in Literature">Literature</a> (<a href="/wiki/2023_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="2023 Nobel Prize in Literature">2023</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jon_Fosse" title="Jon Fosse">Jon Fosse</a> (Norway)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="Nobel Peace Prize">Peace</a> (<a href="/wiki/2023_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2023 Nobel Peace Prize">2023</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Narges_Mohammadi" title="Narges Mohammadi">Narges Mohammadi</a> (Iran)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Physics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Agostini" title="Pierre Agostini">Pierre Agostini</a> (France)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferenc_Krausz" title="Ferenc Krausz">Ferenc Krausz</a> (Hungary)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_L%27Huillier" title="Anne L'Huillier">Anne L'Huillier</a> (France)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine">Physiology or Medicine</a> (<a href="/wiki/2023_Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="2023 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine">2023</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Katalin Karikó</a> (Hungary and United States)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drew_Weissman" title="Drew Weissman">Drew Weissman</a> (United States)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Memorial_Prize_in_Economic_Sciences" title="Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences">Economic Sciences</a> (<a href="/wiki/2023_Nobel_Memorial_Prize_in_Economic_Sciences" title="2023 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences">2023</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Claudia_Goldin" title="Claudia Goldin">Claudia Goldin</a> (United States)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <dl><dt><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates" title="List of Nobel 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class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Hungarian_or_Hungarian-American_Nobel_Laureates_23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hungarian_Nobel_Laureates" title="Template:Hungarian Nobel Laureates"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hungarian_Nobel_Laureates" title="Template talk:Hungarian Nobel Laureates"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hungarian_Nobel_Laureates" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hungarian Nobel Laureates"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Hungarian_or_Hungarian-American_Nobel_Laureates_23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Hungarian people">Hungarian</a> or Hungarian-American <a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates" title="List of Nobel laureates">Nobel Laureates</a> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/35px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/46px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry" title="Nobel Prize in Chemistry">Chemistry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Adolf_Zsigmondy" title="Richard Adolf Zsigmondy">Zsigmondy Richárd</a> (1925)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_de_Hevesy" title="George de Hevesy">Hevesy György</a> (1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Polanyi" title="John Polanyi">Polányi János</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Andrew_Olah" title="George Andrew Olah">Oláh György</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avram_Hershko" title="Avram Hershko">Herskó Ferenc</a> (2004)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="Nobel Prize in Literature">Literature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imre_Kert%C3%A9sz" title="Imre Kertész">Kertész Imre</a> (2002)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Physics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philipp_Lenard" title="Philipp Lenard">Lénárd Fülöp</a> (1905)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Wigner" title="Eugene Wigner">Wigner Jenő</a> (1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Gabor" title="Dennis Gabor">Gábor Dénes</a> (1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferenc_Krausz" title="Ferenc Krausz">Krausz Ferenc</a> (2023)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine">Physiology or Medicine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%B3bert_B%C3%A1r%C3%A1ny" class="mw-redirect" title="Róbert Bárány">Bárány Róbert</a> (1914)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Szent-Gy%C3%B6rgyi" title="Albert Szent-Györgyi">Szent-Györgyi Albert</a> (1937)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_von_B%C3%A9k%C3%A9sy" title="Georg von Békésy">Békésy György</a> (1961)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Karikó Katalin</a> (2023)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Memorial_Prize_in_Economic_Sciences" title="Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences">Economic Sciences</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Harsanyi" title="John Harsanyi">Harsányi János</a> (1994)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Japan_Prize_recipients" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Japan_Prize" title="Template:Japan Prize"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Japan_Prize" title="Template talk:Japan Prize"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Japan_Prize" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Japan Prize"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Japan_Prize_recipients" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Japan_Prize" title="Japan Prize">Japan Prize</a> recipients</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1980s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_R._Pierce" title="John R. Pierce">John R. Pierce</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ephraim_Katchalski-Katzir" class="mw-redirect" title="Ephraim Katchalski-Katzir">Ephraim Katchalski-Katzir</a> (1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Turnbull_(materials_scientist)" title="David Turnbull (materials scientist)">David Turnbull</a> / <a href="/wiki/Willem_J._Kolff" class="mw-redirect" title="Willem J. Kolff">Willem J. Kolff</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Beachell" title="Henry Beachell">Henry Beachell</a> / <a href="/wiki/Gurdev_Khush" title="Gurdev Khush">Gurdev Khush</a> / <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Maiman" title="Theodore Maiman">Theodore Maiman</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Vendryes" title="Georges Vendryes">Georges Vendryes</a> / <a href="/wiki/Donald_Henderson" title="Donald Henderson">Donald Henderson</a> / <a href="/wiki/Isao_Arita" title="Isao Arita">Isao Arita</a> / <a href="/wiki/Frank_Fenner" title="Frank Fenner">Frank Fenner</a> / <a href="/wiki/Luc_Montagnier" title="Luc Montagnier">Luc Montagnier</a> / <a href="/wiki/Robert_Gallo" title="Robert Gallo">Robert Gallo</a> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Sherwood_Rowland" class="mw-redirect" title="Frank Sherwood Rowland">Frank Sherwood Rowland</a> / <a href="/wiki/Elias_James_Corey" title="Elias James Corey">Elias James Corey</a> (1989)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1990s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marvin_Minsky" title="Marvin Minsky">Marvin Minsky</a> / <a href="/wiki/W._Jason_Morgan" title="W. Jason Morgan">W. Jason Morgan</a> / <a href="/wiki/Dan_McKenzie_(geophysicist)" title="Dan McKenzie (geophysicist)">Dan McKenzie</a> / <a href="/wiki/Xavier_Le_Pichon" title="Xavier Le Pichon">Xavier Le Pichon</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques-Louis_Lions" title="Jacques-Louis Lions">Jacques-Louis Lions</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_J._Wild" title="John J. Wild">John J. Wild</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Ertl" title="Gerhard Ertl">Gerhard Ertl</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ernest_John_Christopher_Polge" class="mw-redirect" title="Ernest John Christopher Polge">Ernest John Christopher Polge</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Press" title="Frank Press">Frank Press</a> / <a href="/wiki/Kary_B._Mullis" class="mw-redirect" title="Kary B. Mullis">Kary B. Mullis</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Pickering_(rocket_scientist)" title="Bill Pickering (rocket scientist)">William Hayward Pickering</a> / <a href="/wiki/Arvid_Carlsson" title="Arvid Carlsson">Arvid Carlsson</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nick_Holonyak" title="Nick Holonyak">Nick Holonyak</a> Jr. / <a href="/wiki/Edward_F._Knipling" title="Edward F. Knipling">Edward F. Knipling</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_K._Kao" title="Charles K. Kao">Charles K. Kao</a> / <a href="/wiki/Masao_Ito" title="Masao Ito">Masao Ito</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takashi_Sugimura" title="Takashi Sugimura">Takashi Sugimura</a> / <a href="/wiki/Bruce_Ames" title="Bruce Ames">Bruce Ames</a> / <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Engelberger" title="Joseph Engelberger">Joseph Engelberger</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hiroyuki_Yoshikawa" title="Hiroyuki Yoshikawa">Hiroyuki Yoshikawa</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Esaki" title="Leo Esaki">Leo Esaki</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jozef_Schell" title="Jozef Schell">Jozef Schell</a> / <a href="/wiki/Marc_Van_Montagu" title="Marc Van Montagu">Marc Van Montagu</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._Wesley_Peterson" title="W. Wesley Peterson">W. Wesley Peterson</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jack_L._Strominger" title="Jack L. Strominger">Jack L. Strominger</a> / <a href="/wiki/Don_Craig_Wiley" title="Don Craig Wiley">Don Craig Wiley</a> (1999)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2000s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ian_McHarg" title="Ian McHarg">Ian McHarg</a> / <a href="/wiki/Kimishige_Ishizaka" title="Kimishige Ishizaka">Kimishige Ishizaka</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_B._Goodenough" title="John B. Goodenough">John B. Goodenough</a> / <a href="/wiki/Timothy_R._Parsons" title="Timothy R. Parsons">Timothy R. Parsons</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Berners-Lee" title="Tim Berners-Lee">Tim Berners-Lee</a> / <a href="/wiki/Anne_McLaren" title="Anne McLaren">Anne McLaren</a> / <a href="/wiki/Andrzej_Tarkowski" title="Andrzej Tarkowski">Andrzej Tarkowski</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benoit_Mandelbrot" title="Benoit Mandelbrot">Benoit Mandelbrot</a> / <a href="/wiki/James_A._Yorke" title="James A. Yorke">James A. Yorke</a> / <a href="/wiki/Seiji_Ogawa" title="Seiji Ogawa">Seiji Ogawa</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenichi_Honda" title="Kenichi Honda">Kenichi Honda</a> / <a href="/wiki/Akira_Fujishima" title="Akira Fujishima">Akira Fujishima</a> / Keith J. Sainsbury / <a href="/wiki/John_Lawton_(biologist)" title="John Lawton (biologist)">John H. Lawton</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makoto_Nagao" title="Makoto Nagao">Makoto Nagao</a> / <a href="/wiki/Masatoshi_Takeichi" title="Masatoshi Takeichi">Masatoshi Takeichi</a> / <a href="/wiki/Erkki_Ruoslahti" title="Erkki Ruoslahti">Erkki Ruoslahti</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Houghton_(physicist)" title="John Houghton (physicist)">John Houghton</a> / <a href="/wiki/Akira_Endo_(biochemist)" title="Akira Endo (biochemist)">Akira Endo</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Fert" title="Albert Fert">Albert Fert</a> / <a href="/wiki/Peter_Gr%C3%BCnberg" title="Peter Grünberg">Peter Grünberg</a> / <a href="/wiki/Peter_Shaw_Ashton" title="Peter Shaw Ashton">Peter Shaw Ashton</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vint_Cerf" title="Vint Cerf">Vint Cerf</a> / <a href="/wiki/Robert_Kahn_(computer_scientist)" title="Robert Kahn (computer scientist)">Robert E. Kahn</a> / <a href="/wiki/Victor_A._McKusick" title="Victor A. McKusick">Victor A. McKusick</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Meadows" title="Dennis Meadows">Dennis Meadows</a> / <a href="/wiki/David_E._Kuhl" title="David E. Kuhl">David E. Kuhl</a> (2009)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2010s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shun-ichi_Iwasaki" title="Shun-ichi Iwasaki">Shun-ichi Iwasaki</a> / <a href="/wiki/Peter_Vitousek" title="Peter Vitousek">Peter Vitousek</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ken_Thompson" title="Ken Thompson">Ken Thompson</a> / <a href="/wiki/Dennis_Ritchie" title="Dennis Ritchie">Dennis Ritchie</a> / <a href="/wiki/Tadamitsu_Kishimoto" title="Tadamitsu Kishimoto">Tadamitsu Kishimoto</a> / <a href="/wiki/Toshio_Hirano" title="Toshio Hirano">Toshio Hirano</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janet_Rowley" title="Janet Rowley">Janet Rowley</a> / <a href="/wiki/Brian_Druker" title="Brian Druker">Brian Druker</a> / <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Lydon" title="Nicholas Lydon">Nicholas Lydon</a> / <a href="/wiki/Masato_Sagawa" title="Masato Sagawa">Masato Sagawa</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._Grant_Willson" title="C. Grant Willson">C. Grant Willson</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jean_Fr%C3%A9chet" title="Jean Fréchet">Jean Fréchet</a> / <a href="/wiki/J._Frederick_Grassle" title="J. Frederick Grassle">John Frederick Grassle</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yasuharu_Suematsu" title="Yasuharu Suematsu">Yasuharu Suematsu</a> / <a href="/wiki/Charles_David_Allis" title="Charles David Allis">C. David Allis</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yutaka_Takahasi" title="Yutaka Takahasi">Yutaka Takahasi</a> / <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Friedmann" title="Theodore Friedmann">Theodore Friedmann</a> / <a href="/wiki/Alain_Fischer" title="Alain Fischer">Alain Fischer</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hideo_Hosono" title="Hideo Hosono">Hideo Hosono</a> / <a href="/wiki/Steven_D._Tanksley" title="Steven D. Tanksley">Steven D. Tanksley</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmanuelle_Charpentier" title="Emmanuelle Charpentier">Emmanuelle Charpentier</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jennifer_Doudna" title="Jennifer Doudna">Jennifer Doudna</a> / <a href="/wiki/Adi_Shamir" title="Adi Shamir">Adi Shamir</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akira_Yoshino" title="Akira Yoshino">Akira Yoshino</a> / <a href="/wiki/Max_Dale_Cooper" title="Max Dale Cooper">Max Dale Cooper</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Miller" title="Jacques Miller">Jacques Miller</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoshio_Okamoto" title="Yoshio Okamoto">Yoshio Okamoto</a> / <a href="/wiki/Rattan_Lal" title="Rattan Lal">Rattan Lal</a> (2019)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2020s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_G._Gallager" title="Robert G. Gallager">Robert G. Gallager</a> / <a href="/wiki/Svante_P%C3%A4%C3%A4bo" title="Svante Pääbo">Svante Pääbo</a> (2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Green_(professor)" title="Martin Green (professor)">Martin A. Green</a> / <a href="/wiki/Bert_Vogelstein" title="Bert Vogelstein">Bert Vogelstein</a> / <a href="/wiki/Robert_Weinberg_(biologist)" title="Robert Weinberg (biologist)">Robert A. Weinberg</a> (2021)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Katalin Karikó</a> / <a href="/wiki/Drew_Weissman" title="Drew Weissman">Drew Weissman</a> / <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Field" title="Christopher Field">Christopher Field</a> (2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masataka_Nakazawa" title="Masataka Nakazawa">Masataka Nakazawa</a> / Kazuo Hagimoto / <a href="/wiki/Gero_Miesenb%C3%B6ck" title="Gero Miesenböck">Gero Miesenböck</a> / <a href="/wiki/Karl_Deisseroth" title="Karl Deisseroth">Karl Deisseroth</a> (2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brian_Hoskins" title="Brian Hoskins">Brian Hoskins</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Michael_Wallace" title="John Michael Wallace">John Michael Wallace</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ronald_M._Evans" title="Ronald M. Evans">Ronald M. Evans</a> (2024)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Tang_Prize_laureates" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Tang_Prize_winners" title="Template:Tang Prize winners"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Tang_Prize_winners" title="Template talk:Tang Prize winners"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Tang_Prize_winners" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Tang Prize winners"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Tang_Prize_laureates" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Tang_Prize" title="Tang Prize">Tang Prize</a> laureates</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sustainable Development</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gro_Harlem_Brundtland" title="Gro Harlem Brundtland">Gro Harlem Brundtland</a> (Norway)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_H._Rosenfeld" title="Arthur H. Rosenfeld">Arthur H. Rosenfeld</a> (USA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Hansen" title="James Hansen">James Hansen</a> (USA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veerabhadran_Ramanathan" title="Veerabhadran Ramanathan">Veerabhadran Ramanathan</a> (India)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jane_Goodall" title="Jane Goodall">Jane Goodall</a> (UK)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Sachs" title="Jeffrey Sachs">Jeffrey Sachs</a> (USA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omar_M._Yaghi" title="Omar M. Yaghi">Omar M. Yaghi</a> (Jordan, USA, Saudi Arabia)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Biopharmaceutical Science</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_P._Allison" title="James P. Allison">James P. Allison</a> (USA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tasuku_Honjo" title="Tasuku Honjo">Tasuku Honjo</a> (Japan)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmanuelle_Charpentier" title="Emmanuelle Charpentier">Emmanuelle Charpentier</a> (France)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jennifer_Doudna" title="Jennifer Doudna">Jennifer Doudna</a> (USA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feng_Zhang" title="Feng Zhang">Feng Zhang</a> (USA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_R._Hunter" title="Anthony R. Hunter">Anthony R. Hunter</a> (USA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brian_Druker" title="Brian Druker">Brian Druker</a> (USA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Mendelsohn_(doctor)" title="John Mendelsohn (doctor)">John Mendelsohn</a> (USA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_A._Dinarello" title="Charles A. Dinarello">Charles A. Dinarello</a> (USA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marc_Feldmann" title="Marc Feldmann">Marc Feldmann</a> (Australia, USA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tadamitsu_Kishimoto" title="Tadamitsu Kishimoto">Tadamitsu Kishimoto</a> (Japan)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drew_Weissman" title="Drew Weissman">Drew Weissman</a> (USA)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Katalin Karikó</a> (Hungary, USA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pieter_Cullis" title="Pieter Cullis">Pieter Cullis</a> (Canada)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joel_Habener" title="Joel Habener">Joel F. Habener</a> (USA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svetlana_Mojsov" title="Svetlana Mojsov">Svetlana Mojsov</a> (USA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jens_Juul_Holst" title="Jens Juul Holst">Jens Juul Holst</a> (Denmark)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sinology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yu_Ying-shih" title="Yu Ying-shih">Yu Ying-shih</a> (Taiwan, USA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wm._Theodore_de_Bary" title="Wm. Theodore de Bary">Wm. Theodore de Bary</a> (USA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Owen_(sinologist)" title="Stephen Owen (sinologist)">Stephen Owen</a> (USA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoshinobu_Shiba" title="Yoshinobu Shiba">Yoshinobu Shiba</a> (Japan)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Gungwu" title="Wang Gungwu">Wang Gungwu</a> (Australia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jessica_Rawson" title="Jessica Rawson">Jessica Rawson</a> (UK)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hsu_Cho-yun" class="mw-redirect" title="Hsu Cho-yun">Hsu Cho-yun</a> (Taiwan, USA)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rule of Law</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albie_Sachs" title="Albie Sachs">Albie Sachs</a> (South Africa)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louise_Arbour" title="Louise Arbour">Louise Arbour</a> (Canada)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Raz" title="Joseph Raz">Joseph Raz</a> (UK, Israel)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Environmental_Lawyers_Association" title="Bangladesh Environmental Lawyers Association">Bangladesh Environmental Lawyers Association</a> (Bangladesh)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dejusticia" title="Dejusticia">Dejusticia: The Center for Law, Justice and Society</a> (Colombia)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Legal_Agenda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Legal Agenda (page does not exist)">The Legal Agenda</a> (Lebanon)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheryl_Saunders" title="Cheryl Saunders">Cheryl Saunders</a> (Australia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Robinson" title="Mary Robinson">Mary Robinson</a> (Ireland)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Breakthrough_Prize_laureates" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Breakthrough_Prize_laureates" title="Template:Breakthrough Prize laureates"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Breakthrough_Prize_laureates" title="Template talk:Breakthrough Prize laureates"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Breakthrough_Prize_laureates" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Breakthrough Prize laureates"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Breakthrough_Prize_laureates" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Breakthrough_Prize" title="Breakthrough Prize">Breakthrough Prize</a> laureates</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Breakthrough_Prize_in_Mathematics" title="Breakthrough Prize in Mathematics">Mathematics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Donaldson" title="Simon Donaldson">Simon Donaldson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maxim_Kontsevich" title="Maxim Kontsevich">Maxim Kontsevich</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Lurie" title="Jacob Lurie">Jacob Lurie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Terence_Tao" title="Terence Tao">Terence Tao</a> and <a href="/wiki/Richard_Taylor_(mathematician)" title="Richard Taylor (mathematician)">Richard Taylor</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ian_Agol" title="Ian Agol">Ian Agol</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Bourgain" title="Jean Bourgain">Jean Bourgain</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Hacon" title="Christopher Hacon">Christopher Hacon</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_McKernan" title="James McKernan">James McKernan</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vincent_Lafforgue" title="Vincent Lafforgue">Vincent Lafforgue</a> (2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alex_Eskin" title="Alex Eskin">Alex Eskin</a> (2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Hairer" title="Martin Hairer">Martin Hairer</a> (2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takuro_Mochizuki" class="mw-redirect" title="Takuro Mochizuki">Takuro Mochizuki</a> (2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_A._Spielman" class="mw-redirect" title="Daniel A. Spielman">Daniel A. Spielman</a> (2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Brendle" title="Simon Brendle">Simon Brendle</a> (2024)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Breakthrough_Prize_in_Fundamental_Physics" title="Breakthrough Prize in Fundamental Physics">Fundamental<br />physics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nima_Arkani-Hamed" title="Nima Arkani-Hamed">Nima Arkani-Hamed</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alan_Guth" title="Alan Guth">Alan Guth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alexei_Kitaev" title="Alexei Kitaev">Alexei Kitaev</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maxim_Kontsevich" title="Maxim Kontsevich">Maxim Kontsevich</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andrei_Linde" title="Andrei Linde">Andrei Linde</a>, <a href="/wiki/Juan_Mart%C3%ADn_Maldacena" class="mw-redirect" title="Juan Martín Maldacena">Juan Maldacena</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nathan_Seiberg" title="Nathan Seiberg">Nathan Seiberg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ashoke_Sen" title="Ashoke Sen">Ashoke Sen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edward_Witten" title="Edward Witten">Edward Witten</a> (2012)</li> <li><i>Special</i>: <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Hawking" title="Stephen Hawking">Stephen Hawking</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peter_Jenni" title="Peter Jenni">Peter Jenni</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fabiola_Gianotti" title="Fabiola Gianotti">Fabiola Gianotti</a> (ATLAS), <a href="/wiki/Michel_Della_Negra" title="Michel Della Negra">Michel Della Negra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tejinder_Virdee" title="Tejinder Virdee">Tejinder Virdee</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guido_Tonelli" title="Guido Tonelli">Guido Tonelli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Incandela" title="Joseph Incandela">Joseph Incandela</a> (CMS) and <a href="/wiki/Lyn_Evans" title="Lyn Evans">Lyn Evans</a> (LHC) (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Markovich_Polyakov" title="Alexander Markovich Polyakov">Alexander Polyakov</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Green_(physicist)" title="Michael Green (physicist)">Michael Green</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Henry_Schwarz" title="John Henry Schwarz">John Henry Schwarz</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saul_Perlmutter" title="Saul Perlmutter">Saul Perlmutter</a> and members of the <a href="/wiki/Supernova_Cosmology_Project" title="Supernova Cosmology Project">Supernova Cosmology Project</a>; <a href="/wiki/Brian_Schmidt" title="Brian Schmidt">Brian Schmidt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adam_Riess" title="Adam Riess">Adam Riess</a> and members of the <a href="/wiki/High-Z_Supernova_Search_Team" title="High-Z Supernova Search Team">High-Z Supernova Team</a> (2015)</li> <li><i>Special</i>: <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Drever" title="Ronald Drever">Ronald Drever</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kip_Thorne" title="Kip Thorne">Kip Thorne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rainer_Weiss" title="Rainer Weiss">Rainer Weiss</a> and contributors to <a href="/wiki/LIGO" title="LIGO">LIGO</a> project (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Yifang" title="Wang Yifang">Yifang Wang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kam-Biu_Luk" title="Kam-Biu Luk">Kam-Biu Luk</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Daya_Bay_Reactor_Neutrino_Experiment" title="Daya Bay Reactor Neutrino Experiment">Daya Bay team</a>, <a href="/wiki/Atsuto_Suzuki" title="Atsuto Suzuki">Atsuto Suzuki</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Kamioka_Liquid_Scintillator_Antineutrino_Detector" title="Kamioka Liquid Scintillator Antineutrino Detector">KamLAND</a> team, <a href="/wiki/K%C5%8Dichir%C5%8D_Nishikawa" title="Kōichirō Nishikawa">Kōichirō Nishikawa</a> and the <a href="/wiki/K2K_experiment" title="K2K experiment">K2K</a> / <a href="/wiki/T2K_experiment" title="T2K experiment">T2K</a> team, <a href="/wiki/Arthur_B._McDonald" title="Arthur B. McDonald">Arthur B. McDonald</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Sudbury_Neutrino_Observatory" title="Sudbury Neutrino Observatory">Sudbury Neutrino Observatory</a> team, <a href="/wiki/Takaaki_Kajita" title="Takaaki Kajita">Takaaki Kajita</a> and <a href="/wiki/Y%C5%8Dichir%C5%8D_Suzuki" title="Yōichirō Suzuki">Yōichirō Suzuki</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Super-Kamiokande" title="Super-Kamiokande">Super-Kamiokande</a> team (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Polchinski" title="Joseph Polchinski">Joseph Polchinski</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Strominger" title="Andrew Strominger">Andrew Strominger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cumrun_Vafa" title="Cumrun Vafa">Cumrun Vafa</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_L._Bennett" title="Charles L. Bennett">Charles L. Bennett</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gary_Hinshaw" title="Gary Hinshaw">Gary Hinshaw</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norman_Jarosik" title="Norman Jarosik">Norman Jarosik</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lyman_Page" title="Lyman Page">Lyman Page Jr.</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_Spergel" title="David Spergel">David Spergel</a> (2018)</li> <li><i>Special</i>: <a href="/wiki/Jocelyn_Bell_Burnell" title="Jocelyn Bell Burnell">Jocelyn Bell Burnell</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_L._Kane" title="Charles L. Kane">Charles Kane</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eugene_J._Mele" title="Eugene J. Mele">Eugene Mele</a> (2019)</li> <li><i>Special</i>: <a href="/wiki/Sergio_Ferrara" title="Sergio Ferrara">Sergio Ferrara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Z._Freedman" title="Daniel Z. Freedman">Daniel Z. Freedman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peter_van_Nieuwenhuizen" title="Peter van Nieuwenhuizen">Peter van Nieuwenhuizen</a> (2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Event_Horizon_Telescope_Collaboration" class="mw-redirect" title="The Event Horizon Telescope Collaboration">The Event Horizon Telescope Collaboration</a> (2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Adelberger" class="mw-redirect" title="Eric Adelberger">Eric Adelberger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jens_H._Gundlach" title="Jens H. Gundlach">Jens H. Gundlach</a> and <a href="/wiki/Blayne_Heckel" title="Blayne Heckel">Blayne Heckel</a> (2021)</li> <li><i>Special</i>: <a href="/wiki/Steven_Weinberg" title="Steven Weinberg">Steven Weinberg</a> (2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hidetoshi_Katori" title="Hidetoshi Katori">Hidetoshi Katori</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jun_Ye" title="Jun Ye">Jun Ye</a> (2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_H._Bennett_(physicist)" title="Charles H. Bennett (physicist)">Charles H. Bennett</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gilles_Brassard" title="Gilles Brassard">Gilles Brassard</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_Deutsch" title="David Deutsch">David Deutsch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peter_W._Shor" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter W. Shor">Peter W. Shor</a> (2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Cardy" title="John Cardy">John Cardy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Zamolodchikov" title="Alexander Zamolodchikov">Alexander Zamolodchikov</a> (2024)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Breakthrough_Prize_in_Life_Sciences" title="Breakthrough Prize in Life Sciences">Life sciences</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cornelia_Bargmann" title="Cornelia Bargmann">Cornelia Bargmann</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_Botstein" title="David Botstein">David Botstein</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lewis_C._Cantley" title="Lewis C. Cantley">Lewis C. Cantley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hans_Clevers" title="Hans Clevers">Hans Clevers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Titia_de_Lange" title="Titia de Lange">Titia de Lange</a>, <a href="/wiki/Napoleone_Ferrara" title="Napoleone Ferrara">Napoleone Ferrara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eric_Lander" title="Eric Lander">Eric Lander</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Sawyers" title="Charles Sawyers">Charles Sawyers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Weinberg_(biologist)" title="Robert Weinberg (biologist)">Robert Weinberg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shinya_Yamanaka" title="Shinya Yamanaka">Shinya Yamanaka</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bert_Vogelstein" title="Bert Vogelstein">Bert Vogelstein</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_P._Allison" title="James P. Allison">James P. Allison</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mahlon_DeLong" title="Mahlon DeLong">Mahlon DeLong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michael_N._Hall" title="Michael N. Hall">Michael N. Hall</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_S._Langer" title="Robert S. Langer">Robert S. Langer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Richard_P._Lifton" title="Richard P. Lifton">Richard P. Lifton</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Varshavsky" title="Alexander Varshavsky">Alexander Varshavsky</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alim_Louis_Benabid" title="Alim Louis Benabid">Alim Louis Benabid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_David_Allis" title="Charles David Allis">Charles David Allis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Victor_Ambros" title="Victor Ambros">Victor Ambros</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gary_Ruvkun" title="Gary Ruvkun">Gary Ruvkun</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jennifer_Doudna" title="Jennifer Doudna">Jennifer Doudna</a> and <a href="/wiki/Emmanuelle_Charpentier" title="Emmanuelle Charpentier">Emmanuelle Charpentier</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Boyden" title="Edward Boyden">Edward Boyden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karl_Deisseroth" title="Karl Deisseroth">Karl Deisseroth</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Hardy_(geneticist)" title="John Hardy (geneticist)">John Hardy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Helen_Hobbs" title="Helen Hobbs">Helen Hobbs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Svante_P%C3%A4%C3%A4bo" title="Svante Pääbo">Svante Pääbo</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Elledge" title="Stephen Elledge">Stephen J. Elledge</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harry_F._Noller" title="Harry F. Noller">Harry F. Noller</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roel_Nusse" title="Roel Nusse">Roeland Nusse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yoshinori_Ohsumi" title="Yoshinori Ohsumi">Yoshinori Ohsumi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Huda_Zoghbi" title="Huda Zoghbi">Huda Zoghbi</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joanne_Chory" title="Joanne Chory">Joanne Chory</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peter_Walter" title="Peter Walter">Peter Walter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kazutoshi_Mori" title="Kazutoshi Mori">Kazutoshi Mori</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kim_Nasmyth" title="Kim Nasmyth">Kim Nasmyth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Don_W._Cleveland" title="Don W. Cleveland">Don W. Cleveland</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._Frank_Bennett" title="C. Frank Bennett">C. Frank Bennett</a> and <a href="/wiki/Adrian_R._Krainer" class="mw-redirect" title="Adrian R. Krainer">Adrian R. Krainer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Angelika_Amon" title="Angelika Amon">Angelika Amon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Xiaowei_Zhuang" title="Xiaowei Zhuang">Xiaowei Zhuang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zhijian_Chen" title="Zhijian Chen">Zhijian Chen</a> (2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_M._Friedman" title="Jeffrey M. Friedman">Jeffrey M. Friedman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Franz-Ulrich_Hartl" title="Franz-Ulrich Hartl">Franz-Ulrich Hartl</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arthur_L._Horwich" title="Arthur L. Horwich">Arthur L. Horwich</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_Julius" title="David Julius">David Julius</a>, <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Man-Yee_Lee" title="Virginia Man-Yee Lee">Virginia Man-Yee Lee</a> (2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Baker_(biochemist)" title="David Baker (biochemist)">David Baker</a>, <a href="/wiki/Catherine_Dulac" title="Catherine Dulac">Catherine Dulac</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dennis_Lo" title="Dennis Lo">Dennis Lo</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_J._Youle&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Richard J. Youle (page does not exist)">Richard J. Youle</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_J._Youle" class="extiw" title="de:Richard J. Youle">de</a>]</span> (2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeffery_W._Kelly" title="Jeffery W. Kelly">Jeffery W. Kelly</a>, <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Katalin Karikó</a>, <a href="/wiki/Drew_Weissman" title="Drew Weissman">Drew Weissman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shankar_Balasubramanian" title="Shankar Balasubramanian">Shankar Balasubramanian</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_Klenerman" title="David Klenerman">David Klenerman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pascal_Mayer" title="Pascal Mayer">Pascal Mayer</a> (2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clifford_P._Brangwynne" title="Clifford P. Brangwynne">Clifford P. Brangwynne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anthony_A._Hyman" title="Anthony A. Hyman">Anthony A. Hyman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Demis_Hassabis" title="Demis Hassabis">Demis Hassabis</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_M._Jumper" title="John M. Jumper">John Jumper</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Mignot" title="Emmanuel Mignot">Emmanuel Mignot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Masashi_Yanagisawa" title="Masashi Yanagisawa">Masashi Yanagisawa</a> (2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_June" class="mw-redirect" title="Carl June">Carl June</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michel_Sadelain" title="Michel Sadelain">Michel Sadelain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sabine_Hadida" title="Sabine Hadida">Sabine Hadida</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Negulescu" title="Paul Negulescu">Paul Negulescu</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fredrick_Van_Goor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fredrick Van Goor (page does not exist)">Fredrick Van Goor</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Gasser&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thomas Gasser (page does not exist)">Thomas Gasser</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ellen_Sidransky" title="Ellen Sidransky">Ellen Sidransky</a> and <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Singleton" title="Andrew Singleton">Andrew Singleton</a> (2024)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Laureates_of_the_Prince_or_Princess_of_Asturias_Award_for_Technical_and_Scientific_Research" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#99d6ff;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Princess_of_Asturias_Award_for_Technical_and_Scientific_Research" title="Template:Princess of Asturias Award for Technical and Scientific Research"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Princess_of_Asturias_Award_for_Technical_and_Scientific_Research" title="Template talk:Princess of Asturias Award for Technical and Scientific Research"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Princess_of_Asturias_Award_for_Technical_and_Scientific_Research" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Princess of Asturias Award for Technical and Scientific Research"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Laureates_of_the_Prince_or_Princess_of_Asturias_Award_for_Technical_and_Scientific_Research" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Laureates of the <a href="/wiki/Princess_of_Asturias_Awards" title="Princess of Asturias Awards">Prince or Princess of Asturias Award</a> for Technical and Scientific Research</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#addeff;"><div id="Prince_of_Asturias_Award_for_Technical_and_Scientific_Research" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Prince of Asturias Award for Technical and Scientific Research</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1981: <a href="/wiki/Alberto_Sols" title="Alberto Sols">Alberto Sols</a></li> <li>1982: <a href="/wiki/Manuel_Ballester" title="Manuel Ballester">Manuel Ballester</a></li> <li>1983: <a href="/wiki/Luis_Santal%C3%B3" title="Luis Santaló">Luis Antonio Santaló Sors</a></li> <li>1984: <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Garcia-Bellido" title="Antonio Garcia-Bellido">Antonio Garcia-Bellido</a></li> <li>1985: <a href="/w/index.php?title=David_V%C3%A1zquez_Mart%C3%ADnez&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="David Vázquez Martínez (page does not exist)">David Vázquez Martínez</a> and <a href="/wiki/Emilio_Rosenblueth" title="Emilio Rosenblueth">Emilio Rosenblueth</a></li> <li>1986: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Antonio_Gonz%C3%A1lez_Gonz%C3%A1lez_(chemist)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Antonio González González (chemist) (page does not exist)">Antonio González González</a></li> <li>1987: <a href="/wiki/Jacinto_Convit" title="Jacinto Convit">Jacinto Convit</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pablo_Rudom%C3%ADn_Zevnovaty" title="Pablo Rudomín Zevnovaty">Pablo Rudomín</a></li> <li>1988: <a href="/wiki/Manuel_Cardona" title="Manuel Cardona">Manuel Cardona</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marcos_Moshinsky" title="Marcos Moshinsky">Marcos Moshinsky</a></li> <li>1989: <a href="/wiki/Guido_M%C3%BCnch" title="Guido Münch">Guido Münch</a></li> <li>1990: <a href="/wiki/Santiago_Grisol%C3%ADa,_1st_Marquess_of_Grisol%C3%ADa" title="Santiago Grisolía, 1st Marquess of Grisolía">Santiago Grisolía</a> and <a href="/wiki/Salvador_Moncada" title="Salvador Moncada">Salvador Moncada</a></li> <li>1991: <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Bol%C3%ADvar_Zapata" title="Francisco Bolívar Zapata">Francisco Bolívar Zapata</a></li> <li>1992: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Federico_Garc%C3%ADa_Moliner&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Federico García Moliner (page does not exist)">Federico García Moliner</a></li> <li>1993: <a href="/wiki/Amable_Li%C3%B1%C3%A1n" title="Amable Liñán">Amable Liñán</a></li> <li>1994: <a href="/wiki/Manuel_Elkin_Patarroyo" title="Manuel Elkin Patarroyo">Manuel Patarroyo</a></li> <li>1995: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Manuel_Losada_Villasante&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Manuel Losada Villasante (page does not exist)">Manuel Losada Villasante</a> and <a href="/wiki/Instituto_Nacional_de_Biodiversidad" title="Instituto Nacional de Biodiversidad">Instituto Nacional de Biodiversidad</a> of Costa Rica</li> <li>1996: <a href="/wiki/Valent%C3%ADn_Fuster" title="Valentín Fuster">Valentín Fuster</a></li> <li>1997: <a href="/wiki/Archaeological_site_of_Atapuerca" title="Archaeological site of Atapuerca">Atapuerca</a> research team</li> <li>1998: <a href="/wiki/Emilio_M%C3%A9ndez_P%C3%A9rez" title="Emilio Méndez Pérez">Emilio Méndez Pérez</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pedro_Miguel_Etxenike" title="Pedro Miguel Etxenike">Pedro Miguel Echenique Landiríbar</a></li> <li>1999: <a href="/wiki/Ricardo_Miledi" title="Ricardo Miledi">Ricardo Miledi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Enrique_Moreno_Gonz%C3%A1lez" title="Enrique Moreno González">Enrique Moreno González</a></li> <li>2000: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Gallo" title="Robert Gallo">Robert Gallo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Luc_Montagnier" title="Luc Montagnier">Luc Montagnier</a></li> <li>2001: <a href="/wiki/Craig_Venter" title="Craig Venter">Craig Venter</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Sulston" title="John Sulston">John Sulston</a>, <a href="/wiki/Francis_Collins" title="Francis Collins">Francis Collins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hamilton_O._Smith" title="Hamilton O. Smith">Hamilton Smith</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jean_Weissenbach" title="Jean Weissenbach">Jean Weissenbach</a></li> <li>2002: <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Roberts_(scientist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lawrence Roberts (scientist)">Lawrence Roberts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bob_Kahn" class="mw-redirect" title="Bob Kahn">Robert E. Kahn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vint_Cerf" title="Vint Cerf">Vinton Cerf</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tim_Berners-Lee" title="Tim Berners-Lee">Tim Berners-Lee</a></li> <li>2003: <a href="/wiki/Jane_Goodall" title="Jane Goodall">Jane Goodall</a></li> <li>2004: <a href="/wiki/Judah_Folkman" title="Judah Folkman">Judah Folkman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anthony_R._Hunter" title="Anthony R. Hunter">Tony Hunter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joan_Massagu%C3%A9" title="Joan Massagué">Joan Massagué</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bert_Vogelstein" title="Bert Vogelstein">Bert Vogelstein</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Robert_Weinberg_(biologist)" title="Robert Weinberg (biologist)">Robert Weinberg</a></li> <li>2005: <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Damasio" title="Antonio Damasio">Antonio Damasio</a></li> <li>2006: <a href="/wiki/Juan_Ignacio_Cirac_Sasturain" title="Juan Ignacio Cirac Sasturain">Juan Ignacio Cirac</a></li> <li>2007: <a href="/wiki/Peter_Anthony_Lawrence" title="Peter Anthony Lawrence">Peter Lawrence</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gin%C3%A9s_Morata" title="Ginés Morata">Ginés Morata</a></li> <li>2008: <a href="/wiki/Sumio_Iijima" title="Sumio Iijima">Sumio Iijima</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shuji_Nakamura" title="Shuji Nakamura">Shuji Nakamura</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_S._Langer" title="Robert S. Langer">Robert Langer</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_M._Whitesides" title="George M. Whitesides">George M. Whitesides</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tobin_J._Marks" title="Tobin J. Marks">Tobin Marks</a></li> <li>2009: <a href="/wiki/Martin_Cooper_(inventor)" title="Martin Cooper (inventor)">Martin Cooper</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ray_Tomlinson" title="Ray Tomlinson">Raymond Tomlinson</a></li> <li>2010: <a href="/wiki/David_Julius" title="David Julius">David Julius</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baruch_Minke" title="Baruch Minke">Baruch Minke</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Linda_R._Watkins" title="Linda R. Watkins">Linda Watkins</a></li> <li>2011: <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Altman" title="Joseph Altman">Joseph Altman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arturo_Alvarez-Buylla" title="Arturo Alvarez-Buylla">Arturo Álvarez-Buylla</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Giacomo_Rizzolatti" title="Giacomo Rizzolatti">Giacomo Rizzolatti</a></li> <li>2012: <a href="/wiki/Gregory_Winter" title="Gregory Winter">Gregory Winter</a> and <a href="/wiki/Richard_Lerner" title="Richard Lerner">Richard A. Lerner</a></li> <li>2013: <a href="/wiki/Peter_Higgs" title="Peter Higgs">Peter Higgs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Englert" title="François Englert">François Englert</a>, and <a href="/wiki/CERN" title="CERN">European Organization for Nuclear Research CERN</a></li> <li>2014: <a href="/wiki/Avel%C2%B7l%C3%AD_Corma_Can%C3%B3s" title="Avel·lí Corma Canós">Avelino Corma Canós</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mark_E._Davis" title="Mark E. Davis">Mark E. Davis</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Galen_D._Stucky" title="Galen D. Stucky">Galen D. Stucky</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#addeff;"><div id="Princess_of_Asturias_Award_for_Technical_and_Scientific_Research" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Princess of Asturias Award for Technical and Scientific Research</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>2015: <a href="/wiki/Emmanuelle_Charpentier" title="Emmanuelle Charpentier">Emmanuelle Charpentier</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jennifer_Doudna" title="Jennifer Doudna">Jennifer Doudna</a></li> <li>2016: <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Herr" title="Hugh Herr">Hugh Herr</a></li> <li>2017: <a href="/wiki/Rainer_Weiss" title="Rainer Weiss">Rainer Weiss</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kip_Thorne" title="Kip Thorne">Kip S. Thorne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barry_Barish" title="Barry Barish">Barry C. Barish</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/LIGO" title="LIGO">LIGO</a> Scientific Collaboration</li> <li>2018: <a href="/wiki/Svante_P%C3%A4%C3%A4bo" title="Svante Pääbo">Svante Pääbo</a></li> <li>2019: <a href="/wiki/Joanne_Chory" title="Joanne Chory">Joanne Chory</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sandra_D%C3%ADaz_(ecologist)" title="Sandra Díaz (ecologist)">Sandra Myrna Díaz</a></li> <li>2020: <a href="/wiki/Yves_Meyer" title="Yves Meyer">Yves Meyer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ingrid_Daubechies" title="Ingrid Daubechies">Ingrid Daubechies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Terence_Tao" title="Terence Tao">Terence Tao</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Cand%C3%A8s" title="Emmanuel Candès">Emmanuel Candès</a></li> <li>2021: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Katalin Karikó</a>, <a href="/wiki/Drew_Weissman" title="Drew Weissman">Drew Weissman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philip_Felgner" title="Philip Felgner">Philip Felgner</a>, <a href="/wiki/U%C4%9Fur_%C5%9Eahin" title="Uğur Şahin">Uğur Şahin</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%96zlem_T%C3%BCreci" title="Özlem Türeci">Özlem Türeci</a>, <a href="/wiki/Derrick_Rossi" title="Derrick Rossi">Derrick Rossi</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sarah_Gilbert" title="Sarah Gilbert">Sarah Gilbert</a></li> <li>2022: <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Hinton" title="Geoffrey Hinton">Geoffrey Hinton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yann_LeCun" title="Yann LeCun">Yann LeCun</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yoshua_Bengio" title="Yoshua Bengio">Yoshua Bengio</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Demis_Hassabis" title="Demis Hassabis">Demis Hassabis</a></li> <li>2023: <a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_I._Gordon" title="Jeffrey I. Gordon">Jeffrey I. Gordon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Everett_Peter_Greenberg" title="Everett Peter Greenberg">Everett Peter Greenberg</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bonnie_Bassler" title="Bonnie Bassler">Bonnie Bassler</a></li> <li>2024: <a href="/wiki/Daniel_J._Drucker" title="Daniel J. Drucker">Daniel J. Drucker</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_M._Friedman" title="Jeffrey M. Friedman">Jeffrey M. Friedman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joel_Habener" title="Joel Habener">Joel F. Habener</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jens_Juul_Holst" title="Jens Juul Holst">Jens Juul Holst</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Svetlana_Mojsov" title="Svetlana Mojsov">Svetlana Mojsov</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="COVID-19_pandemic" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a 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0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Timeline" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic">Timeline</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pandemic_predictions_and_preparations_prior_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Pandemic predictions and preparations prior to the COVID-19 pandemic">Pre-pandemic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SARS" title="SARS">Severe acute respiratory syndrome</a> (SARS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MERS" title="MERS">Middle East respiratory syndrome</a> (MERS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimson_Contagion" title="Crimson Contagion">Crimson Contagion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disease_X" title="Disease X">Disease X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_Center_for_Health_Security#Event_201" title="Johns Hopkins Center for Health Security">Event 201</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exercise_Cygnus" title="Exercise Cygnus">Exercise Cygnus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_2019" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2019">2019</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_2019" class="mw-redirect" title="Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in 2019">responses</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2020</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_January_2020" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in January 2020">January</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_January_2020" title="Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in January 2020">responses</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_February_2020" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in February 2020">February</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_February_2020" title="Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in February 2020">responses</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_March_2020" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in March 2020">March</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_March_2020" title="Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in March 2020">responses</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_April_2020" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in April 2020">April</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_April_2020" title="Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in April 2020">responses</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_May_2020" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in May 2020">May</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_May_2020" title="Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in May 2020">responses</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_June_2020" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in June 2020">June</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_June_2020" title="Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in June 2020">responses</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_July_2020" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in July 2020">July</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_July_2020" title="Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in July 2020">responses</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_August_2020" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in August 2020">August</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_August_2020" title="Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in August 2020">responses</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_September_2020" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in September 2020">September</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_September_2020" title="Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in September 2020">responses</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_October_2020" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in October 2020">October</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_October_2020" title="Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in October 2020">responses</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_November_2020" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in November 2020">November</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_November_2020" title="Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in November 2020">responses</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_December_2020" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in December 2020">December</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_December_2020" title="Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in December 2020">responses</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2021</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_January_2021" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in January 2021">January</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_January_2021" title="Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in January 2021">responses</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_February_2021" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in February 2021">February</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_February_2021" title="Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in February 2021">responses</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_March_2021" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in March 2021">March</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_March_2021" title="Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in March 2021">responses</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_April_2021" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in April 2021">April</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_April_2021" title="Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in April 2021">responses</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_May_2021" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in May 2021">May</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_May_2021" title="Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in May 2021">responses</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_June_2021" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in June 2021">June</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_June_2021" title="Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in June 2021">responses</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_July_2021" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in July 2021">July</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_July_2021" title="Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in July 2021">responses</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_August_2021" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in August 2021">August</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_August_2021" title="Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in August 2021">responses</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_September_2021" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in September 2021">September</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_September_2021" title="Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in September 2021">responses</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_October_2021" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in October 2021">October</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_October_2021" title="Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in October 2021">responses</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_November_2021" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in November 2021">November</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_November_2021" title="Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in November 2021">responses</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_December_2021" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in December 2021">December</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_December_2021" title="Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in December 2021">responses</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2022</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_January_2022" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in January 2022">January</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_January_2022" title="Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in January 2022">responses</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_February_2022" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in February 2022">February</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_February_2022" title="Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in February 2022">responses</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_March_2022" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in March 2022">March</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_March_2022" title="Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in March 2022">responses</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_April_2022" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in April 2022">April</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_April_2022" title="Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in April 2022">responses</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_May_2022" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in May 2022">May</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_May_2022" title="Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in May 2022">responses</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_June_2022" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in June 2022">June</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_June_2022" title="Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in June 2022">responses</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_July_2022" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in July 2022">July</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_July_2022" title="Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in July 2022">responses</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_August_2022" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in August 2022">August</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_August_2022" title="Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in August 2022">responses</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_September_2022" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in September 2022">September</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_September_2022" title="Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in September 2022">responses</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_October_2022" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in October 2022">October</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_October_2022" title="Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in October 2022">responses</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_November_2022" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in November 2022">November</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_December_2022" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in December 2022">December</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2023</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_2023" title="Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2023">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Locations" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_by_country_and_territory" title="COVID-19 pandemic by country and territory">Locations</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Africa" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Africa">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Asia" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Asia">Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Europe">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_North_America" title="COVID-19 pandemic in North America">North America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Oceania" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Oceania">Oceania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_South_America" title="COVID-19 pandemic in South America">South America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Antarctica" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Antarctica">Antarctica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_on_cruise_ships" title="COVID-19 pandemic on cruise ships">Cruise ships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_on_naval_ships" title="COVID-19 pandemic on naval ships">Naval ships</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Impact" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic">Impact</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture and<br /> entertainment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_arts_and_cultural_heritage" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the arts and cultural heritage">Arts and<br />cultural heritage</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_popular_culture" title="COVID-19 pandemic in popular culture">References in popular culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_cinema" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on cinema">Cinema</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_impacted_by_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="List of films impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic">films affected</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corona-chan" title="Corona-chan">Corona-chan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_Walt_Disney_Company" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the Walt Disney Company">Disney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_fashion_industry" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the fashion industry">Fashion industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_music_industry" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the music industry">Music industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_performing_arts" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the performing arts">Performing arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_television" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on television">Television</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_television_in_the_United_States" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on television in the United States">U.S.</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_American_sports_broadcasting" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on American sports broadcasting">U.S. sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_American_television_series_impacted_by_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="List of American television series impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic">programs affected</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_video_game_industry" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the video game industry">Video games</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_education" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on education">Education</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_female_education" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on female education">Female education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeschooling_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Homeschooling during the COVID-19 pandemic">Homeschooling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_education_in_Ghana" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on education in Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_education_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on education in the Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_education_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on education in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2020_United_Kingdom_school_exam_grading_controversy" title="2020 United Kingdom school exam grading controversy">exam grading controversy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_education_in_the_United_States" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on education in the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_sports" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on sports">Sports</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bio-secure_bubble" title="Bio-secure bubble">Bio-secure bubble</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_sports_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on sports in the Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_Philippine_sports" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on Philippine sports">Philippines</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By sport</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_association_football" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on association football">Association football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_baseball" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on baseball">Baseball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_basketball" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on basketball">Basketball</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Suspension_of_the_2019%E2%80%9320_NBA_season" title="Suspension of the 2019–20 NBA season">NBA</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_combat_sports" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on combat sports">Combat sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_cricket" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on cricket">Cricket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_disc_golf" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on disc golf">Disc golf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_Gaelic_games" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on Gaelic games">Gaelic games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_gridiron_football" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on gridiron football">Gridirion football (NCAAF, NFL, and CFL)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_ice_hockey" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on ice hockey">Ice hockey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_motorsport" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on motorsport">Motorsport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_rugby_league" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on rugby league">Rugby league</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Society<br /> and rights</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Social_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Social impact of the COVID-19 pandemic">Social impact</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_social_media" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on social media">Social media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_stigma_associated_with_COVID-19" title="Social stigma associated with COVID-19">Stigma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pox_party#COVID-19_party" title="Pox party">COVID-19 parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_children" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on children">Children</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_foster_care_in_the_United_States" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on foster care in the United States">foster care in the U.S.</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandemic_baking" title="Pandemic baking">Pandemic baking</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Labor</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_healthcare_workers" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on healthcare workers">Healthcare workers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_migrant_workers_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Indian migrant workers during the COVID-19 pandemic">Indian migrant workers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Resignation" title="Great Resignation">Great Resignation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strikes_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Strikes during the COVID-19 pandemic">Strikes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_issues_related_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Human rights issues related to the COVID-19 pandemic">Human rights</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_human_rights_in_Argentina" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on human rights in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Hong_Kong#Protests" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Myanmar_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2021 Myanmar coup d'état">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_North_Korea#History" title="COVID-19 pandemic in North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Turkmenistan#0" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_abortion_in_the_United_States" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on abortion in the United States">Abortion in the U.S.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_crime" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on crime">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_domestic_violence" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on domestic violence">Domestic violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_prisons" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on prisons">Prisons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_U.S._immigration_detention" title="COVID-19 pandemic in U.S. immigration detention">U.S. immigration detention</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Minority</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gendered_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Gendered impact of the COVID-19 pandemic">Gender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_LGBT_community" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the LGBT community">LGBT community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_African_communities" class="mw-redirect" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on African communities">African communities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_people_with_disabilities" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on people with disabilities">Disability community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_Native_American_tribes_and_tribal_communities" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on Native American tribes and tribal communities">Native American communities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenophobia_and_racism_related_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Xenophobia and racism related to the COVID-19 pandemic">Xenophobia and racism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_religion" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on religion">Religion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_Catholic_Church" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_Hajj" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on Hajj">Hajj</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic">Economic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charitable_activities_related_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Charitable activities related to the COVID-19 pandemic">Charitable activity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_scams" title="COVID-19 scams">COVID-19 scams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travel_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Travel during the COVID-19 pandemic">Travel restrictions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Canada" title="Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_India" title="Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in the Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_Pandemic_Unemployment_Payment" title="COVID-19 Pandemic Unemployment Payment">COVID-19 Pandemic Unemployment Payment</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Malaysia" title="Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_New_Zealand" title="Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Russia" title="Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom">U.K.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_States" title="Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States">U.S.</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By industry</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_commercial_air_transport" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on commercial air transport">Aviation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_airlines_impacted_by_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="List of airlines impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic">Airlines</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_cannabis_industry" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the cannabis industry">Cannabis industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_food_industry" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the food industry">Food industry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_meat_industry_in_Canada" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the meat industry in Canada">meat industry in Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_meat_industry_in_the_United_States" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the meat industry in the United States">meat industry in the U.S.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_restaurant_industry_in_the_United_States" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the restaurant industry in the United States">restaurant industry in the U.S.</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_hospitals" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on hospitals">Hospitals</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_ICU_capacity" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on ICU capacity">ICU capacity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_long-term_care_facilities" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on long-term care facilities">Long-term care facilities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cluster_5" title="Cluster 5">Mink farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_public_transport" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on public transport">Public transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_retail" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on retail">Retail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_tourism" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on tourism">Tourism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Supply and trade</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shortages_related_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Shortages related to the COVID-19 pandemic">Shortages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020%E2%80%932023_global_chip_shortage" title="2020–2023 global chip shortage">Chip supply</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021%E2%80%932023_global_energy_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="2021–2023 global energy crisis">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021%E2%80%932023_global_supply_chain_crisis" title="2021–2023 global supply chain crisis">Global supply chain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Russia%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_oil_price_war" title="2020 Russia–Saudi Arabia oil price war">Oil price war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_security_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Food security during the COVID-19 pandemic">Food security</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Financial_market_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Financial market impact of the COVID-19 pandemic">Financial markets</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2020_stock_market_crash" title="2020 stock market crash">Global stock market crash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_recession" title="COVID-19 recession">COVID-19 recession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021%E2%80%932022_inflation_surge" class="mw-redirect" title="2021–2022 inflation surge">Inflation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Information</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_journalism" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on journalism">Journalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_coverage_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Media coverage of the COVID-19 pandemic">Media coverage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia_and_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Wikipedia and the COVID-19 pandemic">Wikipedia's response</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_misinformation" title="COVID-19 misinformation">Misinformation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_misinformation_by_governments" title="COVID-19 misinformation by governments">Governments</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_misinformation_by_China" title="COVID-19 misinformation by China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_misinformation_by_the_United_States" title="COVID-19 misinformation by the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li>By country <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_misinformation_in_Canada" title="COVID-19 misinformation in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_misinformation_in_the_Philippines" title="COVID-19 misinformation in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivermectin_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Ivermectin during the COVID-19 pandemic">Ivermectin</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Plandemic" title="Plandemic">Plandemic</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Political_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Political impact of the COVID-19 pandemic">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="National responses to the COVID-19 pandemic">National responses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_COVID-19_pandemic_legislation" title="List of COVID-19 pandemic legislation">Legislation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_response_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="European Union response to the COVID-19 pandemic">European Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Political_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Political impact of the COVID-19 pandemic">Political impact</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_politics_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on politics in the Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_politics_in_Malaysia" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on politics in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_politics_in_Russia" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on politics in Russia">Russia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Protests_against_responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Protests against responses to the COVID-19 pandemic">Protests</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2021_Abkhazia_unrest" title="2021 Abkhazia unrest">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/17A" title="17A">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_protests_in_Australia" title="COVID-19 protests in Australia">Australia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Convoy_to_Canberra" title="Convoy to Canberra">Convoy to Canberra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Azerbaijani_protests" title="2020 Azerbaijani protests">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020%E2%80%932021_Belarusian_protests" title="2020–2021 Belarusian protests">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Brussels_protests" title="2022 Brussels protests">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protests_against_responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic#Brazil" title="Protests against responses to the COVID-19 pandemic">Brazil</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2020_Brazilian_protests" title="2020 Brazilian protests">2020 protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Brazilian_protests" title="2021 Brazilian protests">2021 protests</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020%E2%80%932021_Bulgarian_protests" title="2020–2021 Bulgarian protests">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_protests_in_Canada" title="COVID-19 protests in Canada">Canada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canada_convoy_protest" title="Canada convoy protest">convoy protest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019%E2%80%932022_Chilean_protests" title="2019–2022 Chilean protests">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_COVID-19_protests_in_China" title="2022 COVID-19 protests in China">China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2022_Beijing_Sitong_Bridge_protest" title="2022 Beijing Sitong Bridge protest">Beijing Sitong Bridge protest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Chinese_healthcare_reform_protests" title="2023 Chinese healthcare reform protests">healthcare reform protests</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protests_against_responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic#Colombia" title="Protests against responses to the COVID-19 pandemic">Colombia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2021_Colombian_protests" title="2021 Colombian protests">2021 protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Colombian_protests" title="2022 Colombian protests">2022 protests</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Cuban_protests" title="2021 Cuban protests">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protests_against_responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic#France" title="Protests against responses to the COVID-19 pandemic">France</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_vests_protests" title="Yellow vests protests">Yellow vests protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_French_labor_protests" title="2021 French labor protests">labor protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021%E2%80%932022_social_unrest_in_the_French_West_Indies" title="2021–2022 social unrest in the French West Indies">French West Indies social unrest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France_convoy_protest" title="France convoy protest">convoy protest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_protests_in_Germany" title="COVID-19 protests in Germany">Germany</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2021_Idar-Oberstein_shooting" title="2021 Idar-Oberstein shooting">Idar-Oberstein shooting</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Greek_protests" title="2021 Greek protests">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_protests_in_Israel" title="COVID-19 protests in Israel">Israel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2020%E2%80%932021_protests_against_Benjamin_Netanyahu" title="2020–2021 protests against Benjamin Netanyahu">protests against Benjamin Netanyahu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protests_over_COVID-19_policies_in_Italy" title="Protests over COVID-19 policies in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Mongolian_protests" title="2021 Mongolian protests">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_protests_in_the_Netherlands" title="COVID-19 protests in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2021_Dutch_curfew_riots" title="2021 Dutch curfew riots">curfew riots</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_protests_in_New_Zealand" title="COVID-19 protests in New Zealand">New Zealand</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2022_Wellington_protest" title="2022 Wellington protest">Wellington protest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Paraguayan_protests" title="2021 Paraguayan protests">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020%E2%80%932022_Serbian_protests" title="2020–2022 Serbian protests">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Tunisian_protests" title="2021 Tunisian protests">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_protests_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="COVID-19 protests in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_protests_in_the_United_States" title="COVID-19 protests in the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Open_the_States" title="Open the States">Open the States</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_international_relations" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on international relations">International relations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_aid_related_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="International aid related to the COVID-19 pandemic">Aid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_reactions_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="International reactions to the COVID-19 pandemic in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldovan%E2%80%93Romanian_collaboration_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Moldovan–Romanian collaboration during the COVID-19 pandemic">Moldovan–Romanian collaboration</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6104900" class="extiw" title="d:Q6104900">Nicaragua–Taiwan relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Respirator_diplomacy_of_Taiwan" title="Respirator diplomacy of Taiwan">Respirator diplomacy of Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaccine_diplomacy" title="Vaccine diplomacy">Vaccine diplomacy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Glossary of the COVID-19 pandemic">Language</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthropause" title="Anthropause">Anthropause</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doomscrolling" title="Doomscrolling">Doomscrolling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flattening_the_curve" title="Flattening the curve">Flattening the curve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_recovery" title="Green recovery">Green recovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_COVID" title="Long COVID">Long COVID</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_science_and_technology#Telecommunications" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on science and technology">Quarantini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_distancing" title="Social distancing">Social distancing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superspreading_event" title="Superspreading event">Superspreader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twindemic" title="Twindemic">Twindemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zero-COVID" title="Zero-COVID">Zero-COVID</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoom_(software)" title="Zoom (software)">Zoom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoom_town" title="Zoom town">Zoom towns</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_and_animals" title="COVID-19 pandemic and animals">Animals</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cluster_5" title="Cluster 5">Cluster 5</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_environment" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the environment">Environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_military" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the military">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_pregnant_women" class="mw-redirect" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on pregnant women">Pregnant women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_science_and_technology" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on science and technology">Science and technology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Health_issues" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Health issues</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Medical topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transmission_of_COVID-19" title="Transmission of COVID-19">Transmission</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Symptoms_of_COVID-19" title="Symptoms of COVID-19">Symptoms</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_and_cancer" title="COVID-19 and cancer">Cancer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endemic_COVID-19" title="Endemic COVID-19">Endemic COVID-19</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cutaneous_manifestations_of_COVID-19" title="Cutaneous manifestations of COVID-19">Skin manifestations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_COVID" title="Long COVID">Long COVID</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mental_health_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic">Mental health</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_neurological,_psychological_and_other_mental_health_outcomes" class="mw-redirect" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on neurological, psychological and other mental health outcomes">neurological, psychological and other mental health outcomes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_in_pregnancy" title="COVID-19 in pregnancy">Pregnancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_other_health_issues" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on other health issues">Non-COVID-19–related health issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shortages_related_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Shortages related to the COVID-19 pandemic">Shortages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flattening_the_curve#Raising_the_line" title="Flattening the curve">Raise the line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rehabilitation_after_COVID-19" title="Rehabilitation after COVID-19">Rehabilitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19" title="List of unproven methods against COVID-19">Unproven medical methods</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Testing and<br />epidemiology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_datasets" title="COVID-19 datasets">Datasets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_death_rates_by_country" title="COVID-19 pandemic death rates by country">Death rates by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_testing" title="COVID-19 testing">Disease testing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coronavirus_breathalyzer" title="Coronavirus breathalyzer">Breathalyzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Moonshot" title="Operation Moonshot">Operation Moonshot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Test_to_Release" title="Test to Release">Test to Release</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UK_Rapid_Test_Consortium" title="UK Rapid Test Consortium">UK Rapid Test Consortium</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AbC-19_rapid_antibody_test" title="AbC-19 rapid antibody test">AbC-19 rapid antibody test</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investigations_into_the_origin_of_COVID-19" class="mw-redirect" title="Investigations into the origin of COVID-19">investigations into the origins</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_lab_leak_theory" title="COVID-19 lab leak theory">lab leak theory</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_rapid_antigen_test" title="COVID-19 rapid antigen test">Rapid antigen test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_for_COVID-19_pandemic_mitigation" title="Software for COVID-19 pandemic mitigation">Software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_surveillance" title="COVID-19 surveillance">Surveillance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Undercounting_of_COVID-19_pandemic_deaths_by_country" title="Undercounting of COVID-19 pandemic deaths by country">Undercounting COVID-19 deaths</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_apps" title="COVID-19 apps">Apps</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aarogya_Setu" title="Aarogya Setu">Aarogya Setu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BlueTrace" title="BlueTrace">BlueTrace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CareFIJI" title="CareFIJI">careFIJI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coronavirus_Australia" title="Coronavirus Australia">Coronavirus Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corona-Warn-App" title="Corona-Warn-App">Corona-Warn-App</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_Contact-Confirming_Application" title="COVID-19 Contact-Confirming Application">COVID-19 Contact-Confirming Application</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID_Alert" title="COVID Alert">COVID Alert</a> (Canada)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_South_Africa#COVID_AlertSA" title="COVID-19 pandemic in South Africa">COVID AlertSA</a> (South Africa)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVIDSafe" title="COVIDSafe">COVIDSafe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID_Tracker_Ireland" title="COVID Tracker Ireland">COVID Tracker Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Covid_Watch" title="Covid Watch">Covid Watch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decentralized_Privacy-Preserving_Proximity_Tracing" title="Decentralized Privacy-Preserving Proximity Tracing">Decentralized Privacy-Preserving Proximity Tracing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exposure_Notification" title="Exposure Notification">Exposure Notification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_Code" class="mw-redirect" title="Health Code">Health Code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthy_Together" title="Healthy Together">Healthy Together</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immuni" title="Immuni">Immuni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koronavilkku" title="Koronavilkku">Koronavilkku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LeaveHomeSafe" title="LeaveHomeSafe">LeaveHomeSafe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MySejahtera" title="MySejahtera">MySejahtera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NHS_COVID-19" title="NHS COVID-19">NHS COVID-19</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NZ_COVID_Tracer" title="NZ COVID Tracer">NZ COVID Tracer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NZ_Pass_Verifier" title="NZ Pass Verifier">NZ Pass Verifier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PathCheck" title="PathCheck">PathCheck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PeduliLindungi" title="PeduliLindungi">PeduliLindungi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SafeEntry" title="SafeEntry">SafeEntry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SafePass" title="SafePass">SafePass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/StaySafe.ph" title="StaySafe.ph">StaySafe.ph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SwissCovid" title="SwissCovid">SwissCovid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TCN_Protocol" title="TCN Protocol">TCN Protocol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Test,_Trace,_Protect" title="Test, Trace, Protect">Test, Trace, Protect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_Chana" title="Thai Chana">Thai Chana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TousAntiCovid" title="TousAntiCovid">TousAntiCovid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TraceTogether" title="TraceTogether">TraceTogether</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valtrace" title="Valtrace">Valtrace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoe_Health_Study" title="Zoe Health Study">Zoe Health Study</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Prevention</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_purifier" title="Air purifier">Air purifier</a> (<a href="/wiki/Corsi%E2%80%93Rosenthal_Box" title="Corsi–Rosenthal Box">Corsi–Rosenthal Box</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chloroquine_and_hydroxychloroquine_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine during the COVID-19 pandemic">Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandemic_fatigue#COVID-19_pandemic" title="Pandemic fatigue">COVID fatigue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evacuations_related_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Evacuations related to the COVID-19 pandemic">Evacuations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Face_masks_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Face masks during the COVID-19 pandemic">Face masks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-mask_sentiment" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-mask sentiment">Anti-mask sentiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Face_masks_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_States" title="Face masks during the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flattening_the_curve" title="Flattening the curve">Flattening the curve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Barrington_Declaration" title="Great Barrington Declaration">Great Barrington Declaration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_aid_related_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="International aid related to the COVID-19 pandemic">International aid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_lockdowns" title="COVID-19 lockdowns">Lockdowns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_health_mitigation_of_COVID-19" title="Public health mitigation of COVID-19">Public health mitigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safe_Hands_Challenge" title="Safe Hands Challenge">Safe Hands Challenge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_distancing_measures_related_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Social distancing measures related to the COVID-19 pandemic">Social distancing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workplace_hazard_controls_for_COVID-19" title="Workplace hazard controls for COVID-19">Workplace hazard controls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zero-COVID" title="Zero-COVID">Zero-COVID</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccine" title="COVID-19 vaccine">Vaccines</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_COVID-19_vaccine_authorizations" title="List of COVID-19 vaccine authorizations">Authorizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccine_clinical_research" title="COVID-19 vaccine clinical research">Clinical research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deployment_of_COVID-19_vaccines" title="Deployment of COVID-19 vaccines">Deployment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_COVID-19_vaccine_development" title="History of COVID-19 vaccine development">Development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EU_Digital_COVID_Certificate" title="EU Digital COVID Certificate">EU Certificate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccine_misinformation_and_hesitancy" title="COVID-19 vaccine misinformation and hesitancy">Misinformation and hesitancy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deaths_of_anti-vaccine_advocates_from_COVID-19" title="Deaths of anti-vaccine advocates from COVID-19">Deaths of anti-vaccine advocates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccine_hesitancy_in_the_United_States" title="COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy in the United States">US</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Warp_Speed" title="Operation Warp Speed">Operation Warp Speed</a> (U.S.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embolic_and_thrombotic_events_after_COVID-19_vaccination" title="Embolic and thrombotic events after COVID-19 vaccination">Post-vaccination complications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccine_card" title="COVID-19 vaccine card">Vaccine card</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaccine_passports_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Vaccine passports during the COVID-19 pandemic">Vaccine passports</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Authorized</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/DNA_vaccine" title="DNA vaccine">DNA</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ZyCoV-D" title="ZyCoV-D">ZyCoV-D</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Inactivated_vaccine" title="Inactivated vaccine">Inactivated</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Academy_of_Medical_Sciences_COVID-19_vaccine" title="Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences COVID-19 vaccine">Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CoronaVac" title="CoronaVac">CoronaVac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Covaxin" title="Covaxin">Covaxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVIran_Barekat" title="COVIran Barekat">COVIran Barekat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CoviVac_(Russia_COVID-19_vaccine)" title="CoviVac (Russia COVID-19 vaccine)">CoviVac (Russia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FAKHRAVAC" title="FAKHRAVAC">FAKHRAVAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minhai_COVID-19_vaccine" title="Minhai COVID-19 vaccine">Minhai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QazCovid-in" title="QazCovid-in">QazCovid-in</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinopharm_BIBP_COVID-19_vaccine" title="Sinopharm BIBP COVID-19 vaccine">Sinopharm BIBP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinopharm_WIBP_COVID-19_vaccine" title="Sinopharm WIBP COVID-19 vaccine">Sinopharm WIBP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkovac" title="Turkovac">Turkovac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valneva_COVID-19_vaccine" title="Valneva COVID-19 vaccine">Valneva</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/MRNA_vaccine" title="MRNA vaccine">mRNA</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moderna_COVID-19_vaccine" title="Moderna COVID-19 vaccine">Moderna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pfizer%E2%80%93BioNTech_COVID-19_vaccine" title="Pfizer–BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine">Pfizer–BioNTech</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Subunit_vaccine" title="Subunit vaccine">Subunit</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abdala_(vaccine)" title="Abdala (vaccine)">Abdala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corbevax" title="Corbevax">Corbevax</a> (Bio E COVID-19)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVAX-19" title="COVAX-19">COVAX-19</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EpiVacCorona" title="EpiVacCorona">EpiVacCorona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IndoVac" title="IndoVac">IndoVac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MVC_COVID-19_vaccine" title="MVC COVID-19 vaccine">MVC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noora_(vaccine)" title="Noora (vaccine)">Noora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novavax_COVID-19_vaccine" title="Novavax COVID-19 vaccine">Novavax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Razi_Cov_Pars" title="Razi Cov Pars">Razi Cov Pars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinopharm_CNBG_COVID-19_vaccine" title="Sinopharm CNBG COVID-19 vaccine">Sinopharm CNBG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soberana_02" title="Soberana 02">Soberana 02</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soberana_Plus" title="Soberana Plus">Soberana Plus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZF2001" title="ZF2001">ZF2001</a> (Zifivax)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Viral_vector_vaccine" title="Viral vector vaccine">Viral vector</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Convidecia" title="Convidecia">Convidecia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janssen_COVID-19_vaccine" title="Janssen COVID-19 vaccine">Janssen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxford%E2%80%93AstraZeneca_COVID-19_vaccine" title="Oxford–AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine">Oxford–AstraZeneca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sputnik_V_COVID-19_vaccine" title="Sputnik V COVID-19 vaccine">Sputnik V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sputnik_Light" title="Sputnik Light">Sputnik Light</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Virus-like_particle" title="Virus-like particle">Virus-like particles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CoVLP" title="CoVLP">CoVLP</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In trials</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Attenuated_vaccine" title="Attenuated vaccine">Attenuated</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVI-VAC_(U.S._COVID-19_vaccine)" title="COVI-VAC (U.S. COVID-19 vaccine)">COVI-VAC (United States)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">DNA</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AG0302-COVID%E2%80%9119" title="AG0302-COVID‑19">AG0302-COVID‑19</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GX-19" title="GX-19">GX-19</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inovio_COVID-19_vaccine" title="Inovio COVID-19 vaccine">Inovio</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Inactivated</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/KD-414" title="KD-414">KD-414</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NDV-HXP-S" title="NDV-HXP-S">NDV-HXP-S</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">RNA</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ARCT-021" title="ARCT-021">ARCT-021</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ARCT-154" title="ARCT-154">ARCT-154</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangavax" title="Bangavax">Bangavax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CureVac_COVID-19_vaccine" title="CureVac COVID-19 vaccine">CureVac</a> (terminated)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/HGC019" title="HGC019">HGC019</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MRNA-1283" title="MRNA-1283">mRNA-1283</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PTX-COVID19-B" title="PTX-COVID19-B">PTX-COVID19-B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanofi%E2%80%93Translate_Bio_COVID-19_vaccine" title="Sanofi–Translate Bio COVID-19 vaccine">Sanofi–Translate Bio</a> (terminated)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stemirna_COVID-19_vaccine" title="Stemirna COVID-19 vaccine">Stemirna COVID-19 vaccine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walvax_COVID-19_vaccine" title="Walvax COVID-19 vaccine">Walvax</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Subunit</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/202-CoV" title="202-CoV">202-CoV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AKS-452" title="AKS-452">AKS-452</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EuCorVac-19" title="EuCorVac-19">EuCorVac-19</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IVX-411" title="IVX-411">IVX-411</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanocovax" title="Nanocovax">Nanocovax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ReCOV" title="ReCOV">ReCOV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanofi%E2%80%93GSK_COVID-19_vaccine" title="Sanofi–GSK COVID-19 vaccine">Sanofi–GSK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S-268019" title="S-268019">S-268019</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SCB-2019" title="SCB-2019">SCB-2019</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SCTV01C" title="SCTV01C">SCTV01C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skycovione" title="Skycovione">Skycovione</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UB-612" title="UB-612">UB-612</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V-01" title="V-01">V-01</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V451_vaccine" title="V451 vaccine">V451</a> (terminated)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vabiotech_COVID-19_vaccine" title="Vabiotech COVID-19 vaccine">Vabiotech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_China_Hospital_COVID-19_vaccine" title="West China Hospital COVID-19 vaccine">West China Hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZF2001" title="ZF2001">Zhongyianke Biotech–Liaoning Maokangyuan Biotech</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Viral vector</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AdCLD-CoV19" title="AdCLD-CoV19">AdCLD-CoV19</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BriLife" title="BriLife">BriLife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COH04S1" title="COH04S1">COH04S1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DelNS1-2019-nCoV-RBD-OPT" title="DelNS1-2019-nCoV-RBD-OPT">DelNS1-2019-nCoV-RBD-OPT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GRAd-COV2" title="GRAd-COV2">GRAd-COV2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ImmunityBio_COVID-19_vaccine" title="ImmunityBio COVID-19 vaccine">ImmunityBio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/INCOVACC" title="INCOVACC">iNCOVACC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/INNA-051" title="INNA-051">INNA-051</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NDV-HXP-S" title="NDV-HXP-S">NDV-HXP-S</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaxart_COVID-19_vaccine" title="Vaxart COVID-19 vaccine">Vaxart COVID-19 vaccine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Virus-like_particle" title="Virus-like particle">Virus-like particles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ABNCoV2" title="ABNCoV2">ABNCoV2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LYB001" title="LYB001">LYB001</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MigVax-101" title="MigVax-101">MigVax-101</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VBI-2902" title="VBI-2902">VBI-2902</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Deployment_of_COVID-19_vaccines" title="Deployment of COVID-19 vaccines">Deployment<br />by location</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Africa" title="COVID-19 vaccination in Africa">Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Algeria" title="COVID-19 vaccination in Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Angola" title="COVID-19 vaccination in Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Benin#Vaccination" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Botswana" title="COVID-19 vaccination in Botswana">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Burkina_Faso" title="COVID-19 vaccination in Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Burundi" title="COVID-19 vaccination in Burundi">Burundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Cameroon" title="COVID-19 vaccination in Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Cape_Verde" title="COVID-19 vaccination in Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Cameroon" title="COVID-19 vaccination in Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Chad" title="COVID-19 vaccination in Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_the_Comoros" title="COVID-19 vaccination in the Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="COVID-19 vaccination in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Djibouti" title="COVID-19 vaccination in Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Egypt" title="COVID-19 vaccination in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Equatorial_Guinea" title="COVID-19 vaccination in Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Eswatini" title="COVID-19 vaccination in Eswatini">Eswatini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Ghana" title="COVID-19 vaccination in Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Morocco" title="COVID-19 vaccination in Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Nigeria" title="COVID-19 vaccination in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Senegal" title="COVID-19 vaccination in Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_South_Africa" title="COVID-19 vaccination in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Zimbabwe" title="COVID-19 vaccination in Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Bangladesh" title="COVID-19 vaccination in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Bhutan" title="COVID-19 vaccination in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_mainland_China" title="COVID-19 vaccination in mainland China">Mainland China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_India" title="COVID-19 vaccination in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Indonesia" title="COVID-19 vaccination in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Iran" title="COVID-19 vaccination in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Israel" title="COVID-19 vaccination in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Japan" title="COVID-19 vaccination in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Kazakhstan" title="COVID-19 vaccination in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Malaysia" title="COVID-19 vaccination in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Nepal" title="COVID-19 vaccination in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_the_Philippines" title="COVID-19 vaccination in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Russia" title="COVID-19 vaccination in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Singapore" title="COVID-19 vaccination in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_South_Korea" title="COVID-19 vaccination in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Sri_Lanka" title="COVID-19 vaccination in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Taiwan" title="COVID-19 vaccination in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Thailand" title="COVID-19 vaccination in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Turkey" title="COVID-19 vaccination in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="COVID-19 vaccination in the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Vietnam" title="COVID-19 vaccination in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Albania" title="COVID-19 vaccination in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="COVID-19 vaccination in Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Bulgaria" title="COVID-19 vaccination in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Croatia" title="COVID-19 vaccination in Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Denmark" class="mw-redirect" title="COVID-19 vaccination in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_France" title="COVID-19 vaccination in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Germany" title="COVID-19 vaccination in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Greece" title="COVID-19 vaccination in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Hungary" title="COVID-19 vaccination in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Iceland" title="COVID-19 vaccination in Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="COVID-19 vaccination in the Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Italy" title="COVID-19 vaccination in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Moldova" title="COVID-19 vaccination in Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Norway" title="COVID-19 vaccination in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Portugal" title="COVID-19 vaccination in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Romania" title="COVID-19 vaccination in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Russia" title="COVID-19 vaccination in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Spain" title="COVID-19 vaccination in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Sweden" title="COVID-19 vaccination in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Switzerland" title="COVID-19 vaccination in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Ukraine" title="COVID-19 vaccination in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="COVID-19 vaccination in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Canada" title="COVID-19 vaccination in Canada">Canada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Ontario" title="COVID-19 vaccination in Ontario">Ontario</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Quebec" title="COVID-19 vaccination in Quebec">Quebec</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Cuba#Vaccination" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Haiti" title="COVID-19 vaccination in Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Mexico" title="COVID-19 vaccination in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_the_United_States" title="COVID-19 vaccination in the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_mandates_in_the_United_States" title="COVID-19 vaccination mandates in the United States">mandates</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Australia" title="COVID-19 vaccination in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Fiji" title="COVID-19 vaccination in Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_New_Zealand" title="COVID-19 vaccination in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Argentina" title="COVID-19 vaccination in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Brazil" title="COVID-19 vaccination in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Colombia" title="COVID-19 vaccination in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_Peru" title="COVID-19 vaccination in Peru">Peru</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Antarctica#Vaccination" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Antarctica">Antarctica</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Treatment_and_management_of_COVID-19" title="Treatment and management of COVID-19">Treatment</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_drug_development" title="COVID-19 drug development">Drug development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_drug_repurposing_research" title="COVID-19 drug repurposing research">Drug repurposing research</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baricitinib" title="Baricitinib">Baricitinib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dexamethasone#COVID‑19" title="Dexamethasone">Dexamethasone</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extracorporeal_membrane_oxygenation#Use_in_COVID-19_patients" title="Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation">Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-source_ventilator#COVID-19_pandemic" title="Open-source ventilator">Open-source ventilator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PANORAMIC_trial" title="PANORAMIC trial">PANORAMIC trial</a> (UK)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/RECOVERY_Trial" title="RECOVERY Trial">RECOVERY Trial</a> (UK)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solidarity_trial" title="Solidarity trial">Solidarity trial</a> (WHO)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Monoclonal_antibody" title="Monoclonal antibody">Monoclonal antibodies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bamlanivimab/etesevimab" title="Bamlanivimab/etesevimab">Bamlanivimab/etesevimab</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bamlanivimab" title="Bamlanivimab">Bamlanivimab</a></li> <li>Etesevimab</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bebtelovimab" title="Bebtelovimab">Bebtelovimab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casirivimab/imdevimab" title="Casirivimab/imdevimab">Casirivimab/imdevimab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regdanvimab" title="Regdanvimab">Regdanvimab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarilumab" title="Sarilumab">Sarilumab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sotrovimab" title="Sotrovimab">Sotrovimab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tixagevimab/cilgavimab" title="Tixagevimab/cilgavimab">Tixagevimab/cilgavimab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tocilizumab" title="Tocilizumab">Tocilizumab</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Antiviral_drug" title="Antiviral drug">Small molecule antivirals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Broad-spectrum_antiviral_drug" title="Broad-spectrum antiviral drug">Broad-spectrum</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ensitrelvir" title="Ensitrelvir">Ensitrelvir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molnupiravir" title="Molnupiravir">Molnupiravir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remdesivir#COVID-19" title="Remdesivir">Remdesivir</a></li></ul></li> <li>Co-packaged <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nirmatrelvir" title="Nirmatrelvir">Nirmatrelvir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirmatrelvir/ritonavir" title="Nirmatrelvir/ritonavir">ritonavir</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Variants" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Variants_of_SARS-CoV-2" title="Variants of SARS-CoV-2">Variants</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Specific</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Alpha_variant" title="SARS-CoV-2 Alpha variant">Alpha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Beta_variant" title="SARS-CoV-2 Beta variant">Beta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Gamma_variant" title="SARS-CoV-2 Gamma variant">Gamma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Delta_variant" title="SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant">Delta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Epsilon_variant" title="SARS-CoV-2 Epsilon variant">Epsilon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Zeta_variant" title="SARS-CoV-2 Zeta variant">Zeta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Eta_variant" title="SARS-CoV-2 Eta variant">Eta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Theta_variant" title="SARS-CoV-2 Theta variant">Theta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Iota_variant" title="SARS-CoV-2 Iota variant">Iota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Kappa_variant" title="SARS-CoV-2 Kappa variant">Kappa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Lambda_variant" title="SARS-CoV-2 Lambda variant">Lambda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Mu_variant" title="SARS-CoV-2 Mu variant">Mu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Omicron_variant" title="SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant">Omicron</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_SARS-CoV-2_Omicron_variant" title="Timeline of the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant">timeline</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cluster_5" title="Cluster 5">Cluster 5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_lineage_B.1.617" title="SARS-CoV-2 lineage B.1.617">Lineage B.1.617</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variants_of_SARS-CoV-2#B.1.640.2" title="Variants of SARS-CoV-2">Lineage B.1.640.2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_variant_of_concern" class="mw-redirect" title="SARS-CoV-2 variant of concern">Variant of concern</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Institutions" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Institutions</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Hospitals and<br />medical clinics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mainland China</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Hospital_of_Wuhan" title="Central Hospital of Wuhan">Central Hospital of Wuhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dabie_Mountain_Regional_Medical_Centre" title="Dabie Mountain Regional Medical Centre">Dabie Mountain Regional Medical Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fangcang_hospital" title="Fangcang hospital">Fangcang hospitals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huoshenshan_Hospital" title="Huoshenshan Hospital">Huoshenshan Hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leishenshan_Hospital" title="Leishenshan Hospital">Leishenshan Hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collapse_of_Xinjia_Express_Hotel" title="Collapse of Xinjia Express Hotel">Xinjia Express Hotel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wuhan_Jinyintan_Hospital" title="Wuhan Jinyintan Hospital">Wuhan Jinyintan Hospital</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hospital_ships_designated_for_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Hospital ships designated for the COVID-19 pandemic">Hospital ships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garran_Surge_Centre" title="Garran Surge Centre">Garran Surge Centre</a> (Australia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hospital_El_Salvador" title="Hospital El Salvador">Hospital El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SevenHills_Hospital#COVID-19_hospital" title="SevenHills Hospital">SevenHills Hospital</a> (India)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kemayoran_Athletes_Village" title="Kemayoran Athletes Village">Kemayoran Athletes Village</a> (Indonesia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyongyang_General_Hospital" title="Pyongyang General Hospital">Pyongyang General Hospital</a> (North Korea)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysia_Agro_Exposition_Park_Serdang" title="Malaysia Agro Exposition Park Serdang">Malaysia Agro Exposition Park Serdang</a> (Malaysia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mega_Ligtas_COVID_Centers" title="Mega Ligtas COVID Centers">Mega Ligtas COVID Centers</a> (Philippines)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kandakadu_Treatment_and_Rehabilitation_Centre" title="Kandakadu Treatment and Rehabilitation Centre">Kandakadu Treatment and Rehabilitation Centre</a> (Sri Lanka)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sancaktepe_Prof._Dr._Feriha_%C3%96z_Emergency_Hospital" title="Sancaktepe Prof. Dr. Feriha Öz Emergency Hospital">Sancaktepe Prof. Dr. Feriha Öz Emergency Hospital</a> (Turkey)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ye%C5%9Filk%C3%B6y_Prof._Dr._Murat_Dilmener_Emergency_Hospital" title="Yeşilköy Prof. Dr. Murat Dilmener Emergency Hospital">Yeşilköy Prof. Dr. Murat Dilmener Emergency Hospital</a> (Turkey)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_hospitals_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="COVID-19 hospitals in the United Kingdom">COVID-19 hospitals in the United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_hospitals_in_the_United_Kingdom#NHS_England" title="COVID-19 hospitals in the United Kingdom">NHS Nightingale Hospitals</a> (England) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NHS_Nightingale_Hospital_Birmingham" title="NHS Nightingale Hospital Birmingham">Birmingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NHS_Nightingale_Hospital_London" title="NHS Nightingale Hospital London">London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NHS_Nightingale_Hospital_North_East" title="NHS Nightingale Hospital North East">North East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NHS_Nightingale_Hospital_North_West" title="NHS Nightingale Hospital North West">North West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NHS_Nightingale_Hospital_Yorkshire_and_the_Humber" title="NHS Nightingale Hospital Yorkshire and the Humber">Yorkshire and the Humber</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NHS_Louisa_Jordan" title="NHS Louisa Jordan">NHS Louisa Jordan</a> (Scotland)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dragon%27s_Heart_Hospital" title="Dragon's Heart Hospital">Dragon's Heart Hospital</a> (Wales)</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Cabinet_(Australia)" title="National Cabinet (Australia)">National Cabinet</a> (Australia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ScienceUpFirst" title="ScienceUpFirst">ScienceUpFirst</a> (Canada)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wuhan_Institute_of_Virology" title="Wuhan Institute of Virology">Wuhan Institute of Virology</a> (China)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_SAGE" title="Independent SAGE">Independent SAGE</a> (United Kingdom)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Health<br />institutes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Africa_Centres_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention" title="Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention">Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention</a> (African Union)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghana_Infectious_Disease_Centre" title="Ghana Infectious Disease Centre">Ghana Infectious Disease Centre</a> (Ghana)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Health_(Hong_Kong)" title="Department of Health (Hong Kong)">Department of Health (Hong Kong)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korea_Disease_Control_and_Prevention_Agency" title="Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency">Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency</a> (South Korea)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Institute_for_Communicable_Diseases" title="National Institute for Communicable Diseases">National Institute for Communicable Diseases</a> (South Africa)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan_Centers_for_Disease_Control" title="Taiwan Centers for Disease Control">Taiwan Centers for Disease Control</a> (Taiwan)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pandemic<br />institutes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_COVID-19_Commission_Advisory_Board" title="National COVID-19 Commission Advisory Board">National COVID-19 Commission Advisory Board</a> (Australia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_Immunity_Task_Force" title="COVID-19 Immunity Task Force">COVID-19 Immunity Task Force</a> (Canada)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_Supply_Council" title="COVID-19 Supply Council">COVID-19 Supply Council</a> (Canada)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/PREPARE" title="PREPARE">PREPARE</a> (European Union)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Expert_Group_on_Vaccine_Administration_for_COVID-19" title="National Expert Group on Vaccine Administration for COVID-19">National Expert Group on Vaccine Administration for COVID-19</a> (India)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_Response_Acceleration_Task_Force" title="COVID-19 Response Acceleration Task Force">COVID-19 Response Acceleration Task Force</a> (Indonesia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Public_Health_Emergency_Team_(2020)" title="National Public Health Emergency Team (2020)">National Public Health Emergency Team</a> (Ireland)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novel_Coronavirus_Expert_Meeting" title="Novel Coronavirus Expert Meeting">Novel Coronavirus Expert Meeting</a> (Japan)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crisis_Preparedness_and_Response_Centre" title="Crisis Preparedness and Response Centre">Crisis Preparedness and Response Centre</a> (Malaysia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defeat_COVID-19_Ad_Hoc_Committee" title="Defeat COVID-19 Ad Hoc Committee">Defeat COVID-19 Ad Hoc Committee</a> (Philippines)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inter-Agency_Task_Force_for_the_Management_of_Emerging_Infectious_Diseases" title="Inter-Agency Task Force for the Management of Emerging Infectious Diseases">Inter-Agency Task Force for the Management of Emerging Infectious Diseases</a> (Philippines)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Epidemic_Command_Center" title="Central Epidemic Command Center">Central Epidemic Command Center</a> (Taiwan)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coronavirus_Scientific_Advisory_Board" title="Coronavirus Scientific Advisory Board">Coronavirus Scientific Advisory Board</a> (Turkey)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_Genomics_UK_Consortium" title="COVID-19 Genomics UK Consortium">COVID-19 Genomics UK Consortium</a> (United Kingdom)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_College_COVID-19_Response_Team" title="Imperial College COVID-19 Response Team">Imperial College COVID-19 Response Team</a> (United Kingdom)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_Biosecurity_Centre" title="Joint Biosecurity Centre">Joint Biosecurity Centre</a> (United Kingdom)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaccine_Taskforce" title="Vaccine Taskforce">Vaccine Taskforce</a> (United Kingdom)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_Advisory_Board" title="COVID-19 Advisory Board">COVID-19 Advisory Board</a> (United States)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_American_Economic_Revival_Industry_Groups" title="Great American Economic Revival Industry Groups">Great American Economic Revival Industry Groups</a> (United States)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_House_Coronavirus_Task_Force" title="White House Coronavirus Task Force">White House Coronavirus Task Force</a> (United States)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_House_COVID-19_Response_Team" title="White House COVID-19 Response Team">White House COVID-19 Response Team</a> (United States)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/GACH" title="GACH">GACH</a> (Uruguay)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Relief funds</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/PM_CARES_Fund" title="PM CARES Fund">PM CARES Fund</a> (India)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_South_Asia#SAARC_COVID-19_Emergency_Fund" title="COVID-19 pandemic in South Asia">SAARC COVID-19 Emergency Fund</a> (India)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artist_Relief" title="Artist Relief">Artist Relief</a> (United States)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="People" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">People</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Medical<br />professionals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ai_Fen" title="Ai Fen">Ai Fen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corona_Rintawan" title="Corona Rintawan">Corona Rintawan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Wenliang" title="Li Wenliang">Li Wenliang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Wen_(doctor)" title="Liu Wen (doctor)">Liu Wen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xie_Linka" title="Xie Linka">Xie Linka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Wenhong" title="Zhang Wenhong">Zhang Wenhong</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Coronavirus_researchers" title="Category:Coronavirus researchers">Researchers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Awang_Bulgiba_Awang_Mahmud" title="Awang Bulgiba Awang Mahmud">Awang Bulgiba Awang Mahmud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roberto_Burioni" title="Roberto Burioni">Roberto Burioni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Wei_(medical_scientist)" title="Chen Wei (medical scientist)">Chen Wei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kizzmekia_Corbett" title="Kizzmekia Corbett">Kizzmekia Corbett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrea_Crisanti_(scientist)" title="Andrea Crisanti (scientist)">Andrea Crisanti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Daszak" title="Peter Daszak">Peter Daszak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Drosten" title="Christian Drosten">Christian Drosten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neil_Ferguson_(epidemiologist)" title="Neil Ferguson (epidemiologist)">Neil Ferguson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dale_Fisher" title="Dale Fisher">Dale Fisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_F._Gao" title="George F. Gao">George F. Gao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azra_Ghani" title="Azra Ghani">Azra Ghani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Gilbert" title="Sarah Gilbert">Sarah Gilbert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guan_Yi" title="Guan Yi">Guan Yi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kentaro_Iwata" title="Kentaro Iwata">Kentaro Iwata</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Katalin Karikó</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matt_Keeling" title="Matt Keeling">Matt Keeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trudie_Lang" title="Trudie Lang">Trudie Lang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Lanjuan" title="Li Lanjuan">Li Lanjuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._Ian_Lipkin" title="W. Ian Lipkin">W. Ian Lipkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma_Xiaowei" title="Ma Xiaowei">Ma Xiaowei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shabir_Madhi" title="Shabir Madhi">Shabir Madhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allison_McGeer" title="Allison McGeer">Allison McGeer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camilla_Rothe" title="Camilla Rothe">Camilla Rothe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shi_Zhengli" title="Shi Zhengli">Shi Zhengli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moncef_Slaoui" title="Moncef Slaoui">Moncef Slaoui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Tildesley" title="Mike Tildesley">Mike Tildesley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Todd_(British_biologist)" title="John Todd (British biologist)">John Todd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Chen_(physician)" title="Wang Chen (physician)">Wang Chen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Guangfa" title="Wang Guangfa">Wang Guangfa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drew_Weissman" title="Drew Weissman">Drew Weissman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuen_Kwok-yung" title="Yuen Kwok-yung">Yuen Kwok-yung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeng_Guang" title="Zeng Guang">Zeng Guang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Jixian" title="Zhang Jixian">Zhang Jixian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Yongzhen" title="Zhang Yongzhen">Zhang Yongzhen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhong_Nanshan" title="Zhong Nanshan">Zhong Nanshan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Officials</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">WHO</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tedros_Adhanom_Ghebreyesus" title="Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus">Tedros Adhanom</a> (Director-General of the WHO)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruce_Aylward" title="Bruce Aylward">Bruce Aylward</a> (Team lead of WHO-China COVID-19 mission)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Van_Kerkhove" title="Maria Van Kerkhove">Maria Van Kerkhove</a> (Technical Lead for COVID-19 response)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_J._Ryan_(doctor)" title="Michael J. Ryan (doctor)">Michael J. Ryan</a> (Executive Director of the WHO Health Emergencies Programme)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By location</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Atherton" title="Frank Atherton">Frank Atherton</a> (Wales)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashley_Bloomfield" title="Ashley Bloomfield">Ashley Bloomfield</a> (New Zealand)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_Calderwood" title="Catherine Calderwood">Catherine Calderwood</a> (Scotland)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chang_Shan-chwen" title="Chang Shan-chwen">Chang Shan-chwen</a> (Taiwan)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anutin_Charnvirakul" title="Anutin Charnvirakul">Anutin Charnvirakul</a> (Thailand)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Shih-chung" title="Chen Shih-chung">Chen Shih-chung</a> (Taiwan)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuang_Yin-ching" title="Chuang Yin-ching">Kenneth Chuang Yin-ching</a> (Taiwan)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Costache" title="Victor Costache">Victor Costache</a> (Romania)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fabrizio_Curcio" title="Fabrizio Curcio">Fabrizio Curcio</a> (Italy)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carmen_Deseda" title="Carmen Deseda">Carmen Deseda</a> (Puerto Rico)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaap_van_Dissel" title="Jaap van Dissel">Jaap van Dissel</a> (the Netherlands)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Drosten" title="Christian Drosten">Christian Drosten</a> (Germany)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Duque_III" title="Francisco Duque III">Francisco Duque III</a> (Philippines)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Fauci" title="Anthony Fauci">Anthony Fauci</a> (United States)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesco_Paolo_Figliuolo" title="Francesco Paolo Figliuolo">Francesco Paolo Figliuolo</a> (Italy)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gra%C3%A7a_Freitas" title="Graça Freitas">Graça Freitas</a> (Portugal)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henrique_Gouveia_e_Melo" title="Henrique Gouveia e Melo">Henrique Gouveia e Melo</a> (Portugal)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matt_Hancock" title="Matt Hancock">Matt Hancock</a> (United Kingdom)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamad_Hasan" title="Hamad Hasan">Hamad Hasan</a> (Lebanon)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greg_Hunt" title="Greg Hunt">Greg Hunt</a> (Australia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Holohan" title="Tony Holohan">Tony Holohan</a> (Ireland)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeong_Eun-kyeong" title="Jeong Eun-kyeong">Jeong Eun-kyeong</a> (South Korea)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fahrettin_Koca" title="Fahrettin Koca">Fahrettin Koca</a> (Turkey)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Keqiang" title="Li Keqiang">Li Keqiang</a> (China)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_L%C3%B3pez-Gatell_Ram%C3%ADrez" title="Hugo López-Gatell Ramírez">Hugo López-Gatell Ramírez</a> (Mexico)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_McBride_(doctor)" title="Michael McBride (doctor)">Michael McBride</a> (Northern Ireland)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oriol_Mitj%C3%A0" title="Oriol Mitjà">Oriol Mitjà</a> (Andorra)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zweli_Mkhize" title="Zweli Mkhize">Zweli Mkhize</a> (South Africa)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doni_Monardo" title="Doni Monardo">Doni Monardo</a> (Indonesia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alma_M%C3%B6ller" title="Alma Möller">Alma Möller</a> (Iceland)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saeed_Namaki" title="Saeed Namaki">Saeed Namaki</a> (Iran)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ala_Nemerenco" title="Ala Nemerenco">Ala Nemerenco</a> (Moldova)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Thanh_Long" title="Nguyễn Thanh Long">Nguyễn Thanh Long</a> (Vietnam)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noor_Hisham_Abdullah" title="Noor Hisham Abdullah">Noor Hisham Abdullah</a> (Malaysia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Pilli" title="Ali Pilli">Ali Pilli</a> (Northern Cyprus)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Salinas" title="Daniel Salinas">Daniel Salinas</a> (Uruguay)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%A9r%C3%B4me_Salomon" title="Jérôme Salomon">Jérôme Salomon</a> (France)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fernando_Sim%C3%B3n" title="Fernando Simón">Fernando Simón</a> (Spain)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregor_Smith" title="Gregor Smith">Gregor Smith</a> (Scotland)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Su_Ih-jen" title="Su Ih-jen">Su Ih-jen</a> (Taiwan)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%81ukasz_Szumowski" title="Łukasz Szumowski">Łukasz Szumowski</a> (Poland)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theresa_Tam" title="Theresa Tam">Theresa Tam</a> (Canada)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anders_Tegnell" title="Anders Tegnell">Anders Tegnell</a> (Sweden)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9E%C3%B3r%C3%B3lfur_Gu%C3%B0nason" title="Þórólfur Guðnason">Þórólfur Guðnason</a> (Iceland)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sotiris_Tsiodras" title="Sotiris Tsiodras">Sotiris Tsiodras</a> (Greece)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harsh_Vardhan_(Delhi_politician)" title="Harsh Vardhan (Delhi politician)">Harsh Vardhan</a> (India)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%AD%C3%B0ir_Reynisson" title="Víðir Reynisson">Víðir Reynisson</a> (Iceland)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carla_Vizzotti" title="Carla Vizzotti">Carla Vizzotti</a> (Argentina)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vlad_Voiculescu" title="Vlad Voiculescu">Vlad Voiculescu</a> (Romania)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chris_Whitty" title="Chris Whitty">Chris Whitty</a> (United Kingdom)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Wong" title="Lawrence Wong">Lawrence Wong</a> (Singapore)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeff_Zients" title="Jeff Zients">Jeff Zients</a> (United States)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Qiushi" title="Chen Qiushi">Chen Qiushi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brett_Crozier" title="Brett Crozier">Brett Crozier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fang_Bin" title="Fang Bin">Fang Bin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fang_Fang" title="Fang Fang">Fang Fang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Ashitey_Hammond" title="Joseph Ashitey Hammond">Joseph Ashitey Hammond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Zehua" title="Li Zehua">Li Zehua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captain_Tom_Moore" title="Captain Tom Moore">Captain Tom Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qiu_Menghuang" title="Qiu Menghuang">Qiu Menghuang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren_Zhiqiang" title="Ren Zhiqiang">Ren Zhiqiang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_deaths_due_to_COVID-19" title="List of deaths due to COVID-19">List of deaths due to COVID-19</a> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Data_(templates)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Data (templates)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_by_country_and_territory#Statistics" title="COVID-19 pandemic by country and territory">Cases, deaths, recoveries by country</a></li> <li>WHO situation reports <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_cases" title="COVID-19 pandemic cases">cases</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_cases_in_January_2020" title="COVID-19 pandemic cases in January 2020">January 2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_cases_in_February_2020" title="COVID-19 pandemic cases in February 2020">February 2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_cases_in_March_2020" title="COVID-19 pandemic cases in March 2020">March 2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_cases_in_April_2020" title="COVID-19 pandemic cases in April 2020">April 2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_cases_in_May_2020" title="COVID-19 pandemic cases in May 2020">May 2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_cases_in_June_2020" title="COVID-19 pandemic cases in June 2020">June 2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_cases_in_July_2020" title="COVID-19 pandemic cases in July 2020">July 2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_cases_in_August_2020" title="COVID-19 pandemic cases in August 2020">August 2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_cases_in_September_2020" title="COVID-19 pandemic cases in September 2020">September 2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_cases_in_October_2020" title="COVID-19 pandemic cases in October 2020">October 2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_cases_in_November_2020" title="COVID-19 pandemic cases in November 2020">November 2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_cases_in_December_2020" title="COVID-19 pandemic cases in December 2020">December 2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_cases_in_January_2021" title="COVID-19 pandemic cases in January 2021">January 2021</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_cases_in_February_2021" title="COVID-19 pandemic cases in February 2021">February 2021</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_cases_in_March_2021" title="COVID-19 pandemic cases in March 2021">March 2021</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_cases_in_April_2021" title="COVID-19 pandemic cases in April 2021">April 2021</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_cases_in_May_2021" title="COVID-19 pandemic cases in May 2021">May 2021</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_cases_in_June_2021" title="COVID-19 pandemic cases in June 2021">June 2021</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_cases_in_July_2021" title="COVID-19 pandemic cases in July 2021">July 2021</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_cases_in_August_2021" title="COVID-19 pandemic cases in August 2021">August 2021</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_deaths" title="COVID-19 pandemic deaths">deaths</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">World map by countries: confirmed per capita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_hospital_beds#Numbers" title="List of countries by hospital beds">Hospital beds by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_lockdowns#Table_of_pandemic_lockdowns" title="COVID-19 lockdowns">Lockdowns</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q88608397#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q88608397#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q88608397#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" 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class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/1304711153">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n2022024833">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/031763212">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/1704909327557">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9813323694205606">Poland</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA19990451?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1864-3851">ORCID</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researcherid.com/rid/D-1239-2013">ResearcherID</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=7004343127">Scopus</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=PS_CX0AAAAAJ">Google Scholar</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://publons.com/author/2659998/">Publons</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.leopoldina.org/mitgliederverzeichnis/mitglieder/member/Member/show/katalin-kariko/">Leopoldina</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/273853295">IdRef</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Katalin_Karikó&oldid=1255762004">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Katalin_Karikó&oldid=1255762004</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div 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